Electricity project

By

Nattawin Chompooteep (5861074)

Pornpitcha Akkapaiboon (5861119)

Kanthamart Laoapasuwong (5861308)

Natcha Aphichoksathaphorn (5861067)

Napassorn Chen (5861065)

Conceptual Physics
Mr. Gopinath Subramanian
Mahidol University International Demonstration School
Semester 2 Academic Year 2016-2017
 Table of Content
Objective 2

Material 2

Background information 5

Discussion of design 8

Introduction 13

Discussion of physic concepts 17

Data 20

Conclusion 20

Recommendation 21

References 22

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Objective

The objective of this project is to learn how to produce electricity by

using physics concepts that we had learnt in the classroom based on the
electricity topic, and apply the knowledge to use in real life - electrical circuit.
Furthermore, we will make our own dynamo and generate the electricity to
power the LED light bulb from the dynamo.

Materials

Wood board A4 paper box

Fake tree model

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Photo board Copper wire

LED light bulb Flocking velvet paper sticker

Fake grasses Magnet

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Double sided tape Duct tape

Wire Clothes hanger

Hot glue

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Background
A dynamo is an electrical generator that produces direct current with the
use of a commutator. Dynamos were the first electrical generators capable of
delivering power for industry. Today, the simpler alternator dominates large
scale power generation, for efficiency, reliability and cost reasons. Dynamo is
composed of two significant parts: armature and magnets. The armature is the
wire that wrapped around the core. For the magnet parts, there are two magnets
that have different pole face toward each other. There are three different ways to
increase the current: increase the number of wrapping, coil the wire faster, and
add the magnetic force. Dynamo has different sizes, and different sizes have
different application. For our group, we create a simple dynamo to generates
electricity that light up the LED bulb.

Original Dynamo Our simple dynamo

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Set-up (Drawing)

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Discussion of Design
a) Discuss and decide the final product of the project
What will the final project be about?
Is it possible to generate the electricity by our own without using
motor?
What are we interested in?
b) Research some fundamental information about the project
c) Design the garden and how to generate the electricity
d) Determine the materials used for generating the LED bulb
e) Buy the materials
f) Make our own dynamo by using simple materials
g) Start to build the box for wrapping the dynamo
h) Make the stick from the cloth hanger
i) Tape duct tape on the magnet
j) Wrap the copper wire with the box and the stick
k) Use wire to connect with dynamo
l) Start to look at the light bulb
m) Start to make the decorating stuffs (green garden)
n) Put the green sticker stick it with the board
o) Create the maze
p) Build the garden on a wood board
q) Decorate the garden with trees, bushes and grasses
r) Final test the electricity
s) Start doing lap report
t) Brainstorm about the work
u) Finishing the work

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Pictures

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Introduction
Have you even wondered about how the electricity is produced? Can we
make it by our own? Who was the first person to produce the electricity?
Electrical history goes back before Christ and brings us to the computer age.
Along this journey you will discover it took several people, along the way, to
make the light bulb glow.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), his kite experiment demonstrated that
lightning is electricity. He was the first to use the terms positive and negative
charge.
James Watt (1736-1819) conducted no electrical experiments, he must
not be overlooked. He was an instrument maker by trade and set up a repair
shop in Glasgow in 1757. Watt thought that the steam engine would replace
animal power, where the number of horses replaced seemed an obvious way to
measure the charge for performance. Interestingly, Watt measured the rate of
work exerted by a horse drawing rubbish up an old mine shaft and found it
amounted to about 22,000 ft-lbs per minute. He added a margin of 50% arriving
at 33,000 ft-lbs.
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) was best known in his
invention of a new temperature scale based on the concept of an absolute zero
of temperature at -273C (-460F). To the end of his life, Thomson maintained
fierce opposition to the idea that energy emitted by radioactivity came from
within the atom. One of the greatest scientific discoveries of the 19th century,
Thomson died opposing one of the most vital innovations in the history of
science.
Thomas Seebeck (1770-1831), a German physicist was the discoverer of
the "Seebeck effect".

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He twisted two wires made of different metals and heated a junction where the
two wires met. He produced a small current. The current is the result of a flow
of heat from the hot to the cold junction. This is called thermoelectricity.
Thermo is a Greek word meaning heat.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867) an Englishman, made one of the most
significant discoveries in the history of electricity: Electromagnetic induction.
His pioneering work dealt with how electric currents work. Many inventions
would come from his experiments, but they would come fifty to one hundred
years later. Failures never discouraged Faraday. He would say; "the failures are
just as important as the successes." He felt failures also teach. The farad, the
unit of capacitance is named in the honor of Michael Faraday.
James Maxwell (1831-1879), a Scottish mathematician translated
Faraday's theories into mathematical expressions. Maxwell was one of the finest
mathematicians in history. A maxwell is the electromagnetic unit of magnetic
flux, named in his honor. Today he is widely regarded as secondary only to
Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein in the world of science.
Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was one of the most well known
inventors of all time with 1093 patents. Self-educated, Edison was interested in
chemistry and electronics.During the whole of his life, Edison received only
three months of formal schooling, and was dismissed from school as being
retarded, though in fact a childhood attack of scarlet fever had left him partially
deaf.
Nikola Tesla was born of Serbian parents July 10, 1856 and died a broke
and lonely man in New York City January 7, 1943. He envisioned a world
without poles and power lines. Referred to as the greatest inventive genius of all
time. Tesla's system triumphed to make possible the first large-scale harnessing
of Niagara Falls with the first hydroelectric plant in the United States in 1886.

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 George Westinghouse (1846-1914) was awarded the contract to build the
first generators at Niagara Falls. He used his money to buy up patents in the
electric field. One of the inventions he bought was the transformer from
William Stanley. Westinghouse invented the air brake system to stop trains, the
first of more than one hundred patents he would receive in this area alone. He
soon founded the Westinghouse Air Brake Company in 1869.
Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) born in Scotland, was raised in a
family that was interested and involved in the science of sound. Bell's father and
grandfather both taught speech to the deaf. A unit of sound level is called a bell
in his honor. Sound levels are measured in tenths of a bel, or decibels. The
abbreviation for decibel is dB.
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) a German physicist, laid the groundwork for
the vacuum tube. He laid the foundation for the future development of radio,
telephone, telegraph, and even television. He was one of the first people to
demonstrate the existence of electric waves. Hertz was convinced that there
were electromagnetic waves in space.
Otto Hahn (1879-1968), a German chemist and physicist, made the vital
discovery which led to the first nuclear reactor. He uncovered the process of
nuclear fission by which nuclei of atoms of heavy elements can break into
smaller nuclei, in the process releasing large quantities of energy. Hahn was
awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1944.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Einstein's formula proved that one gram of
mass can be converted into a torrential amount of energy. To do this, the
activity of the atoms has to occur in the nucleus. E = energy, M = mass, and C =
the speed of light which is 186,000 miles per second. When you square 186,000
you can see it would only take a small amount of mass to produce a huge
amount of energy.

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 In this project, we are going to generate the electricity by using
uncomplicated materials, which everyone can produce on their own very easily.
Our intention is to light up the LED light bulb.

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Discussion of Physics Concepts
Electrostatics
Electro means electricity, and Statics means not moving. When
combine two words together, it means electricity that is already in the object.
Electrostatics is the study of stationary electric charges. It involves
electric charges, the forces between them, the aura that surrounds them, and
their behavior in materials.
Electricity is the name given to a wide range of electrical phenomena.
Electric force and charges
Central rule of electricity:
- Like charges repel one another.
- Unlike charges attract one another.
- Charge is conserved. A neutral object has no net charge.
Protons:
- Positive electric charges
- Repel positives, attract negatives
Electrons:
- Negative electric charges
- Repel negatives, attract positives
Neutrons:
- Neutral electric charge
Fundamental facts about atoms
- Every atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by
negatively charged electrons
- Each of the electrons in any atom has the same quantity of negative
charge and the same mass

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 - Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus. Protons are about 1800 times
more massive than electrons, but each one carries an amount of positive
charge equal to the negative charge of electrons. Neutrons have slightly
more mass than protons and have non net charge.
Ion
Positive ion - atom losing one or more electrons has positive net charge
Negative ion - atom gaining one or more electrons has negative net charge
Electrons in an atoms
Innermost - attracted very strongly to oppositely charged atomic nucleus
Outermost - attracted loosely and can be easily dislodged
Conservation of charges
In any charging process, no electrons are created or destroyed. Electrons are
simply transferred from one material to another.
Coulombs Law
- Relationship among electrical force, charge, and distance discovered by
Charles Coulomb in the 18th century.
- States that for a pair of charged objects that are much smaller than the
distance between them, the force between them varies directly, as the
product of their charges, and inversely, as the square of the separation
distance.

- If the charges are alike in sign, the force is repelling; if the charges are
not alike, the force is attractive.
- Unit of charges in coulomb, C
- Similar to newtons law of gravitation is masses
- Underlies the bonding forces between molecules.

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Differences between gravitational and electrical forces
- Electrical forces may be either attractive or repulsive
- Gravitational forces are only attractive
Charge polarization
- Atom or molecule in which the charges are aligned with a slight excess of
negative charge on one side and positive charge on the other.
Conductor : Materials in which one or more of the electrons in the outer shell of
its atoms are not anchored to the nuclei of particular atoms but are free to
wander in the material ex: copper and aluminum
Insulators : Materials in which electrons are tightly bound and belong to
particular atoms and are not free to wander about among other atoms in the
material, making them flow ex: rubber and glass
Semiconductors : Material that can be made to behave sometimes as an
insulator and sometimes as a conductor.
- Fall in the middle range of electrical resistivity between insulators and
conductors
- They are insulators when they are in their pure state
- They are conductors when they have impurities
Semiconductors conduct when light shines on it.
- If a charged selenium plate is exposed to a pattern of light, the charge will
leak away only from the areas exposed to light.
Superconductors : Materials acquire zero resistance (infinite conductivity) to the
flow of charge
- Once electric current is established in a superconductor, the electrons
flow indefinitely

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 - With no electrical resistance, current passes through a superconductor
without losing energy
- No heat loss occurs when charges flow
Charging
- Charging by friction and contact : electrons transfer from one material to
another by simply - when a negatively charged rod is placed in contact
with a neutral object, some electrons will move to the neutral object
- Charging by induction : If you bring a charged object near a conducting
surface, electrons are made to move in the surface material, even without
physical contact.

Produce electricity
Dynamos produce electric current by rotating a wire within a magnetic
field. Another method rotates a permanent magnet around coils of wire. Both
processes produce alternating current because the wire passes between two
magnetic poles every half turn. A commutator can turn the alternating current
into direct current pulses, a common practice in early days before alternating
current became the standard.

Conclusion
As we had expected to generate the electricity from a dynamo to light up
a LED light bulb, we finally accomplished the hypothesis. We are able to
generate the electricity from our simple-dynamo, which is made by us. We
generate the electricity by spinning the metal stick which clings to the dynamo.
The faster we spin, the continuous the LED light bulb lights up. After we spin

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the metal stick, the electricity flows through the copper wire, and eventually
reach the LED light bulb.

Recommendation
1. Prepare more time for buying the materials.
2. Manage time better for researching and making the dynamo.
3. Find someone that is professional in copper wire wrapping to help us
instead of wrapping it by ourselves.
4. Be aware of hot glue because it can burn our hands.
5. Researching exact number to wrapping the wire to make dynamo work.
6. Test the material from the store that it work before purchase.
7. Be carefully in every step of experiment.
8. Buy a cheap material and get a good quality too.
9. Take picture in every step of experiment and also the material.

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References
Dynamo. (2017). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo
T. (2011). BUILD A HAND CRANKED GENERATOR DYNAMO. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmo7UUma1ko
The History of Electricity. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.code-electrical.com/historyofelectricity.html

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