INFORMATION SYSTEMS - Winter 2017 - Shaosong Ou, Ph.D.
Session 15 February 22nd, 2017
Understanding the Internet: DNS, Packet Switching & TCP/IP Agenda
Introducing the Internet
IP address, domain names and DNS Client/server communication Packet switching Communication protocol: TCP/IP
Reminder: Assignment 2 Excel decision models for NFL Playoffs The Internet The biggest and most used network
Our everyday activities are moving
online Communicate: email/IM Search/research News and weather Shopping, selling Map (driving directions) Education Entertainment Sharing Socializing Gaming Internet Architecture of the U.S. IP Address and DNS Every device connected to the Internet must have a unique ID: IP address General format of IP addresses Four segments of numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255 For example 10000000 01011111 10011011 10000110 (in binary format); or 128.95.155.134 (in decimal format) IP address is required for all Internet communication Problem: hard to memorize, non-intuitive Solution: DNS (Domain Name System) DNS maps an IP address with a domain name Easier to remember and more intuitive For example www.washington.edu Domain Name Structure Internet Domain Names Domain names are strictly controlled by ICANN Good domain name = great asset Nissan.com, Pizza.com & Vodka.com Obamas decision to relinquish control in 2014 The original six Top-Level-Domains (TLDs): .edu: education .com: commercial .gov: government .org: non-profit organization .net: network .mil: military Country code .ca, .au, .uk, .cn, .de, .ch, .su, .za New domain names .name, .biz, .info, .me, .tv, .xxx, .anything International whois listing IPv4 vs. IPv6 Addresses Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) Format: 32 bits (4 bytes) in binary form #.#.#.# each number ranging from 0 to 255 Contains up to 4 billion addresses Example: 128.95.155.134
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
Format: 128 bits (16 bytes) in binary form #:#:#:#:#:#:#:# each number ranging from 0 to 65535 contains over a quadrillion possible unique addresses Example: 2002:0:0:0:0:0:805f:9b86 The Need for IPv6
Scarcity of IPv4 addresses
Total IPv4 address: 232=4,294,967,296 4.2 billion vs. 7 billion (still growing) world population Ubiquitous computing and IP address demand
Uneven distribution of IPv4 addresses
For example, UW was allocated a Class A IP address space which includes 65,000 addresses, many more than the university needed. Stanford University has 17 million addresses, vs. 2 million for India with more than 1 billion population Quick Facts about IPv6
IPv6 uses 16 byte addresses, i.e. 128 bit:
So there are 2128 = 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 Or 3.2 x 1038 addresses
How big is it?
Beyond our imagination For every square meter of the Earths surface, it provides 655,570,793,348,866,943,898,599 (6.5x1023) addresses 6 gallons of oxygen have 6.02x1023 molecules 18 ml of water have 6.02x1023 molecules
Is it enough? Think again.
Client/Server Computing
Client/server computing is a distributed computing model in which much of
the processing power is located within small, inexpensive client computers. Major Web Servers Web Server: Microsoft IIS Packet Switching Messages are first broken down into small bundles of data called packets. Packet size varies depending on network: Upper limit is 64 KB; Common packet size is 1 KB. In addition to the actual message, the packets include information on origination, destination, error checking, priority, type of service, etc. These packets are sent along different communication routes. The packets are then reassembled once they reach their destinations. Packet switching makes more efficient use of a network than circuit switching. It is also a more robust and secure communication. Packed-Switching Communication Communication Protocol: TCP/IP
TCP/IP is the communications protocol used by the Internet and all
Internet devices. It allows communication between different networks, connecting them into an inter-net.
TCP/IP provides for breaking up digital messages into packets, routing
them to the proper addresses, and then reassembling them into coherent messages.
TCP/IP uses a suite of protocols: TCP and IP.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): Handles the movement of data between computers.
Establishes a connection between the computers, sequences the
transfer of packets, and acknowledges the packets sent.
Internet Protocol (IP):
Responsible for the delivery of packets.
Includes the disassembling and reassembling of packets during