EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

EssentialsofGenerator
Protection
EdKhan

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

Generators KeyElementofPowerSystem

Verycriticalandexpensiveasset
Correctbehaviorkeepspowersystemtied
together
Incorrectbehaviorcanleadtodisastrous
consequenceforpowergrid
Abnormalsystemconditionsinhostutilitycan
damageagenerator needrelayprotection
package
Protectionpackagemustalsoensurethatthe
generatordoesnotcreateabnormalsystem
conditionsforhostutilities
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Generators PowerGenerationinUS

TotalPowergeneratedinUSAis4trillionkWhr (2015)

Coal =33%
Naturalgas=33%
Nuclear=20%
Hydropower=6%
Renewables=7%

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

RelayProtectionofGenerators

Thereisprotectionappliedattheturbine
Thereisprotectionappliedatthegenerator
Thereisprotectionappliedatthe
interfacingswitchyard

Thiswebinarwillconsider
fewcriticalrelayprotection
appliedatagenerator
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TypicalPowerPlantLayout

Typical
Switchyard
PowerPlant
Arrangement
GSU

Excitation Auxilliary
Transformer Transformer

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

RelayProtectionElements

StatorProtection
AccidentalEnergization
NegativeSequence
ReversePower
Loss ofField
GroundFault Protection
Over/UnderFrequency
TorsionalVibration
Overspeed
FieldProtection
Backup Protection
OutofStep
TrippingMethods
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RelayProtectionElements

StatorProtection
AccidentalEnergization
NegativeSequence
ReversePower
Loss ofField
GroundFault Protection
Over/UnderFrequency
TorsionalVibration
Overspeed
FieldProtection
Backup Protection
OutofStep
TrippingMethods
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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

StatorProtection

Phasefaultingeneratorstatorwinding
Veryharmful
R Windingdamage
Op Shaftsandcouplingscangetdamaged

GeneratorDifferential
providesanexcellent
phasefaultprotection

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StatorProtection

Willdetectfollowingfaults:
3phase
PhasePhase
R
PhasePhaseGround
Op

Maynotdetectsinglephasetogroundfault
R (dependsonhowthegeneratorisgrounded).

Detectiondependsonthemethodof
generatorneutralgrounding.
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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

GroundFaultProtection

Usedincommercialfacilities
480Vbreaker Generatorrated480V
HasGFtrip
Supplies480and120/220Vloads
Typicalapplication
Emergencygenerationin
datacenters,hospitals,etc.
Gen

Ifdifferentialapplieditcandetectphasetogroundfaults.
However,generatorsizesforsuchsystemsis13MVA.
Differentialusuallynotapplied.

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GroundFaultProtection
Utility
IndustrialPlant

Gen
Linetogroundfaultlimitedto
Loads 200400A
Differentialappliedifsizeis5MVA
orlarger
Differentialcandetectphaseto
51G IECIg>
groundfaults
Resistor Timeovercurrentgroundrelay

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

GroundFaultProtection

HighResistanceGrounding

Allows510A
ofgroundfault

Thisispowerplantapplication

Largegenerators
Distribution Differentialisalwaysapplied
Resistor transformer
Phasetogroundmayormay
Groundovervoltagerelay notbedetected
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GroundFaultProtection

95%
5%

Turbine

59Groundovervoltagerelay
Providesgroundfaultprotectionto
27Thirdharmonicundervoltagerelay 95%ofthewinding.
Needathirdharmonicundervoltage
Distribution
transformer
relaytodetectfaultsin5%ofthe
windingmeasuredfromneutral
Resistor

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

AccidentalEnergization

GeneratorEnergizedwhileonturninggearorwhileitiscoastingtoastop.
GeneratoractsasanInductionMotor(notdesignedforthismodeofoperation)
Highcurrentinrotor

Generatorconnectedtostrongsystem
Current34timesratedcurrent
Voltage5070%ofratedvoltage X

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AccidentalEnergization

Reasons
Operatorerror
BreakerFlashover
ControlCircuitmalfunction
Combinationofabovereasons

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

AccidentalEnergization

Theobjectiveofinadvertentenergizationprotectionistodetect
thatthegeneratorhasbeenremovedfromservice,buthas
suddenlybeenreenergized.

Wemustdetect:
[Generatorwasdeenergized] and[Generatorisnowenergized]

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AccidentalEnergization

Whengenerator isoffline,someoftheconditionsare:

Lowterminalvoltage
Fieldcircuitbreakerisopen
Nophasecurrent

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

NegativeSequence

NegativeSequenceInducesDoubleFrequencyCurrents
intherotor

Causes:
OpenPhase
Faultsinvolvingnegativesequence
Unbalancedloads
Untransposed transmissionlines
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NegativeSequence

ANSILimitsforNegativeSequence
MachineType PermissibleI22t
SalientPoleGenerators(HydroMachines) 40 tinsecs=I22 /40
SynchronousCondensers 30 tinsecs=I22 /30
Roundrotor(indirectlycooled) 30
Roundrotor(directlycooled)<=800MVA 10
Roundrotor(directlycooled)>800MVA <10

Thelimitslistedareforshorttimeduty
ThisdataisavailableontheMainDataSheetfurnishedbytheManufacturer
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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

NegativeSequence

ContinuousCapabilityofMachines

MachineType PermissibleI22t
SalientPoleGenerators(withammortisseur winding) 10
SalientPoleGenerators(withammortisseur winding) 5
Roundrotor(indirectlycooled) 10
Roundrotor(directlycooled)<960MVA 8
Roundrotor(directlycooled)9611200MVA 6
Roundrotor(directlycooled)>1200MVA 5

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ReversePower

Synchronousgeneratoroperatesasasynchronousmotor
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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

ReversePower

ReversePoweroccurswhen:
Theturbinepowerisremoved
Excitationisavailable
Generatorisconnectedtothegrid
Generatorrunsasasynchronousmotor
Harmfulforgeneratorsespeciallysteamandhydrounits
SteamTurbinesOverheatinganddamagetoblades
HydroturbinesCavitationofblades
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ReversePower
TypicalValuesneededtoreversepower:

SteamTurbines(Conventional) 0.54%
SteamTurbines(directlycooled) 0.51%
Hydroturbines(Pondedwithpenstock) 50100%
Runoftheriverhydrounits 210%
GasTurbines(singleshaft) 4050%
GasTurbines(2shaft) 1015%
Diesel(4cycle) 15%
Diesel(2cycle) 25%

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

Impedance(DistanceRelay)
X
Z=V/I RelayLocation

R R
R R

X Towards
RelayLocation generator

X
TransmissionLine
TransmissionLine
Generator ImpedanceRelay
Generator ImpedanceRelay

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GeneratorCapabilityCurve

X Z=KV2/MVA

Z
MVAR(PU)

R R
MW(PU)

X
TerminalVoltageRated1perunit(PU)

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

GeneratorCapabilityCurveandRXdiagram

X(MVAR)
Synchronous Synchronous
Motor Generator

R R(MW)
Induction Induction
Motor Generator

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LossofField

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

LossofField

Lossoffieldcausesasynchronousgeneratortooperateasan
inductiongenerator
Synchronousmachinesarenotdesignedforoperationas
inductiongenerator
Rotorsurfacetemperatureincreasesduetoslipinducededdy
current
Lossoffieldcanhavedevastatingimpactonthesystem

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LossofField

Causes:
Opencircuitinthefield
Fieldshortcircuit
Accidentaltrippingoffieldbreaker
Regulatorcontrolsystemfailure
Lossoffieldduetolossofmainexciter
Lossofacsupplytoexcitationsystem

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

LossofField

Lossoffieldprotectionshouldreliablydetectthelossof
excitation
Itshoulddetectwithoutoperatingonstableswings
Itshouldbeimmunetotransients
Shouldnotoperateforshortcircuitconditions
Protectionbasedonmeasuringthefieldcurrenthavebeenused
todetectlossofexcitationbutthisisnotadequate.
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LossofField

Weneeddetectionofbothreducedexcitationandcompleteloss
ofexcitationsimpleovercurrentwillnotdothis.
Impedancerelaylookingbackintothemachineisthemost
reliabledetectionschemeforlossofexcitation

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

LossofField

RelayLocation

R
X ImpedanceRelaylookinginto R
thegeneratoractsas
LossofFieldprotection

TransmissionLine
Generator ImpedanceRelay

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LossofField
Implementation

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

LossofField

???
Whythisdisplacement?
Lossoffield
relaymay
operateonshort
circuit.Zmeasured
byrelayiszero

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LossofField

NodetectionifGenerator
losesfieldduringlightly
loadedcondition X
Circlemustbebigenough
Heavilyloadedgenerator
Lightlyloadedgenerator

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EssentialsofGeneratorProtection 1/4/2016

KeyPoints

Therearemanyprotectionfunctionsthatareneededto
provideadequateprotectiontoagenerator.
Relaysselectedtoprovidetheprotectionmustbetherighttype.
Thesettingsprovidedontherelaysmustbecorrect.
Adequatemaintenanceofrelaysisamust.

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EdKhan
ekhan@doble.com
www.doble.com

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