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TMR7 Experimental Methods in Marine Hydrodynamics

Guide to scaling of resistance and prediction of full scale power

Ship data are found later in this document. Values of some coefficients used in the resistance
and power prediction are given here. There is also an enclosure with formulas used in the
resistance and power prediction. What you find here is a guide on how to use those formulas.

In this analysis it is recommended to use Excel or a similar tool.

For all speeds tested do as follows:

Calculate total resistance coefficient CTm


Calculate residual resistance coefficient CR, using CBDm=0, 1+ko=1.0699, m=1.07510-6 m2/s
Calculate full scale total resistance coefficient CTs, using CA=-0.228E-03. CBDs=0,
s=1.18710-6 m2/s
Calculate full scale resistance RTs now you are done calculating full scale resistance!

The open water test has been given to you as part of the model data. You will need to
interpolate in the open water diagram as part of the analysis of the propulsion test. This can be
done manually on a printed diagram, or it can be done by in a spreadsheet or Matlab. A
description of how to do this in Excel follows.
Import the open water curve into Excel (or similar). Create third-order polynomials of J as
function of KT, and KQ as function of J. You can do this by creating a graph with the curve,
add a trend line, select polynomial as type of trend line, and select display equation on
graph. Make sure you show enough numbers for the parameters in the equation, for instance
by right-clicking the equation and selecting scientific with four digits as number format.

For each speed in the propulsion test do as follows:


Calculate J, KT, and KQ. from the propulsion test results.
Enter the open water diagram with KT found from the propulsion test, and read off the
corresponding J-value. This J-value is called J0. This can be done with KT-J regression
Read off the KQ-value corresponding to J0. It is called KQ0. This can be done with a J-KQ
regression.
Calculate thrust deduction t, wake fraction w and relative rotative efficiency R.
Find J* from the open water diagram by entering the open water diagram with the following
KT RTs
= (you can make a KT/J2-J regression to make this
J 2
nprop (1 t ) D 2 Vs2 (1 ws ) 2
simpler).
Find KQ for J* from the open water diagram (by using the regression for KQ as function of J).
Calculate RPM from J*
Calculate PD and PB from KQ. Use a mechanical efficiency m=0.97 for calculating PB.
2

ENCL.
APPENDIX 1
TOWING TESTS REPORT
601622.00.01
SHIP RESISTANCE DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

The hull model is towed by the carriage at which the total resistance is measured at different speeds.
The hull model is equipped with a rudder and a trip-wire at station 9 (19). The conversion from hull
model (m) into ship (s) is made by using the form factor method. In this method it is assumed that the
total resistance can be divided into two parts, represented by the viscous resistance and the residuary
(due to vorticity, wave making and wave breaking) resistance (CR). The viscous resistance is
determined by multiplying the frictional resistance (CF) with a constant form factor (ko), which is
identical for model and ship. Further, it is assumed that the residuary resistance (CR) is identical for
model and ship.

MODEL (m):
RTm
Total resistance coefficient: CTm = = C Fm (1 + k o ) + C Rm + C AAm + C BDm
m
V S m
2
m
2
0.075
Frictional resistance coefficient: C Fm = (ITTC 57 correlation line)
(log Rnm 2) 2
Residuary resistance coefficient: C Rm = CTm (1 + k o ) C Fm C AAm C BDm

SHIP (s):
Total resistance coefficient: CTs = C Rm + (C Fs + C F ) (1 + k o ) + C A + C AAs + C BDs
0.075
Frictional resistance coefficient: C Fs =
(log Rns 2) 2
s
Total resistance: RTs = CTs Vs2 S s
2
RTs Vs
Effective power: PE =
1000
CB
Form factor: ko = 0.6 + 75 3 where = (T AP + TFP ) B
LWL
AT
Air resistance coefficient: C AA = 0.001
S
0.029 ( S B / S ) 3 / 2
Transom stern resistance coefficient: C BD =
(C F )1 / 2
Roughness allowance: [
C F = 110.31 ( H V s ) 0.21 403.33 C Fs
2
]
Where H = hull surface roughness in (10-3 mm). H=150 .
and Vs = ship speed in m/s
Only CF values > 0 are used
ENCL.
APPENDIX 2
REPORT
601622.00.01
PROPULSION TESTS DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

The hull model is supplied with a propelling machinery and a driving propeller. The rate of
revolution is regulated until the model is free relatively to the attached towing carriage. In order to
obtain turbulent flow around the model, a trip wire is placed at station 9 (19). To compensate the
difference between the frictional resistance of the model and the frictional resistance of the ship,
converted to model scale, the model is unloaded with a towing force in the direction of motion.
The towing force (FD) is calculated by the formula:

m
FD = C S Vm2 S m
2

C s = [C Fm (C Fs + C F )] (1 + k o ) C A + (C BDm C BDs )

During the tests, the following parameters are recorded:

Propeller thrust T
Propeller torque Q
Rate of revolution n
Model speed V

Thrust and torque measured during propulsion and open water tests are expressed non-
dimensionally as:

T Q
KT = and KQ =
n2 D4 n2 D5

In the open water diagram KT and KQ are presented as functions of the advance coefficient (J). By
entering the open water diagram with the thrust coefficient (KT) measured during the propulsion
test, corresponding JO and KQO-values are obtained which are used to estimate wake fraction,
relative rotative efficiency, hull efficiency and quasi-propulsive coefficient.

JO
Wake fraction: w = 1
V
nD

K QO
Relative rotative efficiency: R =
KQ

1 t
Hull efficiency: H =
1 w

Quasi-propulsive coefficient: D = O H R (O = propeller efficiency in open water)

RT FD
Thrust deduction fraction: t = 1 (note: T is total thrust sum of all props.)
T
ENCL.
APPENDIX 3
REPORT
601622.00.01
OPEN WATER TESTS DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

The propeller model is driven by a dynamometer at which thrust, torque and rate of revolution are
recorded. The immersion of the propeller shaft is propeller diameter.

Test procedure:

The rate of revolution is kept constant and by varying the speed, we get the variation of the
advance coefficient (J). At each advance coefficient exact rate of revolution, (n), propeller thrust,
(T), and torque, (Q), are recorded. The results are presented dimensionless as:

VA
J= , advance coefficient
nD

T
KT = , thrust coefficient
n2 D4

Q
KQ = , torque coefficient
n2 D5

KT J
O = , propeller efficiency in open water
K Q 2
ENCL.
APPENDIX 4
REPORT
601622.00.01
PERFORMANCE PREDICTION DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

The performance prediction is based on the assumption that the thrust deduction fraction, t, the
wake fraction w and the relative rotative efficiency, R, are free from scale effects.

From the total resistance of the ship, RTs, and the thrust deduction fraction, t, the following
relation is established:

KT RTs
= (nprop is number of propellers)
J 2
nprop (1 t ) D 2 Vs2 (1 ws )2

For each speed, the intersection point of the KT J2 curve given above with the open water
diagram is found. The advance coefficient J* at this point gives the rate of revolution:

60 (1 ws ) Vs
RPM =
D J*

The corresponding torque coefficient KQ, and the relative rotative efficiency, R, gives the
delivered power:

2 RPM 3 KQ
PD (kW ) = nprop D5 ( )
1000 60 R

The calculation is repeated for different speeds giving the speed/power curve for the actual pitch
ratio. An extrapolation of the open water diagram gives speed/power curves for different pitch
ratios. The final pitch ratio and speed/power curve is found by interpolation for the actual RPM
and power.

Finally the brake power and merit coefficient are calculated:

PD
PB (kW ) =
M

2 / 3 Vs3
C ADM = (VS in m/sec.)
PB
ENCL.
APPENDIX 5
REPORT
601622.00.01
LIST OF SYMBOLS DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

Symbol Title Dimensions

AE Expanded blade area L2


AO Disc area L2
AT Transverse projected area of ship/model above the waterline L2
B Breadth moulded L
c Chord length L
CA Empirical correlation coefficient determined from trial analyses -
CAA Air resistance coefficient -
CADM Merit coefficient -
CADX Admirality coefficient -
CB Block coefficient -
CBD Transom stern resistance coefficient -
CD Drag coefficient -
CF Frictional resistance coefficient -
CF Roughness allowance -
CL Lift coefficient -
CM Midship section coefficient -
CP Prismatic coefficient -
CR Residuary resistance coefficient -
CS Towing force coefficient -
CT Total resistance coefficient -
CTA Appendage resistance coefficient -
CV Viscous resistance coefficient -
d Hub diameter L
D Propeller diameter L
FD Towing force LMT-2
Fn Froude number -
g Acceleration due to gravity LT-2
J Advance coefficient -
K0 Form factor -
KQ Torque coefficient -
KT Thrust coefficient -
KTD Duct thrust coefficient -
KTP Propeller thrust coefficient -
LOA Length overall L
LPP Length between perpendiculars L
LWL Length of waterline L
n Rate of revolution REVS.T-1
nprop Number of propellers -
P Propeller pitch L
PB Brake power L2MT-3
PD Delivered power at propeller L2MT-3
PE Effective power L2MT-3
PS Shaft power L2MT-3
ENCL.
APP. 5 cont.
REPORT
601622.00.01
LIST OF SYMBOLS DATE
2003-04-10
REF
M2375J

Symbol Title Dimensions

Q Torque L2MT-2
R Propeller radius L
Rn Reynolds number -
RT Total resistance LMT-2
S Wetted surface L2
SB Area of transom stern below the waterline L2
t Max. thickness of a propeller section L
t Thrust deduction fraction -
T Draught moulded L
T Thrust LMT-2
TD Duct thrust LMT-2
TP Propeller thrust LMT-2
V Speed of ship or model LT-1
VA Speed of advance of propeller LT-1
w Wake fraction -
Z Number of blades of a propeller -
Angle of attack -
D Propulsive efficiency or quasi-propulsive coefficient -
H Hull efficiency -
M Mechanical efficiency -
0 Propeller efficiency in open water -
R Relative rotative efficiency -
Linear scale ratio -
Kinematic viscosity L2T-1
Mass density of water ML-3
Displacement volume L3
Displacement mass M
ENCL. i)
PRINCIPAL HULL DATA REPORT
846001.20.01
DATE
2004-06-21
REF
M2375J

HULL MODEL NO.: M2375J Model Scale: 25.676


Loading condition: Design WL
Draught AP/FP: 6.500 / 6.500 [m]
Setup: m2375j0s10

Symbol Unit SHIP MODEL

Length overall LOA [m] 140.019 5.453


Length on designed waterline LWL [m] 134.600 5.242
Length betw. perp. LPP [m] 131.300 5.114
Breadth moulded B [m] 22.700 0.884
Breadth waterline BWL [m] 22.700 0.884
Depth to 1st deck D [m] 26.002 1.013
Draught at LPP/2 T [m] 6.500 0.253
Draught at FP TFP [m] 6.500 0.253
Draught at AP TAP [m] 6.500 0.253
Trim (pos. aft) t [m] 0.000 0.000
Rake of keel [m] 0.000 0.000
Rise of floor [m] 0.000 0.000
Bilge radius [m] 3.000 0.117

Water density s [kg/m3] 1025.87 998.62


Shell plating thickness [mm] 0.00 0
Shell plating in % of displ. [%] 0.50 0.00

Volume displacement [m3] 11094.3 0.655


Displacement [t] 11438.2 0.655
Prismatic coefficient* CP [-] 0.5887 0.5887
Block coefficient* CB [-] 0.5727 0.5727
Block coefficient based on LWL CBLW [-] 0.5583 0.5583
Midship section coefficient CM [-] 0.9727 0.9727
Longitudinal C.B. from LPP/2 LCB [m] -5.833 -0.227
Longitudinal C.B. from LPP/2* LCB [% LPP] -4.442 -4.442
Longitudinal C.B. from AP LCB [m] 59.817 2.330
Wetted surface S [m2] 3826.45 5.804
Wetted surf. of transom stern AT [m2] 10.38 0.016
Transverse area above water AV [m2] 692.00 0.233

Remarks: *Refers to LPP


Hydrostatic corrections included
CBLW, is based on naked hull displacement
Appendages: Twin propeller shaft with V
-bracket,twin spade rudders, one
bow tunnel thruster with pressure
relief opening.
Turbulence stimulator: Sand strip at station 19.5
ShipX (RepGen version 2.0.15) 28-Sep-04 13:48:27
ENCL. ii)
OPEN WATER TEST REPORT
846001.20.01
DATE
2005-10-06
REF
M2375J

PROPELLER MODEL No.: P1284 Model Scale: 25.676

Symbol Unit SHIP MODEL



Propeller diameter D [mm] 4500 175.26
Pitch ratio at r/R = 0.7 P/D0.7 [-] 1.220 1.220
Blade area ratio AE/A0 [-] 0.525 0.525
Number of blades Z [-] 4 4
Chord/Diameter ratio c/D0.7R [-] 0.3549 0.3549
Thickness/Chord ratio t/C0.7R [-] 0.0574 0.0574
Hub diameter ratio d/D [-] 0.298 0.298

TEST CONDITIONS
Propeller revolutions n [Hz] 12.48
Water temperature T [C] 17.80
Average Reynolds no. at 0.75R Rn [-] 0.79106

No scaling is applied to the results

J KT KQ 0 KT/J2
(-) (-) (-) (-) (-)

0.000 0.619 0.0996 0.000 -1.000


0.090 0.578 0.0928 0.089 70.891
0.182 0.533 0.0858 0.180 16.137
0.274 0.488 0.0790 0.269 6.519
0.365 0.447 0.0731 0.354 3.359
0.454 0.404 0.0673 0.434 1.960
0.546 0.359 0.0613 0.509 1.204
0.637 0.316 0.0556 0.576 0.777
0.729 0.275 0.0503 0.635 0.517
0.821 0.230 0.0440 0.684 0.342
0.911 0.187 0.0376 0.723 0.226
1.002 0.142 0.0306 0.738 0.141
1.096 0.092 0.0227 0.702 0.076
1.189 0.035 0.0133 0.503 0.025

Setup: Open water test file:


p1284s1 p1284c1_frip_1 (Cs)

ShipX (RepGen version 2.0.16) Sep 26, 2005 3:47:48 PM


ENCL. iii)
OPEN WATER DIAGRAM REPORT
846001.20.01
DATE
2005-10-06
REF
M2375J

PROPELLER MODEL No.: P1284


NO SCALING APPLIED

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Kt,10Kq,o

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
J

Thrust coefficient Kt - datapoints


Torque coefficient 10Kq - datapoints
Open Water Efficiency o - datapoints

Pitch ratio = 1.220


Setup: p1284s 1

ShipX (RepGen version 2.0.16) Sep 26, 2005 3:47:49 PM

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