YKPETIUTEAHAIA
CUCTEMA HA
nPoBuHuufl cKurufl
(kpax Ha III - VII B.)
THE DEFENCE SYSTEM OF THE LATE
ROMAN PROVINCE OT SCYTHIA
(the end of the 3rd - the 7th century A.D.)
Faber 20Oz
@ Cepren Eopucon Top6aroa - arrop, ZOO2
@ rs4areacroo "@a6ep", 2OO2
ISBN 954-775-tt3-L
Yeod
nPoBI{HIIVIfl ,CK*rTt4fl BMMITHI,ICTPATUBHATAUBOEHHA
cTPyKTyPA HA PIIMCKATA I,IMIIEPI,Ifl ................. ........................... 11
1. YupegxnaHe u agM[rHrrcrpar[BHo y[paBJreHrre .............. ...... 11
2. fpanuqu ........................ 14
3. Boenna opraHrr3arlurr ..........."...........22
fnaaa I
r{3BOPU 3A yKPEIrI{TEJIHATA CI,TCTEMA HA rIPOB[HIItIfl CKr,rTr,Ifl ......29
1. flucuenu cBeAenrlrr ......29
2. EnrrpaScKr,r cBrrAereJrcrBa: ..............49
A. Jlanu4apHunaMerHrrrlu.............. ............. 50
E. Terynapen enrarpa$cKu MarepuaJr............... ............... 61
3. ApxeonoruqecKr{ AaHHrr: .................64
A. flauuu or apxeoJrorr{lrecKr,r pa3KorrKr .....................,.64
E. flanur,r or repeHHrr npoyr{BaHus ..............67
B. fiannu or aepo$ororpa$cxn rmcJreABaHrrrr ............... 69
fnaea II
KOMTIOHEHTUTE HA CI{CTEMATA ..,........71
1. @ynrqr{ouaJrHo E T}rfloJroruqecKo c'bgcpxaur,re Ha KbcHoaHTur{Hara
QopruQnxaqlroHHa repMrruonrur: .............. ...................... 71
A. Jlarprncxrn repr{Hpr .................74
B. fp'rqrn repMlrHlr .................. 83
2. KonmpyKrrlBuo-crporrreJrHu oco6enocrz, QymquoHanno
upegua3HaqeHr,re u xpouoJrorru{ Ha yKperleHlrre o6exru B npoBlrHrlr{r Cxr,rruq: . 86
A. Yxpeuenu:re o6exru ro [yHaBcKut 6prl. .................. 86
E. YxpeneHnre o6errr.r no MopcKoro rpaft6pexue ........................ 1 66
B. Yrpeneuure o6exu B'bB BbrpelxHocrra Ha npoBrrHrlnsra ......271
l. Incerta ............... 376
Tnaea III
PA3BI,rTrrE HA C,ICTEMATA............. .............,...... 395
1. KnacraQr,rKaqr{, Ha yKpenenure o6exrpr: ................. ........... 395
A. Or Kpafl Ha III go n'spnara roJroBrrsa sa V B.............................. 400
E. Or cpegara Ha V s. Ao Kpar Ha KbcHara aurr,rrrHocr .................. 406
2.TTepuogn3arl[s Ha pa3Br.rrrrero Ha yKpeflrrreJrHara cr{creMa................. 408
fnaea IV
CI{CTEMATA B AETICTBI{E ................ ..................... 435
1. Or6panara Ha [rMnepcKara rpaHr,rrla u crrcreMara 3a
...............
B'brperrrHo-rrpoBrrHrlr{zrJrua crrrypHocr ............. 435
2. YxpeuneHr{sra rro MopcKrrr 6pxr .......... ...........442
3. 3aqurara Ha npoBr,rHrluaJrHoro HaceJreHr.re .....452
2
O6sop'rr Ha pe3yrrrarrrre or repeHHrrre flpoyqBat:aflHot aepo$ororpa$crlrre rr3cJreABa-
Hr{tr e [peAcraBeu rro-AoJry B r{3JroxeHr{ero, n fraBa I.3.8-B.
3
Haup: Weiss, J. Die Dobrudscha im Altertum. Sarajevo, 191 l; Vulpe, R. Histoire ancienne de
la Dobroudja. Bucarest, 1938; Vulpe, R., I. Barnea. Din istoria Dobrogei. Vol. IL
Bucureqti, 1968; @o.tt, An., Crp. ,[utuurpor (pea.). I4cropux ua [o6pypt<a. T. I.
CoSraa, 1984; Suceveanu, Al., Al. Barnea. La Dobroudja romaine. Bucarest, 1991.
aAricescu, A. Armata in Dobrogea roman6. Bucureqti, 1977;Zahariade, M. Moesia Sesunda,
Scythia Ei Notitia Dignitatum. Bucuregti, 1988.
5
Gajewska, H. Topographie des fortifications romaines en Dobroudja. Wroclaw, 1974; Scorpan,
C. Limes Scythiae. Topographical and stratigraphical research on the late Roman forti-
fications on the Lower Danube. BAR Int. Ser. 88. Oxford, 1980.
JI'br craHaJr olqe no-flpsx ragerTrcrren. Bcl,rqru yKpeueHr,r o6exru Ha repraTopr4rra
Ha AaAeHa npoBlaHl{r4q, He3aBI{cI{Mo or rexHuq BoeHeH r2rJrr.r rlr{BlrJren xaparrep, 6u-
Jrr,r tbJrKyBanr,r u $yuxqr{ouupaJrr4 Beqe Karo KoMnoHeHrr4 Ha elr,rHeH $opru$ura-
III{oHeH KoM[JIeKc - yKpenI{TeJIHara clrcreMa Ha ctorBerHara npoBrruqrlr. Irls'rtr-
HaTOTO I4ABa Aa rrOKaXe, qe naMeTHr{rlr,rTe Ha KBCHOaHTT{qHOTO yKpenr.rTeJrHo cTpo-
IilreJrcrBo B 3eMr{re Ha AH. fio6pygxa HeMr.rHyeMo rpa6ra Aa 6tlar pa3rJrexganu B
aAeKBaTeH Ha enoxaTa Tepr,ITopr4aJrrro-aAMklHrrcTpaTr{BeH KoHTeKcT - MexaHr{rrHr4-
rr nogxo[ K'bM TrxHoro r,r3yrraBaHe or [o3rrqvtvre Ha c'bBpeMeHHute reorpa$crra
IIJIII IOJII4ITI{qeCKI,I p9aJIHOCTI{ e U M9TOAOJIOTI{rI9CKI,I HeI,I3A'bpXaH, U IICTOpilqeCKII
norperxeH.
[IpoBrrHrI ttn
Crcuu,rfl B
aAMrrHrrcTpaTrrBHaTa
W BoeHHa crpyKrypa
H a PuMcKaTa
tt Mrrepfrfl
I
Jlureparypara u'rpxy pe$opMaropcKara [oJllarlrKa Ha l{Mreparop fiuoxneruau e ra:o6ulna,
Bx. Harp.: Seston 1946; Stein 1959, p. 69 sqq.;Jones 1964, p. 37 sqq.;Williams 1985.
2
Aro agunu4crparr{BHara pe$opua Ha r{Mfieparop fl,uornerr,rau geficterr:eluo e 6una axr,
a He [poqec, Sarct'r, qe [poBr,rHuusCxurus,ctcclrypHocr e ctuleir:syBaJla rIpeAH
1 rnlapr 293 r. (nx. [o-AoJry, 6en. 5), o6eguncls BcI{qKr npeAJIoxeHI,I Aocera ro-
K.bcIlI4 AarrrpoBKl{ ga uefino'ro [poBexAaHe. 3a sxotl or MHeHIrflTa tlo ro3lr Ba,ttpoc,
sx. : Barnes 1982, 224-225.
xapaKTep r4 IIpe[cTaBt c'bcTofHr{eTo Ha 3aIIa[HaTa qacT Ha Pulr.tcrata I{MIIeplI{ B
nepuo[a Me)KAy 3l4l3l5 v324 r., a Ha I43rotlHara - Me)KAy 303 r 314 r.3
flpoer,rlrqun Cxvtrur- A'bJrxu cBoero B'b3HrIKBaHe I{MeHHo na fiuornerl{aHo-
Bara aAMrrHlrcrparr,rBHa peQopinra. Hafi-panuoro I{3BecrI.,Ie ga nerinoro c'blqecrBy-
BaHe ce c'bAcpxa B enl4tpa$cK[I [aMeTHI{r or Toura4, ql{fTo [aTIrpoBKa 6e upequ-
3r{paHa HeornaBHa B [epproAa MexAy 2l w.nu286 v,7 urapr 293 r.5 Crrarrs crIaAaJIa
K.bM Ar{oqesa Tparnx (dioecesis Thracia), xortro n6K BJIIr3iur B c'bcraBa na I'Isro'{-
Hara rrpeseKTypa Qtraefectura Oriens).lla6op.sr Ha npoBITHIII{aJrHoro I{Me He e Ha-
n.bJrHo qceH, Ho narl-nepoxruo ro orpa3flBa crapoAaBHa roIroHIrMI{qHa rpaALII{I,Ifl, a
Moxe 6u c.l,grpxa ra onpeAeJreHa floJrrrrrluecKa alnozvrr6. Cxurus, o6xnaulana cene-
pou3TorrH[Te npeAeJrr,r na 6r,remara [poBIrHIItIfl flomra Muzan, ocraHaJlara llacr or
qrrflTo repr{Topr,rJ{ 6una upeo6pa3yBaHa B HoBa IrpoBIlHIII,Ir, Ko.flTo orHallaJro I{3r-
Jre)KAa 3ana3lrJra crapoTo lrMe, Ho BIrocJreAcTBae 6tura npellMeHyBaHa B.rB Btopa
Mnsfls. 3a rnaseH rpag Ha [poBI,IHIII4fl Cxurus 6un onpegeleu Touu, K'bAeTo pe3I'I-
Ar4paJr sehrrulrr aAMr.rHrrcrparrlBeH ynpaBureJr. Tori Iarrlar rurila
praesesT u $ynrqu-
rrTe My 6uttw :aail-seqe oT IopuAI,IqecKo ecTecTBo. OcseH '{e 6r,rn B'bpxOBHa [paBO-
pa3AaBareJrHa r4HcraHrlr{q B flpoBr.rHrll{rra, r:ofi 6un orroBopeH c'blrlo raKa 3a ct 6u-
paHeTo Ha AEpxaBH[rTe AaH'brIr4 yr.TaKcu rr 3a noAA'bpxaHeTo Ha no[treHcKaTa cJlyx-
6a(cursus publicus) B roAoreqHara My repuropux8
I Vulpe 1970,33-46 (Crqata pa6ora e uy6lurynaHa r.r Ha pyM'bHcKrr esr.x: Yulpe 1.972,
205-221).
2
B>r.: Torbatov 2000b.
3 Vulpe 1970,p.39.
a
[ocera e ny6mryraua MHoro MaJrKa rracr or 6orarara Har[r{Ha r.rn$oprraaqua rro ro3r.r
Barpoc: Eo6qera 6.r., passim; Btunapor 1988, c. 52 cn.
s Vulpe 1970,p.46.
BOpeqU He CaMO Ha TeOpI'IflTa, HO Lt Ha pIIMCKara [paKTI,IKa B TepIITOp[aJIIIO-aAM[I-
Hl{crparl{BHoro ycTpolicTBo. TBI1 KaTo ollpeAerfl.Itu o6cera Ha [paBoMorrl[rJrTa r.r
6 Schulten 1895,94-95.
7
Vulpe L970,p.39.
8
Cn m 7589;'Illxopuun 1"905a, c.469; Mupuen 1953,74-75.
e
fepor 1950, c. 26 u.; Mupuer 1953, c. 74 w.; Kolendo 1975,p.89 sqq.; Kolendo L976, p.
45 sqq.;Gerov 1979,p.225 sqq.
roTacheva 1995, p. 429 sqq.
ll Irluenno B'b3 ocHoBa rerreH[ero Ha pa3Jrr{qHrr MaJrKr{ peKr,r e olpeAeJleHa rr 3Haqr,rr.eJrua
qacr or repr,rrop[rrra ua Xlrcrpux n go6pe tr3Becruara xopore3uq Ha rpaAa or Bpe-
Mero Ha rpoBlluulraJrxrrfl yrpaBnrer,lla1epwyc MarcNr,,ryc (100 r. cn. Xp.), usaecrna
B [o-KEcHr{ Kotrlrs, Aarr.rpaq[ uafi-nepoxrno or BpeMero na Cenepzre: ISM I, No
67-68.
12
Tara [peA[oJlara Il [3AareJrrr Ha rpaHr4rrHr,rr 3HaK o'r Floeaxoso M. Mrapver: Mupyen
1953, c.76.
6par na peKara, KaKTo npegloJrara P. Bynne13. 3acera HsMa HrrKaKBrr AaHHI{ AoKG-
Ae Harope rro reqeuuero Ha p. Baroacxa npoBL{HIII,Ialtrara rpaHLrLIa Me)K[y Btopa
Mrleux u Cxutus. e c'bBrraAaJra c rpaHr{rl[Te Ha rpaAcKara repl,IToplzfl Ha Ogecoc.
Kar:ro qe craHe rcHo no-AoJry, cro6pax<enfiflTa or rorlorpa$cxo ecrecrBo npe[-
loJraraT, r{e ToBa e [poA'bJIxaBaJIO qaK Ao eavllLts. oT I43BOprITe Ha peKara B OKOJr-
Hocrr{Te Ha cerarrrHoro c. Zsnopcxo (o6rq. Arcaxono).
Y6egurenuoro pa3peruaBaHe HalocJre['bK na upo6neua c JroKaJrl43aqlrflTa
sa flamnrar(e) n na crroMeuarrrre egr{HcrBeHo or flporouzfi yrpeunenux Agr,rna ra
Tuluxuylr upeAocraBfl Tprr HoBr,r olopHrr nyHKTa 3a oflpe[eJrsHero Ha IpoBI{HIILI-
aJrHara rpaHlrr{a MexAy Bropa Mrasng u Cxurus.r4. Ifennocrr:a uM Karo rorlo-reor-
pa$cxu pe[epu ce cBcror,r He caMo B c[rrypHara r{M nplrHaAJlexHocr K'bM Teplrro-
puflra ua Bropa Muata, Ho t4 B oqeBr4gHara rELn 6rusoct [o caMlrre ceBeporI3TotIHI,I
[peAeJru Ha ra3u [poBr4urlur. C'rqerpeueHHo, apxeoJlorl{r{ecKr{Te npoyqBaH[It [pe3
nocJreAHrrre ro[r,rHr{ AaAoxa B'b3Mo)Krrocr Aa ce ycraHosla Hali-gana[Hara lr3BecrHa
Aocera rorrKa or rrpoBrrHrlllaJlHara reprlTopllfl sa Cxnrns,. B peeyltar: or [poBeAe-
Hr,rre npe3 1993 n 1996 r. pa3KorIKI{ B 3eMJrL{IrIero Ha c. Tenepnr (o6ur. Kpyruapu),
ryr 6e JroKaJrr,r3rrpau rr qflJrocrHo npo1nieH roJrrM aHTIrrreH KyJIToB IIeHT'bp c MHoro-
BeKoBHa 'rpa1n\k:fl., npoc'blqecrByBar Ao BTopara r{erBcpr Ha IV e. cn. Xp.l5 flpe:
prrMcKara eloxa Ha roBa Mrcro $ynxquonupaJro cBerlrJrulrle, nocBereHo xa Tpa-
xnricrr.s KoHHI{K, xorlro 6nr no.{[taH B crrHKperlrvua Qopvra c yHIrKaJIHrrre e[]ITe-
rn Xe$ecroc [a6arouefioc. floqo6no na MHoro Apyru e3I4IqecKrI KyJrroBIr Mecra,
ro 6uno npeAuaMepeHo yHrrrqoxeHo BcJreAcrs[e sofiHcrByBalrlara npoxp]Icrl,IflHc-
Koncranruu I, no[era cJIeA rrpeBp'blrlaHe-
Ka peJrrrrrro3Ha rroJrr{TrlKa Ha flMrreparop
To My B eAHoJrrrqeH rocnoAap na Pnmcxata I{Mrepurl s 324 r. Crpaturpa$cKure
na6ruogenua cBrrAereJlcrByBar 3a rIJIaHoMepuo orpa6naHe Ha roAHI,Ifl sa ynorpe6a
crporareJreu MareplraJr u na no-o6eMH[rre BorI4IBHu flaMerHlrqrr. flpoqectt Beposr-
HO 3anoqHaJr Orqe B xoAa Ha pa3pyueHlero, a Alrcflepcutra Ha rlpolr3xox(Aarqut or
cBerr,rJrr,rqero euurpa$cKrr MareprraJr noKa3Ba, ve orpa6elrl4flT KaMcK 6r.rn otnecen
par excellence B orctoflIrlara Ha 15,0 ru ceBepolr3Touno 3anqaua, 3a Aa 6tge npe-
rrsnoJr3yBaH TaM Karo rpaqunol6. Tasu saxHa KoHcraraIII{JI cJreABa Aa ce npueMe
Karo KareropurlHo cBI,IAereJrcrBo, qe pariron'm, s roftro ce e HaMI,IpaJro aHTr{unoro
cBeruJrrrqe xpafi c. Terepur, e 6nl rloArruHeH B aAM]IH]Icrpar[IBHo orHoureHne Ha
3angana [r cJreAoBareJrHo e nprrHaAJrexaJr repr{ToprraJruo K6M rrpoBIaHIII.Ifl Cxurrz,s.
13
Yulpe 1970, p.39 (B geftcrnlareJluocr, orpaHurreHoro or rerreul,Iero Ha p. Earoncxa u
MopcKr{l 6pxr npocrpaHcrBo He e 3aero or oTAeJIHI{ Ba3BI{IIreH}Ifl, a or MacIrBa Ha
(Dpaureucxoto nnaro !).
la Torbatov 2000a; Torbatov 2000b. flanuat(e) ce JIoKaTII{3rrpa rpr c. Ouoryp (o6rq. Tep-
aer), Agnra - rpu c. 6alux (o6u1. Tepnen), a Tlur,rxnyM - npr c. fipxHoneq (o6u1.
[o6pnv).
rs Top6aror 2000, 85-86.
16
Tesu Br,rpocr ca uogpo6uo o6ctgeur,r n: Top6ator 2000, c. 86.
Karo ce raMa npeABr,rA, qe cBerlrJrr.rqero rpafi c. Tereprar orcrolr caMo Ha 5,0(!) xu
r{3ToqHo or HaMr4parqr4fl ce B'bB Btopa Mr.rgus flanrtrar(e) vilpvt HaJrr{rrrrero Ha orqe
[Ba KopeKTr{Ba 3a uragrarlcxara repr,rroprrfl npu6nrasureJrHo B c':oulkre. pariou - Adina
ra Tilicium, orpeAerqHero Ha rpoBrrHrlr{aJrHara rpaHlrr{a Mexly Bropa ll4uzas,laCxu-
Trar eABa Jrrr Moxe Aa [peAcraBJrflBa Berre HsKaK'bB npo6reu: Tfl cJIeABa yBepeHo Aa
ce Tpacupa IIo reqeHr4rero ua cyxa pera.
Cyxa pera e eA[rH or Harl-ea6eJre)Kr4TeJrHr4Te nprpogHra Senoitrenu B roro3a-,
flagHara qacr Ha [o6pypKa. Iorsrtroro nporexeHr,re rr orHocr{TeJrHara rIpaBoJILr-
nertnocr na neftnata g'u6oro Bpr3aHa B 3eMHIrre nJracroBe AoJIEHa fl rrpeBp'bqar B
MHoro ygo6eu ecrecrBeH AeMapKarluoHen $axrop. Marap Ir rBtpAe MaJroBoAHa
loHacroflrrleu, Cyxa peKa c ocHoBaHlle ce cqlrra 3a eAHa or 3Har{ureJrHure Ao6py-
mKaHcKrr pexn. Tx Bogr,r Haqaroro cr{ or oKoJrHocr[re Ha c. I4srpen (o6q. Cynopo-
ro) r,r cnegna B ceBepHa IrocoKa, Karo trplreMa MHo>I(ecrBo nprIToIIE, floBeqero or
Kor{To ca caMo c BpeMeHeH orroK. flopagn KapcroBI,IrI TepeH, ceBepHo or c. Kapa-
nbnnr (o6q.[o6puv) BoAr,rre ir nanrnno ce ry6xr. Cnouen 3a HrlKoralluoro rl'bJr-
HoBoAue e caMo ner?nara AoJruHa. flpu6nusureJrHo or c. Kapanerl{T Ha ceBep rs
upugo6ura Bce no-orrrerJrrrBo Br.rAa Ha KaHboH, xoftro [ocre[eHHo ce crecHrBa rr
sagu6ouana r4 r{ecro ce xapaKTepfi3vtpa c orBecHrr cKaJrHr{ crerrr{ u rraeaugpr. [o-
JrrrHara na Cyxa peKa Aocrrrra AyHaBcKr.rn 6pnr nplr e3eporo Onrrana.
Cuope4 P. Bynne17, r{Mero Ha e3eporo Omrrra flpol{3xo)Kga or rlMero Ha
yKperJreHr4ero Altinum, Koero Notitia Dignitatum rocraB, Ha AyHaBcKun 6ptr ta
npoBrrHqr.rfl Bropa Muglrql8. B'rs ocuosa pega Ha lrs6pornauero B To3rI AoKyMeHT
To 3aeMaJro nafi-ugroqno rroJroxeHr{e or Bcr4r{Ku xpairgyuarcrn uugraficru yKpefl-
ileuufl.. Cpeqaqoro flpoxoulrft lrrrre A1tina19, 3acBr4AereJrcrByBaHo u B'bpxy ryx-
ce y
JreHra fleqaru or: flunoreqrur or BpeMero Ha r,rMneparop Axacraorfil2}, ce pa3rJre)K-
Aa Karo BaplraHT Ha c'brr[,rfl TonoH]rM. P. Byrue rp'bB ortxAecrBsBa Altinum-Altina
c yKpelJreHr{ero, pa3rroJroxeHo Bbpxy ejlno nrsnurrreHlre Ha rI3TorrHIrt 6pw Ha e3e-
poro'OnutHa r{ orcrorrrlo Ha 2,5 xm ceBepHo or eAHorIMeHHoro ceno. Marap sa
ToBa Aa HrrMa Hr{KaKBr{ AoKa3areJrcrBa, orKpr,rrrrre na6nngo paHHoBr.r3aHrraficxu ne-
ulrr 3a crporrreJrna xepauura2l qecro ce coqar Karo Mecro[popr3BoAcrBo Ha crroMe-
Harr{Te rro-rope ryxJrr.r c nevarn(!)22, aroBace cqr,rra 3a KocBeHo norB'bpxAenne(!)
Ha npeAJroxeHara JroKaJrr,r3arluq. B.rg ocHoBa Ha EaHHure aa Notitia Dignitatumuta
cBosra JroKaJrr,r3ar{fir Ha KacreJra Altinum/Altina, Pagy Byrue crr.rra Ao 3aKrroqeH[-
17
Vulpe 1970, p. 44.
18
Not. Dign. Or., X,lL,28 (ed. Seeck).
1e
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
20
Popescu 1976,No 246.
2rIrimia 1968, p. 379 sqq.
22'Iaxae HanplrMep y A. Aprvecry B rlrJra nopeArrla HeroBr,r pa6oru: Aricescu 1970; Aricescu
1972; Aricesca 1977 ; Aricescu 1.980.
ero, qe Hafi-ceBepHrrflT rryHKT oT rpaHrrlara Mexfiy npoBr4HqrruTe BTopa M:{sufl. w
Cxrntux rpx6na Aa ce rbpcr.r B rr3TorrHa nocoKa orryK, HrK'bAe Ha AyHaBcKux 6pxr
Me)KAy e3epara Orrrasa u M'rpnxny23.
BT nperrz qe rroHacrofiIrleM [peAJroxeHara or P. Bylne JroKaJrrr3arlurfl. Ha
Altinum/Altina ce noAKperq 6eepesepnuo B pyM'bHcKara r,rcropnorpaSur, Bcrpo-
cBT c MecrorloJlo)KeHl{ero Ha KacreJra B HI{KaKBB cnyvafr He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqr,ITa 3a
oKoHqareJrHo pelreH. Cuopeg flporouurl, Hanpr{Mep, Altinum - B orKprrro [porr4-
Bopeque c AaHHI,ITe Ha Notitia Dignitatum - ce e HaMr.rpaJr 3Haqr,rrerHo [o-Ha3a[aA
no AyHaBcKun 6pw Ha npoBrrHrlua Br:opa Muzun, Mex[y Tpaucuapucra u Kanqra-
guauaz4. Helr,ranxo ctBpeMeHrru :a3cile1Baqlr orAaBar flpeAnoqplTaHrre r4MeHHo Ha
ToBa cBeAeHI{e, Karo ce tlo3oBaBar Ha ,cHorara ri 6esyupevHara IrocJleAoBareJr-
Hocr Ha I,r3Jro)KeHr{ero B Ta3I,I qacr Ha flporonzenr.{fl TpaKTar "3a ctpoe:xptre"25. C
orJreg na Qarra, ue reKcrbr sa Notitia Dignitatum e 6un unoroKparHo Aon'bJrBaH r4
penaKTr,rpaH [pe3 IV r,r e Halrarroro Ha V s. 26, Muoro e BepoflTHo HrrKou or no-Ktc-
nrare 4o6anKr{ Aa ca Hapyrflr.rJrr,r n'bpBoHaqaJrHrrrr reorpa$cru flopflA'bK e uogpeg6a-
ra na r,rs6poeHrrre KacreJrr{, a cnopeA eAHa xr{[oresa Altinum ce flBflBa rbKMo eAHa
or re3lr go6asxra, BMtKBaHero Ha KoflTo ce Aarr{pa rraK K:bM BpeMero Ha r,rMnepa-
rop Banenc27. B nurarrn cny.rari He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqura 3a Hec'bMHeHa r4 rrpe[[oJra-
raeMara I{AeHTI{rrHocr Ha rorroHr{Mure Altinum ra Altina. C'uqectrynanero noA Te-
3V I;IIl-{eH.a Ha ABe pa3ruqHr,I yKpelJreHr,rrr e He caMo B63Mo)r<Ho, Ho r{ MHOto BeposT-
so. Karo ce I,IMa [peABI,I[, qe r{ ABara rr3Bopa c[oMeHaBarr{rn Altina - flporonrnrt a
TyxJreHr.ITe rrelrarrr ot fluuoreqvfl - \arilpar or VI 8., He e r{3Kr}orreHo B cryr{a{ Ea
craBa AyMa 3a HflKaKBo HoBo yKpe[JreHr{e, lr3grlrHaro eABa K'bM Kpat Ha V rnnu s
HarraJroro Ha VI s. II{o ce orHacr Ao HeroBoro eBeHTyaJrHo MecrorroJroxeHrre r4 npo-
Br{Hr{r,raJrHa npr.rHa4Jrexuocr, B'brrpoctr rpx6na Aa ce npr,Buae 3a rB.bpAe HeqceH r,r
Hepa3pe[MM Ha ro3r4 eran. fiopu Aa ce [pr{eMe, r{e r{Mero ua xpafigyHaBcKoro e3e-
po Orrcnua ce flBflBa cr,rrypHo yKa3aH[e 3a roBa, rre KacreJrbr: Altinum (Altina?) ce e
HaMLIpiU I{MeHHO TyK, OTB)KAeCTBflBaHeTO My C yKpenrreHr,reTo B}pxy B'b3Br4rrreHr{-
ero "MauyKa" Ha I{3TotrHr{, 6pxr ua e3eporo e Han'bJrHo Helpl4eMJrrrBo or rJre[Ha
ToqKa Ha apxeoJroruqecKlrre peaJrHocrlr. I{xnara HaJrr{qHa ran$optraqrafl 3a roBa
yKpelJreHl{e ce u3r{ep[Ba c [JraHa rr KparKr{Te 6ene;xxu na fI. flonoHr4K, ctcraBeHr{
rrpu floceqeHr{ero uy ila o6exra [pe3 1898 r. Karo onucsa ocraHKr,rre, o6ave, npe-
III{3HI{flT B cBoI{Te na6nrogexrafl l,IHxeHep-tonorpa$ r,r3pr.rr{Ho or6enxana, qe craBa
AyMa 3a 3eMJreHO yKpe[JIeHAe, 3arrlr4rTeHo c Ban, npeA roftro oT ceBepou3ToK, r43TOK
u ror 6ul [poKorraH poa. To r{MaJro roJreMr{ pa3Mepr.r (190,00 x 80,00 rra) z npu6nu-
23
Vulpe 1970, p. 44 sq1.
2a
Proc. De aed. IV,7 ,9 (ed. Dewing).
2s Belevliev
1970,124-125; Perrin-Henry 1981, p. 103 sqq.
26 Zahariade
1988, 2l -29.
27
Chiriac 1984, p. 306 sqq.
3I{TeJIHO rleTlrpucrGJreH frJraH,
Karo ceBepol43TolrHr4flT I4 IOrOI{3',fOqHIAgr My 'brJrl{
6uilw sao6nenu28. B Hr,rro e[Ha or pa6orure, KGAero ce crroMeHaBa roBa yKperrJre-
HI{e, He CTaBa AyMa 3a flpor{3xo)Kgarqr{Jr oTTaM [oAeMeH apxeorofr.rqecKr.r Marepr,r-
an. flpu Bce roBa, o6yrzrsr Ha yKpenr.rreJrHara My cr,rcreMa He caMo orxB.bpJu KaK-
Baro rI qa 6ulo BB3Mo)KHocr ga 6rge ro [pzqucreHo K'bM [aMerHr,rrlt4Te Ha K'bcrro-
aHTur{Hara $oprr.r$zraql{Jr, Ho r4 KareropurrHo cBrrAereJrcrByBa 3a paHHocpeArro-
BeKoBHI{fl My npov3xog. 3euleuoro yKpelJreHr,re Btpxy B'b3Br.rureHr{ero "MayyKa"
ceBepHo ot c. OnTIrHa pa3KpI4Ba rropa3r4TeJrHo cxoAcrBo c'bc 3eMJreHure yKpeflrr-
TeJrHrir ctop'b)KeHr.,rr or erroxara na fl'rpnoro 6rnrapcKo rlapcrBo r,r cJreABa Aa ce
pa3rJlexga Karo eJreMeHT or r{3rpaAeHara upes VIII-IX r. or:6paur,rreJrua crrcreMa
ro AecHLts 6pxr ua p. [ynas2e. Aro rpa6na eHurMarr{rrnuqr Altinum (Altina?) ga ce
T'bpclr HenpeMeHHo s 6rr.rsxalta oKoJrHocr Ha e3eporo Olrllua, MHoro rro-npaBgo-
nogo6uo e tofi qa ce ortxgecrBr.r c yKpenJreHrrero "Cetatea din capul dealului", pas-
loJrox(eHo 3a[aqHo or e3eporo , Ha caurtfl 6pxr na p. Aynae, Ha 4,0 KM ceBepHo or c.
Cary Hoy30. 3a ner<l fI. flolonur or6ersgea, rre ro 6r.uro "eglro or uafi-go6pe 3a-
Ira3eHraTe KaMeHHr{ prrMcKlr yKpenreuur"3 1.
Bcrqro Ka3aHo AoryK Mo)Ke ga 6tge o6o6rqeno ro cJreAHr{s Haqr.rH (O6p. 1):
Ipanuqa'ra Mexly KtcHopr4McKr.rre rrpoBrrHqur Bropa Mprz:zfl, u Cxurus, e
3aflor{Bara or AyIraBCKr,Ix 6pr-r flprr e3eporo Onruna r{ e [oeMaJIa B rcxHa flocoKa,
cnegnartxrz rerreHr{ero na Cyxa pera. 3anaAHr{Jrr 6pxr ua e3eporo fi rreBlzr (aaua-
geu) 6pxr Ha perrHara AoJrrrHa [pr4HagJre)KaJrrr K'bM rtpoBrrHrlraq Bropa Mw3ufl, a
rrporrrBoloJroxHr4rr - KLM Cxutus,.Iox+ro or ceraurHoro c. Kapauenzt (o6q. [o6-
puv), rarrr Ka[ero Cyxa pexa npr4eMaJra cso.fl Hafl-roJrsM rrprlToK (KapauaHgepe),
rpaHI4I{aTa ce OTKJIOHTIBaJIa MaJTKO Ha TOTOU3TOK, KaTO npOA'bJrXaBaJra Aa CJreABa
TelleHl{ero Ha peKara rraK Ao sefirume u3BopI,I B oKoJrHocrrrre Ha cerarrrHoro c. YII-
rper (o6q. Cyaopono). Tyx ra pq3Ko cMeHrJra cBoflTa nocoKa rr roeMaJra Ha r{3roK
K.sM r,r3Bopr,rre Ha p. Earoscra uprr c. I{soopcxo, orK'bAero Beqe cJrelBala nefinoro
rerreHr.re [o BJrr{BaHero i s 9epno Mope ceBepHo or c. Kpaneno (o6q. Ealvrar). Or
pa3noJroxerrr{Te B HerrocpeAcrseHa 6ru:ocr Ao npoBr.rHrlr,raJrHara rpaHr.rqa K'bcHo-
aHTI{rIHI4 yKpeleHLI IIeHTpoBe,
KtM Tepr.{ToprrflTa ua Bropa Musyte, cnaAaJrrl Te3rlr
npu: Cary Hoy (Altinum? Altina?), Onoryp (Palmat(ae)), 6arm (Adina), Apxuoneq
(Tilicium), Hrroraesra32 (Aquae?33), fiorrrqe3a, Poravero35, Kpaneno36
28
Polonic 1935, p. l9; flnauur Ha yKpeuJreHrero e ny6nrarynan s: Zahariade 1988, p. 1 19.
2e
Paruen 19826, c. 77 cn., 109 cn.
:o TIR L35, p. 64.
3r Polonic 1935, p. 19.
32
lllxopnnn 1905a, c.501.
33
Eeurer.rrraes 1962, c.4.
3a
MupuenfiIrMrrrpoB 1958-60, l.2l cn.
35
Ibidem, n. 11 cn.
36
Touqesa 1953, c. 81 cn.; Eorunaxor 1977. c.90.
nN\\\'{r
PrLUr{lr). il
'I |iinit
m{v
v )t) T
'i{^,'$
1r\i
5", I
t oi-r-+J 10 20'ltl
Et lnz F."lg
,
"t+
\-\ -""""-'#
a\
\,
rtRcrriomlrs
(Nl
O6p. Orosauagnara rpaHIrIIa Ha rpoBrHIII{sCKurvfl'. Jlerenga:
1.
1. nrr [ypoctopyrra-MapuuaHoroJll{c; 2. AHtuqxlr r
Tpace Ha pI{McKIrf,
K'bcHoaHTI,IqHLI yKpe[eHI'I qeuTpoBe; 3. flpegnonaraeMo rpace Ha
rpaHlrqara Mexly K'bcHopIrMcKI{Te flpoBlrHqnn Btopa Mlrsfix n CrNrns
(Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.7) /Fig. 1. The south-western border of the
Late Roman province of Scythia. Legend: 1. The Roman road from
Marcianopolis to Durostorum; 2. Roman and late Roman fortified centres;
3. Hypothetical course of the border between the Late Roman provinces
of Moesia Secunda and Scythia (Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.1)
(Cranea? 37). B repr.rropr{flTa Ha rrpoBrrHrlux Crurus rrbK ocraBaJrr.r yKpenJreHr{flTa
upra: Kanlrrau fiuurarpoBo, HoBo Eoreno, flpr.rnen, Oqrpqu, Xpa6pono pr 06-
povuu1e38.
+++
feorpaQcroro MecroHaxo)KAeHl4e Ha npoBl,Ilrqws Cxurus, Ao roJrflMa cre-
neH npegoflpeleJrr,rJro no-Hararbrrurux pasnofi Ha flcrop[vecKara i c'rg6a. Cro6-
pa3fiBaHero c nprrpogHrra $arrop HaMepprJro r,r3pa3 B roJrrMoro nporexeHlre Ha B'bH-
rrrHr{Te i rpauuqu Lr B crrJrHo eKcfloHr.{paHoro noJroxeurre Ha seftnara repuToplr.fl
crrpflMo BapBapcKara nepn$epsfl. Ha pIrMcKrIt cexr. Bc'rrqHocr, Teplrropu.f,Ta Ha
HoBoyqpegeuara rrpoBrrHr{r{r or xrrJrflAoJrerlr.n 6uta egutt or nafr-naxHr,ITe Kp6cro-
fl'brlr Ha MoIrIHLrre MurpaqrroHHlr AB]DKeHrrfl B rroBelrrKara vrcropvg. I,Igrr,xnatoro
rcHo oqepraBa crparerur{ecKoro 3HarreHrre Ha npoBr[HrlunCxanws,Karo npeileH nocr
v6acrnon3a 3arrllrrara na 6anrancKrrre BrraqeH:ag,ua Praucrata I{Mneprrfl rlpe3 K'bc-
HOAHTLITIHATA CIOXA - 3HAqEHI{E, KOETO AOTI'bJIHI,ITEJIHO HAPACHAJIO CJIEA TIPEMECT.
BaHero npes 330 r. Ha r,rMlepcKara croJrr{qa s KoHcraHtI{HorIoJr u Koero HarI'bJrHo
o6qcHqea cr{creMarur{Hrrre rplDKrr Ha rleHTpaJrHara BJracr 3a rro[ABpxaHeto s o6-
p a3rloB BUA Ha [poBr{HrlrraJrHaTa BoeHHa opraHI,I3 aIIrIfl .
37
Kysen 1981a, c.286wcn.
38 Bcx.rr[ n:6poenu yKpefleHr,r o6err:r B rrpeAeJrr{Te Ha npoBr{}ru}Is,Cxwrlz.fl. uqe 6rgar nog-
po6no pa3rJreAaHr,r B rr3Jroxeur{ero rro-Haratbr (frasa II.2.B).
3.BOEHHA OPTAHTI3AUTIfl
B'r,scraHosflBaHero Ha BoeHHara Morrl na Puucrar:avtunepvtfl e 6escuopuo
eAHa or roJreMlaTe 3acJryrl,I Ha l{Mneparop E[oKJreruan. HqrorarrrHoro rrpeKJroHe-
Hr,re IIpeA peQopuaropcKr4, uy renurl BGB BoeHHara o6racr, o6ave, HacroflTeJrHo
orcrbnBa Mqcro Ha no-Tpe3Brr orleHKr.r B c'bBpeMeHHara r,rcropuorpa$lra. Bce no-
Beqe u3creAoBareJllr I,I3T'bKBar noAqepraHo KoHcepBarr,rnnur (u nopr4 peaKrdnoHen!)
xapaKTep Ha HeroBaTa cTpaTerr4qecKa KoHIIelrIr4r, KoflTo - BMecTo KGM KaqeCTBe-
Ho npecrpyKTypilpaHe c orJre[ Ha HoBr{Te BoeHHo-rroJrurusecKur peaJrHocrr,r - 6ttta
Hacor{eHa K'bM B'b3cTaHoBqBaHe II KOHCOJIIUA\Afl HA BOeHHaTa OpraHI,I3aqI{fl. 17 HA
cr{creMara 3a repr,rropuat*a or6pana or eloxara ua flpuuqunaral . flpz nce rona,
nerng6exnure raKTr4Ko-oneparrrBHr,r 3arpyAHeHr,r-fl, nopoAeHr{ or crarr{qHara cBp6x-
KOHr{eHTpa\u5 Ha cuJrvTe IIo HMIIepcKLIfl nepr,rMeT'bp, cTaHaJIII [puqr,IHa I{MeHHO B
xoAa Ha BoeHHr4re peSopur Ha r,rMrreparop fiuorlerr{aH [a 6,rge upeorKpr.rra He-
o6xogr.ruocr r a u aa 3 alorrHe cQopr"rupanero Ha c[eqr{aJrr.r3r.rpaH Kopnyc or uo 6Nl-
sa qacru2, Korrro 6es ga orcra6sar rpaHr.rr{Hara 3aulr.rra s rorllro a ga 6uto nyHKT
Aa Morar 6rpso ga 6rqar [pexB'bprqHr{ Ha pa3rurrH[ Tearprr ua 6oftsrate geficr-
rltfl, or KoHKpernata o6craHoBKa r.r H}ryqu. 3a cuqecrByBaHero Ha
B 3aBr{cr{Mocr
o6oco6eua u [eecloco6ua uaneepeHa noJreBa apuufl B'bB BpeMero na fl'rpnara
Terpapx[q, o6ave, n'so6qe He Moxe Aa craBa AyMa: AoBe[eHrasr Ao HeBr,rxgaHr4
pa3MepLI BoeHeH noreHqr{aJr na Pr.rlrcxaravr:lailepus.,Ir3rrI{cJrrBaH Ha oKoJIo 400 000
gyuru3 , 6ul novru Ir3IIflJIo c'bcpeqoroqeH [o [porexeHrre Ha A'bp)r(aBHrate rpannqu4 .
3a ucrr.rrrcxlr c63AareJr Ha K'bcHopuMcKara BoerrHa opraHr{3arlu, c ocHoBa-
HLIe cJreABa Aa ce cqI,ITa LlMneparop Koncranrru I, r pesylrar or rrr/rrrro enepruqur,r
gericrarax MoAeJTET oKoHllareJrHo u3Kpr,rcraJrr,r3r,rpaJr u6uluucruryrlvoHaJrr{srapaus .
I Hoffmann 1969, S. 247 sqq.; Hoffmann 1974,5.382.; Mann 1977, p.11; Mann 1919, p.
180; Isaac 1988, p. 141; Isaac 1990, p. 170.
2
Vlgetra3a rrpcB nrr: e 6rra oc'bqecrBeHa or r{Mrreparop farueu qpe3 peopraHr.r3ar{r{, Ha
KaBarrepr4f,ra: Grosse 1920, S. 15 sqq.
3
Ioan. Lyd. De mens., 1,27 (ed. Wiinsch).
a Hoffmann
1969, S. 187 sqq., 226 sqq.
5
Boeuur,r:re pe$oprtmre na fluoxletr.ran n Koncranuur I r{ T{x}roro rro-HararrruHo pa3Br4-
Twe ca [peAMer na o6ctoeu anailv3 r.r flporr.rBoperrr4Br.r orleHKr.r B MHoxecrBo Hapoq-
Hr Hayqur.r lrpyAoBe n ny6nnxaqulr: Mommsen 1889; Grosse 1920; Nischer 1923;
Berchem 1952;Varady 1961; Hoffmann 1969.
6
[aruporrara e MorrrBr{paHa B; Berchem 1952,75-88.
ripenses) npuqo6zra roArrepraHo craqr,roHapeH xapaKTep. Ts 6una pa3noJroxe-
-
Ha no rpaHrrqr{Te Ha r,rM[eprrflTa w 6wra HaroBapeHa c rqxHara 3arqr,rra. flo cpanne-
Hrre c fiepuoga ua flrpnara rerpapxur, qucJreHocrra Ha nprKo aHriDKlrpanr.rrr c ox-
paHara Ha Al,pxaBHl,tTe rpaHrlql4 BoeHeH KoHTIIHTeHT 6una cu.nno nauarena, r'rfi
KATO I,IMEHHO IIPE3 I{3TETJIflHE HA 3HAqI4TEIEH iIOBEUIKI{ IOTEHIII{AJI OT C'bCTABA HA
Jrerr4oHrrre u qpe3 npeo6pasyaaHe Ha MHoxecrBo crarlr4oHrrpaHrr AororaBa rro rpa-
Hrrrdrrre [oMorr{Hlr qacrrr 6uxr,r cSoprnrrrpaHr.r HoBI,rre nogpa31eJreHlr-f,, c'bcraBJrsBa-
rrlr{ BoeHHr{, pe3epB r,r o[eparr4BHara [oJIeBa apv,ns, ua Puucrarailv,ilepvs, Sacer -
Comitatus (Sacer Palatium). Trft raro BcrKa soricrosa eALIHrrrIa limitanei 6ula npx-
Ko 3aera eA[HcrBeHo c oxpaHara lr or6pauara Ha KoHKpereH yqactbK or rpaHI,IIIa-
Ta, rr3trBJrHeHrreTo Ha BclrrrKr{ ocraHaJrtr 3aAaqll vr l,e,{[,gnfi, I,I3I4CKBaIqU BOeHHO yqac-
TI,Ie IdIIII [prrCBCTBIre B'bB B'bTpeIlHOCTTa Ha IIpOBIIHIII,'IIT9, Ce OKa3aJIO I,I3IIflJIO B
orroBopHocrr{Te Ha c omitat ens e s .
B gyxaHa reH4eHrlr{rra K'bM pa3AeJreur,re n o6oco6ssaHe Ha III{BI,rJrHara LI
BoeHHa BJracrr{ s P[Mcxara r{Mnepr{s, KaKTo Ia sa no-eSeKTIrBHo pBKoBoAcrBo Ha
soricxoeure eAr{Hrrrlu Ha repl{Topl{aJreH nprrHql{n, Moxe 6n s Ha.ranoro Ha c'bBMec-
THoro yrrpaBJreHrre Ha r.rMfleparoprrre fluornerraan u Maxcurral{aH, Ho npu BcIztrKI,I
cily,lau oqe B roArrHrre rpeArr c63AaBaHero na flrpnara rerpapxut (1 uapr: 293 r.),
B qacr or rpaHllr{Hrrre [poBrrHgww7 6ma B'bBeleHa AJrbxHocrra Ha MecrHlrre Bo-
eHHr4r KoMaHgupu (duces). Haft-panuoro 3acera r{3Becrr{e 3a npoBr4HqlraJreH AyKc e
or flepraoAa 286-293 r. u [porr3xo)<Aa or flpoBr,rHrlrrff Cxnrras8 , Koero ce flrlflBa cv-
rypHo yKa3aulle, r{e rq e 6una cpe4 "flurorHflTe o6eKTu" B [pl,IJraraHero Lr orpa-
6orsaHero Ha MexaHrr3MrlTe Ha HoBr{fl MoAeJr Ha BoeHHo-aAMrrHl,Icrparunuo ycrpoftc-
TBo, [peB'bpHaJI ce B[ocJre[crB[re B eAHa or eu6reiraarlltrrHlrre rrepru Ha eloxara Ha
,[our,rnara. tr{alocrnoro r{3[[rcBaHe Ha AJl'bxHocrra Ha BoeHHIrfl KoMaHAI,Ip B rrpo-
B[Hr-Ir4q Cxurus. rJracflJro dux limitis provinciae Scythiae, Ho B LI3BopLIre r.f, Hall-.{ec-
To ce cpeqa orpa3eHa B c'bKparerra $oprtaa. flpes nepuoga ua fl'rpeara rerpapxtrfl
AyKcbr 6un nenocpeAflrBeHo noAr{r,rHeH Ha nperopllancKr4fr, npeSert Qtraefectus
praetorio) Ia pa3[oJraraJr c urrpoKr,r npaBoMorq]r, Ha reprrroplrsra Ha npoB[HIILrqra.
OcseH trprKoro KoN{aHAyBaHe Ha HacraHeHlrre raM BoeHHIr r{acrl{, rort 6nn orroBo-
pen oule sa: na6mogeHr{ero r{ KoopAr,rHar{[qra na SoprraQI,IKaIIrIoHHoro crpolrreJr-
cruo; SynrqtroHr.{paHero Ha BoeHrrara $lora; KoHTaKTT{Te c He[prrfiTeJrcKrrre I{ c'b-
Io3HrI HapoA[ rro rpaHrrrlara; HopMaJrHoro QynrquoHlrpaHe Ha clrcreMara 3a trpo-
[oBoJrcrBeuo ura6gxeaHe; BoeHHara [oAroroBKa I,I noA1Gpxauero na ueo6xoqra-
Mara r{r{cJreHocr Ha soficxosiare egnuuqug . flyxcrr pa3[oJraraJr c'rc co6crseHa KaH-
+++
HepasqeneH tr MHoro ctqecrBeH eJreMeHT or flpoqeca Ha opraHrr3r4paHe Ha
npoBuHqr4s Cxurus.B'r,B BoeHHo orHo[reHlre e 6r,rn nrrpa)KAaHero Ha yKpe[[TeJrHa-
ra uu$pampyKTypa sa ner)rHa repnTopu.sr. CrcrosHzero Ha yKpenlrTeJrHara cl{cre-
Ma B 3Haqr,rreJrHa crerreH e npeAo[peAeJrf,Jro e$exrraenocrra Ha [poBr.rHrlr4aJrHara
or6pana, Koero o6qcHssa fiocroqHHr,rre rprDKr{ or cl]paHa Ha IIeHTpaJrHara I{ Mecr-
23
Popescu 197 6, 132-133 ; Zahariade L988, 44-45.
2a
Cod. Iust. X[, 35, l8 (ed. Kriiger).
25
Nov. Iust. C[I, 3, I (ed. Schdll - Kroll).
26
Torbatov 1997a,p. 8l sqq.; 3a nacrrnulr{Te [poMeHn rr xapaKTepa Ha BoeHuara oprau[-
3aqr{, KcM Kpa, Ha VI n npe: fla,pBr{re Aecerr.urerrq na VII s. B)K.: Haldon 1993, p.
45 sqq.
Ha BJracr IIo [oAA:bpxaHero i
s rasnpanHocr r{ crrcreMaTr{qHoTo ir gouarpuxAaHe r{
TexHI4lIecKo yc'bB'bplxeHcTByBaHe. B'rupexra CKeITI4III{3Ma Ir xulepKpr4Tr4rlr.r3Ma Ha
HqKoLI c'bBpeMeHHu anropu2T , MaTepr{aJrHure ocraHKI4 oT pa3rr,rrrHlrTe rro ruu u SyH-
KIIUq yKpenenra o6exru [peAocraBrr BB3MoxHocT 3a a3flcHrBaHe r4 npeocMracJr-sHe
He caMo ua qpe6Hu gerailxlw, Ho I{ Ha B'blpoc}I or KoHrlenryaJrHo ecrecrBo B'bB Bp'b3Ka
c BoeHHo-rloJl,rTrrrrecKaTa fi coIIpraJIHo-r{KoHoMI,IqecKa LIcTopI4q Ha 3eMr,rTe rlo
narf-go;moto reqeHr{e Ha p. ,qyHaB, 3a Kouro [p],r[rre Kareropr4r{ r{croprrqecKr.,r r.r3-
aopu 6mo [a3sr M6JMaHI{e, LTJIIT npeAJrarar HerIbJrHa, Heror{Ha, a noHrKora I,r reH-
AeHIIlIosHo I43KpLIBeHa nu$oprrraqux. Pags[ruero Ha yKpenr{TeJrHara crircreMa, Ka-
TO CGBKyIHOCT OT Bcr4rrKrlr yKpe[eHlr O6erru B npeAeJrr'rTe Ha rrpoBr{ut1wn Cxurua,
lo3BoJrflBa no6pe [a ce yJroBsr ocHoBHrrre HacoKr{ B'bB BtHruHara r{ BtTperrrHa no-
Jrlrrr4Ka na Purucxar a vuilepvfl, [pe3 K'bcrroaHTutrHara enoxa u Aa ce ycraHoBsr pe-
aJrHI{Te I43MepeHLIq Ha C'bOTBeTCTByBarIIaTa r{M BOeHHO-CTpaTerI,IqeCKa AOKTpr4Ha
Ha peruoHaJrHo r,r MrrKpoper[oHaJrHo Huso. BHra],rareJrHr{rr aHaJrr{3 na Qyurquo-
HaJlno-Tlrflororl{qecKara cuequ$ura u xpoHoJrorrrqecKr4Te napaMerpr.r Ha KoHKper-
HIITe [aMerHI,Iqu ua Soprz$r4Karlr4oHuoro crporrreJrcrBo oirepraBa B'b3MoxHo
nafi-o6errraBHldg n'br Aa ce Aoll3flcHrr c'brrlHocrra Ha K'bcHopI,IMcK\rfl. ur Ha paHHoBrr-
gasrrnrtcrux MoAeJI Ha BoeHHa opraHu3arlru B npoBr,rHrlus Cxnrus.uAa ce flpocJreAr,r
ArrHaMI{KaTa Ha [poqeca rlo TgxHoTo B'bBe)KAaHe.
27
Isaac 1990, p. 372sqq.
MMADA M
ii:Sii*?i,l?itiillirl.1ii#,jl1*ll$:ilr*ir'i..,\i HEilffiffiriffiffiH'ffiffidffiffi
Hsnopu 3a
yKperrr,rTeIrHaTa
cucTeMa Ha
trp o Br,r Hrllrfl crcur wfl
1. II}ICMEHI,I CBEAEH.Wfl
Herraa;rxo K'LCHoaHTuttHrI cpeAHoBeKoBHlr H3Boprr ilpelocraBflT cBegeHr{r,
r.r
KOIITO Ce HaMLIpaT ltJ'II{ tvlOIaT B eAHa I{JII,I Apyra CTe[eH Aa Ce [OCraBxT B]B Bp'b3Ka
c yKpenLITeJIHara c[IcreMa Ha IIpoBr4HrImx Crurus. Bupexu qe ca q)aBur{Te.,rrHo
6eguu orK-r,M lrH$opuaqraq, cBeAeHrrrrra ce orHacqr ilo mnpoK Kp"rr or npo6-nemu,
KaCaexII4 C'bCToqHeTO Ha yKpeIILITeJIHaTa CI,ICTeIvla, xpOHO.nIOrHflTa ua @opraQuxa-
llIroHHoTo CTpoLITeJICTBO, AI'rCJIOKar{r{flTa r{ TrrrroJrofr{qecKaTa xapaKTeplrcTuKa Ha
yKpeflLrrenHrrre c"bop'bxeHlrr, rrcroplr qecKara c'sg6a Ha orJleflrrtr yxpenenu qeHT-
pore. flo rer\rarr4Ka, xapaKTep ,r c'bAlpxaHr{e r{3Bopnre ca rn"bp,qe pa:roo6pa:nn
- npaBHo-aAIvIIrHI4crparI,rBHr{, I4croprrqecKlr, reorpa$crra. puropuqecKrr,.[rrreparyp-
uu (npo:a u noe:ur). fl,ocrouepnocrra Ha npeAalleHara B rrx un$opuaqr{, B 3uaqrr-
TeJIHa creneH 3aBrlc[ ou{e or lv{eroAa, npo$ecnonaJrHr{Te KaqecrBa r{ qoBeurKrr rrpHc-
TpacTr4rr Ha aBTopr{Te.
.! .! .!
7
tr4seecruqra ua Teuttcrtlfi :a Tpaxr.ra n KoHKpe'rHo 3a rrpotsnHulrfl Crnrtrx ca 6ultr rrpeAMer
Ha caNlocrorrerHr4 r43cr'reABaHuq: Beaxor 1955,245-260; Barnea 1967b.563-574.
I Themist. Orat. X (ed. Downey).
e
Themist. Orat. X, l35d-136a.
r')
Ibidem, l36c-d,
rr lbidem, l36d- 138b.
rr Bx. 6c,r. 6.
I' CIL,lll,6l59 (= 749"1);Popescu 1976. No 2-13.
I' Zahariade 1988. l,1l-1.12.
B"rn npr:xa c xoAa Ha HeycnerxHara KaMnaHr4s or 368 r. tro BpeMe na llr,p-
Bara rorcKa softHa Ha Ba.fleuc" Arruau Mapueluu cnol\,reHaBa, qe, nopaAr4 HeBb3-
ruo)KHocr Aa ce rrpeMuHe npr{Aorlnurr ,[yuan, xpart HrKaKBo KapncKo ce.nol5 6u:r
tr3rpafleH BoeHeH .narep" n xofiro prMrreparoprr 6e:qericrByBan qaK Ao ecesral6.
ll:cuegravure cBlp3Bar orr[caHure ct 6urvs, c repr{Toprrtrra Ha nporuuqua Cxu-
Tlrf, E rro-TotrHo
- c pafiona na KapcrEyrralT. IlosacrosudeM Jrarep'l,T He e JroKaJrr{3}rpaH.
flax nsr BpeMero rra Ba-resc, rl'bpKoBHr{qr ncropr.rK Cosorn{eH npeACTaB,
rrpoBr{Hrlrrfl Cxtr"rwc Karo 3eM, c MHoro rpaAoBe, ceJra 14 yKpe[JreHurlS. Maxap nx-
xos rr3c.rreABaw( Aa AonycKaT, rre Ta3r4 xapaKTepr{cTr{Ka ce oTHac, K'bM BpeMeTo,
Koraro e rBoprlrerBToptT (u'rpna:ra [oloBr4Ha na V s.)19, c[opeA AaHHr4Te or Aoce-
ratrrrrtrTe {cTopEKo-apxeoJroruqecKr4 npoyqBaHm Ts oTpa3qBa peaJrHaTa cuTyauxfl.
npegtr rorcKrrre x xyHcKlr Ha[ageHr,rfl or nocJreAHara r{erB}pr na IV I4 ['bpBara
IIOJIOBUHA gA V SEX.
B"rupexu HeegrroKparHo r.r3Ka3BaHlrre Herarr4BrrcrlrqHr{ oqeHK}r, Notitia
Dignitatum cx ocraBa Hafi-silKuflqr [r4cMeH r{3Bop, orpa3rBarl BoeHHoro ycrpofic-
TBo Ha PsMcrara llMrrepu npe3 K'r,cHopr{McKara enoxa20. Cnopeg npeo6lagara-
rrloro Mnerrae, Pars Orientis or AoKyMeHra e 6ur crcraBeH xlow 394-395 r. 3a pas-
AeJra flocBererr Ha npoBnnrlrn Cxuruq ce npfieMa, ue n o6rqu rvuuu orpa3sBa cBC-
TaBa tr AncfioKaru{flTa Ha rpaHr{qHure aor?crr4 TaM K-bM 378 r. 3a eArrHcrBeHa rro-K-r,c-
ua gobama oe cqtrTa Bn[cBaHero Ha cltneus equitum Arcadum, Koero He e MoxeJIo
Aa crarre [peAE 386-392 r-21 Karo Jrareprr na us6poeHnre eoficxoB:a e[vt*vllfpr Notitict
Dignitatum pernsrptrpa HMeHara na 15 (16?) yKperJreHr,rs ro AyHaBcKur 6par ua
trpoBmrlurra,7 orr xouro ca r{3pr{qHo onpeAeJ.reHlr xaro castella2z.B nayuuara KHr{)K-
HtrHa HrMa egruoMuclrtre, Aarr{ "plateypegiis" B eguH HeflceH naca)K or reKcra23 e
ronomr24 EJrE cIreABa Aa ce rrJrKyBa Karo rracr or Har{MeHoBaHI,Iero ua Qlo'rcra
15
flo ornourentre rurrepnperar{E "ra Ha }r3pa3a "Carporum vicus", cnoAerqM arsrleqa Ha fI.
firxony, xofiro orxrapJra BeporrHocrra roBa Aa e rorroHrrM, sx.: Diaconu 1986, p.
205 sqq. Tera'ra 6e trlopasnnra HarocneA'r,x or: Szidat 1998, 30-34.
f6
Amm. Mercell. Rer. gest- XXVII, 5,5: "...prope Carporum v,icum, stativi.s castris ad usque
aatun rrutn loratis, emensunt".
17
Barnea 1968,p-394-
r8
Sozom. Hist- eccl. Yl,2l,2 (ed. Bidez - Hansen): "...pollas men echei kai poleis kdi konns
kai phrourid'.
re
Brrtrea l!)68, p. 397; Suceveanu/Barnea 1993, 114-175.
D Ilogpo6na 6u6nuorpa$ur rr auarrn3 Ha KoHqenrlr{rrre 3a Notitia Dignitatum y: Zahariade
1988,2l-3r.
!rlbidem" l8l-185.
z Not Dign Or. XXXIX, 2-35 (ed. Seeck).
a lbidem,35.
2{
Pippidi f965,33G332; Barnea 1968, p. 312,314; Zahariade 1988, p. 90, 143.
eguulrqa25. Cuopeg MeH, flpeqnoqlaraHlre cJIeABa Aa ce orAaAe Ha BTopara B'b3Mox-
ilocr. Ilorarvsa\lz.flTa Ha ABe or cnoMeHarLITe yKpenr'ennfl - @lannana u lpaqua-
Ha - e Bce oqe npeAloJroxt4TerHa26, a TarauonnyM ce I'IAeHTu$I.rqrEpa [oHacror-
rrleM c Xatwupnczl .
2s
Aricescu 1977,120-121; Aricescu 1980,63-64; Chiriac 1984,305-307; Barnea 1991a, p.
2t5.
26
Zabariade 1988, 121 -122, 1 4l -l 42.
27
Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, 8'7 -96.
28
Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 40 (ed. Bonnae).
2e
Cod. Theod. VIf, 17, I (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
30
Cod. Theod. Nov. XXIIII, l-6 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
3r
lbidem,5.
32
Prisc. Fragm. - In: HGM, l.Leipzig, 1870, p. 2'17'. "...Karso phrourio Thrakio...".
TyBan ce +e[epar or xyHcKIr (?) npouexoA ycrqr Aa ce yKperu e HoeuogyHyM, K]-
gero 6un o6cageH or pI{MCKrr eollcxu33.
Enugo BeK rlo-K'bcHo, B'LB Bp'b3Ka cuc c'sluruqra IIo BpeMe na 6yura Ha
Burarnas (5 13-5 18 r.), Mapqenun Kouec34 tt iloau Anruoxurlcxu35 cnorr,reHaBar
MoulHoro yKpenJreHrze Axpec (Arpuc) B npoBr{Hr{rIsCxurnn, npeB'bpHano ce B rJIaB-
na 6aza Ha 6yuromruKa, [peA qrrlrro creHr{ rofi nanecrJl Karacrpo$a.nuo ilopuKe-
Hrre Ha rrMfleparopcKara eoftcxa. Arpe(c) e paHHoBlr3aHrraircxoro I{Me Ha crapl4H-
Horo ceJrr{uleTupuzwclT:rtpvca la c'bc cr.rrypHocr ce JIoKaJII{3Irpa Ha Hoc Kanuaxpa.
Ct.{HHeHI,Iero ua flpoxonufi "3a c'rpoe;xure" e 6escnopno eAuH o'r naft-6o-
raTraTe na uusopuaquf, Ho cBIIIeBpeMeHHo I{ e[I{H oT narZ-rpyquuTe 3a I'IHTepnpe-
Tarlur [r{cMeHr{ r.r3Bopr{ 3a yKpenr.rreJrHara cllcreMa Ha rrpoBlrHl{ts. Cxurptx. flpra
BcHqK[ITe "3a" t4 "IrporI4B"36, orpeAeJreHo ce HaJIara y6e>rgeuuero, qe rpaKTarbr
c.bA'r,px(a B ocHoBaTa cI{ AocToBepna un$opMallufl, KoflTo Mo)Ke I{cTIIHcKI,I [a ce
oqeHr{ eABa KOTaTO Ce pa3rJreAa B KoHTeKCTa Ha ApyrL{Te HaJII{r{HI{ AaHHI4 OT I{CTO-
pur{ecKo, apxeororur{ecKo, eflI{rpa$cro I{ Toflo-reorpa$cro ecrecTBo3T. Llcrusc-
KaTa xpOHOIOII{I Ha O[uCaHI{Te CTpOeXU, O6aqe, B peAIIUa Clryr{au e TB'LpAe C[Op-
Ha, [oHexe, ocBeH IIfJIoTo cTpoLITencTBo rro BpeMero sa IOcrun I, flpoxonufitpu-
rrr,rcBa Ha llMnepaTop locrr.firuan I ra vftroro cTpoe)Kll, 3alor{HaTu npz Auac'racuir, uo
ocTaHaJrIr HeAoB'bpueHLI [o cM'bpTTa My. Kaxro clpaBeAJIHBo ce or6elq3Ba, 3a aB-
Topa Ha rpaKTara 6u:ro saxHo He AaJrr{ AaAeH o6err e 6ur 3ano.{Har or Asacracuit
r,l:rlr l0crr.rsrral, a Kora e 3aB'bpIIIeH - [pLI Alaacr.acwit vILr lpv locrnn I38. KoHr-
perHo 3a rr3Jro)<eHara B "3a crpoe)Kr.rre" geftHocr Ha lrMfleparopa Ha Eamanure e
npr{ero Aa ce cqr.rra, r{e m orpa3rBa e[Ha or narl-ronevuare peruoHaJrHlr BoeHHo-
crpolrreJlHr4 nporpaMrl, rrpegfipr4err{ or nero39. ,fi,etafiruuar aHaJrI{3 Ha nI{cMeHI{Te
r{3Bopr,r u apxeoJroruqecKrr AaHHI4 AaBa ocHoBaHI4e, aKo He IITJIaTa 6alraHcxa npor-
paMa Ha Iocrusuan, To noHe qacTTa i, racaerqa or6paHara Ha AyHaBcKaTa IpaHLIqa
nseiltusxr.rHTepJlaHA, yBepeHo Aa ce oTHece KtM nepl{oAa cJIeA [poJIeTTa Ha 55 I r.a0
B nocsereHure Ha npoBr{Hrlr{r Cxurus pe[oBe, o6a.re, Ilporonutl HernacHo ce orK-
JroH-f,Ba or o6qseHoro or caMuq Hero HaMepeHr{e Aa flpe[craBl4 B'b3MoxHo nar?-nanua
Kaprl,rHa Ha ncruHuaHoBara BoeHHo-crpoureJrHa aKTI{BHocr rlo AyHaBcKw. 6pxr.
r3
- ln: HG vI, l. Leipzig, 1870, p. 278.
Prisc. Fragm.
3a
Marc. Com. Chron. ad a. 515 (ed. Berolini).
35
loan. Antioch. De ins. fr. 103 (ed. de Boor).
36
Whitby 1986a,'120-121;Whitby 1989, p. 537.
r? Whitby 1984, p. 181; Whitby 1986a, p.122; Whitby 1986b; p.153.
38
Howard-Johnston 1989, p. 217 ,223-224.
re lbidem, p.217.
10
Torbatov 1997a, p. 84 sqq. (n:,ro>reullre B ra3r4 pa6ora N{orIrBLI qe 6rAa'r o6crolino
flpeAcraBeulM AoII'bJIHeH[ no-Aony B ,{3rlo)KeHllero, s UIABA lll.2, tpw
xapaKTeptlcTllKaTa Ea LIe'I'B'LpTI{.rI llepl'loA B yKpenuTer'IHOTO CTpOr{TeICTBO Ha
Tepxroprr{Ta Ha [poBtrHII]ra Crurr.rx).
B qernx npeAxoAeH yqacrbK - or CusruAyHyM s lltpna Muzus, Ao CyKuAaBa BBB
Bropa Mlr:us - ToBa HaMepeHue e oc'brlecrBeHo c iloArrepraHa neAaHTI4qHocr, Ka-
To crpoexure (uma no-cKopo - Te3r4, Kor{To ca tr'ly 6uilu usnecruu!) ca [or{MeHHo
us6poenu e reorpaQcKr,r nop;rA:sK rro reqeHr4ero Ha peKara. Crpuxruo cJreABaHara
cTpyKTypa Ha rI3Jro)KeHr4eTO e HapylueHa caMo ABa rl'bTr4, KaTO rI B ABaTa Cflyrra,
aBTOp'bT r43pr4r{Ho [OAr{epTaBa, rre cTaBa AyMa 3a yKpenJreHr.,rr, pa3noJroxeHl He Ha
lyHaBcKI4t 6ptr, a B'bB B'brperuHocrra4l. flpeuunanaiixu rcu orrr{caHr{ero Ha rrpo-
BITHqI{I Crwrnt, flpoxonufi or6erssra narl-uaupeg yKperrJreHr4ero Xaruoc Kupa-
roc, "uuuro pa3BaJII{HI{, [puquHeHu or BpeMero"42 6t4ilr4 rpl4xJrlrBo B63craHoBeHI{
or r4Mleparop Iocruuraas. Aro ce [pr4eMe, rre aBTopl,T npoA'bJDKaBa Aa ce rtprl[.bp-
)Ka K.lM reorpa$crufl npuHqvn Ha Ir3JroxeHrre, To yKpenJreHrrero cJreABa Aa ce rbp-
crr Ha AyHaBcxux6ptr, HqK'bAe HaAoJry rto reqeHr4ero Ha peKara or Cyrugasa. Cno-
peg nari-paHHoro npelnoJro)KeHrre, yKpelJreHuero 6e nocraeeHo [pr{ Pacona43, uo
cera TaM ce JToKaJII{3lrpa @laau aHa44. Cerpsaanero Ha rorroHlrMa c Axcuononrac45
e ql4cro a6ctparrno-acolll4arl4BHo I{ ce HaMrrpa B [poTr.IBoper{t4e c rr3pl{rrHoTo cno-
MeHaBaHe Ha nocJreAHr.r, IyHKT B TeKcra MaJrKo no-Harar.bKa6. IIIo ce orHac, [o
onr4Ta 3a orBxlecrf,BaHe Ha B'bflpocHoro yKperrJreHr{e c Tponeyrra Tpatuu47, To ra-
3r4 XI{nOTe3a CJreABa peur{TeJrHo Aa ce orxB'bpJILI, ilOpaAr.r AoKa3aHara Hec'bcrofl-
TeJrHocr ua reorpa$cKr{Te apryMeHTr{, AoBerru go Hertuoro Sopuyrupane48. Cno-
peA cerallrHoro c'bcrorHl{e Ha [poyr{BaHrrflTa, JroKaJrr{3atryflTa sa Xaruoc Kupuloc
e rB'bpAe npo6leuaru-ilra. flpr.r Bce roBa, HanGJrHo [paBAonoAo6na usrne)KAa r.rAeH-
rrE$uraqurra My c aHoHr4MHoro 3acera yKperrJreHrae rpari Buure (orp. Koucrauqa)ag,
Koero gericrrrare.nHo ce qBrBa n'r,pBoro rlopruQurar{r{oHHo c'bop'b)KeHr4e no [y-
HaBcKIaq 6pxr Ha npoBI{HtIIlfl Cxuu4fl., npr{ BcrtrrBane s HeriHara repr.rropr.rq orK'bM
Bropa Musurs. Cleg cnoueHaBaHero na Xaruoc Kupuloc, flpoxonlrft npnBexAa
AaHHr{ 3a B'b3CTaHOBrrreJrHr{Te pa6oru npelnpprerlr n Ylueryu uVl6nya, no 6es 4a
tloflcHflBa, are Te3H yKperleHlr qeHTpoBe ce HaMrrpaJrl4 B'bB B'brpellrHocrra Ha [po-
BrrHqrrr Cxurux, a He Ha AyHaBcKr,rq 6pxrs0. flosecrsosaHr.rero npoA'bJrxaBa c rB'bp-
AeHr{ero, r{e r4Mneparop Ocrunuan I nocrpor4r "3ag" I46uga HoBo yKpe[JreHr{e, Ko-
ero Hapr.Iqan.uErucyc, u flpr.rKr]oqBa c'bc cBeAeHrre 3a BB3craHoBrBaHero Ha yKpen-
58
llnauos 1983, c.46.
5e
Proc. De aed. IY,7, 13;7, 17 (ed. Dewing).
m Ditten 1978, S. 88.
6r
llogpo6no no re3u B'Lrpoclt n: Torbatov 1997a, p. 84 sqq.
62
Perrin-Henry 1981, p. 93 sqq.
63 p. 171 sqq.
Downey 1947 ,
e Agath. Hist. V, l1-25 (ed. Dindor0; Menand. Exc. de legat. I, I (ed. de Boor); Ioan. Mal.
Chron., p.4906-12 (ed. Dindor0;Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M. 6050 (ed' de Boor).
n'brq Ha HalIecrBeHI4I{llTe KcM KoHcraHTI{HonoJr, Ha repr4TopprflTa Ha trpoBltHrluq
Cxurss, Torl e MHoro ,cHo MapKr{paH or npuarflHeHr4Te or rrx pa3pyrreH}rx. B peqz-
rla yKpeneHr4 rleHrpoBe - flraHoreqnx, catlugasa, Kanugaea, Llcrpwx,Tpoueyu Tpa-
xp,u, Etvcyc, Xaluupnc - apxeoJroruqecKr4Te [poyrrBaHr4fl npe3 nocJreAHr4Te
Aece-
TI1IileTVIfl. yCTaHOBITXa MOqeH ropql nJracT, KaTeropur{Ho cB'bp3aH c ToBa HarxecT-
sue65. B'rscraHoeqBaHero Ha xl4Bora B Tflx He HacrL[[rJro Be[Hara, a Ha Mecra
Ao-
pu 6ulo cB'bp3aHo c paAI{KaJIHa rIpeIIJraHr4poBKa Ha o6urasaHoro [pocrpaHcrBo.
IIax c KyrplrrypcKoro HallecrBl{e or 559 r. cJreABa Aa ce cB:bp)Ke, Bepor{THo, r4 3Jrar-
HOTO MOHeTHO C'bKpoBr,rnre or Axpe, narl-rtcnure eK3eMurflpr4 cpeA Koero rrpu-
HaA/Iexar Ha MoHeTocerleHeTo ua locrtlnuau I66. Cruocrasrara Ha KoMeHTr{paHr4-
Te apxeoJroruqecKr{ AaHHr.r c'bc cBeAeHuflTa y flpoxonufi BoAr4 Ao r43HeHalBaula r4
TB'bpAe MHOTO3HaTIUTeJIHa KOHCTaTarIrrf, KoflTo e[Ba Jrpr Mo)<e Aa ce oTAaAe Ha CJry-
'rafiHo c'bBrraAeHr.re: 6 or cnoueHarr{re [o-rope 8 yrpenenu rIeHTGpa ue $urypnpar
Hlrro cpe[ [oIrMeHHo Ha3oBaHlare cxntur?cxu yKperrJIeHIIr, o6tpxaul.rg cKr{-
Hr4To e
ro-rraugzr?crx cnussx! IIIo ce orHacq Ao ocraHaJrrrre ABa - Erucoc u Xaluupuc, re
ca I'I3pI'IrIHo IrocoqeHlr xaro o6exrlr Ha cnerlr4aJrHa fprrxa or crpaHa Ha lrMneparop
Iocrzslran I. cuopeg MeH, Karacrpo$annure flocJreAcrBr,r.fl or KyrprrrypcKoro Ha-
IIrecrBI{e B Harlaroro ua 559 r. ce flBrBar cllrypHa ocHoBa 3a 3a[oBoJlr{:re.nuo o6qc-
HeHI{e na or6erqsaHl{Te y flporonuil asottatptu B npe[aBaHero Ha znsopuaqurra
orHocHo [poBIrHI{rl, Cxurus,. Hartcrur,a, npeKr4 cBeAeHr4s 3a caMoro HarrrecrBr{e
JII4IICBaT (roero e c'bBceM ecrecrBeHo or rJreAHa roqKa xapaKTepa r4 [peAHa3Haqe-
Hr4ero Ha npoil3Begenuero!), Ho npr.rBeAeHrrre rro-rope $axru II apryMeHTrr AaBar
ocHoBaHr{e [a ce rB'bpAr{, r{e aBTop'br ce e B]dAflJJ npr4HyAeH Aa npepa3rreAa u qac-
TI49HO qa npepa6orl{ Beqe roroBl,It (?) rexc'r, cto6pasuo noclbnr{Jrrrre
AaHHr.r 3a
HaHeceHrrre pa3pyrxeHr,rq u flpe[npvervrre N{epKr.r rro rflxHoro orcrpaHflBase. Her-
Irac}lvlsr orKa3 or cr4creMarr4r{Ho npeAcraBsHe Ha yKpenr4TeJrHara un$pacrpyxry-
pa IIo AyHaBcruz.6pnr Ha npoBLIHI{ux Crurus, (cneg cuoueHaBaHero na uari-:anag-
rroro or pa3[oiroxeHr4Te raM yKpelneHr,rfl) pxsro KoHTpacrr4pa c.bc crpyKTypara
Ha ra3JroxeHr.re npu Apyrr.rre xpar?gyuarcKn npoBr4Hrlr4r{ r{ cJre[Ba Aa ce r.bJrKyBa Ka-
To yKa3aHlle 3a HeAoLI3f,cHeHuTe o6crosrelcTBa orHocHo creneHTa Ha Ae3LIHTerpa-
\afl Ha npoBIzHqIraJIHara rpaHuqHa or6panlrrelHa crurcreMa, [puqr.rHeHa or Kyrpt4-
rypcKoro HaIxecTBI{e. 3a rpeueuHvt 14 caMlo r{acTuqeH xapaKTep Ha ra3l{ Ae3r.rHTer-
paIII4s CBI4IAeTeJICTByBa u3pLIqHOTo CnOMeHaBaHe B TeKCTa r{ B nprrJroxeH[q [O-Ha-
65
Barnea 1966, p. 231 sqq.; Suceveanu/Scorpan 1971, p. 164, 167; Scorpan 1980, 126-l2j;
covacef 1988-89, p. 195; Barnea l99la, p. 189; AHaansr.r Ha HyMr43Marr.rqHuq
N{arep[aJr o'r HonuogyHyM AaBa ocHoBaHrre Aa ce AolycHe, qe ro3r4 ueHTa,p uoxe 6u
caulo e 6ur sacerEar B HqKaKBa creIIeH or Kyrpr4rypcKoro Haurecrsue: Poenaru-
Bordea et a|.1995, 152-153.
66
Kyruauon 197 5, 77 -80.
TaT'bK cIII{c'bK Ha HeMaJIKo cKLtTvIficKLt yKpenJreHl4fl, cHrypHo JroKaJrr,r3[rpaHl{ Ha Ay-
HaBcKlrfl 6pxr. B cBerJII{Hara Ha rIpeACTaBeHara re3a, Kyrpr4rypcKoro HarrrecrBrae
or 559 r. npeAcraBr.[Ba cl4rypeH terminus post quem 3a ctcraBflHero Ha flporonlre-
Bru rpaKTar "3a crpoexr4Te" u ce flP,flP,a Or{e eAHO rrorB'bp)K[eHr{e Ha K.bcHara
AaTI,IpOBKa Ha TOBa C'br{r4HeHue.
Karo ce I4Ma ilpeABIrA, qe MonIHIrre yKpe[r4TeJrHr{ ctop'bxeHrrx ca o6u1on-
plr3Har u e\r4H or nafi-xapaKTepHl.,ITe B'bHIrrHr{ 6ele:u rra K"bcHoaH"rltslHfifl tpaT6l ,
AaHHr4Te na Xuepclrtr sa 15-:re rpaAa Ha [poBrrHqus Cxurwx68 uorar 14 cJre[Ba Aa
Ce pa3UIe)KAaT B[pqKa Bp'L3Ka C'bC CBCTOflHI{eTo Ha tIpOBLIHq]l4aIJIJ.aTa yKpe[I,ITeJI-
Ha clrcreMa B caMoro Har{aJIo Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha r{Mneparop I0crraHraan I. Ees
u3MeHeHus, cBeAeHr4rflTa Ha Xr'repoKbJr ca pelpolyrlr4paHr.r [pe3 X e. or Koucran-
ruH Barpenopoguz6g, MaKap MHo3r4HcrBoro or u:6poeHr{Te rIeHTpoBe or[aBHa Be-
r{e Aa He ca cBlrlecrByBa[rr4. lluenara Ha c'bIqI4Te rpaAoBe, Ho HflKorr or rqx B r43Me-
HeHa Ao Hey3HaBaeMocr Sopua, ce orKpl4Bar 14 B eAr4H or enapxraficxure cllllc'bqrr
na Koncranrr{HorroJrcKara narpr..rapruvs., c't craBeH KtM Kpa, Ha IX n., uo B.b3 ocHo-
Ba Ha iro-crapr{ r.r3Bopu 3a rl'bpKoBHara reorpaQru70.
I'Inrepecuu AaHHr{ orHocHo qepHoMopcxur 6par Ha flpoBrrHrlux
cruarur npes
KlcHara aHTrrqHocr [peAJrara "AHonHunuflT rrepr4nJryc ua Yepuo Mope"7l. Crasa
AyMa 3a opurI,IHaJIHIrre go6anxu Ha c"bcraBl4TeJrfl Ha c'bqr4HeHl4ero, orpa3rrBau{fl [pe-
AU BCI4r{KO [pOMflHaTa 14 C:t BpeMeHHOTO 3ByqeHe Ha HaI{MeHOBaHIIgTa Ha HflKOI{ OT
pa3rloJloxeHI{re raM (yrpenenu) IIeHTpoBe: Kaprar/Kap ex; T erpucnaqalTuprasanar-
palAxpaTz. C'rnpeuenul{Te I{3cJregoBareJrrr AaBar BHcoKa orIeHKa 3a r.rcropr.rqecKa-
Ta AocroBepHocT Ha re:u go6aarra. PerucrpupaHara s AHoHuN.rHr.rr fleprrnJryc rollo-
HITMITKa AeMoHcrplrpa rB'bpqe rorqMo cxoAcrBo c'bc c'br{r{Hennfl"ra na llporouufi
(oco6euo c rro-K'bcHrdre or rxx), Koero ce cr{I{Ta 3a flcHo yKa3aHrde, \e re ca 6vru
c'bcraBeHrr npu1ttuzureJlHo IIo eAHo Ir cau{o BpeMe. floHacroxuqeM, KoM[trJr aL\uflTa
Ha rreprrrrJryca ce Aarlrpa He no-paHo or BTopara [oJroBr4Ha Ha VI e.73
Haft-rtcHure
rIIrcMeHI{ ngBecrt4s.3a r.rcropr4r{ecKara ctg6a Ha yKpefleHrrre
r{eHrpoBe B rpoBr.rHqrrxCxurns, Aartrpar or Kpaq na VI s. B:sn aps:ra c 6op6ure na
Plivllreputra cpeqy aBaplr vI craBflHrt B AoJrHoAyHaBcKrrre 3eMrr rro roBa BpeMe, B
67
Berror 1959a, c. 180; Claude 1969,5.202.
68
Hier. Synecd. 631 ,1-15 (ed. Parthey): Tontu,,fluonuconoairc, Arpe, Ka,raruc, l4crpvt,
Koucranruaua, 3a,rqana, Tponeyul (Tpaxnu), Axcronoluc, Kanngaea, Kaporyu,
Tpesurac, Houropynyu, Erurcyc, Xa.nur.rprc.
6e
Const. Porph. De adm. Imp. iX (ed. Moravcsik - Jenkins).
70
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3,642-656).
7r
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 69-78 (ed. Mueller);Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 14v30-15125
(ed. Diller).
72
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 75 (ed. Mueller);Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 15110 (ed. Diller).
73
Diller 1952, p. ll2-113.
ctaruHeHr4qra Ha TeoOrrJraKT CuxloxaraTa u Teo$an IrlsnonegunxT5 sa nocJIeAeH
rrbr ca crroMeHarrr Touu76, Tponeyru Tpaxuu u 3argana. B eguu or nacaxl{Te y
Teo$unaxr, 3aeAHO ct,c 3angana $urypupaT I4MeHaTa Ha olqe ABe HaceJIeHIa MecTa
- Aruc uCxotttc11,3a KoI{To ce trpeAfloJlara, qe ca ce HaMlrpar,vHa rt'r,Tq Me)Kly
MapquaHonoJrrrc rr 3a:rgaua78. Konxperuu AaHHr4 3a r{xHoro iroKaJII{3IrpaHe JII{[c-
BaT, HO MHOrO BepOqTHO e Te Aa Ca [pr4HaAJIe)KaJrr.r Tepr,rTop[anHo K'bM npoBI'IHIII'Iq
Cx:arus. Karo ce r{Ma npeABI{[, qe cJIeA cpeAaTa na V s. caMocTotTeJrH[Te HeyKpe-
leHr,r ceJrrrula npaKTI,IqecKu I,I3qesBaT oT IIOCeJII4ITIHaTa crpyKTypa B AoJIHOAyHaBC-
rure 3euu79, Axuc u Cxour,rc 6u cnegnalo Aa ce [ppleMar 3a yKperleHll qeHTpoBe,
qr{flTo JroKaJrr43arlrltrpn6aa Aa ce rbpcn HrK'bAe B roro3alaAHl4Te rrpeleml na Cxll-
Tt4fl rtlrvr B cGceAHI{Te parionu ua B'ropa Musplq.
+++
O$opruHeto u SynrquoHllpaHero Ha yKpenlrreJlnara clrcreMa B [poBI''IH-
4an C:rrrnn, KaKTO I{ HaBCqKBIe B IIpeAeJILIre na PvUCKaTa LlMnepl4fl, Ce HaMI{pa B
TflcHa Bp63Ka c'bc c'bcTosHIIeTo Ha ['bTHaTa Mpexa B perIIOHa. B xaparrepa II KoH-
KperHr{Te flpoqBu Ha ra3[r B3ar.IMoBp'b3Ka, o6aqe, ce KoHcrarllpar r{yBcrBI{TeJTHLI
Bapr,raquu npe3 pa3JII4qHIITe IIepI{OAII, KOI{TO Ce HaMLIpaT B [pqKa 3aBIICTIMOCT OT
orJlaceHaTa I{JIr,r HeorJlaceHa, Ho. [paKTIrKyBaHa TaM I{ IIo ToBa BpeMe or6panraren-
Ha AOKTpr,rHa.
flucuenu cBe[eHrrr 3a pr,rMcKprre [BTr.rrqa Ha replrropvlflTa Ha [poBLIHIIurI
Cxurug npeAJrarar ABara ocHoBHr4 uuanepapzfiHfl naMerHI{Ka, Il3BecrHI{ rroA Ha3-
Banr4flTa ltinerarium Antonini Augusti v Tabula Peutingeiana. B'unpexu \ecervre'
TvrflT a s agur6ouen a r.r3cJregoBareJrcKa pa6ora, peAr4IIa B'bnpocrr orHocHo rqxHoro
c.bA.bpx(aHrre, cTpyK"ypa r4 rrpeAHa3HaqeHre ocTaBaT HeAOI,I3TCHeHVI UtM CnopHlI I,I
Aocera. Tosa saxu s oco6eHo ror.f,Ma crerreH 3a rflxHara AarplpoBKa. Ilpra'rranara
ce ctcTorr [peAI,I BcI{vKo B MHoro[JIacToBocTTa Ha qbA'bpxaqaTa ce B Tflx I,ln$op-
Marlr{f, nopa)qaqa MHoro qecTo HeB'b3MoxHocT 3a IIpeqI{3Ha XpOHOJIOT[qeCKa
crparuSuraqua. flocleAHara KoHcrararluq Baxu B rrbJrHa MrpKa Ir 3a KoMIUJII{pa-
Hara B Haqaroro na VIII B. B.rB PaseHa aHoHLIMHa "Kocuorpa*vfl", KoflTo - MaKap
rr Aa [pr,rHaAJrex]r K'bM Apyr Jrr4TepaTypeH poA - B roIqMa qacT oT noBecTBoBaHI{e-
7a
Theoph. Sim. Hist.I,8; II, l0; WI, I (ed. de Boor).
75
Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M. 6079 (ed. de Boor).
76
Y TeoSunarr Cuuorara ce crroMeHaBar ABe pa3JII{qH}I ceJllrula c'uc cxoAHI.r uMeHa - Tomis
r.r Tomea, ql,Iero [orpeurHo orL)<AecrBrBaHe BoALI Ao He[paBI{JIHa nHTeplperaulrf,
80
Chevallier 1976,p.29; Weber 1976, S. 11.
8r
Levi/Levi 1967,p.97 sqq.;Weber 1976,S.2l.
82lVeber 1976,5.21.
83 l)ept
1931, p. 1002, 1004; Crone 1962, p.24; Bagrodskelton 1963, S. 43; Grosjean/
Kinauer f970, S. 15.
8a
Kubitschek 1919, Col.2l00, 2121,2158.
85
Weber 1976,5.22.
86
lbidem, loc.cit.
ra87 ue ce nppleMa eAHo3Har{Ho or
c'bBpeMeHHlrre yr{eHz ' TononlrNluqHara MHoron-
JracToBocT Ha rraMeTHr4Ka cI{ ocTaBa ocHoBHa npuqllHa 3a cKelTI,IqI{3Ma Ha HrKoIr
anrOpu88. Maxap 3a MHoro oT tpeIIIKI{Te BIIHaTa c[paBeAJILIBo Aa ce npexB'bpflq
B.bpxy cpe[HoBeKoBHI{Te Konl,Icrr,r89, ToBa rraK He pa3pellaBa BcI{tIKIr B'btrpocl{ oKo-
JIO KOHCTaTr,rpaHIATe aHaxpoHr{3Mr{ I4 HeTOqHOCTI{, KOI{TO HI{KaK He Ce CBBMeCTflBaT
c [ocryJrr{pauux oSuquaJreu xapaKTep Ha nerinrlr [pororrr[. flose.{e or cMyulaBa-
rrlr.r 3a o$lrqualen AoKyMeHT or rrtpBara [oJroBIrHa na V e. - eloxa Ha ['bJIIIo rbp-
)KecTBO HA Xp]diC'tt4flHCTBOTO B peJrr4rLIO3eH I'I I{AeOJIOrUqecKI'I acleKT I'I Ha rloAcTpe-
KaBaHlr rr roJreprrpaHu [poqBr,r Ha BepcKa Herbp[IrMogr!90 - ca KaKTo flp[ctcrBrle-
To Ha MHoxecrBo roIroHrIMI{, npqKo cB'bp3aHI{ c e3ur{ecKara peluruagl, TaKa I{ Ir3-
BTHpeAHo ctadure cJregr{ xprrcrrrsHcKo BJrplrHraeg2. Hec'reMecrlrMlrre Ha trptB
or
11O11ISA [pOTI,IBOpeqfis., Olage,JIeCHO 6r.tXa uOrnn la Ce O6aCnflT, aKO Ce flpueMe,
qe
flenrunrepoBara Kapra ce flBflBa Koflr{e Ha eAHa ne oco6eno npeql{3Ha K'bcHoaH-
Tr{r{Ha KoMnuJrarrrBHa rBop6a, c'r6pa:ra u rroApeALIJIa B eAHo qqro pa3HoBpeMeHH[I
rr HeBr,rHarrr eAHopoAHr,r no xapaKTep AaHHI4. IrlsxasaHure Belle [oraAKI.r B Ta3I{ Ha-
coKa Br43r.rpar na6lrogeHtaflTa rr pe3yJrrarl.ITe or npoyqBaHustra B ceBepo3anaAHllTe
qacrr4 Ha prrMcKara uunepux93. CpannureJlul{rr aHaJIIr3 Ha AaHHI,ITe Ir Ha roflo-re-
orpa$crure peaJrHocrlr KoHKperHo 3a npoBI,IHIIus. Cxurufl, y6egurenno HaJroxI{ I{3-
BOAa, qe [OCOqeHI,ITe s ileeTuHrepoBaTa KapTa pa3CTOflH]L Me)KAy [yHKTOBeTe B
pafiOna Ha AyHaBcKaTa [eJITa u rlo qepHoMopcKoTo xpafi6pex<ue Ha npoB]IHIIuqTa
ca 6unu r,BMepeHr,r uo noga94. flopa:urerr{oro roloHl4MlrttHo cxoAcrBo I4I roJrflMara
6nasocr B yKa3aHr,rre pa3crorHr{fl Me)KAy llentanrepoBara Kapra I{ [aHHI{tre sa 3a-
fiagHoro gepnor'.ropue B pr{McKr,rre rr KbcHoaHTIrqHrI r,epurutycugs gaear cepIao3HI'I
ocHOBaHIIfl [a ce TBBpAI{, qe oTpa3eHl4f,T Btpxy KapTaTa "3anagHoueplIoMopcKl'I
[.bT" e ilpoAyKT Ha norpelllHa l4HTepnpeTaqllfl ]I rrpe[cTaBfHe oT cTpaHa Ha K0MIIII-
Jraropa Ha rrucMeHLr cr,eTelf{yrfl,I43BrerreHl4 or HqKaKBa aHTI,IqHa Jrolllrr. Cnegennara
3a ['bTHaTa cI{cTeMa s OrntggynaBcKa \axut CBLIAeTeJIcTByBaT, r{e [pOToTI'III'rT Ha
87
OcseH qrlrnpanure [o ryK aBroprd,'rpa6na6rAar rocoqeHl{: Gross 1913; Miller 1916;
Aa
Wartena 1927. O6sop Bcpxy reopur,rre za Tabula Peutingeriana s: Weber 1976;
Eeruennuen 1985, c. 8, 6en. 1 1-14.
88
fuHquur gp. 1994, c. 65.
8e
Chevallier 1976, p.29; \treber 1976, S. 17 ,22.
'o Arrreros 1973, 93-94.
er
Weber 1976, S. 15.
e2lbidem, 19.
e3
Chevallier 1976, p.29,31.
ea
Aricescu 1977, 140-141; Aricescu 1980, p. 76.
e5
Arrian. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 35-37 (ed. Mnller); Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 69-90 (ed. Mtiller);
Anonym. Peripl. Pont. Eux. 14v30-16130 (ed. Diller); Honn rn>rgaHnr nCpxy
ct,u{Hocrra r crpyKTypara Ha re3u neplaflJlycr n: Ar6ynon 1987; Opa'rer 1990a, c,r
158 cr.
Tabula PeutingerianaT px6za Aa rpeAxo)Kga ro Aara u3ocraBflHero Ha IIpoBLIHI{LII-
Ta npr4 lrMfleparop Anpennau. B.rg ocnosa Ha rorroHr4rMr{qeH aHaJrIr3, xapaKTepl,I3[-
paH orHflKor{ c'bBpeMeHHIn Ir3cJIeABaqlr Karo "cleKyrarl{8eH"96, $opuupauero Ha
Te3ra cBeAeHr,ra 6e onpegeJreHo Karo BE3MoxHo rpe3 rep?Io[a 261-27 11272 r.97 [a-
Tr4poBKa B c'brqrrfl [rHTepBaJr or BpeMe ce AeAyuI{pa n 3a r.*rSopuaquflTa, Kacaeqa
latrutt, rrfi xaro B Hefl ca orpa3eHr,r [pelbpneHrrre or rrMrreplrqra sarylu upes 50-
re u 60-re rogunug8. Karo ce npu6aru oqe, qe HaBcrK'bne c I{3KrIoqeHpIe ua Mara
Asnr (orrrgero e nporr3xoxAaJr aBTop'br Ha peAaKrlurra or ntpBara noJIoBrIHa Ha
Vn.) flearlrHrepotsara Kapra npelcraBa aAMlrHl.IcrparlrBnara ypeg6a Ha LlMnepuq-
Ta or enoxara na flpuuqr{[ara, uafi-nepoxrHara Aarr4poBKa Ha lneitrtus flpororlrn e
e 60-re r4Jrr,r B caMoro Har{aJro sa 70-re roArrHr{ na III s. flpegrug $axra, rre B'brpoc-
Hara peAaKqnn e 6ura c o6uqo-asero "Ko3Merr.r.{eH" xapaKTep, cJIeABa Aa ce [pue-
Me, r{e uso6pasenure B Kaprara \algli.Lt AaBar [peAcraBa 3a c'bcrogHuero Ha ['brHa-
Ta cr{creMa B ceBepor{3Toquara r{acr Ha Eanxascrug noJlyocrpoB B'bB BpeMero, [peg-
urecrByBaqo ocHoBaBaHero Ha npoBIrHIII,Ifl Cxurns,.
Orqe panrurre lr3cJreAoBareJrrrre Ha "KocMorpaSr.rata" Ha AnoguuHlu aB-
Top or PaseHa ca or6erqsaJrr{, r{e oflflcaHrrero Ha 3eMrrre B rrefl e HalpaBeHo, o6qo-
B3ero, B'b3 ocHoBa Ha Kapra, Korro BeporrHo e 6ura or rr{rra Ha rrrr{Hepaprrl{Te Ir
TB'bpAe MHoro e nanogo6asara flesruHrepoBara Kapra. Mnenuqra r{M ce pa3MI,I-
HaBar, o6aue, rro B'bnpoca,\ar.v aBTop]T e rIpaBI{Jr rI3BaAKrI or cBor xaprorpaQcxn
r.r3Bop caMocroflTeJrHo rrJrrr rrpe3 [ocpeAHrrqecrBoro Ha HtKaK'bB Apyr (utsuox<no
nucueH) r,r3Bop. He e rcuo, c'brrlo raKa, AoKoJxo rofi e r{3noJr3yBaJl rII,ITI.IpaHIrre or
calltlrfl,Hero aBTopu, r'sit Karo MHoro or rrx He Morar Aa ce orb)Kgecrsgt99. flouyc-
Ka ce Aopu, r{e B peAr.rqa or cryrra[Te ce Kacae BcbrrlHocr 3a r.r3Ml{cJleuu nuqa100.
flopa4n MHox(ecrBo or6enqeaHu pa3rurrr4r noMexgy r,rM, fipeAloJraraHrrflT HrIKora
ArrpeKTeH rrpon3xog Ha "KocMorpa$uara" or flesrmlrepoBara Kapra [oHacror-
rrleM KareroprrqHo ce orxBtpJrr. flpu Bce roBa, roJrrMoro I,IM cxolcrBo e rtpuquHa
Aa ce cqura, r{e re B'b3xo)Knar K'bM eAr4rH r'r c'brrl xaprorpa$cKr.r n'bpBolr3ro9Hl,IKl0l,
rorlro ule Aa e 6u.n unoro [o-Tor{eH r{ [o-rrbJreH or flesruHrepoBara rapta102. Myr-
Tr,rlJrr,rqupaHoro or Mnoro
u3cregBarrr4 TB'bpAeH[re na T. Mot*.tseu 3a ]ITuHepapufit-
Hns o6rux Ha ra3r{ eHr{rMarr.{rrga xapral03 apryMeHTrrpaHo e ocnopeHo B c'bBpe-
MeHHara rrcropuorpa*rrtoo. flplreua ce, qe ocHoBHuqr u3Bop ne e 6un itinerarium
e6
Sucevean0/Barnea 1993, p. 171.
e7
Daicoviciu 1940, p. 54.
e8
Chevallier 197 6, p. 29.
ee
Schillinger-Hiifele 1963, 238-239, 249.
rooWeber 1976,5.22.
ror Ibidem, loc. cit.
I02
Stolte 1949, p.28 sqq., 32, 45,88 sqq.; Chevallier 1916, p.38.
ro3
Mommsen 1906, S,301,306.
roa
Schillinger-Hiifele 1963, S. 238 sqq.
pictum, a reorpa+cKa Kapra, Korro (uarap rlr c'bcraBeHa, BeporrHo, Ha 6a3ara Ha
HflKaK'LB fltreH cupanovnux/clpaBor{Hr.ruu) He e H3o6pa3qBaJra Hr{To rpacera Ha
rrbrr{qa, Hrrro pa3croflHvts Me)KAy craHr{uu. Y6egurennoro o6qcHeHr{e Ha Y. IIIa-
nnurep-XeSeJre Ha eArrH cnopeH nacilK s PaseHcxara "KocMorpaSrax" (I, 8) nara
ocHoBaHI{e Aa ce flpeAfloJrara, qe Btpxy op[rrrHaJra Bce naK ca SurypupaJrlr HrKaK-
Brr pa3crorHrrr, Ho caMo Mexgy pa3noroxeur{ no MopcKoro rpafi6pe>xlre rpaAo-
sel05. Tosa npflKo KopecrroHgr,rpa il c MorrrBr{paHara rro-rope or MeH r,rHTeplpera-
lqlafl,Ha AaHHrrre s fierruHrepoBara Kapra orHocHo r. Hap. "3anagHo.repHoMopcKr{
urr". HanpaBe:r,laflT B rro-HoBo BpeMe ofirrr Aa ce B'b3craHoBLI [oBepr.rero B crapara
Te3a 3a wruuepapuitHara ct,rrlHocr Ha KaprorpaScxua r.r3Bop na PaseHcxara "Koc-
Mofpa$plq" He Mo)Ke Aa ce cqura 3a cnoryturl{B: MaKap KoHcrarl{paHplTe B TeKcra
orKroHeHr,rq or r,rrrrnepapuliuo us6poaoaue Ha ceJrrrrrlara 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo Aa ce o6qc-
HrBar c reorpaScKlrr xapaKTep Ha ctqr,rHeHr{ero rr r{3[oJr3yBaHr.r, or HeroBrrr aB-
Top MeroA Ha rrpeAaBaHe Ha unQopr'raquflTal06, lrecrrrre [o[MeHr,r Ha ronoulrMrr c
xrrApoHIrMIr, opoHI{MI{ IIJII{ eruoHrrvrn 6uxa 6urra nesrsMo)KHlr, aKo aBTop'br gerlcr-
BrlTeJIHo ce e no3oBaBaJr Ha n'brua xapta107. llsroxeHl,Iero B "KocuorpaSraara" e
lo[rrr{HeHo Ha aAMrrHr{crparr{BHara ypeg6a Ha r,rMnepr,rflTa or erroxara na flpunqu-
l;ara u npoBI,IHrIuq Cxurns, ne Quryplrpa Karo o6oco6esa replrropraaJrHa eAI{Hr4rIa.
flopaaure.lrHoro cxoAcrBo Ha cBeAeHlrrra 3a rrHTepecyBarrrrrr xu perraoul08 c resu e
flearunrepoBara Kapra ca ,cHo cBr{AereJrcrBo 3a rrAeHTurrHa r{Jrr{ MHoro 6ruexa
Aarr,rpoBKa Ha ocHoBHr,rq Kaprorpa$cxu zsnop Ha c'brrr{HeHl.Iero r.r ua n'rproo6paaa
Ha rrocJreAHara - Bepoflrno e 60-re/7D-re roAr{HIr na III s. flo cparnenre c fleerraH-
repoBara Kapra, s "Kocuorpa$nxra" He ce c[oMeHasa ArcuoloJrr{c, Ho ce noqBtr-
Bar rplr HoBrr rorroHrlaa -,flunorequx, Enrcyc u Tzuyl,t. fio6anxnre uo>re 6n ca
6unu nssner{eHlr or HeAocrr,rrHaJroro Ao Hac c'bqr.rHeHrre Ha Illzzaulz.ir, r43pr4rrHo rro-
correH or AnouurrHr.rs aBrop Karo rJIaBeH pI3Tor{HuK na un$opr'raqrr,3a pernonal09.
fipyrurr ocHoBeH rrrrcMeH [r3Bop 3a fltrHara Mpexa Ha repr{Toprrrra Ha npo-
BuHrlr.rq Cxutr.rq e ltinerarium Antonini Augusti. Ha "flrreeogr4TeJu Ha rrMneparop
AHToHT.IH" ce rJrefla noHacrofrrleM Karo na c6opnur or pa3HoBpeMeHHI{ yKa3}r, Ir3-
AABA}{Id rrpeABaprrTeJrHo, KaTO eJreMeHT OT IOATOTOBKaTa Ha npeAcTorrqrr IpI4ABLDK-
I4vrero na c6opnraxa ce rr3Be)KAa or npeArroJrarae-
r,alr'lr,fl Ha BoeHHI{ KoHTrrHreHTu.
Moro Ha3BaHI{e Ha eArl}r or BKJrIorreHrETe B Hero e[r{KTr{, ga xofiro ce [pveMa, r{e
orpa3qBa rrJraHa 3a rrbryBaHe na KapaxaJra or Pnr"r go Erunet npez214-215 r. Cuo-
peA Ta3r,r xlrnore3a, go6ura tuflpoKa florryJrrpHocr cpeA HayqHr,rre cpeAr{, qeJrrrflT
ro5
lbidem, S.248.
106
Dillemann 197 5, p. 170.
'07 Schillinger-Hiifele 1963, S. 249.
r08
Raven. Anonym. Cosmogr. IV,5-7 (ed. Schnetz).
r0e
Tosu JlusaHr.rri [peA[oJIo)K]rreJIHo ce ot'bxAecrBqBa c K'bcHopr{McKrrs prrrop lIwlanuil,
xr4Bsr r,r rBop[Jr upes IV r.
AOKyMeHT Ce [OCTaBq B fipqKa Bp'b3Ka C OpraHr{3arlr.{f,Ta Ha npoAoBoJrcrBeHo-cHa6-
ArareJrHaTa cr{creMa, rr3BecrHa noA r4Mero annona militaris,
qrrero B'b3Hr4KBaHe ce
orHacr or aBTopa Ha xr.rnore3ara olqe B'l,B BpeMero Ha CeBeplrrell0. flpuneAeHlaTe
or [pyfrr yrreHfi cepHo3Hr,r KoHTpaapryMeHTI{, o6ave, y6eguteluo IIoKa3Bar, rIe I{H-
crrrryurroHaJrr..r3lrpaHeTo Ha rr3BecrHr4Te oT flpelxoAHara e[oxa LI3B'bHpeAHI,I Hary-
paJrHr4 TaKcLr lr xourpu6yt\sv e 6uro usntplneHo eABa no BpeMe na flrpna:na rer-
papxuxlll.
B'sg ocHosa Ha aHaJrrr3a na ynorpe6eHara rorroHr{MlrKanHa HflKoI{ Apyr[
HeocloplrMlr xpoHoJloruqecKl yKa3a:alas., "I['breBogLITeJIrr Ha LrMneparop AHro-
HLIH" ce Aarr{pa or Bcr{r{KI{ AoceraIxHI,I I{3cJreAoBareJII,I B Kpat na III s.112 Moryrefire
3a B'b3Hr{KBaHero uy ce o6xcuBar c MepKlrre Ha IrM[eparop,[uorutetl{aH 3a (pe)op-
raHr{3arl[, Ha annonamilitaris, a B crpyKTypHo orHorrrenue tori ce pa3rJrexAa Karo
c6opnux or apxrlBHrr AoKyMeHTrr, perr{crpl{palqlr MecronoJroxeHl{ero ua 6ropara
(mansiones) sa cr6upaue u [pepa3[peAeJreHne Ha HarypaJllrlrre B3lilMaur,r.al13. Oule
Ky6uver, o6ave, orKplrro t4 Aocra ocrpo ce o6ssu flporlrB o$llqnalurt xapaKTep
na Auronr,rHoBl{q [6TeBo[I{Ten. IrlsrbrHarlrre or Hero apryMeHTll ro npeAcraBrr
Karo eAHa flocpegcrBeHa KoMrrrrJrarr{BHa rnop6a na 6asara Ha IrBTHIT Kaprlr I,I c[pa-
Bor{Hrrqr{, c'bcraBeHa or Jrr{qe 6eg neo6xoll4Mara npo$eclrouaJrHa noAroroBKa u
xaqecrsall4. Hesasucul"Io or xapaKTepa Ha "fl'brenogurerfl" - o$nqtlaleu vIJrvI:ae,
HaJrrrqe ca rBBpAe ceprro3Hr{ ocHoBaHrr.fl, flpeAcraBsllrr Karo noBeqe ot npo6nenaa-
TprrrHa nocryJrrrpaHara or Ban Bepxer"r u 6espesepnHo [pI4eMaHa or cbBpeMeHHIrre
r{3cregBaqr,r rrcHa BpB3Ka Ha "fl'breBogr.rrerr" c opraHlr3alllrflTa Ha annonamilitaris.
flannure 3a AoJrHo[yHaBcKrrre npoBr,rHrlrrn, Kt[ero e[r{HcrBeHl{rr (!) ot6enr3aH rl'br
e ro3rr uoxpafi AyHaBcKuq Lr qepHoMopcxu 6pxrl15, He caMo He [orB'bpxAaBar, Ho I4I
y6egurenno cBr{AereJrcrByBar rrporrrB [paBoMepHocrra Ha roBa c's>rAenne. Aro
"fl'sreso4nreJrflT Ha r..rMneparop AHroHr,ru" geftcrBI,ITeJIHo ce nplleMe 3a enllH Ko-
peI(TeH cflr{c'bK or mansione^r no cMl{c'bJra Ha cl{creMara annona militaris, rr3lrvlga,
qe [poAoBoJrcrBeHoro ora6ganane Ha orpoMHoro KoJrr{ilecrso eollcrll, pa3KBaprlr-
pyBaHH B npoBI,IHIIIrure Kpafi6pe>rcra flarrax, Bropa Musrs uCxurvt, e 6lrno pas-
rrereHo eArrHcrBeHo na 6asara Ha HarypaJrHrlTe rrocrbtrJleHl4r or 6nrasxrlg xI4HTep-
JraHA Ha [yHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa u nouuulcroro xpaft6pexlle. Kaxto or reoperl{qec-
Ka, TaKa I4I OT TIIICTO [paKTuqecKa rJreAHa ToqKa, oTc'bcTBI{eTo ga mansiones B1DB
B'brperrrHocrra Ha AoJrHoAyHaBcKI4Te [poBLIHqLII{Te e npocro a6cypguo: ocBeH qe
6u rasxrro.runo nafi-npoAyKTr{BHrlTe arpapHll parlonu or cl{creMara Ha annona
116
Koueurap w 6n6rr,torpaQr.ra no ro3l{ B'brlpoc s: Torbatov 2000a.
rrT
Itin. Anton. 225,2;226,1(ed. Cuntz).
rr8
Zahariade 1988,62-63; Sarnowski 1988, s. 123.
lre lbidem, p. 62.
r20 O6rqnar 6pori ua JreruoH[Te B pilMcKara apMrrr B HaqaJroro ]ra ylpaBJlenl{ero Ha
,fl,uorleruaH e B'b3rur3aJl na 34: Nischer 1923, p. 1 sqq.
ce npr{eMe 3a cl{rypeH termiruts ante quem IIo orHorrreHl4e AarlrpoBKara Ha c'br{[He-
Hr{ero. Tyx e Mflcroro Aa ce clpa r{ Ha qecro ge6arupauoro B HayqHara KHI,I)KHuHa
rr3Becrrre Ha "fl'breBogr.rrerrfl" 3a 6a3oBure Jrarepn Ha [Bara JIerI4oHa B npoBuHllulr
r2r
Filoy 1906, 82-83; Popescu 1976, p.257.
I
Mommsen 1889, I 96- 1 97 ; Zahariade 1988, 63 -64.
22
r23
Zahariade 1996, 226-227 .
r2a
Petolescu/Popovici 1989, p.241 sqq.
r2s gtefan
1944,p.344 sqq.;$tefan 1955, p. l6l sqq.
eTala B cBcTosHr/reTo Ha yKpelr.rTeJrHara uHQpacTpyKTypa Ha TeprrTopr.rsTa Ha rlpo-
BITHIILTfl CruT us, or flocJlegHara rrerB'bpr na III Ao [ocJreAHara r{erB6pr na IV s.
, +++
flpegcranenuqr o6croeH aHaJrr{3 Ha pa3rJre[aHrrre [lrcMeHr{ r43Bopr,r BHacq
MuoxecrBo HoBI{ MoMeHTr{ B TqxHoro rpaAI.,IrIIloHHo rbJrKyBaue. HanpaBeHrrre r43-
BoAr,r rr o6o6qeiura AaBar B'b3MoxHocr 3a eAHa go6pa xpoHororuqecra crparu$u-
Karlrrff Ha [r{cMeIrI4Te cBegeHrrr 3a yKpe[IlTeJrHara crrcreMa Ha [poBr.rHqnx Cxurw,,
KaKTo rr 3a rrcHo cB'bp3aHara c ner?noro $ynxqraoHupaHe fitrHa Mpexa. Tona, ot
cBofl cTpaHa, c'b3AaBa peaJrHr.r npeAnocraBKpr 3a [peocMlilcrsHe Ha peAl4qa 3ApaBo
BKOpeHeHrr rrocTyJrarrr, KorlTo oT AeceTl4JreTfifl ce perlpoAylll4par Ha crpalruqllTe Ha
r4croprrKo-apxeoaoruqecKara KHr{xHr{Ha.
2. F.IIWI PAO CKI4 CBI,IIETEJI CTB A
Hocurenure Ha errutpaScxa uu$oprtaaquq 3a yKpellareJlHara cl{creMa Ha
[.tx-\BrrHrl]rfl Cxuruql Morar ga 6rgar ycJroBHo o6oco6enu B [Be ocHoBHI{ Karero-
prrrr : Jrarrr,rAapHla naMerHlrq[ tl TeryJrapeH enurpa$crl{ MarepI{aJI.
fpynara Ha JrarrrrgapHrrre naMerHltqr,r BKJrroqBa Ha ['bpBo Mqcro ]I3BecrHI{-
Te AOCera JraTrrHcKLl rp'brlKr,r cTpor4TeJrHLr }{a4rlucu oT Tepl{ropvsTaHa npoBI.IHIILI-
r4
2
CIL, ilI, 14450; Popescu 1976, Nb 3.
3
Zahariade 1988, p. 33.
a
Popescu 1976, Nt 175.
s
Popescu I976, N! 205.
6
Zahariade 1991, p. 314; Zahariade 1996, p.231; Zahariade 1997b, p. 228 sqq.
?
CL, ilI, 13734; Popescu 1976, N! 170.
8
Yulpe 1938,p.292.
e
Barnea 1968, p. 384.
ro
Popescu 197 6, 184-185.
rrBarnes 1982, p. 82, 198-199.
npr4c'bcrBfiero Ha r4Mero Ha KoHcraHTrrH I e xaguuca or Tponeyu TpaaHra rpa6ra
Aa ce nprreMe Karo cBrr[ereJrcTeo sa Hafi-npangonoqo6Ha AarrrpoBKa Ha c'],rll4n B
xpoHoJroruqecKvtfl orpr3'bK or 18 oxrounpn 315 Ao K'bM Kpas Ha JrflToro na 316 r.
narZ-r:scno. Ynorpe6enara B TeKcra $oprrlynupoBKa (etiam) AaBa ocHoBaHI{e [a ce
TB'bpAu, lre HoBoro yKpelr,rreJrHo crpor{TeJrcrBo B Tponeylr TpaxHu 6zno npegnpn-
ero B paMKrrre Ha rrHr{r{r4vpaHa BeporrHo rtol'oBa BpeMe IrlzpoKoMalqa6na $opT:u-
Suxaquouna ilporpaMa ad confirmandam limitis tutelam, Kof,To Hec'bMHeHo o6xsa-
Hara u npyru qacrr4 or repuToprafra Ha npoBIaHIIuq Cxarus.
Or Tponeyu Tpaxuu [por{3xo)KAa orqe eAr.rH Hagrrr{c c'bc crpolrreJleH xa-
paKTep. Orxprr e in situ, npu [poyqBaHe Ha roro3anagHara KpelocrHa creHa [pe3
1975 r.12. Hagnlrcrr e Ha rp'bqKr4 e3IrK. Llzgrr.6au e Blpxy 6lox or nafi-goluur
peg Ha B'bHrrrHara o6rurqosra Ha cyrepcrpyKllllflTa Ha Kyprl,IHara Mexgy xytu 16 u
17. Tercrrr c[oMeHaBa r{Mero Kepauoc n cro6ulara o6xsara Ha I{3B'bpIIreHara or
nero pa6ora no KpenocrHara creHa, L.r3MepeHa B ctbrlKlr. flo Soptvta I4 ctA'bpxa-
Hrae rorl nanogo6xna rB-L,pAe MHoro eArH HaAnI{c or Toult, Iiarl{paH e VI e.13. B
KoHKperHrrx ctyuait, o6ave, [oceralrHrrre vsp.arerrv ca Ha MHeHI4e, qe HaAIIITc'],T or
Tpoueyu Tpaxuu rpa6na [a ce [arlrpa s IV B. LI Aa ce cBBp)Ke c Ir3rpilKAaHero Ha
rpaAcKara yKperrr4TeJrHa cr4creMa no BpeMero na Koncranrun I n Jluqunufi. Karo
ce rrMa [peABr{A MecTorroJro)KeHrreTo Ha KaMeHHr.rs 6rox r{ Han'bJrHo xoMoreHHaTa
(cnopeg cerarxHoro c'LcrosHrre Ha ocraHKl{re!) crpyxrypa Ha rpaAe)Ka B'bB B'r,n-
pocHrrr ceKTop, r{3Ka3aHoro craHoBr{r{e rr3rJre)KAa nprreMJrl{Bo. flpn nce roBa, Ha-
JIIIqe ca apryMeHTI{, KOI4TO AaBaT OcHoBaHIlIe HaAII{c'bT [a Ce OTHeCe I{ K'bM nO-K'LC-
Ho BpeMe. Ha n'rpno Mrcro tpx6na ga ce ot6e;re;ru $arrrr, qe ropHara IIoJIoBI4Ha
Ha HrKora pycrr.rqlrpaHuq 6nor e 6ura AorrbJrHlrrenno o6pa6oreHa, 3a qa ce o$op-
Mr4 rJraAKo HaAlrlcHo nore. He Moxe Aa He HanpaBr{ Brrer{arJlenne a KorocarHl{qr
o6eu na HsBtprueHara or Kepavroc pa6ora cnopefi u3purrHoro cBlrAereircrBo Ha
TeKcra: 2100 (e Halnuca: "BP") crbfrKr{, T.e. oKoJIo 630 (!);runerisu Merpa. I4sxox-
gafixu or cpaBHeHr4ero c HaAnr{ca or Touu, Vl. Baput npe[noJrara KaMeHoAeJIcKa
rpe[rKa r,r AorrycKa, qe A'bJrx<prHaTa Ha BcflpocHllfl yrIacTGK e B'b3JrII3aJIa BeporTHo
ua 26 ("KC") crr[Kul4. Ilogo6ua BeJrr{qr.rHa {27 *rnxu) or6erqssa s 6erexxure
crE lr ,(x. Ilanyrls. Cnopeg lreu, o6aue, orqerJrr4Bo rnqaqoro B'bpxy :aapwlca ru-
TepaJrHo ogHa.reHfle16 e nan'rrtgo flpaBlologo6no, aKo ce nplreMe, rre B cryqa, He
craBa AyMa 3a crpor{TeJrcrBo r43 ocHoBr{ Lrrla ga lrarqa6ua B'b3craHoBr{TeJIHa oflepa-
trytr,, a 3a no-He3Haqr.rrerHlr no o6eu peMoHTHLr pa6oru, qentrllr nprrBe)KAaHero B
rr3npaBHocr Ha rpaAcKr{re or6pauureJrHrr c'bop'b)KeHnx. flpraloxeHo K6M Maula-
12
Barnea 1977, 211 -27 8 ; Barnea et al. 197 9, p. 1 1 .
13
Popescu 1976, Nb 8.
laBarnea 1977, p.278.
15
Barnea et al. 1979, p.71.
'6lbidem, p.72.
6zre sa Tponeyru Tpaxuu, yKa3aHoro B Ha[flrrca nporexeHze or 2100 crbrrKr{ c6B-
ceM TorrHo c'bB[a[a c A'bJrxr{Hara Ha 3anaAaara KpenocrHa creHa Ha rpaAa (or xyna
9 qo 19), KtM Koqro ce npz6arar Lr B'bHrrrHr{re o6uxonrr,r Ha pa3[oJro)KeHr{Te raM
xynu. flpegBr{A r43T6KHarr4Te apryMeHTr,r il ilpn orc'bcrBnero Ha HflKaKez o$zqra-
aJIHI{ Tr{TJrI,I, cnoMeHaraf,:r Kepauoc 6lr clegrano Aa ce orBxAecrBt4 c1'tc crpor.rre-
JreH npegnpr{eMar{, r.r3Bbprrr.rJr peMoHTH[Te pa6oru Iro rpacero Ha 3a[aAHara Kpe-
trocrHa creHa ua Tponeyu Tparnu. II{o ce orHacr Ao BpeMero Ha re3rr pa6oru,
uafi-upan4onogo6ua I,I3rJIexAa eAHa Aarr,rpoBKa B Kpafl Ha IV ranra ['bpBara noJroBrr-
Ha Ha V n., ueuocpeAcrBeHo cJreA Karo rpaA'br [pexr.rBsJr n'bpBr,rre [o-ceprro3Hr4
c'brpeceHI,IJI B pe3yJlTar or rorcKr{Te r,r xyHcKI{ HarrrecrBr4r. Orc'rcrsuero Ha xapaK-
Tepreulfl 3a nO-K6Crrr{Te HaAnr.rCLI Kp'bCT B HaqaIOTO Ha TeKCTa, na.lreOrpa$cKl4Te
oco6eHocru, KaKTo I,I caMoro MecroloJloxeH[Ie Ha KaMeHHrra 6nor, rr3KJrrorrBar,
clopeA MeH, Bt3MoxHocrra Ba AarrrpoBKa Ha [aMerHr4Ka B Kpas na V unu VI s.17
Eguu or nafi-znrepecHr{Te euurpaScxu flaMerHr,rqr{, cB'bp3aHrr c yKpenrr-
reJrHoro crpor,rreircrBo B npoBr{HryuaCxurux, nporr3xox(ga or Kapxanzy (oxp. Tyl-
ua)18. Oxp:ar e 6un B Kpafl Ha Mr{HaJrr.rfl BeK, flpeyuorpe6eu Karo crpoureJreH Ma-
TeplraJr B ceJlcKara rI'bpKBa. Hanracan e Ha JrarrrHcKr{ e3r{Kr.r Aarrrpa or nepr{oAa Ha
ctBMecrHoro ynpaBJreHr{e Ha Koncraxrun II, Koscranquft II r.r Koncrasc
(337-340 r.). Texcrrr cro6rqasa 3a rl3rpaxqaHero Ha yKperJreruwe (munitio;
munimen) Ha eAHo Mrlcro rpali rpanzqara (locum in parte limitis), Koero 6rano uoc-
TOqHHO pI3JIO)KeHo npeALI TOBa Ha HanaAeHIuIfl OT CTpaHa Ha rOTcKI4Te [JIeMeHa. I-{elra
6uta ya ce [peceKar HaxJryBaHrtflT.a il Aa ce ocurypu 3a "BeqHz npevteua" crzryp-
HOCTTa Ha )KIIITeJIIITe Ha [pOBI{HIIr.rsTa. EHr.rr1\.rarU.{HI{flT xapaKTep Ha rraMeTHI{Ka oT
Kapxaruly ce oflpeAeJrfl or HeB"b3Mo)KHocrra [a ce HgeHTrz$uqnpa cnoMeHaroro B
Hero yKpelJIeHpIe. Tosa ce A'bJDKr,r ortracrrr na yuorpe6eHr.rre Jrarr{HcKlr repMr4Hr4r,
Kor{To ca 6es KoHKperHo rexHr{Ko-Tr{floJrorrrqecKo c'b['bpxa*Ltel9, Ho rrpequ Bcr,rq-
ro na Saxra, lle HI{K'bAe B oKoJrHocrr{Te Ha ceJroro [ocera He ca orKprrrr{ HrrKaKBlr
ocral{Krr or K'bcHoaHTIitrrHLr yKpellareJlHrr c'bop'b)Keuus20. flpu rona froJro)KeHl{e,
nari-nepoxrHo rr3rJre)K.Aa BtnpocHrrflT HaArrr{c ga e 6ut ilpeHeceH Beqe B HoBo Bpe-
Me or Apyro MrcTo.
3a Soptlr$I{KaLII4oHHara aKTrdBHocr B rrpoBr{Htlttt Cxwrut npe3 yrrpaBJre-
Huero Ha LlMneparop Koncranqufi II cBr,rAereJrcrByBa rr rp'brlKrrrr crpor4TeJreH HaA-
nLIc or 341-342 r. or Trapraca (noc Katwaxpa)ZI. Heulo roBer{e: cr,A'bp)KaHr{ero Ha
I?
Kato ce orrlere reMrIGT Harpy[BaHe Ha KyarypHrr Harrnacrf,BaHuq B T epvropuflTa ex-
Ha
tra muros ua Tpoueylr Tpaxuu, npes VI B. pa3rne)KgaHr{rr KaMeHen 6nor c HaAluc
cEc curypHocT ce e HaMrrpaJr rroA Hr{BoTo Ha TotaBatuHrr.f TepeH.
18
CIL, Lil,12483; Popescu 1976, N! 238.
re
Bx<. no-goly, Inara I.3.
20
TIR L35, p. 30; Popesctl976, p.250.
2r
IGBulg. 12, l}bis; Banrancxa 1974,66-72.
TeKCTa AaBa OCHOBaHITe Aa Ce TB'bpAr.{, qe IIO TOBa BpeMe Tepr.IToprrflTa Ha rrpoBr.rH-
qIIrITa 0THOBO Ce oKa3aJIa BKIlOqeHa B paMKI4Te Ha HOBa MauIa6Ha BOeHHO-CTpOIr-
TeJIHa rlporpaMa, KoopAI4HaIIaflTau KoHTpoJTBT HaA qr,rero r{3['bJrHeHrre 6uJfi4, noBe-
peHI{ Ha e\illavts. or [BaMara magistri miLitum praesentalis. Haguucs,r or Tr.rpuca
cro6rqana 3a B'b3craHoBrBaHero "r.r3 ocHoBu" (apo themelion) "u (na) Ta3u Kyra"
(kai toutos pyrgas). BrnpeKI{ Kareropr{qHocrra na Sopuyrr4poBKara, r{Hreprperrr-
pafiru repMLIHa "pyrgos" B cMIrc'bJI Ha "Kacrer" gocelauluure l43cJreABar{u npr,teMar
cBe[eHrreTo KaTo oTHacqrqo ce Ao rlraoTo yKpelJreHr,re Ha qepHoMopcKr,rs ttoc22.
flogo6no rB'LpAeHIIe e HelpueMJrr{Bo KaKTo or rJIeAHa ror{Ka Ha aHTI{qHara repMr{-
Horlorl{.f,, TaKa r{ Ha apxeoJroruqecKr{Te peaJrHocrrr. MecronaurapaHero Ha [aMer-
}{IdKA il KOpeIaIIUqTa Ha TepeHHUTe CTpOr,rTeJrHO-XpOHOJTOTUlreCKr{ KOHCTaTaTIUU
raxP3 c [IrcMeHr{Te AaHHrr [o3BoJItBar clroMeHarara B Hagnrrca KyJra c roJrsMa yBe-
peHocr Aa ce orb>r(AecrBrr c eAr{HcrBeHara KyJra rro rpacero Ha B'brperuHara (rpe-
rara) yrpenr{TeJrHa rwrnufl, Ha Hoc Ka.rnaxpa.
Hagnuc'sr or l{uyc (f.spnuvuy, oxp.KoncraHqa) or 369 r. e cB'bp3aH c yK-
penvreJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo Ha r,rMfleparop Barenc rro AyHaBcKara tpaHrrrla He[oc-
pegcrBeHo cJreA rprrKJrror{BaHero Ha HeroBara fl'spna rorcKa sofiHa (366-369 r.)24.
Texcrrr ctsr4ruereJrcrByBa 3a r{3rpaxAaHero ryK Ha eAHo HoBo yKpe[JreHr.re. Cnopeg
KoHeKTypara na T. MoMseH u lapgrxay3eH, B'b3npr{era r4r or rro-HoBr{Te r.,rHTepflpe-
TaropLI Ha HaAII{ca, B'bnpocHoro yKperrJreHr{e ce o3Har{aBa xaro burgus. Irl:puuno-
To cnoMeHaBaHe, r{e crporlTeJlcrBoro e 6u:ro rasurpureHo or norlnnqz or c[erdr{aJrr4-
3lrpaHo crpolrreJlHo roAeJreHl{e ua sacer palatium (legio palatina Primanorum)25 ,a-
qero c rexlr,us. rplr6yn lr or orlle H.rrKaKBa BoeHHa uacr (nepoxrHo or tapHrr3oHa Ha
IpoBLIHIII,L CrrErux), ce {BflBa BDKHo yKa3aHrre orHocHo rexHrrr{ecKr,rre Kagpr{ u
$usr.rvecxu pecypcu, r.r3[oJr3yBaHr4 or ['bpxaBHara aAMr,rHr{crpaqmfl.3a r.r3rpoKAa-
H9TO Ha UMlepCKaTa yKpelI4TeJIHa CI4ICTeMa.
B xpax ua XIX B. B craporo MrocroJrMaHcro rpo6zqe xpafi flnauragon (o6uf .
[o6puv) 6un nugxn pI [oKyMeHTIrpaH roJrrM KaMeHeH 6nox c qacrr{rrHo 3arra3eH
TpIrpeAoB JIaTITHcKI{ laa4rrrrc, s rorfro ce cnoMeHaBar KpelocrHr{ creHr.r ([mo)enia
muros) ll noprll (portae) 26. Hagnuc'rr IrMa xapaKTep Ha paHHoxpLrcrztfl:slcKvt arror-
ponefi, sa xoriro ce [olycKa, qe HqKora e crosJr HaA Kpenocrna nopra27. B. Eeures-
Aarlrpa rraMerHl{Ka n V n.28, Ho fiaJreorpaScrute oco6egocrn Karo r{e rv cr;n-
JIITeB
AereJrcrByBar no-cKopo B rroAKperra Ha [peAJroxeHara or I. Zeiller [arrrpoBKa B
22
Barraucra 1974, c.68; Axmrtos 1989, c. 16; Axnuron n m. 1990, c. 12.
23
.fixnuror u gp. 1990, e. 142 cn.
24
CIL, nI,6159 (=7494); Popescu 1976,Ne233.
25
Mnenr.rero e rr3Ka3aHo r.r o6ourosaHo or: Hoffmann 1969, 299-232.
26
Skorpil1894,.N! 99;CIL,lll,142l3l; Be5evliev 1964, Nr. 81.
2i IUidem.
:8 Beievliev 1964, S.55.
VI s.29 MouyueuraJlHocrra, orpuquarHrz-rr raruHcKr{ e3r4K u nper{rl3Hara KaJrr{rpa-
Sraa Ha HaArIIlca AaBar ocHoBaHrre roft na ce cBtpxe c oc'bx{ecrBsBaHero Ha HqKaK-
Brr sHar{r{TeJrHrr B'bscraHoBr{TeJrHr{ pa6oru, aKo He Aopu u c'bc crpor{TeJrcrBo a
fundamentis. cnopeg eAHo 3ana3eHo o[rcaHr4e or Kpaq ua XIX 8., B Mr4HaJroro B
fllavugo;r Ir B HeroBl4re norpafiur{Hr{ MoxeJrfi Aa ce BrrAflT MHo)KecrBo apxrrreK-
TypHLI geraimu Ir KaM'bHLI or crapl4 rpa[e)Kr{, Kor4To rrocrerreHHo 6nnu pazueceuu
no oKoJrHr,rre ceJra t1 [peyflorpe6esu raM Karo crpor{TeJreH uarepual30. crepe-
MeHHITTe [pOyqBaHI4g CBLIAeTeJTCTByBaT 3a C'bnIecTByBaHeTO Ha 3Halrr4TeJrHO HeyK-
pefleHo ceJII.'Iqe Ha Mf,croro ua fllavugoJl rlpe3 plrMcKara enoxa. Maoro6poriHuxr
HyMr.r3Marprr{eH MareprraJr orraM, o6ave, rroKa3Ba, rre npe3 nocJreAHara qerB.bpr Ha
IV s. ro npecraHaJlo Aa c'bqecrByna. Jllrncara Ha KaKBr{To r,r Aa 6raro oc'ranKr{ or
yKpeilI,ITeJIHLI C'bOp'bX(eHI{f I, rrGJrHoro orcccrBr{e Ha apxeororuqecKvr ll.larepl,darrut
or [epl{oAa V-VII B. Kareropl{qHo orxB'bpJlsr Bt3MoxHocrra 3a MecreH rrpor.r3xoA
Ha HaMepeHr4, TyK K'bcHoaHTr{r{eH HaAnrrc. ovenuguo rofr e 6wt [peHeceH B no-Ho-
Bo BpeMe or n {rofi or 3HaqI{TeJIHI{Te K'bcHoaHTrdrrHr4 yKperreHr4 qeHTpoBe e gn. trO>xna
[o6pyg>xa. IlpegnoloxeHrrero ria E. EoplraH, qe Hagnr{c.br e or Mapqr{aHorro-
rt4c31 , e MaJrKoBepoflTHo, rropaAr.r rB'bp4e roJrflMoro or[aJrer{eHr{e Ha ro3r.r rpag (no-
Ber{e or 45 ru). Mnoro [o-npaBAonogo6no r.r3urex[a rort ga e 6ur npeHeceH or
Ealvur, orcroflIrl Ha oKoJIo 25 xv or fhavugon. flogo6no npelnoJro)KeHr.re HaMrr-
pa [oAKpela KaKTo B apxeoJrorl4qecKH 3acBr4AeTeJrCTByBaHr{Te K:bCHOaHTrrqHr.r ilpe-
ycrporZc'rna no yKpenI4TeJIHara cr{creMa ua [uorurcorroil4c3z, rara nari-serre B r.r3r-
paxAaHero afundamentis uuenno npes V-VI B. Ha eAHo orpoMHo yKpelJreHrae, pa3-
floJrox<eHo BLpxy [Jraroro HaA ApeBHra{ rpa[, Ha repr4TopuflTa Ha AHerrrHr{s KBap-
Tar "Xopu3our" sa rpag Barvur33.
flogo6eu no c'b['bpx(aHl{e Ha Ha[[r4ca or fhaurqoJr paHHoxpvtcrrrfl:acKut
auorponer?, Ho ro3t4 116T Ha rp'brlKr4 e3r{K, rrpor{3xo)KAa or Toun34. Marap ga csr.r-
AereJIcrByBa 3a B'b3craHoBflBaHero Ha rpaAa o'ro6rqe, ilo BcldrrKo Jrr{ql{, .re roft crolr
B'bB Bp'b3Ka [peAr4 BCr{r{KO C peKoHcrpyKrlr{rra Ha rpalcKara yKpelr,rrerHa cqcre-
lra. Llsgur6a:a e 6un Bbpxy KaMeHeH 6lor or o6nuqorxara Ha KpelocrHara creHa
v ce \arnpa B Kpas Ha V/Ha.raroro Ha VI s.
flpes 1918 r. K. IIIxoprI{JI BI{AsJr in situLr AoKyMeHrnpaJr egr,rH tracrr{r{Ho
3ana3eH rp'br{Krl HaAnr.rc B rpeAABeprlero Ha ceBepHara nopra na 3arqana (A6pur,
o6rq. Kpynrapu) 35. Hagnucrr 6ul paauo.iro)KeH Ha BracorrrlrHa oKoJro 2,00 n or aH-
2e
Zeiller 1918, p. 182 n. 4.
ro
Croruos 1899,45-46.
3rB>r. xouesrapa B: CIL, ill, 142131.
32
Bx<. no-goay, fnana II.2.B: II,IOHI{COIOJII4C.
33
B>r. no-gony, I.uana II.2.E: Baluur-Xoprr3oHT.
3a
Popescu 1976, Nb 7.
35
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, n 13.
Tw.{HId.fl TepeH, BBpxy [Ba c'bceAHr{ 6loxa or rperr{f peA Ha KBaApoBara o6luqosra
Ha 3alla[Hara cTeHa Ha I{3TOrIHaTa npr{BpaTHa KyJIa, TOr{HO npil HaqaroTo Ha rreJr-
Hara iI I43BIIBKa. B'rpxy rrbpBllfl 6ro1 6u.r usg'u6aH roJrflM c[Merpr{rrHo pa3[oJro-
xeH pa3l{'bQna.rr rp'scr, a B'bpxy c'bceAxllq crorJr cawuxr reKcr. 3a ctrxanenrae,
AflcHara (uo-rolxua) vacr or BTopu.fl 6rox runcsaJra, TaKa a{e or HaAnr4ca ce 3a[a-
3I4JIo caMo HaqaJloro rnly: tX CIOI... . ,fioronxoro Mo)Ke Aa ce c'b[rr rro 3arra3eHara
cKl{qa, 6yrnu:re ca 6utrut vtsgt.n6anu MHoro [peqr.{3Ho. Buco.rraHara r{M e 6n:ra no
4,5 cvt, Karo Beprr.rKaJrHr{Te xacr}r Ha "o" ca ce r43gaBaJrr{ HaA r,r troA peAa ctrrlo c 11o
4,5 cv,. Pasrrb$Harl{flT Kp:bcr c uogo6Ho HaqepraHr.re ce Aarnpa or r{3cJrelBaqrrre
o6uxHoeeHc B Kpafl na v u npe3 rleJrra, vI s.36 t{ecrara ro-f,Ba Ha KpccrHr{fl 3HaK
B'bpxy CTeHIliTe Ha HOBOI{3rpaAeHI{Te, BG3CTaHOBeHil vlt r CaMO [OlpaBeHr4 nO TOBa
BpeMe yKpenneHl{fl ce ABJIxI{ Ha orAaBaHara My anorponefina cilr.a. Oc.ranxnre or
r:.a4til4ca He laBar B'r,3MoxHocr 3a 3aAoBoJrrrreJrHo tbJrKyBaHe. Marap Aa He e 113K-
JrloqeHo oyxanre Aa npeAcraBJrflBar a6peeraarypa or HfKaKBa xprrcrr4sHcra
$op-
MyJIa, MeCTOITOJTO)KeHI{eTO My CBr{AeTeJrcrByBa rro-cKopo 3a cTpor{TeJreH xapaKTep.
fiaruponrara Ha HaArrr{ca Mo)Ke Aa ce cB:spxe c KoHcrarrrpaHvre lpeycrpoficraa
Ha ceBepHara nopra na 3algana, KOr{To cJreABa [a ce orHecar uali-nepo.srHo K.bM
BpeMero Ha r.rMleparop locrunzasI3l .
Ilar[ncxzqr crpolrreJreH HaA[I{c or YrueryM, orKpvr npr{ apxeoJrorr4rrec-
KI{ pa3Ko[KLI npe3 7912 r.38, c'bBceM ocHoBareJrHo ce nocraBfl B KoHTeKcra Ha cBe-
AeHlrero na flporonufi sa qxlocrHo rlper{3rpDKAaHe Ha yKpenJreHrrero uplr locru-
nuan I39. Haguuc'sr 6un nocraBeH or milites lanciarii iuniores,Korrro B3eJrrr aKTr{B-
Ho yqacTl4e B cTpoI{TeJrHIrq flpoqec. flocnegHIrflT I43AaTeJr Ha TeKcTa oTHacfl eoriHl4-
I{I4Te K'bM eAHonMeHHux Legio com.itatensis, or6elleaH s Notitia Dignitatum xaro
c'bcraBrqBa[I qacr or BoeHHrrr e$errus na npe$errypal4nupuxaO. Bts ocHoBa Ha
Beqe KoMeHTIflpaHnfl HaAnI{c or I-{rayc, [o-[pl{eMnr{Bo ra3rJre)Kga MHeHr{ero Ha [pe-
AI{IIHI{TO I43creABarlu4l, Ko[To [puql4crflBar B]npocHara iracr K:sM sacer palatium.
Karo crtpsanu nafi-neposrHo c yKpe[IrreJrHoro crporurreJrcrBo Ha r{Mrrepa-
rop l0crnnuan I ce pa3rJrexAar oqe ABa rp'bqKr4 HaA[rrca, usg.u6aurz rrpxy 6ro-
KOBe OT BGHrrrHara o6llrqosxa Ha tpaAcKara KpenocrHa creHa sToNtu42.yl yuara
[aMeTHI{Ka CBI{[eTeJICTByBaT 3a r{3rpaxAa]He uru B:b3cTaHoBqBaHe Ha oTAeJrHrr oT-
ceqKr4 or nporexeHr{ero Ha KpellocltlF.ufl 3r4\. cnOrtresartrre B TeKCTOAeTe "Cgpy-
36
Papuc 1986, p. 166.
37
Apryueuraqlu Ha Aarr4poBKara n: Top6aron 2000, c. 3l cn.; Bx. c'brrlo r ro-Aony: f,rana
II.2.B: 3a,rAana.
38
Pirvan 1914,379-384; Popescu 1976, N! 2l l.
re
Proc. De aed. |Y,1 , 17 (ed. Dewing).
ao
Popescu 197 6, 225-226.
ar
Pirvan 1914,p.381,384; Barnea L968,p.422.
a2
Popescu 1976, J\! 8, 9.
xeHlre Ha Mecaprrre" tl rr.rqara Anercangpoc r.r Eacoc r.r3rJrexqa ca 6ulu Aapr.rreJrr.r
Ha cpeACTBaTa, nocpeAcTBoM KoLrTo ca 6utttt r{3B'bprueHr{ cTpor{TeJrHrrre pa6oru s
cGoTBeTHI{Te yrIaCT'bIdU.
Maxap Aa HrMa orHorrreHr4e K'bM BoeHHo-crpor{TeJrHara aKTraBHocr, KtM rpy-
flara Ha enurpa$cxure cBr{AereJrcrBa orHocHo yKpenr4TeJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo B [po-
Br.rHrlrr.fl Cxurus.tpz6sa [a ce npmucJrr{ orqe eAr{H [aMerHzr. Toft r{Ma nocBerrrre-
JreH xapaKTep, [por43xo)KAa or Carcosus (Maxuygux, oKp. Tynua) r,r AarLIpa or
322-323 r.a3 Or rJreAHa rorrKa Ha 3aHr{MaBau{ara ura npo6reuarr4Ka 3Har{eHuero My
ce c'bcrol{ B ToBa, r{e cnoMeHaroro B Hero yKpelJreHl{e Carcoeug e rl{[oJrorr{qecKr4
olpeAeJreHo. Tosa e HalpaBeHo r{pe3 c'bKparrleHrrero "CAST.", Koero ce Aon'bJIBa
or r..r3AareJrprre Karo cast(ra).
Cneg cpegara sa VI B. He pa3[oJraraMe c HTTKaKBI{ euurpa$cr}I cBLIAereJIcr-
Ba rrJrrr [oAarKr{ 3a yKpenrlTeJruo crpoareJrcrBo B npoBLrHIIus Cxurus,.
+++
fleuourupaHero Ha ocrapeJrrr r.rJrr{ rr3Jre3Jrr.r or y[orpe6a uoctportxra u or-
pa6rauero ua uagrpo6Hr{Te [aMerHrrqr{ or crap[ HeKpoloJII,r c orJre[ go6unane ua
go6poxa.recrBeu r{ eBTrrH crpor,rreJreH Marepr,raJr e ruupoKo 3acBrrAereJlcrByBaHa
lpaKTr{Ka B [peleJrr.rre na Prarrrcrara rrMneprrr, oco6eno or nocJreAHara qerB'bpr Ha
III s. HacerHe. Tosa ce HaMr{paJro B npqKa Bp'b3Ka c rpaHnlro3uoro rro uaula6u nono
yKpenr.ITeJIHo crpoureJrcreo, o6xsaHaJro BcrirqKr,r [poBuHrlrrr{ B orroBop Ha 3atrecrr,r-
Jtnre vr craBarqu Bce [o-onacHr.r BapBapcKrr HaxJryBaHn*a.flpuzyaBaHero Ha xpuc-
TLITHCTBOTO Sa OsrlqlrarHa peJll4rrrx S Pmr.{CXaTa I,IMneprL or{eB[AHO AaJro MoIIIeH
raMrryJrc 3a cr{creMarr,rr{Ho pa3pyrrraBaHe Ha e3rrrrecKure KyJrroBunocrpofiru c IIeJI
nper,r3noJr3yBaHe Ha tsJroxeHr{rr B Trx crporrreJreH Marep}IaJI. Macosoto pa3flpocr-
paHeHr{e Ha Ta3rr oTKpI,ITo I{JI}I HeIJIaCHO TOJIepUpaHa OT BJraCTtrTe npaKTUKa HaKa-
paJra r.rMreparopr.rre Apragarl u Xonopnfi Aa ir Aagar 3aKoHHa caHKqIu tpes397 r.as
Teoperuqure Ha yKpelrrreJrHoro crpoureJrcrBo or VI n. roperqo fipeflop'brlBarl4
ynorpe6ara ta spolia c rleJr ycKopflBaHe r{ [oeBTTrHrBaHe Ha crpoexrrrea6. Orporta-
Horo MHo3t4HcrBo or euurpaQcKlrre [aMerHr,Iqu, npoll3xoxlaqrr or aHTr{r{Hure IIeH-
TpoBe Ha repuropilflTanagH. flo6pygx<a -
Caqragaea, Kanugana, Tpeeuuc, Xanlrtu-
puc,Vlcrpax, Ynueryu, -
Tpoueyu Tparuu cadu:l.u orKpr,rrl,I B xoAa Ha apxeoJloru-
I{CCKI,,ITE NPOYI{BAHUfl I{MEHHO BTPAAEHI,I B TEXHI{TE K'bCHOAHTI{I{HI,I KPENOCTHI4 CTE-
HIt, npu roBa flpelrMyrqecrBeHo n xarir-gomrara r{M .racr. flo raK'bB Harrr.IH, BcIrqKI{
-
Te3rr HaAnr.rclr [peAocTaBrT c'bBceM cr,rrypeH crporrreJreH terminus post quem, KaTo
a3lbidem, N! 271.
a Johnson 1983, p. 67 sqq.
a5
Cod. Theod. XV, 1,36 (ed. Mommsen-Meyer).
a6
Anon5rm. Byz. De re strateg. X, 3 (ed. Kdhly-Riistow).
3a peaJrHaTa AaTr{poBKa Ha HoBr{Te cTpoexrr Mox<e Aa ce npelnoJrara, qe IIoHe B
aracT oT cJlyrrauTe Tr ule Aa e 3Har{uTeJIHo no-K'bcHa oT
AaTr4poBKaTa na ynorpe6e-
Hlrre cnoJrrrna7. 3a noBeqero or rraMerHrar{ure rpaArrquoHHo ce [pueMa, qe ca c
MecTeH npol43xoA, cBI{AeTeJICTByBarrI 3a C'bu{eCTByBaHeTO Ha CnOMeHaTr{Te rIeHTpO-
Be 14 [pe3 [peAxogHr.rfl nepraoA. B .racr or cryqar.rre roBa Hec'bMHeHo e BflpHo, Ho Ha
MHoro Mecra ce KoHcrarupar H TB'bpAe rroKagareJrHlr r{3Knloqenuq. Tara Halpra-
Mep, cpe[ npeyuorpe6eHl{Te Karo crpor4TeJreH Marepr.raJr Hap.rfircrt B 3r{[oBere Ha
Llcrput, Yrueryu, Kauugaaa u Xaluupuc ce o6oco6sBar qeJrrr (uonmora rB'bp[e
MHoroqncrenu!) rpynu [aMerHr{qr{, npor.r3xo)KAarrlrr or pa3r[qHr,r, qecro rrorrMeH-
HO CIOMEHATI{ AHTIIIIHI{ CEJIIIUIA, PA3IOJIOXEHI{ B TEXHI,I' XIIHTEPJIAHA I,I OIIEBUAHO
npl{HaAJre)Karrlkt KGM TflxHara reprrropr{.fl: vicus Quintionis4s, vicus Secundiniae, vicus
Celeris50, Arcidava5l(Ylcrput); vicus Clementiani52 (Ynrueryrrr); vicus Scenopesiss3
(Kanuqana); vicus Classicorumsa lxaruupuc). IlsrtrHarr{re rpnMepra He ocraBrr
HI4KaKBO C'bMHeHI{e, qe npu I4HTeH3T.IBHOTO K'bCHOaHTI,r{HO KpenOCTHO CTpO[TeJrCT-
BO, He CaMO HelOCpeACTBeHaTa, HO II [O-[aJIeqHaTa OKOJIHOCI Ha HOBOII3A]IraHI{Te
I{JrIr IIsJIocrHo fiper,r3rpax(AaHr.r yKperrJreH]rr e 6laxa cqrrraHa rr aKTr{BHo rr3noJr3yBa-
HA KATO ECTECTBEH I{3TOI{HI{K HA TOTOB CTPOI,ITEJIEH MATEPI.IAJI.
EguopoqrurflT KyJrroB xapaKTep Ha r{acr or enurpaQcKr.r, Marepr{aJr, BJro-
)KeH B K'r,CHOaHTr{r{Hrrre yKpelr,rreJrHr,r caop}xel,ilmfl.Hacaquqanas5 ,l4crpnn56,xal-
uupuc57 u Kauzgaaa58, gana ceprro3Hr.r ocHoBaHru Aa ce npeAnoJrara, qe rol:r e 6rr.n
I43BJIeqeH OT pa3pyIXeHIiI e3uqecKr.r CBeTrrJrr4rIIa. Kato ce r{Ma npeABr,rA ucTopuqec-
xara crg6a Ha npoBr4Hqut, Cxurux, Koqro ce [peB'bpHaJla B eArrH or 6acrr,rour{Te Ha
TpaAr4qrroHHaTa pr.rMcKa peJlrrrl{, r4 B apeHa Ha oxecTor{eHr4 roHeHrrs cpeqy npu-
B'bpxeHIrIIIrre Ha xpucrr.rrrHcrBoro rro BpeMero ua &roxrerwar yr Jlnqnnuri I 59,
a?
Johnson 1983, p. 56.
48ISM t,JS324-341.
ae
lbidem, Ne342-349.
50
lbidem, Ni 350-356.
5rIbidem, Nb 358.
52ISM V, N! 92-93.
53Ibidem, Jft2l-22.
5a
Suceveanu./Zahariade 1986, I09- I20.
s5
Scorpan 1980, 214-215.
56
ISM t,129,324-334,340,342-347, 349, 351, 359.
57
Suceyeanu/Zahariade 1986, p. 109 sqq., IlL l-6.
58ISM Y, t3-lg,2l-23.
5e
Barnea 1968, p. 378 sqq.
eAI{HCTBeHo B IIeppIoAa cneg324 r., Koraro KoncranruH I ce npestpHaJr B eAHoJrH-
qeH rocloAap Ha LlMnepuflTa. HacrorlquaocTTa B npoBexAaHeTo Ha HoBaTa peJrr4-
rHo3Ha rIoJIrrTI{Ka HaMIrpa coJILIAHa o6ocHosra Ir B oTKpr4Tr4q oTflop, KoftTo Kosc-
TaHTITH I cpeqnan B rIpoBI{HItrLIs Cxurut or crpaHa Ha flpr4B'bp)KeHr{rlrrre Ha cBaJre-
Hlu LrMneparop Jluquuufi I: nqxou rucL{eHI,I }I apxeoJroruqecKr.r cBrrgereJrcrBa Aa-
Bar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce AonycHe, qe [pe3 325 r. ryx Aoprr r,r36yxHaJro BBcraHr.re cpeqy
Her060.
Y6egurelHo norBBp)KueHlze Ha [peAcraBeHara re3a rrpeAJrarar pe3yJrrarr.r-
Te or rlpl{Krloqlaroro npe: 1996 r. apxeoJrorrltrecKo [poyrrBaHe Ha aHTrrrrHr4s KyJr-
ToB I{eHT'bp rpafr Telepur, $ynrqNoHIIpaJI IIpe3 pr.rMcKara enoxa Karo cBerr{Jrralrle
nocBereHo ua TpaxuIicKlrfl KoHHIIK, xoIiTo 6un uo.rnraH TaM noA lrMero Xepoc Xe-
@ecroc [a6aronertoc61. flpes Bropara r{erB'bpr na IV s. cBerrirJrr{qero 6uro pasr-
pa6eno u olo)KapeHo or rorlncrnynau1I.r aAeflrr,r Ha xpucrrrflHcTBoro. O6povnrare
fiaMerHllrlr{ 6uLu c peBHocrHo oxecrorreH}re Harpouenu n 6e:pa:6opno pa3rrp}c-
narn. I{enrparHl4lr xparu 6Lr:r c:s6opeu Ao ocHoBr4. flpeguaruepeHoro yHraulo)KaBa-
He Ha e3r{trecKrrf KyJrroB KoMnJreKc Moxe yBepeHo [a ce locraBr{ B'bB Bp'b3Ka c
6esxoltupoMlrcHara xpucrllrlH[3aropcKa [oJrrrrrrKa, npe[nprrera s 6r4eurr4re sra-
Ae}d,ilfl. na Jlraqranufi or uuneparop KoncraHrrrH I cneg Kpaq Ha 324 r. EescnopHo
yCTaHOBeHO nO apXeOnOlI4r{eCKIZ IIT,T e IJIaHOMOpHOTO I{3BIIAqaHe Ha flOr{TI4 IIeJII{.II
roAelr sa ynorpe6a crpol{TeneH Marepr{aJr, oc:bqecrBeHo HerrocpeAcrBeHo cJreA ca-
MI{fl aKT Ha yHr,ru{o)Kenue. T'rri Karo roBa ror{Ho c'bB[aAa no BpeMe c flpeAflpprerara
rpaH[r,ro3Ha cTpor.rTeJrHa KaMnaHus, cB'bp3aHa c r,r3rpaxlaHeTo Ha yKpelr{TenHaTa
cI4CTeMa r{ OCTaHaJraTa K'r,CHOaHTr4a{Ha rpa[cKa uHspacrpyKTypa Ha oTcTorntraTa
caMo Ha oKoJro 15,0 xrra or cBerr.rJrr4rqero 3alga[a, eABa Jrrr Mo)Ke Aa r{Ma HrKaKBo
c'bMHeHrIe, ue orpa6eru4qr or Hero crpor{TeJreH MareprraJr e 6ut par exellence npe-
HeceH r.r [per.r3[oJl3yBaH rau62. .f,cHo yxa:aHr{e 3a roBa ca orKprrrr{Te B pyrrHr4Te Ha
3angana ABa enlrrpa$cxu nauerHr{Ka, crroMeHaBarq[ 6o>xecrsoro fla6aroueftoc63.
Bts ocHoBa Ha apryMeHTr{paHara flo-rope re3a, MacoBoro npuc'rbcrBr{e Ha
e3I{qecKI4 KyJIToBLT IIaMeTHIaIILI, yuorpe6enu Karo rpagrrBo B HoBoH3ArrrHarLr K'bc-
HoaHTlrqHH yKpenI{TeJTHLI crpoe)Krr Ha repr4Topvtsra Ha npoBuHr{uq Cxwrtx, cJre[Ba
Aa ce pa3rJrex[a Karo [oaITIr crrypHo yKa3aHrre sa KoHcraHTr4HoBo crpor.trercrso64.
60
Madgearu 1996, 137 -142.
6r
Top6aron 2000, 85-86.
62
lbidem.
63
IGBulg. II, 868, 869.
6a
flpegn 6,ru:o 50 roAr4ur{ fp. O,ropecKy nnaxo r43Ka3a fiAerrTa, qe fipeyflo.rpe6euure
e3I4qecKI,I [aMerHLIqu B KBCHoaHTnqHara 3aflagua Kperrocrua creHa Ha l4crprax uorar
Aa ce rr'JrKyBar Karo cB[AercncrBo sa Helluoro r,r3rpaxgaue cJreA no6e4ara ua
xpr4crlrflHcrBoro: Florescu 1954a, p.94.3a ctxareHfie, Ta3r4 Ba)KHa Aora[Ka He
HaMeprl pe3oHauc cpeg HayqHara o6rqec'rneuocr.
+++
C noggrp:xaHero (u qolrsrpaxqairero?) Ha rrtrHara Mpexa Ha repr..rroplrfl-
Ta Ha flpoBlruqra Cxurufl ca cBBp3aHI4I MHoxecrBo MrrJIIaapHr,r KoJIoHrr, KoIrTo cBr4-
[ereJrcrByBar 3a [ocrofHHure rppDKrr B Ta3rz HacoKa or crpaHa Ha vMflepcKara a[-
MlaHucrpaquq npe3 rr'bpBlrs BeK or c'brr{ecrByBaHero Ha npoBr{Hr{uqra. Hacr or rra-
MerHr{qr4Te ca 6uLu nper.r3noJr3yBaHrr rro [peAHa3HarreHlae, nopaAl{ Koero Brpxy rrx
ce pasno3HaBar rro ABa, a B orAeJrHrr cryqal{ r4 rlo rpr4 pa3HoBpeMeHHr.r Halnuca c
rr'LTeH xapaKTep. -
Hafi-uuoror{I4creHara rpyla or Mr.rJrr4apHr{ KoJIoHIa xpoHoJroruqecKrl ce or-
Hac, K'bM BpeMero ua fllpnara rerpapxus. Ts sxrlo.{sa 17 rraMerHr{Ka, r{3gr4rHarr4
B nepproAa 293-305 r. MHosr.rHcrBoro or rsx (6) ce nauupar B.bB BpL3Ka c r.brq rto
AyHaBcKr.r-s 6pr n nporr3xo)KAar or cJreAHrlTe Mecra: Pacoga (@nanuaua?) - 165;
Xspurona (Kapcuyu) - 366; Mrvun (Apy6uyM) - 167; lapnau ([unoreqm) - tut.
Karro cBI4AereJIcrByBa rtxHoro MecroHaMlrpaHe, ner Mr,IJrr.rapHr{ KoJroHra ce orHa-
crr K'bM rrbrq, cJreABarq nonrurircroro rpafi6pexue: Mzxafi Bzrasy (Eyreplrgana?)
- 76e Kop6y ge Cyc - 270; Manramrx (Kalaruc) - l7l; TK "Ar6eHa" - 172. ffse
MLIJILIapHV KOJTOHI4 [pOI{3xoxAaT OT B'bTperrrHocTTa Ha npoBr.rHr{ilflTa il npr4HaAJre-
)KaT K'bM nplaqo6nnaTa loJIrMa BilKHocT npe3 K'bcHoaHTr{rrHara erroxa n'brHa apre-
pr{r, cB'bp3Bana MapquaHorroJr c AyHaBcKar a getraT3 . MecrouauupaHero rrM e flpu
fopo6auqy (vicus Hi...?) ]a vr Adpur (3alqana) 75. [py", ABe MrrrrraapHr{ KoJroHr{ -
Te3r{ or Banx [auurop76 u MepxraguxT7 - ouetugHo rpacrrpar BTopocreleHHrrq
l'sr (semita) Mexgy Toura u Arcuononac. Egua HoBoorKpr,rra Mr.rJrr4apHa KoJroHa
npu Muxaun KorrnnuuqlryT8 BepoqrHo cJreABa ga 6';ge [ocraBeHa B'bB Bp'b3Ka c
n'br, xorlro IUBaJT or Toltn rr ce pa3KJroHrBaJI
HeI43BecreH Aocera BTopocrerreHeH
TyK K'bM Kanrqaaa (npee fiopo6anqy) u Kapcuyrrr (npes Yruetyr'a). floc;reAHrqr
65
CIL, ru, 13755 ("a") = Popescu 1976, Nb 190 ("a").
66
CIL, 111, 1603 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Ns 230 ("b" ); CIL, III, 7 606 ("b) = Popescu 1976,
.}.& 231 ("b"); CIL, II,7609 ("a") = Popescu 1976, N 232("a").
67
ClL, IIII,7610 = Popescu 1976,Ne239.
68
Popescu 1976,Ne240.
6e
CIL, Lil, 14463 ("a") = Popescu 1976, N 167 ("a").
70
CIL, 1I1,7614 ("a") = Popescu 1976, M 82 ("a"); Birbulescg/Citeia ]1gg7, lg1-193, nr. 3.
7r
Popescu 1976, Nh 58 ("b').
72
Eoruuaron 1975, 84-85; Xoneuulalirr 1979,44-46.
73
lllropnu;r 1905a, 492-502.
'4 CIL,ll[,12516 = Popescu 1976, Nb 83.
75
Mup'rer 1953, 7 1 -12, Ne 3.
76
Birbulescu/Citeia 1997, 184-190, nr.2.
iT Ibidem,
183-184, nr. l.
78Ibidem, p. 190 (n. 5).
erlufpaQcKrr [aMeTHrrK 3a rrbTHoro crporrreJrcTBo no BpeMe Ha n'bpBara rerpap-
xvs. e v,t4JrvtapHa KoJroHa c Her{3BecrHo MecroHaMr.rpaHe e [o6pygx<a79.
C l,Itrrero Ha IrMfleparop KoHcraHuan I e cBBp3aHa cJre[Barrlara lro MHoro-
tII,IcJreHocr rpyna cpeA MI,IJII4apHIITe KoJroHr{ or npoBr{HrlusCxurus. Tq sxrroqsa l0
naMerIrlrKa. Hagnucure B'bpxy rflx [pr,rHalJrexar K'bM [Ba xpoHoJror[qecxra o6oco-
6exr,r nepraoAa: Ao rr cJreA 324r.9erupu or HaArrr{cr{Te Aarupar or BpeMero Ha c'bB-
MecrHoro ynpaBJreHl{e na Koncranrxn u Jlr,rqrauuit.Eguu or rrx e cBcp3aH c xparl-
lyHaBcKr4fl n'br r,r npor{3xox[a or Irlrrlrqa (Tpe:rur.rc)80. [pyrz ABa ca 6urz Halrepe-
na s MaHralux (Ka.uarnc)81 u xpafr Bar'ra Bexe82 u otreBuAHo rpa6sa Aa ce orHecar
K'bM 3anaAHononruficxuq rr'r,T. 9etnrprurr [aMerHrrrK e c Her{3BecrHo MecroHa-
xoxneHr,re n [o6pygx<a83. floceramHlrre pr3AareJrrr Ao[ycKa:r c'brrlecrByBaHero B'bpxy
eAHa MrrJrr{apHa KoJroHa ot Xrpurona (Kapczyrta)84 ua rperu (nau'snno yH}rr.qo)KeH
rroHacroflrr{eu) xagnuc, Kortro 6u rpt6salo ga 6'rge rocraBeH rro BpeMe MexAy
pa3rrereH.r.rre gBa ("a" kr "c").Irlaxoxgattrll or Aarr.rpoBKara Ha [ocJreguure (293-
305 la323-337) u, axo npe[noJroxeHara xpoHoJroruqecKa nocJregoBareJrHocr e Bqp-
Ha, To HaArrlrc'br "b" ntpxy ra3u Mr{Jrr{apHa KoJroHa orreBHAHo rpx6ra Aa ce cB'bpxe
c rrbTHocTpo[rTeJrHr.rTe MepoflprlrTr.rrr no BpeMe Ha cBBMecTHoTo ynpaBJreHrle ua KoH-
craHTrrH m llu4uxtuir. Ocrananure 6 uauernr4Ka or efloxara na Koncranrun I qaru-
par or rrepproAa 323-337 r. B rpu or crytraure HaAur{cr.rre ca 6wu usgur6ann arp-
xy [per43rroJr3yBaHr,r Mr,rJrr{apHrr KoJroHr{ or BpeMero na llrpaar:a rerpapxun: KoJro-
Hara or Xrpruona (Kapcuyr'a)85 npuuagnexu r:su rpafigyHaBcKr{s rrbr, Ta3r{ or Mu-
xafi Buraoy (Eyrepuqara?)86 KBM 3ana[Hononrraficxraq, a rperara e c Herr3BecrHo
-
MecroHaMr{paue87. Kru sanaqnononrurtcrl{q rrGT ce orHacsr olrle ABe Mr{Jrr{apHr.r
KoJronpr: or Koncranqa (Tortru)88 u or VlctpwxS9. 3a uecroHaMr.rpaHero Ha [ocJreA-
Hr{fl naMerHLrK cB'bp3aH c Koncranu4HoBoro rrbrHo crpolrreJlcrBo Ha reprrropr,Igra
Ha rrpoBr,rxrlus. Cxwrufl. xxua gannugo.
Haguuc "b" or 360-363 r. B'Epxy MrrJrrrapHara KoJroHa or Kop6y qe Cycel
cBI{[ereJIcrByBa 3a rrpegnprrervre rrprr lrMleparop IOruaH MepKrr rro noAA'bpxaHe
Ha 3afiaAHouonr:raficxraq n'rr. B'ss BpB3Ka c ['brHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo Ha c'bulrlq lrM-
7e
Popescu 1976, NL 276 ("a").
80
CIL, IJI, 617 4 = Popesru L976, Ns 237 .
8' Birbulescu./Rldulescu 1980, 151-153, N! 5.
82
CIL, ilL142152 = Popescu 1976, NL 108.
83
Popescu 1976,Jni&-214.
84
CIL, [I, 7609 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Nb 232 ("b").
85
CIL, 11I,7609 ("c") = Popescu 1976, Nb 232 ("c").
86
CIL, [I,14463 ("b") = Popescu 1976, N! 167 ("b").
87
Popescu 1976, N! 276 ("b").
88
Popescu 1976, Jll! 6.
8e
Mupren 1953, 72-73, Jft 4.
eo
Popescu 1976,Jfi275.
er CIL, [\7614 ("b")
= Popescu 1976, N 82 ("b").
neparop o6uKHotseHo ce pa3rJrex(Aa I{ [or{erHl{fi HaArruc or 361-362 r., orKplrr npLI
Hury:ruqer92, *rarap HIITo BI4Aa, Hlrro ctA'bp)KaHldero Ha reKcra B'bpxy IIaMeTHI{Ka
[a I{Mar qcHo l43pa3eH "['breH xapaKTep".
PasnocrpanHara BoeHHo-crporrreJrna gerlnocr Ha lrMleparop Banenc B npo-
Br{Hrlr{fl Cxvrns or{eBlAHo ue npeue6perHaJla I{ rIBTHara Mpexa. 3a rosa pa3noJla-
raMe c ABe elrrrpa$cru csugereJrcrBa. f['rpnoro e HaA[Lrc "b" or 367-375 t. B'bpxy
MuJrrrapHara KoJroHa or BpeMero Ha flrprara rerpapxlu or Pacosa (@:rasuaua?)93,
yAocroBeprBaul MepKI{Te, IlpeAflprlerlr tro nog[Bp)KaHe B lr3[paBHocr Ha xpafiqy-
HaBcKr{fl nsr. Broporo cBlrAereJrcrBo npor43xoxga or B'brpelrrHocrra Ha npoBI4H-
rlr{flTa r4 npegcraBJrflBa Ha[nrrc or 367-369 r. n'rpxy MIrJrIrapHa KoJIoHa, orKpI,ITa
xpafi Mraprarurea.
Hari-x'rouare euurpa$cKl{ cBrrAereJrcrBa orHocHo n'brHara Mpexa B rrpo-
BraHqr4fl Crurug. ca oT BpeMeTo Ha llMlepaTop Teoqocufi L EguncrneHllflT cl,IrypeH
[aMerHrrK e e[Ha [pera3[oJr3yBaHa Mr{JrrrapHa KoJroHa ot A6pur (3angaua), BTopI{-
,T Ha[fluc B'r,pxy KoflTo (nagnuc "b") gatupa or 383-392 r.95 Hen:scHeH ocraBa
B'blpoc'br oKoJro e[Ha Mr{JrlrapHa KoJroHa ot KoscranrldHoBo BpeMe c HeI{3BecrHo
MecroHaMrzrpaHe B [o6pypra96. flrpsuxr r{3AareJr pa3rro3HaBa B'bpxy Het ocraHKI{
oT [o-KBCeH Ha[[r,rc, cloMeHaBarrl cllope[ Hero I{MeTo Ha lrMlepaTop Balenc z:ru
BanenuzsuaugT. Cnope[ Apyr aBTop, B To3r{ HaArrrdc 6unuazlpoeHl{ I{Mneparoplrre
lpaquan, Banenrunlran II, TeoAocuhTu Apxaqrafi, or Koero cJteABa, qe rofi rpx6na
ga 6'rge [arl4paH s 383 r.98 B xopnyca Ha Haflnucute or IV-XIII s. or Pyt'lrnrzx,
o6ave, He ce roBopl{ 3a c'blr{ecrByBaHero B'bpxy naMerHI{Ka Ha Iro-KBceH Halnuc:
3a roBa ce c[oMeHaBa caMo Karo 3a xlrllore3a Ha nBpBI4, usgaren99.
e2
ClL,llI,16ll = Popescu 1976,Nr269.
e3
CIL, ru, 13755 ("b") = Popescu 1976, Ile 190 ("b").
e4
CIL, m, 12518 = CIL, III, 13756 = Popescu 1976, Nb 81.
e5
CIL, I]I,14464 ("b") = Beievliev 1964, N! ("b").
eo
Popescu 1976, i\", 275.
e7
Tudor 1956, p. 620, N 161.
e8
Hollensteinl975, S.40, Nr. 80.
ee
Popescu 1976, N! 275.
xeoJloruqecKl{ KoHTeKcr. Tara Hanpl4Mep, 3a Hr4To eAHa or K'bcHoaHTr{rrHrrre ryxJrr4
c [er{arrr or [r,rHorequr100, HonuogyHylll0l :s-lfuycl}z HqMa AaHHu Aa [porr3xoxAar
or yKpenr,rreJrHr.r rpaAexu. IIlo ce orHacq Ao ABara no[[er{araHr{ eK3eMgrqpa or
Huxyluqe:rl03, Te ca 6urw HaMepeHr,r 3aelHo c [pyrr4 aHTr{qHrr ryxJr,, npey[orpe-
6euu s KoHcrpyKIILIflTaHa BaJIa Ha eAHa or KpenocrraTe, [pr{HaAJlexaqa K.},M I{3r-
paE3}l1,,.fl. TaM [pe3 paHHoro cpeAHoBeKOBr4e OrpOMeH 3eMJreH .irarep104. flpu rona
rroJroxeHr{e, npeA[oJraraeMara nilu cvrypIJa Aarr.rpoBKa na xlefiuara B.bpxy rery-
naplJ.rrfl Marepr4aJr or fiunorequs u HosuoAyHyM He ]roxe Aa ce rr3[oJr3yBa Karo
xpoHororl4qecKo yKa3aHIIe 3a BpeMeTo Ha r.r3rpaxAaHe rzJrra nonpaBKa Ha perr4cT-
pr.rpaHr.rre raM yKpenureJrHr{ c'r,op'b)KeHr.rfl, a B cryqaf c HraxymaqeJr r, [peAJrara
caMo eAI4H (ganeuen?) terminus post quem. Axo ce npr4eMe npe[Jro>r(eHara HoBa Aa-
Tr,rpoBKa Ha [er{arure RVMORID(us) a'sr BpeMero Ha r4Mneparop Ba:rencl05, HaMe-
peHara cpeA pyr,rHr{re Ha I-{zyc ryxna or ro3r{ sug6u MorJra Aa ce orHece c MHofo
roJrrMa BepoflTHocr KBM enl{rpa$crn sacruAereJrcrByBaHoro r{rJrocrHo rrper.rsrpax-
IaHe Ha yKperJreHrrero s 369 r.106
Crarypnlr cBeAeHI{fl 3a [o[paBKr4 r, rrpeycrpor?crna Ha yKpelr.rreJrHara cr4c-
TeMa Ha Vlcrpnx [peAJrara usodurHuqr reryJrapeH euurpaScrr.r MareprraJr, orKprrr
npu rpoyrrBaH.uflTa Ha 3anaAHara rpaAcKa KpenocrHa creHa upea 1914-1915 r.107
Mnoxecrsoro ryxnu c eAHorr,rnHr{ retrarr,r (ItKIMP.ANASTASIVS)108, nauepenu
ortracrrr in situ B Kyprr.rHa b ra npu nopra I, ce pasrle)KAar Karo BaxHo cBilAerenc-
TBO 3a roJreMru pa3Max Ha npe[[puer[Te or r{Mneparop Anacracurl I uepru no
B'b3craHoBqsaHe 6oecuoco6nogrra I4 3a3gpaBqBaHe Ha yKpenr{TeJrHr{Te ctop.bx<e-
Hr4r B flpoBrtrqux Cruruxlog.
Tyxrua c [poIr3BoAcrBeHIr rlefilra ca 6utu r{3Ba[eHr{ npeAr,r rogr{Hr{ r.r or Kpe-
rrocrHr{re creHrr uaLlS]/,ga (Cnana Pycr, orp. Tynua)110. Btnperu Sparuenrapno-
TO r4M cGCTOrHne, [eqarr,rre ca Aarr.rpaHtt s v-vl B., Koero rpa6sa Aa ce flpr{eMe
Karo yKa3aHI4e 3a I{3B'bpIrreHpI IIo roBa crponreJrHlr IaJrlr B'b3craHoBLrreJrHI{ pa6oru
no rpaAcKara yKperIilTeJIHa clrIcreMa. 3a rosa cBragereJrcrByBa r,r eAHa ryxJra c r{3A-
roo
lbidem, Nb 241,246; ISM V, Nb 265.
ror
Popescu 1976, Nb 266; ISM V, Nb 285.
r02rsMv,Nb 125.
ro3
Popescu 1976, N! 268.
loa
Paruen 19826,23-27 .
ro5
Sarnowski 1985, p. I 18, 124-126.
106
CIL, III, 6159 (=7494); Popescu 1976,Jfi233.
to7
Piryan 1916, 701-702.
ro8
Popescu 1976, Nb I 13.
roe
Barnea 1960, p. 363 sqq.
rro
Popescu 1976, Ne235.
pacKaH B'bpxy Herr HerrerJrr4B HaA[rrc c xpr,rcrnqHcKo c.r,A.bpxaHr,re (?) or V-VI s.,
HaMepeHa c'brr{o B KperrocrHara creHalll.
rloc"rregnuxr naMerHr4K, KoriTo Mo)Ke Aa 6rge npuuracJreH K'bM rpyrrara Ha
TerynapHl{Te eurarpa$cKl4 cBI4lIereJIcrBa 3a yKpenr4TeJrHoro crpoprreJrcrBo B npo-
Br4Hrlr{fl cxurux, npo}r3xo)K[a orHoBo orLlcrpwx. Crasa AyMa 3a rrpeqr,r3Ho u3n.bJr-
HeH JrarI,IHcKI{ HaA[I4c BT,pxy ryxJra, or Koqro noHacroqrqeM ca 3a[a3eHrr caMo
Spu"-
rreurnll2. Hagnucrr e c'bAGp)KaJr pa3Brrrara rrrrynarypa Ha r{Mleparop Anacra-
cttfitlu BepoflTHo e I{MaJI crpol4TeJreH xapaKTep. kl:garerxr ro cB'bp3Ba c apxeoJro-
rur{ecKlr 3acBtr[ereJlcrByBaHara roJrrMa crpol{TeJrHa aKTI,rBHocr a l4crpux B Kpafl
sa V lr B Har{aroro ua VI s. C'bcroqH}rero Ha [aMerHr.{Ka He AaBa B'b3MoxHocr 3a
o6nrpsrauero My c KoHKpereH crpoex, a AaHHrr 3a ror{Horo My MecroHaMr.rpaHe
JII{IICBAT,
Maxap Aa HsMa orHorrreHr{e KBM yKpelr4TeJrHara unQpacrpyKTypa Ha ca-
MItx o6ert, eAI{H o'r rlrrloBere Ileqarrr Ha r.rMrreparop Auacraclrfi I or flrnoreqr.rx
3acJry)KaBa KoMeHTap or rJre[Ha roLrKa Ha yKpelr{TeJrHara cl4creMa Ha npoBr4HIIr{,
Cxurus, mo6rqe. I4rraau [pe[Brrq Trrrra, cnoMeHaBarq pe[oM c r{MneparopcKoro r,rMe
Ir rl{TyJlarypa Ir rorloHraua A;rruna113. C'ruluxr e 3acBrdqereJrcrByBaH ra or flpoxo-
nraft raro r{Me Ha eAHo or rparuficrzre yKpelJreHux (leipomena) v Cxutux w Bropa
Muzus., o6HoseHrr or rrMneparop trocrunuas I114. gecro npeqfloJraraHara ilAeHTr{q-
Hocr Ha ronoHrrMr{Te Anrana r A:rrrauyu (s'rn Bropa Musu' cflopeA Notitia
Dignitatumtls u flpoxorr;tt01 B HrrKaK'r,B cnyuair He Mo)Ke [a ce cqr.rra 3a rrec.bMHe-
ua. C:sulecrByBaHero rro[ Te3rr vMena Ha ABe pa3nrrqHrl yKpe[JreHr.{fl e He caMo B.b3-
Mo)KHo, Ho r{ MHoro BeposrHo. Karo ce rrMa [peABr4A, qe rl ABara r.r3Bopa c[oMeHa-
aaqn AnruHa - flpoxonufi u ryxreHrrre rrer{arra or,{raHorequq - Aarlrpar or VI n.,
He e II3KJTIOqeHO B Cryqaq
[a cTaBa AyMa 3a HflKaKBO HOBO yKpelJreHr{e, r.r3ArlrHaTo
ulu B HaqaJroro na VI e. II{o ce orHacfl Ao HeroBoro eBeHTyaJr-
eABa K'bM Kpafl Ha Y
Ho MecronoJro)KeHr{e u [poBr.,rHrg.raJrHa rrpr{HalJre)KHocr, Bttrpoctt rpr6na ga ce
npr,r3Hae 3a rBBpAe HerceH ra Hepa3perlrrM Ha roslr eran1l7.
r I I
Popescu 197 6, Ne 234.
r12
Popescu 1976, J\! 112.
I13
Popescu 1976, N! 246 (a).
rra
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
rr5
Not. Dign. Or., XL,28 (ed. Seek).
rr6
Proc. Ae aed. IY,1 ,9 (ed. Dewing).
Ir7 llogpo6uo
ro 3acerHarrre ryK npo6neull slK.: Torbatov 2000b,72-13.
3. APXE O JIOII,IIIE CKI,I AAHHPI
Karo ce r.rMa rrpegBr.rA rrecro KoHcrarrrpaHara reHleHlllto3Bocr Ha rrr{cMeHr{-
Te cBeAeHrrq, a rtoHflKor a - n Ha enurpaScxuq Marepr.rar, nafi-o6exudBeH r{3Tor{HIaK
na uu$oplaar\vfl sa yKpenr,rreJrHara cr4creMa Ha rrpoBr.rHrlrux Cxurux ce flBrBar AaH-
HLITe or apxeororuqecKl{Te npoyrrBaHr.,Ir. OcseH c o6exrusHocr, Te ce orJlrrr{aBar c
He cp aBHr.rMo rro - ro JrrM ar a cv r.r3areplarerHo cr t p a3Hon ocoqnocr. CnopeA Har{raHa
na npuqo6uBaHero r{M, apxeoJrorrrqecKrr?e [aHHr{ Morar ga ce o6oco6xr e rpu rpy-
lr.r: or apxeororruecKr.r pa3KonKr{, or repeHHu [poyrrBaHr,rq u o'r aepo$ororpaSc-
Kr,r r,r3cJreABanprs. Ha.ruH'br Ha npugo6urane B 3Hatrr4TeJrHa creneH o[peAeJrr r4 Ka-
r{ecTBeHI/tTe Ir KoJrr{qecrBeHrr noKa3 aTeJrrr aa nnsopu atryflT a.
a
Pirvan 1912; PArvan 1913-14b; Pirvan 1915a.
5
Condurachi 1954, p. 3 sqq.
6
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
T
Ibidem, loc. cit.
8
PArvan 1915b, p.416 sqq.
e
Teodorescu 1915, p. 205 sqq.
r0
Kparru 6ele>KKu B'bpxy rrcropr4qra Ha apxeonor[qecKnre flpoyrrBaH[q B Te3I4 UeHTpoBe
a : Gajewska 197 4, I 49-l 52; Coia 197 2, p. 33 ; Zahariade 1996, p. 223 sqq.
trSimion 1977-78, p. 154.
12
Gajewska 1974, p. 147 .
Ba6agar-Tonpafixsofi,,(yHanr,qy ge Cyc, flyHaetqy ge Xoc, Parenyl3, KapuxlKa-
per, KalreH 6pxr-I, Pycalra, Twpuca/ Axpe, Busone,,fluouucono.nuc, Banvur-"Xo-
pr,r3oHT", 0g'rpqu, fie6peuela.
flo san'uno o6qcHLIr,IIa [pl{rrrrHr{, o6rq 6erer Ha paHHr.rre apxeororuqecKu
[poyqBaHlrfl Ha yKpenLITeJIHara cr{creMa B rrpoBrrHllax Cxnruq e Jrr4ncara Ha flc*a
HayrrHa MeroAoJrofttfl vI Ha npeq}r3Ha cr4creMa 3a perr4crpaqr4q Ha repeHHr{Te KoHc-
Tararlur4. flopagn roBa, MHoto qecro yKpefir.rreJrHr.rre c]op.bxeHfifl Ha flpoyqBaHu-
Te IleHTpoBe ca pa3rJIe)KAaHLI cav.lz 3a ce6e crt,6es ga 6rgar nocraBeHr{ B ctorBer-
HIr{ apxeoJloruqecKll KoHTeKcr. Heorqnranero Ha KoHKperHI,rre crparr4rpa$crr,r
yKa3aIF.]/,e, Heras6e)Kuo peSnerrrapa B'bpxy ror{Hocrra Ha npeAJro)KeHrrre xpoHoJro-
rHr{ecKI4 o[peAeJIeHLIfl, Kor{To rroHgKora r,rMar rB'},ple orHocrrrensa croriHocrr{, rro-
rILIBau{u IIoBelIe I{JIII [o-MaJIxo Ha o6qoreoperr.rqecKrr vlrv. c'so6paxeul,Ifl or KoHc-
TpyKTr.rBHO-CTpOrrTeJrHO eCTeCTBO.
flpu no-uoaure [poyrrBanus or6enq3aHure cra6ocru ca B 3HaqrrreJrHa cre-
IIeH orcrpaHenra. YclsrplreHcrByBaHero Ha MeroAr{Kara Ha apxeoJrorr4qecKure pa3-
KoIIKIT Ia ua cnoco6lrre 3a perlICTpaIII4, I,r xpoHoJrorl{rrecKa rrHrepnperarlr{fl Ha IIo-
AeMHVq apxeorofar{ecKr{ MareprraJr AaBar B'b3MoxHocr 3a MHoro [o-[peqr,I3Ha Aa-
TIrpoBKa Ha [aMerHIrqHTe Ha yKpenllTeJrHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo. B cee'rJTuHara Ha re3ra
TIOCTIDKeHI4S B apxeOJIOrI{qeCKoTO [I4peHe Ca npeAnpLIeTI{ HeMaJIKO OII{TII 3a [peo-
ItreHKa Ha Ilo-crapl{ nocTaHoBKI{, cB:bp3aHI4I 6uno c u3rpDKAaHero lr QynxqrroHrrpa-
Hero Ha yKpelI,ITeJIHara cl{creMa Ha npoBr4Hrlnq Cxurus Karo r1flJro ytlrv Ha orgeJrHr4
neftsu gseHa15. B'snperur MHororo [oJro)KHTeJrHr{ MoMeHTrr n ny6.nuxaqr4r{Te or ro-
3rr poA, re ue rpa6ra, cnopeg MeH, Aa ce flpueMar 6espesepnno. OcseH are flpeAna-
raHara per.rHTepflperarlr4q rrecro ce 6aaupa Ha flpe[Bapr{reJrHo Qoplaynr.rpaHa re3a,
Korro BnocJreAcrBLIe ce "gora3Ba" vpe3 ceJreKr{r4r Ha floAxoAf,rrlrr apryMeHru, 6trx
[cKaJI Aa KoMeHTI{paM olqe HrIKoJrKo rB'bp[e npo6neuarr{qHr{ [oJ]o)Ke:aus.HarrBpBo
MfcTo, [paBLI B[eqaTIeHr4Ie [oAr{epTaHI{flT CTpeMeX K.bM yArZsUraqu, Ha cTpaTuf-
paScrara KaprrrHa Ha MaKpopetr{oHaJrHo, a Aopr.r - v Ha flpoBrrHrlr.rarno Hueo. B
Ayxa Ha ra3r4 TeHleHqrrr, KoHKperHr.,r na6;fioqeuur, orHacrulrr ce Ao cerrop (ulu
cerropu) or coH[a)KHo [poyqBaH o6err r.r3Jrr4rrrHo ce a6conrou{3rrpar r4 ce rrpegc-
TaBf,T 3a MepOAaBHU. EeS nn narl-ua;rKo Aa orpuqaM BG3MoXHOCTTa Sa egUa O6U1a
nepvogr.I3arllrx Ha r.rcropvflTalaa ilpoBr4Hrlr.rq cxurus, Bc3 ocHoBa Ha apxeonoruqec-
KI4Te AaHHrI, CqIrTaM IIOCOqeHI{fl [O-rope noAxoA 3a noporreH r.r HerrpaBr4JreH oT Me-
ToAoloruqecKa rneAHa TorIKa. Buperu HeMaJIKoTo cxoAHIr rrepT[ 14 xpoHoJrorrr-
16
Diaconu 1980a; Diaconu 1980b.
17
Desjardins 1868.
18
I{pevex 1974.
re
Moisil 1909; Moisil 1910; Moisil 1911.
20
Pirvan 1912,p.575 sqq.
2r
Schuchardt 1918.
22
Vulpe 1935;Vulpe 1938, passim.
23
Crosnos 1899; B-es 1901; Ionescu-Dobrogeanu 1904.
yKpe[HTeJrHara cncreMa Ha npoBrlHr\ufl, CKlrrrvfl ca 6e3ycJroBHo repeHHrme o6xo>x-
\annfl. na II. floloHr4K r,r K. Ilkopnlrl.
fI. Ilorounx ny6nuxyea caMo cBolrre xa6lroqenufl, cB'bp3aHrlr c yKpenJreHrr-
,Ta no [ecHLIfl AyHaBcKr,r 6pmza. O6o6uleHnero Ha pe3yrrarr4Te or HeroBlrre rr3c-
JreABaHrzrfl rlo qepHoMopcKnfl.6par n B'bB B'r,TperuHocTTa Ha [H. flo6pypxa e 3ana3e-
Ho B pEKonI{c, c}xpaHfleaH s 6u6rr{oreKara ua Pylrcucxara aKaAeMufl. Ha HayK}I-
re25. 3a roJrflMa rracr or rrocraHoBKrrre, pa3Br.rrrr or fp. Tovulecry B TpyAa My 3a
apxeororrrr{ecKrrre rrpoyqBaHlm n PyurHr.rx26, ce gouycra, qe ca 6asapauu B 3Harrn-
TeJrHa creleH Ha repeHHure na6ruoge*t fl Ha lI. llonorux.
B nxxorxo uy6ruxaqrEn, K. IllxoptrrrJr ce c[]rpa uo-6erro nrlr no-o6croftso
Ha peArrr{a yKpeneHr.r o6exur, Kor{To repr{ToprlaJrHo ce orHacrr K'bM npoBI4HrII,Ifl
Cxurvx2l . Bepen Ha cBor rtoqepK, rofi pagxo npn6xma Ao xpoHoJrornqecKr.r arpu-
6y4uu, xaro o6rarnoBeHo ce 3agoBoJrqBa c'bc crroMeHaBaHe Ha npor.r3xoxlaql,ITe or
c'borBerHoro Mflcro IIo-xapaKTepHLI apxeoJlofrrr{ecKr{ MareprraJrr.r ra uoneru. Mno-
x(ecrBo ApyM cBeAeHrr, 3a yKpeleHu o6exru B 3aHr{MaBar\vfl Hrt pafiou ce orKpr.r-
Bar B HeroBrrr Jrr{qeH apxus28. r{acr or rflx ca HecrrcreMarvr3vrpaln, Ho Apyrr4 ca
crro6enu B TeMarr.rqHo rr3Alp)Kaur{ rr orHocr4TeirHo 3aB'bpureHrr pBKonucr,r. B regu
6ere>xrua ce ctgtpxa Br4coKocrofisocrsa u qecro yHrrKaJrHa rau$oprvraqur, Korro
Aocera ne e 6una npl,rBrlrqaHa 3a Hyxgr.rre Ha Hayt{Horo ArrpeHe rr e fipaKTrrr{ecKr.r
Herr3BecrHa Aopr{ 3a MHoro or crreqraaJrrrcrrlTe. flpu ace roBa, cpeA cBeAeHr{sra Ka-
caeulu euflr. u ctq o6err HepqAKo ce orKpr,rBar iryBcTBr.rrerrHr pa3rwrurtfl, a roHq-
Kora - Aopr{ u B3auMHolr3KrroqBaulu ce fiporrrBopeqils.. flpunegeuara KoHcrara-
rlr4s HaIo)Kr{ BHr{MaTeJIeH I{ BCeCTpaHeH aHaJrI43, CGTTOCTaBKa C pe3yJrTaTr4Te OT HO-
Bure [poyqBaHr{fl u orKpr.rrfiq n paftona u o6cror?ua repeHHa npoBepKa na Ilkop-
rrprJroBr{Te garrua29. B pesynrar Ha flpeAnpr{err{Te B Ta3}r HacoKa ycrurufl, re 6nxa
3aAoBoJrrrrerHo yror{HeHr{, AorrBJrHerr4 u qacrrrqHo Kopr,rrurpaHr{ r{ qe 6rgar us-
[oJr3yBaHr{ 3a rleJrr.rTe Ha HacToflu{oTo rr3cJreABaHe.
lfnrepecnu AaHHpr 3a yKpe[eHrare o6exru B roror,I3Tot{Hr.rre rroKparisuulr na
lpoBuHrlr.{r Cxurvs, ca per}rcrpr{paHu B xoAa Ha [peArrpnerara or BapueHcKr4f, ap-
xeonoruqecru lryaeft npes 1958-1960 r. eKcrreluqr.rrr ro ropequero Ha p. Earonc-
ra30. Te ce rBqBar BaxHo AorrbJrHeHr{e u croeo6pa3eH KopeKTr.rB 3a rracr or cBele-
lalaflTa Ha K. Ilkopnu:r.
2a
Polonic 1935.
25
To3n pl,Kofluc t{ecro ce q}rrnpa n: Gajewska 1974.
26
Tocilescu 1900.
27lllropuun 1905a; Ilkopnu.n 19055; Illxopnnn 1917;Ilkopnn,nL940; Ilkopnur/IlKoprrrJr
1912; ll'rprr.r roArrrrreH orrrer - Bapua.
28
fIu,tl,i.usr apxr4B Ha K. Ilkopnlu ce c'bxpaHsBa n Hay.rulra apxlrB r{a Erarapcxara aKaAe-
Mrlq Ha HayKxre: HA BAH, cp. 165r, on. 1.
2eTasu pa6ora 6e npoeegeHa or aBropa B replroAa 1993-1996 r.
30
Mup.renfl HMrrrpoB 1958-60.
Peglrqa [p]rHocHr.{ MoMeHTra B r43yrraBaHero Ha K"bcHoaHTuqHara Sopru$u-
Karllrs Ha repuTop[qra Ha rtpoBIaHrlun Cxurvs, ce c'bA-bpxar I{ B no-Hoeure ny6:ru-
KyBaHr{ lrrlr neny6nrrKyBaHrr 6elexru B'bB Bp'b3Ka c repeHHLI o6xoxganufl, rIpeArI-
pueru or L{e. fiperrlcuaona3l, JI. Eo6.resa32, X. lafteecxa33, B. Eoponxuq34,llls.
3axaplren3s u Cr. Jh.rcrarloB36.
B. IAHHTI OT AEPOOOTOIPAOCKTI
I,I3CJIEABAHI,Ifl
IrlnrengusHure aepo$o'rorpa$cxu r{3cJre[BaHI4, Ha apxeoJrorl{rlecKlr o6ex-
Tr{ Ha reprrropr.rflTa Ha npoBl4nqrax Cruruq [pe3 70-re u 80-re rogunv Ha Haarvfl
BeK [Oflpr{Hecoxa I,r3B'bHpeAHo MHoro 3a vjsflclfrfiBaHe Torlorpasuxra II [JIaHI4MeT-
pu'lTaHa yKpeflr,rreJrHara cl{creMa Ha peALIqa K'r,cHoaHTurIHLI qeHTpore: Tpesuuc3T,
t,
Ho rraoqynylt3s, I{crpr.rx3g, Xanura puc40, I46ugaa Cayagazaaz. Hape g c ron a, cs 6-
paxu 6xxa gaHHr{, ygocroBepf,Baxryr [o-craplr cBeAeHIlr, KoI{To ce flo[Jlaraxa Ha c'bM-
HeHrre [opa4r{ orc'bcrBrrero Ha repeHHo rIorBBpxAeHLIe (Tpaxn)43. Karo oco6en
lrpraHoc rpx6na Aa ce r43T'bKHe orKpuBaHero Ir [oKyMeHTlrpaHero or B'b3gyxa Ha
yKpeleHr.r o6exru, rrr{ero c'bulecrByBaHe MaKap v aa ce [peAloJlarallre, 3a Hero
nr4ncBaxa KaKBr{To ra qa 6uro cBrrAerencrsa (Enucala-l nE;nwcala-Il)aa. Orsouro
cBnlHocrra r{ xpoHoJror}rtra Ha oqe HflKoiIKo o6erta, ugenruSuqvparn Ha aepo-
Qorocuuurrr r{ [peAnoJIo)KI{TeJrHo o[peAeJIeHLI Karo yKpenteuur-45, Bce otqe HsMa
KOMTIeTeHTHO apXeOJIOrrrqecKo 3aKJIlor{eHr{e.
flpegnlrg rrpuc'bulrlre Ha MeroAa HeAocralbr{rr, v3pa3flBalrlu ce B cIrJIHa 3a-
Br4Cr{MOCT Ha HHTep[peTaIIUSTa OT C'bCTOrrHI{erO Ha OCTaHK}lTe, reo-MereopoJrorl{-
I{ECKI4TC
YCJIOBI,Ifl I{ KAqCCTBOTO HA 3ACHETI{q MATEPUAJI, B'b3MO)KHOCTI{TE HA AEPO-
Sororpa$cKr4Te r43cJreABaHI{fl ne 6rlsa [a ce HaAIIeHflBar, a [aHHIrre or rf,x - Aa ce
3r
,fipevrcu:or,a 1966.
32
Eo6.reea 6.r.
33
Gajewska 1974.
ra
Boroneant1977.
35
3axapuen 1982-83.
16
Jlucnqon 1985.
37 gtefan 1971.
38 gtefan 1973.
re 1974bl. $tefan 1975; Stefan 1976.
$tefan
40 gtefan 1984.
4r gtefan
1977b.
a2
Florescu 1986, p. 173, n. 10.
43gtefan 197 4a, 107- 108.
4 gtefan 1977a; gtefan 1977c.
a5
Rada et al. 1988.
a6comorusupar. CI,IcTeMHI{Te apxeororr{rtecKr.r npoyqr;aHytfl n Xa.rruupuc, Harrpu-
Mep, ycraHoBr,rxa peAr.rqa HeroqHocru n uspa6oreHufl B.b3 ocHoBa ua aeposoroc-
HlrMKr{ rrJraH Ha yKpenvreJrHara cr{creMa Ha o6eKTa46. flpn Bce roBa,
AaHHr.rre or
aepoQororpa$cxure l{3cJre[BaHt{x ue tpx6na B HrrKaKrB clyvar? tra ce oMaJroBaxa-
Bar: Te ca r.r3KJrror{r{TeJrHo qeHeH rr3Tor{Hr4K Ha UnsOpual\Lrs,Lr BDKeH KOpeKTlrB 3a
npugo6urzre r{pe3 TepeHHI,I o6xoxgaunx r{ Ha3eMHrr rr3MepBaHufl c1e1eHvtq 3a aH-
TI4r{Hara $opruSuxaql{t Ir rrbrHa Mpexa. B:snperu B]3Mo)KHr.rre rperrrKrr n gerafi-
"nure, uspa6oreHl{Te B'b3 ocHoBa na aepo$orocHr{MKr4 rrJraHoBe Ha yKpeneHu o6ex-
Tr.r [pec'b3AaBar c MHofo rorqMa rorrHocr o6u1a:ra ronourypaqr{, Ha rpacero Ha
KpenocTHI4Te cTeHI{ I4 pa3[oJIo)KeHLIeTo (a nonxxora - u
Qoprraara!) xa KyJrr{Te
no Tgx.
flepcuerruBuur t4 IrJraHoBI4 aepoSorocHrzMKrr aKTr{BHo ca r,r3noJr3yBaHr{ r4 B
Hacrortr{oro r.,I3cJreABaHe 3a yrorrH_f,BaHe Ha pa3rr.rr{Hr{ B.bfrpocu, cBcp3aHI4 c yKpe-
nlrreJlHara cl{creMa ua 3an4aua, TIauyu I4 HaMrrpau{Lrfl ee B HenocpeAcTseHa 6ru-
3ocr Ao Hero paHHosr4gaHrurlcrr{ KacreJr ("Eyrox xate")41.
a6
Zahariade 1996, p. 231.
a7
Bx. flana II.
mmM mm
KonrnoHeuTrrre Ha
CITCTEMATA
1. OyHKUTIOHAJTHO r,I
TrrfrororllqEcKo cblbPxAHtr{E HA
KbCHOAHTIITIHATA @OPTTIOIIKA-
III,IOHHA TEPMTIHOJIOwIfl
a
Abbot/Johnson 1926, 12-13.
5
Whittaker 1978, p. 352 sqq.
6 Claude 1969, S. 195 sqq.,220; Popescu 1975, S. 173 sqq'; Ravegnani 1982, p. 212 sqq';
Ha[ocJIeA'r,K rlo re3lr upo6neuu: Zahariade 1997a, p. 9 sqq.
7
Proc. Deaed. I1,6,3;II, 6, 12; V, 4, 15-18 (ed. Dewing).
8
Kyp6aror 1971, c.60 cn.; Ravegnapi 1982,p.280 sqq.
e
Isid. Hisp. Etym. IX, 2,99; XY , 2,7; XY ,2, I I ; XV, 2, 13 (ed. Lindsay).
'o Ibidem, ){Y,2,2.
Ha HeroBoro B'brperrrHo pa3Br{T?re. flpu Bce roBa, K'bM y[orpe6enara B K6cHoaH-
TI{qHIITe rII{cMeHr,r rr3Boprr lr euurpa$cKr{ rraMerHr{qu Qoptu$rrKarlr4oHHa repMr.r-
HOTOII{S CJIeABa Aa Ce IIOAXO)KAa MHOrO BHrrMaTeJrHO, KaTO Ce A'bpX(II flCHa CMeTKa
3a KavecrBoro Ha rr3Boprlrelzilpvr BceKu B'b3Mo)KeH cryuafi ce rbpcl,I c'bflocraBKa c
apxeolof r4qecKrrTe peaJrHocTr{.
Pagzxannure [poMeHrr B A'bp)KaBHara BoeuHo-loruruqecKa AoKTpr,rHa rr Bo-
eHHa opraHnga\uq na Fuucraravuuepfir, a c'brqo r{ pa3Blrrr{ero Ha BoeHHara rex-
HrrKa, HaJrarar sa6ere)Kr{M orleqatbK B'bpxy yKpenr.rreJrHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo npe3
K'bcHoaHTrrrrHara enoxa. Tofi uauupa ilgpa3 KaKTo n r:onorpa$nflTa u KoHcrpyK-
Tr{BHrrre oco6enocrpr Ha yKperrJrenvtfrTa, TaKa Ir B TexHr{Te pa3Mepr,I I,r B'brperrrHa
lJraHupoBKa. 3a paamlKa or e[oxara Ha flpr,rHqr{nara, Koraro B'bB BoeHHoro crpo-
rrreJrcrBo rocrroAcrBynar o6u1o-r3 ero crprrKTHo cJreABaHu KaHoHr4, B r,rcrp DKAaHe-
TO Ha BOeHHr.rre Jrarepa [pe3 K'bcHaTa aHTuqHocT 3HaquTeJrHo [o-prAKo ce oTKprr-
Ba npr.rJraraHero Ha rIarroBrr nJraHoBrr perueurrr. flpr,r rona, B MHosr{HcrBoro or re3pr
cryqar ce na6mogaBa roArlepraHa reorpa$cxo-agurrHr,crpa'ilaBHa rpyuupaHocr I{
xpoHoJrorl4tlecKrlr [apaJreJrr{3'bM, KoeTo AaBa ocHoBaH[Ie Aa ce IoBopI,I sa o6oco6eHa
peruorraJrHlr rrJrH Mr,rKpoperr4oHaJrHr{ BoeHHo-cTpoprTeJrHpI nporpaMll, qrreTo l4Hrrrlrr-
rrpaHe ulntu oc'brqecrBrBaHe Moxe Aa ce nocraBr{ B'bB Bp'b3Ka c gerinocr-
pr cJreABa
A. JIATI,IHCKI4 TEPMI,IHII
CASTRA. Craugapruuxr repMr.rH 3a o3HatraBaHe Ha pr,tMcKr.r.fl BoeHeH Jra-
tep e castra2o. Knacu.recKr{Te or;ucamus. sa flonz6rai?1 ,Xuruu22 ra Bereqraf?3 za
HeroBoro ycrpofictno ce orHacflT Ao roJreMu MaprrreBr.r Jrarepn, ilpeAHa3HarreHr{ 3a
HacTaHrBaHeTO Ha qflJr eKCTIeAETI[rOHeH KOpnyC, C'bCTOflrr{ Ce OT IIO H'KOJTKO BOeHHTI
eAIrHIrIIr4 c pa3rur{eH palrr (leruoHpr r,r noMorqura .racrn). I,Isaoprar:e o6urnoseHo
pa3rpaHl,IqaBar Mapurenwre (castra aestivalaestivalia) or 6agosure Jrarepu (castra
stativa; hiberna). B ctnpeueHHara Hayr{Ha KHrirxHr{Ha e fiprrero c repMr.,rHa Aa ce
o3Har{aBaT JrelI,IoHHIrTe Jlarepl{, HO rIOHe 3a K'bCHOaHTIrr{HaTa enoxa ToBa HecGMHe-
la flpegnonara ce, qe ro3r{ nerlroH e 6lrn ctsgageHs2g3 r.: Hoffmann 1969,T.II, Anm. 589.
15
Parker 1986b, p.63,137.
16
Parker 1986a, p.644.
17Ibidem, 643-644.
18
Lander 1984, p. 188; Gichon 1989, p. 121 sqq.
Io
Gichon 1974, p. 530.
20
Domaszewski 1900, Col.1762 sqq.; I{nauon 19736, c. 5 cn.
2t Polyb.
Hist. VI, 27-32 (ed. Bottner-Wobst).
22
Hygin. Grom. De munit. castr. 1-45 (ed. Lachman).
23
Veget. Epit. rei mitit. I, 2l-25;Iil,8 (ed Lang).
Ho e ycJroBHo: y prrropa Eeruenl,Irt Halpr{Mep (moprar B Kpa, sa III ra HatraJroro Ha
IV n.), irarepr.rre Ha [oMorrlHure qacrr{ rro prrMcKr,rre rpaHr.rqu ca u3prrrrHo Ha3oBaHu
"castra"Z4. Or anaruasupaHr4Te B rrpeAxoAHara rJraBa K'bcHoaHTIarrHr4 [I,IcMeHr{ cBe-
AeHr,rrr Mo)Ke Aa ce rr3Bege, qe repMuHLT ce e ynorpe6rBaJr rlo orHolrreHlre Ha no-
roJreMlrre r{ 3ApaBo yKpefleur{ BoeHHI{ 6asIr, uesanucllMo or BI{Aa Ha HacraHeHplrr B
Trx KoHTHHrenr25. B egulr KoMeHTr4paH Belre nocBerrrreJreH HaAluc or 322-323 r.
or npoBuHllttt Cxurun, Karo "castra" e o3Ha.{eHo yKpenJreHr,rero CarcoBnn26, crc-
TaB'br na quftro rapHra3oH rro roBa BpeMe (vexillatio Salsoviensis) ne e scen. flo-
K'bcHo Ha ccqoro Mrcro JrarepyBaJra rroMorrlHa rracr - milites quinti Constantianiz1 .
38
Rivet 1976, p. 134.
3e
Ravegnani 1982, p. 27 l .
ao
Kennedy/Riley 1990, p. 20.
4' IGLS, Y,2704.
a2
Poidebard 1934, p. 49; Pl. XXXX.
a3
Pringle 1981, p. 179.
4 Isid. Hisp. Etym. XY,2,13 (ed. Lindsay).
+s
YeB*.Epit. rei milit. III, 8 (ed. Lang).
a6
Isid( Hisp. Etym. XV,2,13 (ed. Lindsay).
a7
Kubitschek 1900, Col.1754.
a8
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 2-10 (ed. Seeck).
re Marc. Com. Chron. ad a.515 (ed. Berolini).
[a ce pa36l,rpa B'],B BoeHeH [rJrr.{ B rlrrBr{JreH KoHTeKcr. ilo-BepofrHa rr3fJre)Kla BTo-
para B'r,3Mox(Hocr, r'rii xato caMo HflKoJrKo ro[rrHrr no-K'bcHo - B caMoro HatlaJro
Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero Ha r{Mleparop }Ocrunuas I Arpe e cl4rypHo 3acBI4AereJIcrBy-
-
nan y XuepoK'bJr Karo egr.rH or 15-re rpaga Ha [poBIrHIIus. Cxurux50. Hurar ne e
r43KJrrolreHo rr ryK - uogo6no Ha rlr{Tr{paHlrre [o-rope ilpl,IMepu y flporouuftsl Aa
r{MaMe pa6ora c r43[r,rraHe B
-
craryr Ha AaAeHo HaceJreHo Mflcro, B pe3yJrrar or npeg-
npraeMaHero Ha flo-KpyrrHr.{ crpol{te;rro-6naroycrpoftcmeHrr I{HLrqrrarIrBI{.
50
Hierocl. Synecd. 637, 3 (ed. Parthey).
sr B>r. uo-rope, 6en. 9.
52
Fabricius 1926, Col. 516.
s3
Baatz 197 5, S. 24.
54
CIL,III, 3385.
55
Benreuruer 1952,33-36;Eyrcxnren/Teros 1964,29-30; Mupuen 1961. I5-i6;Kaqapon
1926-27,107-112; Velkov 1978, S. 176 (Anm. 18).
56
MihailoV 1961, p.5 sqq.
57
Forni 1974, p. 124 sqq.
s8
Isaac 1986, 390-391; Isaac 1990,174-183.
Spyprare e 6vila noBepeHa Ha Maror{ucJreHrir KoHTr{HreHTtr or or6ararqo BoeHHa
IIOBI{HHOCT MeCTHO III{BI{JIHO HaCeJreHI4e, r{3BeCTHO B r.I3BOpr4Te nOA HaLrMeHOBaHr{e-
to burgarii59. PerractprapaHl,IrlT B Ha[nr4crrre ot Tparras He3Haqr{Teaeu 6poli Ha rrpe-
3vtilvvae tlo cpaBHeHI{e c ro3r{ na nonraqerlcKr{Te yKpenJreHrrrl or ropecloMeHarlrre
ABa rl4[a v3AaBa rrxHoTo no-oco6euo noJro)KeHl4e B crrcTeMara 3a rrpoBLIHrIr4aJIHa
B'brpelrrHa cl,IrypHocr. OcseH 3HaqI,ITerHo rro-roJreMl4 pa3Mepr4, 3a rqx ocHoBareJr-
Ho Mox(e Aa ce npeAnoJlala, .{e ca 6I,IIE cvrryvpa:F^u n nafi-sDKHr{Te oT cTpareruqec-
Ka rJrenHa Toa{Ka MecTa, a rapHI,I3o}rI4Te I4M ca 1uJfir AocraTbqHo MHororil4creHr4 r4
6oecuoco6nvucr,crar,enra nari-nepoflTHo or KaApoBr{ BoeHHocJr}DKerqrr. B rasu nprs-
Ka cJIeABa ga ce or6eJre)Kr{, r{e BoeHHr{-flT rIeHT'bp Mourana B [poBr4Hqr,rr{ fdonna
Is4usvfl, - c'b3AaAeH 3a KoHTpoJr r4 oxpaHa Ha r4HTeH3r,rnnraa go6un ua 6naropognn
MeraJIr{ n parioua - e r,I3pl4rrHo olpe[eJreH B eAr{H HaArrrrc or 134 r.60 xaro praesidium,
a HeroB rapHrr3oH rro roBa BpeMe e c'bcraBJrrr,ar.a cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum
veterana equitata6r. Tntpqe noKa3areJrHo e c'brrtro raKa, rre eguo rpaliu'brHo yKpe[-
rreHrre B rpoBr4Hr{r4t Apa1ux (Khirbet el-Khalde n 4n. I4opgauut), usrpageuo e III-
fV s. n rpeAcraBJUIBaIrIo KJracuqecKr{ quadriburgium c pa3Mepu 54 x33 v, e Hocr{Jro
r{Mero Praesidium, a cnopeA Notitia Dignitatum B Hero e JrarepyBaJra roxopra62. 3a
rBrpilKIaHero Ha [pe3raArar.r rro [yHaBcKr.rx 6prr. Ha npoBr4Hrlux Bropa Mrasuq craBa
AyMa B Tpr,r r,rAeHTr{qHr4 no c'b['bp)KaHr{e HaAnr4ca or caMr{rr rparir na III n., oxprru e
MI{HaJroro n Pyce, Tytpaxan u Cutncrpa63. B nayunara KHrDKHrlrHa re rpaAurlr{oH-
Ho ce cBbp3Bar c yKpenJreHr{rra Cercarr,rnra flpucra, TpancuapvtcKa il fiypocro-
pyM, 3a KoI,ITo e apxeoJrornqecKrr ycraHoBeHo, ve npr.r6nr.r3lrreJrHo tto roBa BpeMe
(x'ru xpax na III IrJrI{ B Haqaroro na IV s.) re gericrnurerno ca 6raau r{flJrocrHo
rrpelr3rpaAeHra6a. Orqe eglrH HaAnI,Ic c MHoro uogo6en reKcr n npu6nra:ureJrHo c.l,-
rrlara AarupoBKa e 6lrn orrprr rI upu rpoyqBaHero Ha yKpenJreHrrero rpafi Donje
Butorke B npoBr,rHqr,r.rr flrpna Musrts65. Torir, o6aqe, He ce orHacfl K'bM pa3Kpr.rrras
TaM KBaApr,r6ypruyrra, ror?ro e 6lrr r,rsgrarHar eABa npee VI B., a npor{3xox[a or pyn-
HI{Te Ha CcuIecTByBaJroTo Ha cbrrloTo MrcTo no-paHHo yKperrJreHr.re c [pu6J-rn3n-
TeJrHo KBaAparHa $oprua II pa3Mepr,r 19 x 18,5 u66. Marap rr Ha3oBaHo B HaAnr4ca
se
CIL, LIJ,13796;IGLR, 172; IGBulg. III, 1690; Cod. Theod. VII, 14 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer);
Popescu 1976,Ne172.
e Ann. Ep., 1927, Nb 95.
61
3a soeHnara r,rcropr{, na Mourana rx.: Benxos 1970, c. 105 cn.; Rankov 1985, p. 40 sqq.
62
Parker 1986b, 108-109.
63
Kolends 1966, p. 139 sqq.
fl O6sop pe3yJlTarure or [ocJleAHr.rre [poyqBaHr.rfl Ha re3rr o6extr.r s: Iyanoy 1996, S.
Ha 16 I
sqq.
6s
Hagnlrcnre ce HaMLIpar Ba,B Bpa3Ka c uaula6nara BoeHHo-crpor{Terua KaM[aHtrq, peaJrr{-
3I'IpaHa rro AyHaBcKI{t 6pw rlo BpeMe ua flrpaar:a rerpapxrrf,: Sarnowski 1988, s.
125 sqq.; Sarnowski 1990, S. 855 sqq.
66
Petrovi6 197 7, 263 -264 ; I{epuauoruh-I(y:uauo rluh 197 7 -7 B, c. lZj c t.
praesidium, B'b[pocHoro yKpe[JreHr{e cireABa yBepeHo Aa ce orpe[eJrr{ Karo burgus
B'b3 ocHoBa Ha KJracrrlrecKr,rre My 3a rrrua KoHcrpyKTr.rBHr{ xapaKTepwcrnxu67. flper
ToBa [oJloxeHrre, Lr[eHTn$uraquxra Ha npe3ra[ulrre or Apyrr.rre rpr..r Ha[[r4ca c Kac-
TeJII4Te Cexcarusra flptrcra u TpancuapurcKa ur HoBor,r3rpa[eHrrfl Kacren rpaft le-
rr{oHHrrrr Jrarep fiypocropyM rr3rJrex4a noBeqe or npo6nenaarr{rrHa. flo ncara repo-
flTHocr u raM enrarpa$crllTe cBr{[ereJrcrBa cJreABa Aa ce orHecar KtM Bce oqe He-
pa3KpI4TL{ Ha TepeHa C[OMafaTeJrHrr BOeHHr4 yKpelJreHr{fl, TltrroJroruqecKr,r IlI [po-
nopqr{oHaJrHo c'br,r3Mepn:ll.r c roBa flpu Donje Butorke. flpegnoxenara xrrroresa
r{3rJrexAa orqe fio-flpargouogo6na, aKo ce B3eMe [peABr.,I[ v e\EH [prrMep or repra-
Topr.rJrra Ha rrpoBr{Hr{us Crurux: or pyrrHr.{Te Ha aHTuqHoro r4 paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHo
ceJrr,rqe rpafi CeriueHr.r [por{3xoxga $parrtreHT or MoHyMeHTaJreH crpo[TeJreH HaA-
nr.rc or 2%445 r., 3a KofiTo ce [onycKa, r{e e cB'bp3aH c I{3gr4raHero Ha HflKaK'bB
BoeHeH o6exr68. B no-crapnre ny6nnxaqr{rr ce cloMeHaBa 3a ocraHKr{ o'r KaMeHHo
yKpenireHr4e xpafi AyHaBcKr4s 6pxr na roBa Mscro69, uo c'rulecrByBaHero Ha raKoBa
ce rrpeM'b"uqaBa B HoBr{Te [poyqBaHr.rr, [ocBeTeHr4 Ha pI,IMcKaTa I,r K'bcHoaHTIIqHa
$opra$uxaqr{, B peruonaT0. CrqerpeueHHo, BcprqKr.r crBpeMeHHr{ r{3cJreABarrr4r or-
6ersgsar HaJrI,IqI{ero B Herrocpe[crBeHa 6nrasocr Ao ceJrrrrqero Ha ocraHKr,I or roJrfl-
Ma crpaKeBa KyJra c KBaApareH rJraH r{ pa3Meprr 20 x20 u71. Bupocuara KyJra pa3-
Kpr,rBa oqeBraAHo rJraHoBo r4 nponopquoHaJrHo cxo[crBo c 6ypryca upu Donje Butorke,
a crpor{TeJrHrrrrr Hagrrrrc or Cerluenu (eupexu QpanueHTapHoro cn crscroanue!)
rro narr{poBKa r{ MoHyMeHTaJIHocr rBtpge MHoro nanogo6xra crroMeHarlltre rro-ro-
pe HaArrr.rcr4 3a AyHaBcKr,rre rrpe3rrArara. Axo [pr.rBeAeHrrre pa3c'bx<[emlr.s, ca Bepur{,
To tto!\ praesidias KoMeHTrrpaHr{Te Hag[r{cr4 cJreABa [a ce [o[pas6upar: HoBorr3Alrr-
Harr{Te rro BpeMe na flrpnara rerpapxr{Jr MaJrKrr yKpenJreHr{fl no [yHaBcKara rpa-
Hlrrla Ha Puucxara r,rMnepr{r, Kor{To rr{rroJrorillrecxn 6u rpx6naro Aa ce orHecar
Bc'bu{Hocr KaM Kareropvrrra na 6yprure. Yuorpe6ara Ha repMr,rHa JrecHo ce o6gc-
w,Ba c [ponaraHAHo-[poK.]raMaTnBEufl. xapaKTep Ha HaAlrrc[Te, r{eJrflrr{ Aa ce [pu-
Aale no-roJrrMa rexecr Ha r.r3B'bprrreHoro. B xpaa na fV KHura Ha rpaKTara "3a
crpoexrrre" flporonuri cnoMenasa elHo yKpelJreHr.re c rrMero flpesugnyrvr, Koero c
rorqMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa ce orHece K'bM TeprrroplrflTa Ha npoBr.{Ht1ut Cxwrnx, n
To - HsK'bAe B c'bceAcreo c AprauyuT2.
73
Penninck 1940-1945, p. 5 sqq.
7a
Seeck 1899, Col. 1066; Gichon 1974, p. 537 .
75
Bernennuen1952,33-36; Eyror;ruer/Teror t964,29-30; Kaqapor 1926-27,107-IIZ.
76
Forni 1974,p.126; Isaac 1990, p. 180.
77
clL, III,3395.
78
Veget. Epit. rei milit.IV, 10 (ed. L*g).
7e
Schenk 1930, S. 64 sqq.
80
Anon5rm. De reb. bell.,2l (ed. Ireland).
81
Soproni L978, passim; Lander 1984, p. 289 sqq.; Soproni 1985, passim.
82
Gichon 1974, p. 537.
83
Petrikovits 1971, p. 191.
8a
GoodchildllYard-Perkins 1949,p.89 sqq.; Pringle 1981, p. 140.
8s
Petrikovits 1971, p. 197.
86
cIL, Y[[r,2494.
burgus Commodianus speculatorius8T; burgus Commerciumss. Marap u psAKo, Karo
6ypru ce o[peAeJrflT or rr3cJre[Baqure rr yKperrJreH[r, c Aocra [o-pa3JII,IqeH rIJraH rI
flo-roJreMr{ paaueprSg. C rpanc$opMarlurra Ha rpaHr,IrrH[re soficxu B arpapHa MI,I-
Jtu\urfl, orleJreJrlrre Ao roBa BpeMe 6ypru r{3rJrexga npugo6uru floAr{epraH )KITJII{nI-
Ho-crorraHcrra 06rr,rr, Koero rrle Aa e AaJro ocHoBaHI{e ua ?Islqop or Cesnla ga rr.r
onpeAeJrl,r xaro oco6eHo xapaKTepna Sopua Ha rIoceJIrIqeH x(rBor B rpaHuqHI,ITe
parionu90. flonacroxuleM He pa3rroJraraMe c Hltro e[Ho curypHo rlucMeuo larrut erruff-
pa$cro cBu4ereJrcrBo, crroMenaBarr{o burgus Ha replrropuflTama nponnnqux Crn-
tun. Marap KoHeKTypara B To3I( cMr{c'bJI Ha IIaATII{ca ot 369 r. ot I{uycgl ga ne ce
oclopBa B AoceralrHure uy6rnrxaqu[, Hrirro e[Ho or ABere JroKaJrIr3[IpaHIr raM alr-
Trrr{Hrr yKperrJreHr.rq ne 6u uorno Aa ce cBe[e Ao crau[aprl,rre na o6raxnoueuburgus.
87
CIL, Y\t,2495.
88
CIL,III,3653.
8e
Ciglenecki 1987, S. 112; Opail et al. 1991, 195-200.
e0Isid. Hisp. Etym.IX,2,99 (ed. Lindsay)
et CIL, IIII, 6159 (=7494) (= Popescu 1976,Ne233).
e2IRT, gg0.
e3
Lander 1984, 158-160 (fig. 138).
ea
lbidem, 188-189 (fig. 176).
e5
Petrikovitsl97l, p. 197.
e6
Grosse 1920, S. 117 sqq.
e7
Smith 1971,p.299 sqq.
e8
Pringle 1981, p.431 (note 6).
C:rporErenHlaflT HalIrldc or Aqua Viva o:r 303 r.99, s rorlro ro3r{ coJrrrAeH KacreJr c
pa3Mepr,r 86 x 86 M c'brqo e o3HaqeH Karo r{eHTeHapr4yM, AaBa ocHoBaHr{e 3a IIpeAIIo-
JIO)KEHI{ETO, I{E AOPU H'IKO|A B TEPMI,IHA AA CE E CBI'bP)KAJI H'IKAKGB HAMEK OTHOCHO
craHAaprHa r{r{cJrenocr Ha rapHrr3oHa, To BnocJreAcrBue rofi qe Aa e sary6ral rasu
cBos olpeAeteHocri00. cuopeg MeH, rrporr4BopequBure AaHHu Morar BCe rraK Aa ce
npr,rMt4pflT, aKo ce ilpl{eMe, qe repMr,rH'br centenarium He e npr{Te>KaBaJr H.rrKaKBa
cneqn$uvHa KoHcrpyKTI{BHo-TI4IrIoJrorI{yecKa xapaKTeprrcratna, a ce e r{3noJr3yBaJr
npes III-IV n. n a$praraHcKlare rrpoBlrHrlrrl,r na Pr.rucrara r.rMnep]u xaro cneqraQr.rv-
Ho o3HarreHrre Ha yKperrileurflTa c uoluqeficKr4urrrr4 BoeHHo-[oJrwlehcxu Synxqur,r.
ee
Ann. Ep., 1942, N! 81.
100
Lander 1984, 188-189 (fig. 177).
lorPringle 1981, p. l4l,218-219.
102
ClL,l[, 12483 (= Popescu 1976, N! 23S).
103
Fabricius 1926, CoL.576.
1oa
Gichon L974,p. 537.
IO5
CIL, VIII, 12035.
TBeHO IIO CBOr{Te ilpoflOpqlrl{, Moxe
HO flCHa pa3rpaHr4rruTeJrHa nutH.vtfl, Me)KAy Trx He
Aa ce npoKapa. Tepuuu6T e 3acBlrAereJrcrByBaH Karo cbcraBKa Ha ro[oHr{M (Turris
Muca...) B HaAlI4c or cpeAara na II a., nporr3xo)r([aq or oKoJrHocrr{Te na Tourz106.
gecro [ocryJrlrpaHara yKpe[eua cculHocr na o6exra107 e c'sscer4 cfleKyJrarrrBr{a,
rlt? raro 'rorl ne e curlpHo JroKaJrr.r3r4paH, a Ha Mrrcroro Ha [pe[noJro)Kr{TeJrHara
My JroKaJrl43aqua (rr. Anagorxr,ort na Koncrauqa) gocera He ca orKpr.rrr4 Hr{KaKBr.r
cJIeA[I or aHTr{qHra yKpelr,rreJrHrr cbopt)Kenus. Mnoro no-BeporrHo e B cryqas [a
I{MaMe pa6ota c ynorpe6a Ha repMr.rHa B qr{cro qr4Br.,rJreH KoHTeKcr - Karo o6ogxa-
qeHr{e na cneqN$uuna
Sopr',ra Ha rroceJrauleH )rerBorlo8.
E. TPTIIKI,I TEPMIIHI,I
106
cIL, ilr,7533.
107
Suceveana 1974, p. 229; Ayram/Ylad Nistor 1982, 372-373; Avram 1984, 162-163;
Suceveanu 1992, p. 212-213.
108
Dorufiu-Boil[ 1975, p. 219 sqq.
loe
Pringle 1981, p. 430 (note 4).
rro
Grosse 1920, S. 302 sqq.
rrr Ravegnani 1982,
271-272 (n.4).
rr2 Proc. De aed. II, 5, 9 (ed. Dewing).
Ha B'b3CTaHOBeHrrre or r..rMneparop Iocrznraau I yrpeneHr.,r rIeHTpoBe Teogocuano-
[oJrllc ra Tonr.rpl13. trtl or grara c[oMeHarr{ o6eKTa 3acera He pa3[oJraraMe c KoHK-
peTHI4 apxeofloluqecKl{ AaHHI,I, cloco6cTByBalrlrr 3a v3s.cHABaHe Ha BIoxeHr{q oT
aBTOpa cMr4c'LJr. flpu rce roBa, cBBpeMeHHr{Te r.r3creABaqr,r lrecro r.rHTepflperr{par
CBEIEHIIETO, KATO CPABHflBAT B'bIIPOCHI,ITE KYJIII C XAPAKTEPHIITE 3A CPEAHOBEKOB-
HI{T9 yKpe[JreHI{, T. Hap. AoruKoHr,r: coJrr.rAuo rr3rpa4eHrr roJreMr4 rynoo6pasnz [oc-
rporixu, cleqlraJrHo KoHcrpyr{paHll 3a caMocrosrerHa or:6pana r4 rrpe4r{a3HarreHr{
3a [ocJre[Ho y6exu[1e Ha 3alr{IrrHr,rqrare. MuoxecrBo K'bcHoaHTrrr{Hr,r yKpelreHr,rq
[penocTaBflr y6e4rtenu[ apxeoJroruqecKrl AoKa3aTeJrcTBa 3a c'brrlecTByBaHeTo orqe
or Haqaroro na IV n. Ha uoqo6nu nocrporiKrr, pfl3Ko orrr,rrraBar{u ce rro npoilop-
t\nv v KoHcrpyKTrIBHo-crporITeJrHV rrapaMerpr{ or ocraHaJrr{Te ryru. BtnpeKr{ or-
6ersgaHr,rre no-rope pe3epBr,r, TepMrrH'br "Spypnon" go6n rpa;xgaHcrBeHocr B [oc-
JIeEHO BpeMe 3a O3HaqaBaHe Ha K'bcHoaHTrrrrHLrTe [peArrrecTBeHErlr,r Ha cpeAHoBe-
KoBHI{Te 4ouxoun114. 3a c'rqara rleJr rrqKorr r,r3cre4Barr[ npeAloqurar 3acBr.rAe-
TeJrcrByBaHoro naK y flporonuri crcrasHo olpeAeJreHue "pyrgokastellon"lrs, vra-
Kap ro Aa e ylorpe6eno or
aBTopa caMo BeAHc)K, rr ro - He B TexHr{qecKr{, a B
loAvepraHo lreraSopu.res o"rncrn116. B ocHosHoro eu 3HaqeHr,re repMr4H'br "Spy-
puoH" ce cpeqa B KtcHoaHTuqHI{Te I43Boprr no orHorueur.re crurr,rrtcKr{Te yKpelJre-
nur Kapcnyu, Xarnoc Knpr.rnoc, Erucyc u Xaruupracl17, nocnegHr,rre ABa or Kor{To
ca perplcrpllpauun Notitia DignitatumKaro castellal18. 3a crulecrnyBaHero Ha "MHoro
Spypult" B [poBr{Hrlr,rr Cxur'us. roBopr4 ll rl'bpKoBur,rqr r.rcroprrK CosoMenl19.
r13
Proc. De aed.III,5, ll;IV, 11, 16 (ed. Dewing).
rra
Scorpan 1980, passiml Lander 1984, p. 218 sqq., 305.
lls Foss/lVinfield 1986, p. 10.
116
Proc. De aed. II,5,7-9 (ed. Dewing).
r17
Prisc. Fragm. - In: HGM, I. Leipzig, 1870, p. 277;Proc.De aed. IY,l ,16-20 (ed. Dewing).
r18
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 8; 10 (ed. Seeck).
rle Sozom.
Hist. eccl. VI,21,2 (ed. Bidez - Hansen).
120
Proc. De aed. IV, 5, l-6 (ed. Dewing).
KyJTIr, BKJIToTIeHI{ Karo or6paHurenHlr eJreMeHTI{ B IrJIaHoBara cxeMa Ha [o-roJreMl{-
're yKperreuu o6erru. PasHosua.{err e Ha JrarlIHcKrrre burgus u turrislzl . Pyrgoi uvar
A'bJrra [rcTopr,rfl rr ca mapoKo 3acBuAeTeJrcTByBaHu B cpeAr{3eMHoMopcKr,r, cBsT orrle
lpe3 KJracuqecKara efloxa. flpes enunucrr{r{ecKara tr paHHopr,rMcKara euoxa rep-
MIIHT,T HaBJIU3a B IOC9JIIIIIIHaTa HOMeHKJIaTypa IpAI'IMHO KaTO O3HaqeHIIe Ha Ce-
Jrr{rqa, pa3BrrJrrr ce B 6Jrr.r3ocr rrJrr{ B'bpxy repvroprlrra Ha qacrul4 [o3eMJreHtr BJra[e-
Httfl.122. CenrErqa, c'bA'bpxaqr{ B r.IMeHara ca c:scrar;nara "pyrgo,s" ca elurpa$cru
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHr{ rtpe3 II B. rr B 3eMrlTe, BKJrK)qeHr.r BuocJreAcrB[e B rpaur{rlr4Te
Ha rrpoBr,rxrlva Crurvt1z3. p1 B ABara cJryrrafl, o6a.re, He pa3noJraraMe c H[KaKBr{
apxeoJrorr4rrecKr{ AaHHI4, 3a [a ce npeArroJrara HflKaK'bB yKperrl,rrenen xogrercr124.
3a e'bgcraHoBsBaHero r{3 ocnoBpr rra eAHa xyta Qtyrgos) ce cnoueH"aBa B crporreJr-
Hlr.fl Ha[rr4c ar 3411342 r. or yKpeneHru IIeHT'bp Tupucal25. flporounri nspr,Ivno
or6ersgsa p"yrgoi raro nart-lracouvts rr{rr BoeHHrI yKpenJIeHI,L no AyHaBcKara rpa-
Hr{rla Ha Pr.rtvrcrara vutrepvs. [pe3 efloxara, rrpeArrrecrByBalr{a roJreMr{Te xyHcKIr Ha-
rrrecrBlrrr or rrbpBara noJroBlrHa Ha v s. 126
+++
flpegcraneHnflT auanll.t3 [oKa3Ba, ve SopruQr4KarlrroHHara repMr{HoJrorr,r,
npe3 K'bcrrara aHTr,rqHocr n o6qu iluHfllzfloBTaps ra3u or erloxara na flpuuqrauara,
Ho flopaArr or6enssaH[Te Belre unoro6poftHr4 rrprrqtrHl,r r.s Irocre[euuo ry6lr cBorra
Tr.rloJroruqecKa [r $yuxqraouaJrHa xapaKTeprrcrlrKa - AoKoJrKoro, pas6rapa ce, B'b-
o6u{e e nprrrexoBana rarasa! IIpn rona [oJrox<eHr{e, TaM KBAero JrlrncBar I,I3pI,rq-
Hr{ [prcMeHI{ yKa3alJmfl,, olI{Tr{Te 3a r[rrroJrorlrqecKo olpeAeJreHr.re Ha yKpeleHlrre
o6exru neras6ex<rro rrle HocflT orrreqarbKa Ha r{3Becrlra ycJroBHocr I{ HecurypHocr.
Irl:6oprr na uarl-nogxoAflrr{trr repMr4H 3a o3HarraBaHe Ha BceKrr KoHKpereH o6ert
rr3rrcKBar BHI{MareJreH aHaJrlI3 Ha HeroBr{Te KoHcTpyKTr{BHo-cTpor.rre.nnlr oco6enoc-
Tr{, xpoHoJrortrfl-Lr SynrquonaJlHo [peAHa3HaqeH[Ie, KaKTo LI crporo orrrl,rraHe Ha
MecTHr{Te TpaALIqUI,I I{ K'bCHOaHTr,rqHa [paKTI{Ka B ToBa oTHoIIIeHIIe.
rztGichon 1974,p.541.
t22
Dorufiu-Boill1975, p.219 sqq.
'23 ISM I, N 378; Blrbulescu-Munteanu 1978, p. 127 sqq. (Ne 1).
r24
B)K. 6en. 101.
r25
Earxaucra1974, c.66 cn.
126
Proc. De aed. IY,5,4 (ed. Dewing).
127
Theoph. Sim. Hist. VII, 13 (ed. de Boor).
2. KOHCTPyKTIIBHO - CTP OI,ITEJIHII
o coEEHo cTI{, oyHKTITI0HAJTHO
TIPEAHA3HATTEHIIE I{ XPOHOJIOTWfl,
HA YKPETIEHI,ITE OEEKTII B
fIP O BI,IHUI{fl CKmTr,If
a
Polonic 1935, p. 19.
s B TIR L35 (p.26), nanpuuep, apxLIBHI{re AaHrrr4 Ha lp.Tounnecry }r cBeAeHr.rero ua fl..
Bafrc ca qI.rrI{paHI{ Ka:ro u3[oJI3yBaHa nr{Teparypa 3a c}craBsHe Ha auorarl[sra 3a
yKpenneHl,Iero npu BuIEne. B cruoro cbrrr,rHeHr,re He c:brqecrByBa orAenHa r,Iroop-
MaUI{s 3a yKpe[neHl,Iero, KoHBeHrIIroHanHo o3HarraBaHo or H-flKoI,I raro "Mtp.uxny".
6
Zahariade 1996, p.22a Gig.l); Barnea l99la, p.291 (Fig. Zt).
7
Weiss 19ll, S.44.
8
flogpo6no rro B.l,rrpoca 3a roKaJrr43arlr{{ra Ha cyxu4ara n: culic[ 1975, p.215 sqq.
e
Vulpe L970, p.45; Aricescu 1977, ll9-120.
I0
Zahariade 1988,121-122;Matei 1991, p. 150; Zahariade1996,p.ZZ5.
rr Hacropo 6sxa nrseAeHr.r B HayrrHo oSpr,rqeuue
4 uonern, HaMepeHr{ rrpeAr.r roArrHrr B
KaMeHeH rpo6 6lusocr 40 ocraHKHTe or yr(perrJreHHero (Papasima
n Henocpe.ucrBeHa
1995-1996,280-282, nr. 1,5,8, 11). Eanara or rr,x e or BpeMero Ha r.rMneparop
Huxu$op II @oxa (963-969 r.), orxoraro ue Aa Aarr,rp a Lr ca]oililflr rpo6, uo Apyrlrre
TpI,I ca or VI n. u [pxrralnexar Ha MoHeroceqeHero Ha r.rMrreparopure Anacracnfi,
IOcrrsuau I u Iocru's II. Muoro e BeposrHo B:brrpocnr{re rpr{ Morrerr.r 5a ca 6utw
OTKPI,ITII HA M-8CTO U BTOPI'IIIHO BIBE.qEHI,I B II}IPKYNAqUS rIPE3 PAHHOTO CPCAI} -}BC-
(oBlle, Koraro (or rpax ua IX/iravanoro Ha X n.) n 6rrtrapcxure 3eMr{ 3aloqBa
MacoBoTo [poHI{KBaHe LI pa3[pOCTpaHeHI{e Ha Ha[:b.rrHO CXOAHTTTe nO stHrgeH o6-
Jrr.rK I,r MeTpr{rr Hr.r A aHHr.r cbBp eMeHHr.r nlrsaurlllfi crfi
sonr.rclr.
12
flo rogu B'brrpoc Bx. clu{o Lnara I.1.
13
Proc. De aed. IY ,7 , 16 (ed. Dewing).
ra
Aricescu 1977 , p. 119 (n. 90).
2. CAIII,IAABA (SACIDAVA)
(s. Dundreni; com. Aliman; jud. Constantra)
15
3a nsnopure r{ AlrcKycr.rsra orHocuo roxarr43au[.f,ra na CaquAaBa, Bx.: Aricescu 1970,
298-301; Scorpan 1974b,109-110; Aricescu 1977,136-138; Scorpan 1980, 50-51;
Zahariade 1988, I I 9-1 20.
16
3a soeuHara ilcropus. [pe3 eloxara ua flpunqunara r]r rrocen]rrrrHoro pa3Br,rrrre na Caqr-
AaBa, Bx.: Scorpan 1980, p.50 sqq.,203 sqq.; Scorpan 1981, p.98 sqq.
r?
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 12 (ed. Seeck).
18
Cnouenaroro or flpoxour.rfi yKperJreHr.re CreAena (Proc. De aed. I{ 11) o6raxnoneHo ce
orbxAecrB.flBa B pyMbHcrara Hayqna Knr,rxHr,rna cr,c Caq[,qasa. Karo ce r.rMa [peA-
au4, o6aue, tre Ha roBa Mscro B lrHalre rBbpAe o6rpxauur crrucbK Ha aBTopa ce
ua6nroAana o[peAeneHa reorpaQcra [ocneAoBareJrHocr, MHoro uo-npangono4o6-
Ho e Bbrrpocxoro yKpeflneHr,re Aa ce ortxAecrBr,r cbc Crar,r4ana arn Bropa M[sus
(Itin. Ant. Llug. 222, l).
re
3a pesyltarl{Te or rpoyrrBaHrrra a CaqngaBa, Bx.: Scorpan 1972a, p. 301 sqq.; Scorpan
1972b,358-372; Scorpan 1973,p.267 sqq.; Scorpan 1974b, p. 109 sqq.; Scorpan
1979, p. 189 sqq.; Scorpan 1980, 50-74; Scorpan 1980a, p. 187 sqq.
20
l{urlrpaurre B orr[caHr{ero [o-AoJry AaHHr.r ca c[ope.q o6o6utrurennara u nocJreAHa 3ace-
ra ny6nr.rxaqux ga o6erra: Scorpan 1980, 50-74.
O6p.2. CAUHIABA (SACIDAVA). O6tq nnan, 6asupaH Ha apxeorlorrrebxn
rpoyqBaHr{r r aepo$ororpa$cxn rr3cJreABaHIu (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX). /
Fig. Z. SACIDAVA. General layout based on archaeological excavations and
airphotographs (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX).
2rflpoy.roarelxr (Scorpan 1980, p.62) onpeaeJr, flnorqra ua4xa, xoero Ire orroBaps Ha
geficrnnrelnnre uaula6u Ha KacreJra CarluAasa. flpegcrana 3a HeroBI{Te pa3MepI,I
rrpeAJrara roMecreHlrtrr B cbrqara ny6rlrraqua (p. 165, Pl. XX) uJIaH IIa o6exra.
Marap rr Heo3uaqeH, npn6lr:rareJrur.r.f,T r.,raula6 necuo Moxe Aa ce onpeAeJll.r, Karo
ce 3Hae, qe loxuara Kpe[ocrHa creua Ha CaunAasa ]rMa AbJrxlrHa oroJro 125 ru.
22
Florescu 1986, p. 173.
oT Tsx 3aAoBoJII{TeJrHO Ce O6XCnqSar OT npOyrIBaTeJIs CrC CT4JIHO BJrrlrrHrre Ha rpGrl-
KaTa Tpa[uqrrs B yKpe[r{TeJrHoTo rr3KycTBo rr eBeHTyanHo yqacTr4e B crpor{TeJrcT-
BOTO Ha apXr{TeKT, npOH3XOXqaq OT }I3TOqHIITe IIpOBT{HIII{U Ua PUlrCrara r{Mrre-
pux. KpenocrHr{Te creHr.r ca c [e6eJrr{Ha oKoJro 2,00 u. Tpacupaun ca 6uttu Iro caMr.r-
te pt6one Ha ecrecrtseHrrre, Ha Mecra cKaJrr{cTu cKJroHoBe, nopaAlr Koero Hr{BoTo
Ha repeHa B yKpeueHara nJrontr e 3narrr{TeJrHo rro-Bucoro (c 3-4 rrl!) cupxrrlo rona
HenocpeAcrBeHo rrpeA $ponra na or6pannreJrHara nwruufl. Tasra oco6eHocr 3a[o-
BoJIIareJrHo o6xcnssa u yrryABaulo MaJrKara prn6ouuna Ha rexHrrre ocHoBr{, Bapr{-
paqa or 0,30 u, B peAKrl cryrrau go 1,00 rtr. Ilpeqnug rJrr.rrKrrre ocrroBrlr r,r cpaBHr.r-
TeJIHo MaJrKara ge6eruua, 3a Blrcoqr{Hara Ha KpelocrHara creHa ce nperurorara, qe
He e HaABI,r[raBaJra 6,00 r"r. Iorgrrroro pasuoo6pasue or rexHr{Kl,r ua rpayex (opus
caementicium, opus incertum, opus caementicium incertum, opus quadratum),perucr-
prrpaHa B pa3rLrrrHu ceKTopu no nefinoro [pore)<eul,Ie, cBl{AereJrcrByBar 3a oc'b-
rrlecTBfiBaHe B'bB BpeMero Ha qflJra nopeArrrla BB3cTaHoBrrTeJrHo-KoHcoJrularIr4oHHrr
crpor.rreJrHr,r KaMnaHrr[. flo rpacero Ha ro)KHara ll Ha pa3qucreHn yqacrbK or 3a-
lagHara KpenocrHa creua (annnaqu ce uafi-recnoAocrbnHl{Te r4 yfl3Br,rMr{ ceKTopr{
or yKpe[rrreJrHara cr{creMa ua Caqlqaaa) ca upoyuenx 7 xynra, orcronq[ cpeAHo
na 18-19 M e[Ha or Apyra. Bcuqxra re ca c qeruputrbnen, upu6rr,r3r4reJrHo npaBo'b-
rbJreH [JraH r{ ce u3AaBar npeg or6paHr{TeJrHara Jtuuttr.r^a 4,65 go 6,85 u. [lrtx<u-
Hara r{M no $poura Bapr,rpa or 8,60 (Kyra C) no 14 rvr (Kyra D). Kyna E no :ana4ua-
Ta creHa [peAcraBJrrBa KyJra-[opra. Cna6AeHa e or BtTperlHara crpaHa c
propugnaculum,3a xofiro Moxe Aa ce npeA[oJrara, .{e e 6LIr r{3rpageH cr.rHxpoHHo c
neg. B.re Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3auecrl{Jrr,rre BapBapcKI,I HarraAerrufl,, Hafi-x'bcrlo K'bM Kpar Ha
V prnn B Haqairoro na VI s. BxoAbr or BtHrrrHara crpaHa B KyJrara e 6un saauqan u
Tfl flpecrauana Aa Syurquonupa Karo nopra. Karo qrno, KyJrr{Te 3Halrr{TeJrHo ce
pa3r[qaBar rro rpagex or KpelocrHrrre creHrl. Te ce xapaKTeplr3r,rpar c gu6oro
loJroxeHr{ ocHoBrlr r{ rr3KJrroq[rTeJrHa 3ApaBr,rHa. 3a oSoptvtxHe Ha TexHr,rTe 'brJrrr H
B'bHIIrHrr Jluqa ca Ir3[oJr3yBaHLr roJleMr,r n MHoro roJreMrr KaMeHHI{ 6roroae, yr{yABa-
rrlo BucoK [porIeHT cpeA Korrro c'bcraBJrrBar [perr3noJr3yBaHr,r apxr,rreKTypHr,r Ae-
rafir'u r euurpa$cKrr EaMerHr{qn or II-[I s. 3a nocrrraHe Ha rlo-3ApaBa cnoftxa c
eMnJreKToHa e npr{JraraHo [ocJreAoBaTeJrHo peAyBaHe Ha rlorcl,I oT BepTr{KaJrHo [oc-
TaBeHlI 6rorore, c raKrrBa, ItocraBeHu c rf,cHara cH crpaHa HaB'bH. Ha6rrogaaa ce u
T. Hap. TexHrrKa "Bindur-Ldufer". 3a or6enqgsaHe e uoffrepranuqr crpeMex K'bM
BrpaxAaue Ha rrpeu3[oJr3yBaHr.rre enurpa$cxu flaMerHrrqr c HaAnr{cHoro rroJre K'bM
eMIrJIeKToHa. B pegxure cryqaw, B Kor{To roBa npaBI,IJro He e c[a3eHo, HalnucllTe ca
6r,rnr,r crapareJrHo [3rryKaH[ BnocJre[crBue. Tnrpge oco6ena e KoHcrpyKr{r{rra Ha
[poyqeHara [3Tor{Ha fiopra na Caqu4ana. Tx upeqcraBrqBa o6r.mnoseH npoxoA c
rrrlrprrHa 2,70 t"t B KperrocrHara creHa, $nanxlrpau or ABe MaJrKr4 qerfipu'brbrHr,r
KyJrI{ c pa3Mepra ctorBerHo 3,60 x 3,60 u 3,75 x 4,30 u, orruqaBar{r{ ce c MHoro
MaJrKa ge6enuna Ha 3r,rgoBere - 0,70-0,80 rrr. Cartao B'brperrlHtrflT 3rr4 Ha roxHara or
KyJrl,rre e no-coJrrdAeH, Aocrr{rafiru ge6eruna 1,60 u. flo-x'ruro (npes V[ e.), nla-
-G
__JGlE. GATE
23
B uepuo4a or 1969 ao 1980 r. ca peanr.r3r{paura l0 apxeororr{qecxn KaMIaHI{I{ c pa3rfiqHa
rrp o.qbJrxr,rTe JrHo cr.
K'bcHara auuEqsocr2a. BtuperuE npereHIIIrI{Te Ha aBTopa Ha npoyrrBaunqra 3a npe-
qra3Hocr Ha Ha6JrrcAenuflTa u a6corrorHa cl4rypHocr Ha [3BolI{Te, tsHrrMareJrHl{.flT
aHiuru3 ua uy6nuryBaHrrre ao 1979 r. naHHLt (orpasxnaqr pe3yJrrarl{Te or pa3Kolr-
Kr,rTe AO 1976 r. BKJIIoqpITeJIHo) yCtaHouI,I MHoxeCTBO npOTIIBOpeqIIfl, n.rJDKaIqIa ce
na rpy6u rperrrKr,r npr{ AoKyMeHTr{paHero Ir I,IHTepnperallrrtra Ha apxeoJrorl{qecKu-
Te peaJrHOCTrr, KaKTO rr OTcbcTBrreTo Ha KaKBaTo u ya 6wtO TepeHHa apryMeHTaIIILf,
3a qacr or c'brr{ecrBer{Irre rrocraHoBKrlzs.3a c'bxaJreHlre, ocHoBareJrHo pa3KpI,ITI{-
KyBaHI{Te "KOHcTataqVa" Ll "tt3a}yvt" ce OTKpIIBaT B HanBJIHo HelpOMeHeH BI4A II B
[ocJreAHaTa ot rry6nuryBaHplTe Aocera pa6ottl oTHocHo Caqnyana26, KorTo ce u3-
loJr3yBa Karo Ia3TorrHI{K Ha unQoprr,raqux 3a o6eKTa or BcI{IIKI4 no-HoBI{ [I3cJreABa-
.nn27. Karo ce ,rMa [peABrrA pa3ruqHara sarra3eHocr Ha KyJrrypHrITe HaflJracrflBauvtfl
u Bapupaqara B rrrupoKu rpaHlrqra npoyr{eHocr n gsn6ouuua Ha orAeJrHlrre ceKTo-
pu, [pereHrlr{r{Te sa sceo6xearuocr Ha rrpegJroxeHara crpaturpa$cKa cxeMa Ir3r-
Jrer<Aar rB.bp[e npu6tpsanw a aeydegr{TeJrHr. Crpertaex'rr KtM cucreMaru3alluq
Ha pe3yJrrarr,rre Lr reHepaJrrr3arllm Ha r{3Bo[rrre BoAI{ [o HeAo[ycruMo a6conror:llerl-
paHe Ha cnequSu.rull TepeHHLI cuffya\hil c [OArIepTaHo JIOKaJIeH xapaKTep, KoIrTo,
[pr{ ToBa, c'bBceM He ce orr[qaBar c Heo6xogm,rara tcHocr I{ rlo3BoJrflBar noJrI4Ba-
prraHTrro rbJIKyBaHIre. Or gpyra cTpaHa (xaxto ule craHe flcHo I{ MaJrKo no-gony),
rlacr or "o6u1ure l43Bogu" ce HaMr,rpa B ocrpo nporuBopeque c apxeoJrorlaqecKure
KoIrcrararIELI, a BcrrlrKo roea Her,rg6exHo nopax<[a HegoBeplre rr B IlrJrocrHara cxe-
Ma, 3a Ko.flTo ce rB'bpgr{, qe o6errusHo npeAcraBr I{croprlJ{ta na Caqragana. llstx-
HaTlITe c.na6octu ca oco6ego $panmpaqu rplr I,IHrep[peTaIIurITa na ny6lzxynaHra-
Te AaHHr{ oTHocHo KoHcTpyKTr4BHoTexHoJIOrI{qHOTo Ooopr',rxue u xpoHoflor[qec-
Koro pa3Br(Trre Ha yKpenlrreJrHara crrcreMa na Caqugaaa rrpe3 KbcHara aHTI,MHocr.
3a soeHH[fl Jlarep OT eIIOxaTa ua flpuxqllnaTa ce AOlyCKa, qe e rrocTpa[zul
nppr rrflKoe oT roTcKI,ITe Hana[eHI,Iq B cpeAaTa ua III r., Ho HacKopo cJreA ToBa e 6IaJI
uorrpaBeH. flpuertra ce, qe rofi npo[Lrxr{Jr Aa Symqllonrpa rI cJreg 3arloqBaHero
Ha rroBoTo cTpoI4TeJIcTBO, AOBeJIO AO pa3UII{pflBaHe Ha yKpeneHaTa TepIITopIL B
ro)KHa rr r{3Toqua IIocoKa qaK Ao oKoHqaTeIHoTo My sanrpmbane. flpeusrpaxga-
-
H@TO Ha BOeHHI{fl Jlarep Ce pa3IJIeXAa KaTO IpOAT,JDKI'ITeJIeH [pOqeC, 3alOqHaJI OlIIe
rprr rrMneparop EuoKJrerrraH (cneg rorcroro HanaAeHIiIe or 295 t.) rn upuxlrd'run
28, aKo He
eABa KtM Kpaf Ha ynpaBJIeH[IeTo Ha KOnCtanruH I AopI{ npu ToBa Ha
Koncranqu ir ll ntw, oule no-K'bcno ! )29. flono6na
( [poA'bJDKI,ITeJrHocr He caMo u3r-
2a
Scorpan 1980, p. crasa AyMa 3a III{Bara N I - N VI, s uafi-roplloro or Kol{ro ce
7l:
o6oco6ssar 3 uocneAosarenun $asn (N I1, N 12 n N I), a n N IV - lse $aru (N IVI
u N IY2).
25
Diaconu 1980b, p. 123 sqq.
26
Scorpan 1980, 50-74.
27
Hanpr,ruep: Lander 1984, passim; Zahariade L988, 119'l2l; Barnea 1991a,179-180.
28
Scorpan 1980, p. 63.
2e
Scorpan 1979,p.192.
Jrex[a QanracruvHa c oureg peaJrHr,rt o6eu na fi3r'bprrreHlrre crpol,ITennr pa6orra,
HO OTKprrrO nporr,rBopeqr,r Ha apxeoroluqecKr{Te Qaru.r. Tara Hanpr.rMep, B oc'b-
rrlecrBeHrrre rpe3 i978 r. 11 cougaxa B 3ouara extramuros, B HerrocpeActseHa 6nrr-
3OCT AO yKpeflr,rreJrHr,rre c'bop'bxelJr4fl, n Ha[paBo B'bpxy crepuJrHara rrp.6cr noBce-
MecrHo 6e perucrpupaH xoMoreHeu [Jracr or xopocaH rr crpor,rreJrHrr ornaA'brlrr,
cr{HxpoHex Ha crpoexa. Curypen terminus post quem 3a BpeMero Ha crpotrreJlcrBo-
To npeAocraBflT HaMepeHrrre B To3[r flJracr MoHer[, narl-x'rcnata or Kot4To nprIHaA-
Jrexr{ Ha MoHeroceqeHero na Koncranrran I u Aarl{pa or fleproAa 330-335 r.30 flpr.r
ToBa noJrox<eHr,re, ilpeu3rpaxlauero Ha BoeHHI,lfl Jlarep CaqI,rgasa cnopeA KEcHo-
praMcKure craH4aprr,r B HI{KaKGB myuai He Moxe [a ce nocraBl,I rto-paHo or [oc-
Jre[Hr,rre roAr.rHr,r Ha ynpaBJreuuero Ha ]rM[eparop Konc"rarruuu I. Maxap o6ctofiHo
oflr{caHo u rpa$u.recKrr [oKyMeHTI,IpaHo eAI,IHcrBeHo (!) npu Kyna A, orcbcrBl{ero
Ha KOrrcTpyKTrrBHa Bpa3Ka MexAy KyJrr{Te I,r [pt4Jlexaql{Te rIacTbIIIr oT KpenocT-
Hara creHa ce [peAcraBs 3a eA]Ia or cnequQurluure oco6enoctu Ha KtcHoaHTutIHa-
Ta yKpe[r4TeJrHa cucreMa Ha KacreJra3l. Tona ce o6qcHflsa c Ha.[Irql{ero Ha orrpeqe-
JreHa rexHoJrorr{qecKa [ocJreAoBareJrHocr na gericrouara B rlpoqeca Ha crpo]ITeJrc-
TBoro. flpuernra ce, qe uafi-xanpeg e 6st rpacupaH oKoJroBp'bcrHlrrr 3[I[ ut 6uttu
r,r3KonaHr{ HeroBrrre ocHoBr,r. Cne4 tona ce rrplrcrbnnJro KtM [I3rpaxgaHe Ha I,I3Aa-
Barrlrrre ce rrpeA or6panurenlrr,rx Spour crpaHI,I Ha Kyillrre. Haft-naxpax (nnn noe-
Taflno, flplr 3aBtprrrBauero Ha ABe cBceAHu xyrm) 6wtu azgnrHarl{ KpenocrHlrre
3rlrAoBe, cB'bp3Barqu KynrrTe r,r 3aTBapfirrlu rrr oTK6M B'bTperlrHocTra. B geftcrBrlTeJr-
uocr, o6aue, TaKa o6pucyrauara [ocJreAoBareJrHocr e Aonycrl{Ma caMo rro orlro-
LUeHUe Ha IO)KHaTa KperrOCTHa cTeHa, 3a KorTo HrIMa HI{KaKBO C'bMHeHUe, qe npeAc-
TaBJrsBa K'bcHoaHTr{qeH rpa4ex a fundamenfiJ, KaKTo, eBeHTyiIJrHo, I{ 3a apxeoJro-
rl{r{ecKtr Bce oqe HeflpoyrreHara tr3ToqHa KpenocrHa creHa. II{o ce orHacs Ao 3a-
naAHrIfl $ponr Ha KacreJla, orpa3eHara n npoQuru{re Ha corgaxlr S II pr S III32
mparurpa$rm KareroprrqHo cBI,IAereJrcrByBa 3a rpe[3noJl3yBaHe 6es raKButo u [a
6rano ruqnurl rtpeycrporicrsa Ha Kpeuocr*:an sur[\ Ha Jrarepa or erloxara na flpuu-
qlrflara. OcseH 3aKoHoMepHara B cryrlaq, ilz;ilca Ha KoHcrpyKTI{BHa Bp'b3Ka Mex<Ay
Ber{e c'bulecrByBarrr 3r,rA r,r IIo-K'bcHo [pHcrpoeHl{ K'bM Hero KyJIIT (Kyru,I D n E),
ToBa HarrbJmo o6scHsea u orHocI{TeJIHo xoMoreHHus rpaAex Ha 3anaAHara Kpe-
rIocTHa cTeHa, pt3Ko oT.fluqaBaula ce oT roxHaTa rro HzuruqfleTo IIpu Hefl Ha MHoroc-
T'brarreH (or 3- go 5-pegon) B'bHrIreH 6anxer.
Cnequ$urara Ha perucrprrpaHr4Te KyJrrypHr,r HalrJracrrBaHnfl [oKa3Ba, qe
Caqu4ana upexuBflJra ceprro3Hr,r ne6larononyqr4f, no BpeMe Ha BapBapcKETe Hala-
30
lbidem, p. 189.
3r Haulmro u[eHTr{rrEa e cr{Tyarlr{.f,Ta npn KbcHopr,rMcKara 3arIaAHa KperlocrHa creua Ha
l4crpnx, Aarr{paua cbrrlo or BpeMero Ha HM[eparop Koucraurrau I (nx. uaparpa-
rfa sa IICTPIIfl s fnana II.2.E).
32
Paguoloxerrr{ B Tep}rropvrxra intra mu.ros, Ha[peqno na Kyprnuu C ra E ctotseruo.
Aelrprs, npes 80-re na IV n rro-K'bcHo npe3 V n.33 He e scHo, o6ave, \alru14
ro4t4Hr,r
AoKoJrKo re ca HaHecirr,r [opaxeHuq Ha neftnara yKpelr.rreirHa cr{creMa. fl'rpnara
MacrrpaHa cTpoI,ITeJIHo-B'b3cTaHoBrrTeJIHa KaMnaHIaq, ocTaBI{JIa flcmt4 creilla S o16-
paHrrreJrnrrre c'bop'bxenrzfl, Ha Caqugana, yBepeuo ce [arrapa (no uyuusr'rarrrtrHrr
AaHHu t4 BB3 ocHoBa Ha orKpr.{Tr.r, reryJrapen enurpa$cKr.r Marepr{ar3a) r xpax ua V
Irru Harraroro Ha VI n., uauupartKr,r ce B Hec'bMHeHa Bpc3Ka c o6ruupnata $opru-
Qmaquonua gerluocr Ha ilM[eparop Auacracnfi n npoelrrquaCxvrw35. K.rLr rasu
KaMuaHr.rfl ce oTHacfl KoHcoJrr.rAarlrrfl"rau qacTr{rrHoTo Ilpel,rcrpaxAaHe Ha 3Haqr{TeJr-
HIlt OTCe!{KU OT rO)KHaTa rr 3arraAHara Kpe[ocTHu cteglr36. flax uo ToBa BpeMe, I{3f-
JIe)KAa, e 6rano rrpe[flpuero 6roxrnpanero Ha rrorepHara MexAy Kyru A n B vpes
upr,rcrporBaHe Ha eAHa MaJrKa B'brperuHa ryra (r. uap. "nmperrrHa Kyira Nb 2"),
KaKTo rr 3a3raxAaHero Ha 3arraAHara nopra. flpeycrporlcrBoro Ha Ilt3TorlHara flopra
e orHeceHo or flpofrBatenx nafi-o6qo K'bM VI s. floHacrorrleM JrllttcBar AaHHra 3a
npequ3arlllfl Ha Aarr(poBKaTa, Ho v3rpaxAaHeTo Ha B'bHrrrHkt npeA[Bepu, [prr Kpe-
nocrHr,rre floprr.r e xapaKTepHo rro-cKopo 3a BpeMero Ha uMneparop Iocrunuan I,
orKoJrKoro 3a roBa na Anasracrafi37. Caqu[aBa MHoro rexKo nocrpaAaJra B cpe[a-
ra na VI 8., oqeBr{[Ho rro BpeMe Ha roJrrMoro Kyrpr,rrypcKo Ha[aAeHrre or 559 r.38
Orcrpanxnanero Ha rrlerlrre 6uno cupoBo[eHo c HuBeraq[s Ha repeHa u qyBcr-
Br{TeJrHo r43[r{raHe Ha xrrJrr..rrrlHoro HEBo BBB B yKpefleHara repr,rropr,rJr. Or nropara
[oJroBr.rua Ha VI B. Aarrrpar rr [ocJreAHure npeycrpoftcrsa rro yKpeurrreJruara cr,rc-
reua39. Bcu.rxu xy-nu luttufloAcr,rJreuu rrpe3 nplrcrporBaHe KGM Trx Ha no eArrH 3rrA
c ge6enr,rna 2,00 rrr, gy6nlrpaq B'brperrrHara r{M crpaHa. Toea JIecHo ce o6scHssa c
neo6xoglnvrocrra or yBeruqaBaHe pa3Mepr,rre Ha 6ofisure nrat$opruu, c orJreA pa3-
[oJraraHe B'bpxy rflx Ha no-MoIr{HIr 6oitttu MerareJrHrl MaIuuH[I, 3a Koero Hec'bMHe-
HO CBrrAereJrcrByBa ri 3anBJIBaHeTo Ha B'bTpe[rHocTTa Ha KyJruTe c np'bcT u cTpor4-
TeJrHr{ ornagrqu4O. He e usrrroqeHo r,rMeHHo rrpe3 BTopara noJroBr4na na VI n. ga ca
33
Scorpan 1980, p. 71 sqq.
3a
B CauuAaaa, rpail roxHara KpenocrHa creHa, ce cro6ulana 3a HaMepeur{ TyxJrr{ c ueqarr{
Ha r.rMneparop Anacracufi: Ibidem, p. 70.
3s
lbidem, p.55,73.
36
flonpanrNTe rro 3arraAHara r(peflocrHa creHa ce ornacsr or [poyqBareJr.s (bM BTopara
roJroBuua Ha VI s. (Ibidem, p. 59), Ho roBa ce HaMlrpa B rrpornBopeque c scHara
crparr.rrpaQcKa raprr{rra, [peAcraBeHa n npo$ulnre Ha coHAaxure S II n S III,
cpn.: Ibidem, p. 176, Pl. XXXI.
37
flo rosu B'brrpoc nx<.: Top6aror 2000, 3l-32.
38
flpoy'rnareJrsr [ocraBs cr6uruero oruaqaJro nafi-o6ulo B repraoAa 550-562 r. (Scorpan
1980, p. 71,73), Ho MaJrKo rro-Hararlx B reKcra o[peAeneHo ro cBbp3Ba c Kyrpr,r-
rypcKoro HanaAerrlre upes 559 r. (Ibidem, 126-127). Krvr crurara r.rnrepuperaqr{,
ce npr{Abpxa u An. Eapur: Barnea 1991a,, p. 180.
3e
Scorpan 1980, p. 55, 60.
4 Tosa e rcpr,rrrHo 3acBl,I.qereJrcrByBaHo upu Kyna A, sa upoyunaHero Ha Kosro pa3[oJrara-
ue c gafi-no,qpo6uo oflr{caHr.re.
uplrgoounra HacToJ{rrIHs clr o6rurx 14 HflKor4 yr{acT.brtrI,I IIo ilpoTexeHrreTo Ha rO)KHaTa
KpellocrHa creHa. IJax r<.bu rasl{ KaMrIaHI4fl cJreABa [a ce orHece a perrrcTprrpaHara
nolpaBKa Ha Kyprrna E uo tpacero Ha 3alaAHara KpelocrHa creHa: cJreA [po6r{B B
:uga, roft e 6vm B'b3craHoBeH, a HenocpeAcrBeHo K'bM BBHITTHOTO My ltu\e e 6ul
npr,rcrpoeH AontJrHr.rreJreH 3r4A c ['bJDKr4rra 10,00 u u ge6enltra 1,25 uar. flocne4nu-
xr (u wah-re;rcx) ygap 6an HaHeceH na Caqnqana npr,r HflKoe or aBapo-cJraBflHcKrr-
Te HalaAeHr{, B caMoro Har{aro ua VII s. Terminus post quern sa c'slnruero rrpe[oc-
TaBq eAHa MoHera Ha r,rMreparop ManpuxwitTu6epufir, orcer{eHa e 599/600 r.az Ka-
Tel'opl,IqHo e ycraHoBer{o, o6aqe, qe [op}I cJre[ ToBa 6egcrsue xr{Bo]].br n Caqr,rga-
Ba He 3aMpqr Ha['brHo, rro r-f, s6c cr,rrypHocr flpecranarra Aa $ynxquonnpa Ber{e
Karo yKperlen qexrrp43. Apxeoror[qecKr,rrr r4 HyMr,r3Marr{qeH Marepr.raJr cBr{Ae-
TeJrcrByBar sa ueo6esuoKoqBaHo o6uraeaHe Ha repeHa Ao K'bM Kpa{ Ha rperoro
AecerlrJlerlle na VII a.44, crreg Koero pyllHr.rre 6urra oxonqareJrHo HanycHarr.r or
locJlelHHTe >Kr4TeJrr{.
3. Pacosa (FLAVIANA?)
(com. Rasova; jud. Constanfa)
ar
Scorpan 1980, p. 59; I44enruveH KoHcoJraAarlrroHen roxBar e perlrcrpr.rpaH rr [p!r eAHa
orceqra rro rpacero Ha BbHrrrHara ("ulpnara") yrpenr.rrenua IrvrHVfl Ha Hoc Kanlr-
arpa (anr. Tpr.rcalArpe: Bx. crr,orBerHrnx uaparpa$).
a2
Scorpan 1980, p. 66,74.
a3
Ibidem, p.54,74.
aa
Hafi-xrcuara Mouera or Caqugana Aarl{pa or 6131614 r. r{ fipr.ruaArrex]r Ha Moueroceqe-
Hero Ha r.rMreparop l4paxtuil; Ibidem, p.70,74.
a5
Polonic 1935, p. 20; TIR L35, p. 60; Popescu 1976, p.200; Zahariade/Gudea 1997, p.78.
a6
Diaconu 1975,p.2A2.
a7
Scorpan 1980, p. 6; Zahariade 1988, l2l-I22; Zahariade 1996, p. 225.
a8
Irimia 1981, p. 239 sqq.
Aarr,rpoBKa B rreplro[a II-IV s. rr MaJrbK yrracrbK or KpafiAyHaBcKr.rfl pr,rMcKr,r rrGT49.
Yrpenneuuero B MecrHocrra "flecrtpne" rpaft Pacona ce otb)K[ecrBqBa c rto[-
rrepraHo egl,IHoAyrlrre HanocJreg'bK c KacreJra @nasuaua50, cuolreuar egrrHcrBeHo B
Notitia Dignitatum xato 6asos Jlarep Ha BoeHHa ,aacr milites nauclariisr.
SrorcKara
3a ntnpocnara BoeHHa r{acr ce [pegnoJrar]a, lre e r{3rrbJrHflBalralarpyJrua cayx6a n
olpeAeJreH yqacrtK or reqeHr,rero Ha p. [ynan52. ]Ie6oprr Ha MecrofloJroxeHrlero
ua nefiHrnq Jrarep 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo ce o6scrqsa c flpegr.rMcrBara, Kor{To npeAJraraJrr.r
cB'bp3aHr,rre c peKara nJraBareJrHr{ rpaft6pe>xrur e3epa 3a yKpr,rrr.re u 6eeonacuo go-
MyBaHe Ha JreKI{Te perrHr,r xopa6lr53. Lluero @nasuaHa ce rr3Bexga o6muoneso or
reHTl,rJrl,rqr4yMa Ha r,rMneparop Konctanrr,ru I, xoero ce cqr,rra 3a cr,rrypno ocHoBa-
HIIe I,I3rpaXAaHeTO Ha KaCTeJIa Aa Ce OTHeCe K'bM ro[r{HilTe Ha HeTOBOTO yrrpaBJre-
gne54. Crnceu He e JrlrrueHa or ocHoBa:aur, o6aue, u xunore3ara, cnopen KoflTo
$norcrr.rte 6azu Qr,asvaua (n npoBr,rHrlrs Cxlrrna) u Anrunyu (n c'rcegnara Bro-
pa Mueux) 6r,rnra ctsgaAeHr,r eABa rrpu [rMleparop Banenc, BBB Bp'b3Ka c:',c 3acvrlt-
Barrlara ce BapBapcKa 3anJraxa no AyHaBcKara lpaHrrqa Ha r,rMrrepusra'S. Crg6ara
na @nasraHa [pe3 V-VI s. e Heu3BecrHa.
4. AKClrOrrOJrlrc (AxroPoLN)
(CernavodS; jud. Constan(a)
ae
Zahariade 1996, p. 225.
50Zahariade 1988,121-122;Suceveanu/Barnea 1991, passim; Matei 1991, p. 150;Zahariade
1996,p.225.
51
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,20 (ed. Seeck).
s2
Zahariade 1988, p. 89.
53
Vulpe 1970, 44-45; Diaconu 1971, p. 316 (n.24).
5a
Weiss 1911, S. 44; Yulpe 1938, p. 300; Barnea 1968, p. 374;Zahriade 1988, p.122; Barnea
1991a,p.215.
55
Chiriac 1984, p. 308 sqq.
56
flo-crapata Jrr{reparypa e ct6pana n: TIR L35,24-25.
57
Ptol. Geogr.III,9,5 (ed. Miiller).
58
cIL, tII,7485.
fiolen fiynansg. Heroslrqr o$raquaaeu rcpu[nqecKr,r craryr rro roBa BpeMe He e
I{3BecreH, Ho ce [olycKa, qe e IlMaJr paHr Ha civitas60. Boennoro 3HaqeHEe na Axcz-
onoJrrrc r{yBcrBr.,ITerHo HapacHaJro npe3 KacHara aHTr4qHocr, Koraro B.bB Bp'b3Ka c
peaJrr,r3ar{rurra ua pesopMure Ha r.rMreparop KoHcranrun I ryx 6zn ycrauoBeH Jra-
repa u qa6a ua pedatura superior or legio II Herculia6l. Bepoxrno MaJrKo rro-K.bc-
Ho, tIIrIcJIeHocTTa Ha rapHll3ona 6rnna yBeIlarreHa qpeg HacTaHrBaHeTo [r Ha eAHa
uonocSopuupaHa noMoIrIHa qacr milites superventores62. C paenalaHero Ha cr{c-
TeMara Ha K'bcHoprrMcKara BoeHHa - opraHr,r3arlr{fl, or cpeAara na v s. HacerHe Ar-
crro[oJrllc ce pa3BIrJr Karo yKpeueHo ceJrrrqe, MaKap Aa ce flpeAnoJrara, .{e rofi noHe
orqacrr{ rqe na e 3arra3r,rJr H.flKorarrrHrrre crr BoeHHrE $ynxquu63. flpes vI e. roft e
or6ensgan MexAy rpagoaere64 u enrcxoucKlrre qenrpone65 Ha npoBrarrrlrrs,Cxnrus,.
YxpeurarenHara cr{creMa Ha Arcprononuc e 6una qacruqHo npoyrreHa no
BpeMe Ha apxeoJrorr{qecKr4Te pa3Ko[Kr,r npe: 1898-1899 r., Ho, Karo ce r,r3KJr]oqar
KparKI'ITe [pe[Baplrrennra cro6rqoaar66, pe3yJrrarrrre ca ocraHarn ueny6nurysa-
ura' flpuoex<AaHl,ITe or c'bBpeMeHHI{Te r,r3cJleABarrrr AaHHrr ce .r-Io3oBaBar, c.blrlo ra-
Ka, Ha p'bKoII[Icl4Te Ha OTqeTr,ITe 3a [poBeAeHrrre KaMrraHI{Ir, ccxpaHflBaHU nOUaC-
ToqlIeM s 6u6nnoteKara Ha Pyu'rncxara aKaAeMr.r, Ha HayKr,rre. Baxnra nogpo6-
Hocrrl ce c'bA'bpxar I,I B ABe no-K'bcHr.r olrdcaHprrl Ha crapl{Hlrre, 6asupanL4 Ha rl{rrH11
na6nro4enlra (z uslrepnauwa) ua rexHr4Te arropra6T.
Yrpenure.nxa:ra uuspacrpyKTypa Ha K'bcHoaH Tu-qrtvs, Arczouonrc ce pa3-
BI{Jra Ha ocHoBara Ha KtcuopraMcKr,rr RoeHeH Jrarep, xortro cnopen HacraHeHlrfl B
Hero rapHI'IsoH 6I,I MorbJr rIzrIoJIorI{lrecKI{ [a ce olpeAeJllit Karo castra, MaKap 3a
ToBa Aa HrIMa HUKaKBI4 IrrIcMeHr{ r{Jrn efl[rpaScxu cnegenns. Toft 3aeMaJr cpegHara
IIJraroBIaAHa qacr Ha eAHo I.ISA'bJrXeHO I{ [JraBHO CHr,r[raBarltrO ce oT Iorou3ToK Ha
ceBepo3arlaA e3rlKoBtrAuo xpafigyuaBcKo B'b3Br{rrreHr,re, orpaHrrqeHo or ceBeporr3-
roK or gsn6ox go#8 1O6p. 4-6). Tpacero Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHuf KperocreH 3rrA e npe-
[o[peAeJreHo or ron$r,rryparlrf,Ta Ha repeHa, IIopaAtr Koero yKpenJreHr4ero uMa
5e
Vulpe 1938, p. 210,214,236,256.
oSuceveanu/Barnea 1993, p.
164 sqq.
6t
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 30 (ed. Seeck); B:rercra l,ivrecro pedatura superior crou pedatura
inferior, Koero e oqeBr.rAno rperura Ha Kolr.rcra, nx.: Top6aroe r99r, c.229 ctr..
62Not. Dign. Or.
XXXX, 2l (ed. Seeck).
63
Barnea 1991a, 180-181.
e Hier. Synecd. 637,9 (ed.
Parrhey).
65
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3,643).
66
Tocilescu 1903, p. 354 sqq. Ha nperu na6nro4enur or pa3rorKr,rre e 6asupaHo r.r KparKoro
onlIcaHl'Ie s: Polonic 1935, 20-21 (II. flononux e Sarruuecxr.rrr pbKoBoAr{reJr Ha
pa3Korxr.rre n Arcuononlrc upe3 1898-1899 r.).
67
Netzhammer 1918, 113-128; Schuchardt 1918,56-59.
68
Tonorpa$rrzraHao6e<ra e 4o6pe orucaHa n: Gajewska 1974,p.10g, r47-14g.
o: 10 80 lzo
$
\
*-4 z-T
J
Akrapoti r
AXI O-
IJ
lu
/r
0
oLr s
Q,
HelpaBuJreH noJrr{roHaJreH [JraH c MaKcr4rMaJrHr'r pa3Meprr oKoJro 200 x 135 na69. flloul-
Ta }"ry B'b3Jrr,Ba Ha oK. 1,5 xa. flpeg $poHTa Ha ['broBI,IAHo rr3BLrTaTa roror{3TotrHa
Kpe[ocrna creHa ce sa6erxsna eAHo cegroo6pasuo ABycrpaHHo crecurrBar{e Ha no-
rlyocrpoBa, Koero Beporrno ce A'bJrxr.r Ha r,r3KycrBeua (go)o6pa6orra Ha repeHa.
Yxpeunenrnero e pa3[oJraraJro c ABe floprlr - ceBepua rr roxHa. Cerepnara Eopra e
[JrbrHo $natr upana or ABe npaBotrbJrHrrr KyJIIr, [3AaBarrlu ce ABycrpaHHo Ha Kpe-
rlocruara creua. Mexly rax e o$opMeH [poxog c A'bJrxerHa or. 8,00 M, crecueu
npu6rursureJrHo B cpeAara nocpeAcrBoM ABa KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo cB'bpsaHrr rrr{Jracrpa
go 3,50 Iu. Oxnara ropra e rulrpoKa 4,25 u u vtua rna['bK flpoxoA, SraHrr,rpan or
B'brperrrHr,rre creHr{ Ha EBe U-nugulr ryrrn7o. flo rpacero rra 3a[aAHru yqacrbK or
ceBepo3arragHara Kpe[ocrHa creua, n ny6nurynaur.r-rr or Ip. Tounnecry nlauTl e
or6enssaHo Mecro[oJloxeHr2rero Ha olqe e[Ha KyJIa, Korro e c rlerr,rputr'bJleH flJrar{
rI ce r.I3AaBa HaBEH or cr6panureJruara rrurHprs. fle6ernnara Ha Kpe[ocrur,rfl 3r,r[ B
npoyqeHr,rre yqacrcqn B'b3Jrr.r3a na 3,50 u. lpagexrr Ha yKpe[r{TeJrHr4Te c'bop'b-
6e
Pasvepure ca cropeA uy6rNrysaung or K. Illyxapar unan: Schuchardt 1918, p. 57 (Abb.
22); lturupanr{re or M. 3axapnage MerprtrHr.r AaHHH (Zahariade 1988, p. 123) ce
orHacrr BcbrrlHocr Ao 6rnrapcrara paHHocpeAHoBeKoBHa Kpeflocr, r,r3rpaAeHa B]pxy
pyI,IHr{Te Ha KbcuoauTnqnux ArcuorroJrr{c.3a uocreAuara, Bx.: Kyren/ftore,res 1981,
20t-202.
70
Onr,rcanr.rero r.r pa3Mepnre ca cropeA: Schuchardt 1918, p. 58 (Abb. 23).
7r
Tocilescu 1903, p. 358.
xeHlrr e B opus implectum, Karo JIT.II{ara ca ooopMeHr{ Ha MecTa c MHoro roJreMrr r{
crapareJrHo o6pa6oteru,r KBaAplI. flpequruu na6nrogennx r,r AoKyMeHTarIrrr Btpxy
mpaurrpa$vtflTa Ha Arcr,Ionoruc JIIa[cBar. HerassecrHo IIo KaKBr{ TorrHo c'bo6pa-
xeHILff, [poyqBaTeJII{Te AaTtrpaT I,BrpilKAaHeTo Ha K'bCIIOaETIltrIHaTa My yKpelII-
TeJIHa cucreMa B'bB BpeMero Ha r,rM[epatop KoucraHT[rH I. Taslt Aarr,rl]oBKa ce oc-
[opBa (crrqo 6es ronxperHl,I apryMenru!) or HsKor,r cBBpeMeHHr,r r,rgcre[Barrlt, Korr-
To orHacqr crpol,rreJrcrBoro K6M rreprroga Ha flrpaara rerpapxr{Jr1z.B eguu[o-K.b-
ceH era[, yKpeneHara [Jrorq na Arcrnonorrac6urarryBcrBurerHo yBerr,rqeua (c oxo-
Jro 0,8 xa) upes flpfic'beArruflsaHdro KGM He{ Ha ceBepo3alaArrrl, rpafi u qacr or
noAHox<rrero Ha B'b3Br{rrreHr{ero, Btpxy Koero 6ur usrpageH nbpBouaqaJrHr,rq Boe-
HeH Jrarep. Paanrupeunero 6uao 3arrltrTeHo c HoBor.r3AlIruara Kpeuocrua creHa c
noJrrrroHaJrerr nJraH, cB'bp3aHa c [o-paHHoro yKpenJrespre. flo rpacero i ca perncr-
pwpanr ABe rroprlr, flJrarrro Slaurupau[ or rro egua gror:rxa qerr,rprrtrLJrur,r KyJrr.r
(6acmonn?), raxro tl olqe eAHa KyJra c He[peq[3rEpan (neporrrro ctrrlo rrerup['b-
rrneu?) nJrau. HonousrpaAeHara KpelocrHa creHa ce narr,rpa uafi-o6qo o VI n.73,
Koero AaBa ocHoBauvre rA Aa 6rAe cB'bp3aHa c ofl]rcauara or flpoxonrrft crponrel-
na geftnocr Ha r{Mrreparop trOmnnuan I r gonnoAyHaBcKr{Te 3eMr{, 3acerHuura B qac-
THocr lr AxcuouonucT4. E4uo srauro Mouerrro c'bKpoBr.rqe c nari-rrcxr,r eK3eM[Jrq-
pI,I or y[paBJreHr.rero Ha Tw6epufit II KoucraurunTs crugereJrcrByBa, qe rpag'br ro-
Hec'bJI Te)<TK yAap rlo BpeMe Ha rrflKoe oT aBapo-cJraBflrrcK[Te Ha[aAeHr,r, or cpeAa-
ra na 80-re roAI{HIr na VI s. CrqerpeueHHo, HyM}r3Marr,rqHr{flT Marepr(aJr rroKa3Ba,
qe o6prtanaHero Ha M.ncroro rrpo[]Jrx<l,rJro r,r Epe3 Harriuru[Te necervilersrs.Ha VII s. 76
5. Cefiuenx
(com. Seimeni; jud. Constanla)
72
Scorpan 1980, p. 39 Zahariade 1988, p.123.
73
Scorpan 1980, p. 39, 108
7a
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
7s
Poenaru/Bordea/Ocheqeanu 1983-1985, p. 177 sqq.
76
Hafi-xrcnara rr3BecrHa Aocera MoHera or ArcxouoJrr{c or pa3urexgaHlrf, rrepuoA e eAr,rH
Qonuc Ha r,rMreparopl4paxtruil.or 6141615 r.: Ibidem, p. 191 (nr.6).
77
PArvan 1912,p.555 (n. 3); Florescu 1924,p.88 sqq.; Polonic 1935, p.21; Popescu 1976,p.
212;lSM V, p. 17;Scorpan 1980, p.6.
78
Florescu et al. 1958, p. 25 (qunnnuo ceJrurqe or "flo-xacsa enoxa").
7e
Ilfxopnrur tr940, 530-53 1.
craBq BpyMrHcKara Hayqna KHprxHrrHa raro or6paHI{TeJIeH eJIeMeI{T Ha cer[qero
or pr.rMcKara efloxa. II. flonoslm cro6qana r{ 3a pI{McKo yKpelJIeHrIe B 3ala[HI4rI
rpafi na repacara, or Koero ga6e.:rg:a.n ocraHKI{ caMo or I{3TorIHI{fl 3LrA, yclopegeH
Ha AyHaBcKr.rx 6pxr80. CrqecmynaHero na uoqo6no yKperIJIeHI4e He ce rrorB'bpx-
AaBa or [poBegeHlrre MaJIKo rIo-K'],cHo cr{creMul{ o6xoxcnanuq I.r KoHTpoJIHIa apxe-
oJror[qecKrl coHAa)KI{ Ha roBa ugqro8l tr ce npeM'brqaBa B HoBr{Te [poyrrBaHl,rfl,
[ocBereHu Ha pr,rMcKara r{ KBcHoaHTlrqHa $opru$uraql{Jl B peruona82. Brglto;xno
e fI. flonosrrK Aa e r4HTeprperl,IpaJl Karo Kpenocrua crena eAI{H or uo-go6pe saua-
3eHr{Te yrracrbrlr.r Ha cpe[HoBeKoBHr{rr nar. EgnnctBeHlrre cl,IrypHo KoHcrarI{paHI{
cJreAr{ or aHTInqHo SoprNQr,maqr{orrrro crpor,rreJrcreo r parloxa ce cBe)KAar go "K'bc-
Ha" crpaxeBa KyJra c pa3MepI,I 20 x 20 M, I{34rmHara B'bpxy rl3AaBalrtro ce ot 6pero-
r,ara rr:rr:aus, xpaftgynancxo B'b3Bl{rlreuue. II{o ce orlrac.fl go ynorpe6eHara crpoll-
TeJrrra TexHr{Ka, KyJraTa pa3KprrBaJra roJrsMo cxoAcTBo c rpaAe)Ka Ha KperIocTHL{Te
creulr na Kanugana83. Tosa AaBa ocnoBauue rq yBepeuo Aa ce Aarl{pa B KbcHopI'IM-
cKara eloxa lrAa ce oilpe[eJrfl TrlfloJrorruecKr,r Karo burgus. flo scrlqxo JIITqI{, rre
orKpr{TrrflT cpeg pyr,rHr,rre Ha aHTutruoro I,I cpeAHoBeKoBHo ceJII{qe upu Cefurreruz
crpor,rreJren Hagnrrc or BpeMero na flrprata rerpapxruIS4 cle4oa Aa ce [ocraBr4
B'bB BpB3Ka r{MeHHo c lr3rpaxgaHero Ha roeu 6ypr. flonacroxuqeM He Mo)Ke Aa ce
ycTaHoBr{ c [oJro)KlrreJrHocr AoKora e [poc'brrlecTByBaJro B'brlpocHoTo yrpennenueS5.
6. KArrr{IABA (CAPIDAVA)
(s. Capidava llusute Calachioi/; com. Topalu; jud. Constantra)
80
Polonic 1935,p.21.
81
Florescu et al. 1958, p. 25.
82
Scorpan 1980, 7 ; Zahariade/Gadea 1997, 7 8-7 9.
83
Ibidem, p. 65; Florescu 1927-32, p. 495.
8a
Popescu 1976, Nb 205 (nx. u pa3Aerla PRAESIDIUM n f.rrana II.1).
85
Or seuanrqero Ha Cefiueuu (neuanecrno rorrHo orr<bAe) uponsxox4a $onuc Ha I{M[epa-
rop lOcrnuuan I or 538/539 r.: Papasima/Vertan 1995'1996,p.276, nr. 16.
86
CuouenanautrHTe Kaull(asa aHTurrHr,r rrncMerr{ }r3Boprr u 6e.uexrra ga seilnoto ucropll-
rrecKo pa3Blrrue ca [pI{BeAeHI{ s: Florescu et al. 1958,7-24;sx. crulo: TIR L35,
29-30.
87
3a soeHuara ucroplr.E na Kanu.qasa [pe3 efloxara na flpnuquuara, Bx.: Aricescu 1977,
passim.
88
Matel 1987, p. 95 sqq.; Matei 1991, 150-152.
[a3Ba 3HalreHr{er0 cr{ Ha BaxeH BoeIreH qeHT'bp, B KoriTo B Kpag na III nllr Haqaro-
To Ha IV B. e 3acBruerencrByBaHa KaBaJrepul?cKa qacr, o3l{arreHa B e[rrrpaScrure
raMerHr{qrur raro vexillatio Capidavensium/equites scutarii/vexillatio fequitum]
scutariorum8g. Cnope4 [aHHr4Te rta Notitia Dignitatum, KtAero Kanugana I,I3pxiIHo e
or6erxgaHa xaro castellum, cJreA BoeHrrr{Te pe$oprraz Ha I{M[eparop Konuranrr,rn I
B Heq JrarepyBaJra Apyra rasarepuftcKa rlacr - cuneus equitum Solensiumgo. flpes
VI s. KauugaBa Berre $urypupa n oSuqualHl{Te AoKyMeHTI4 cpeA rpagoneregl u
enr{cKorrcKr{Te rIeHTpoBe Ha IIpoBLrHtTut Cxvrwx92. flpes efloxara Ha paHl{oro cpeA-
HOBeKOBI{e, B'bpxy pyuHI{Te Ha KBCHOaHTT.TIIHI,I,I rpaA BG3IIUKHaJIO TOJITMO CTapO-
6snrapcro ceJrrrule, Koero npoc'blrlecrByBaJro Ao KBM cpeAara ria XI s.
B peeylrar Ha cr,rcreMHrrre apxeoJrorl{llecKl,I pa3KorrKl/t, [poBe)KgaHpr c uI3-
BecrHr{ [peK'bcBaurru{ or t924 r. [ocera, rroHacrorlqeM pa3noJlaraMe c ugo6r.rluu
AaHHrr orHocHo K'bcHoaIrrI{tIHaTa yKpelI,ITeJIHa cplcreMa na Kanugana93 1O6p. 7;.
Ycr:anoseHo e, qe r{3rpuKgaHero Ha K'bcHop[McKLIq KacreJI e [peAllrecrByBal{o or
rrJIaHoMepeH IIeMOHTaX I{a CTrrIeCTByBaJrr.rfl Ha c'blrloTo MscTo BoeHeH Jlarep oT e[o-
xara Ha flpunqunara. Huaelnparrrrre Ao HI{Boro Ha roraBarrrHlr, TepeH oKoJroB-
p:bcTHr4 3I{AoBe Ha paHHopI4McKLtf JIaIep 6unu nrpageHl{ Ha MecTa n Cy6crpyrquxta
Ha KperrocrHrrre creHr{ Ha KacreJra, rottno Bepof,THo or.tacrl,I B.s3rlpol{3Be>xhan ga-
BapeHaTa [JraHoBa cxeMa. Yxpennenlrero 6ulo I,I3AI,IrIIaTo IIa AyHaBcKI,Ix 6pxr, e
ca:lllzrfl rparl ua cKaJII{cTaTa I{ BI{coKa ryr oxbno 10 u xpaftperlHa Tepaca. flopagu
B.L3Mo)Krro flpolaqaHe Ha qacrrr or 6pera B MI4HaJIoro ra oco6eno B'bB Bp'b3Ka c
aKTr{Brrara aHTpoloreHna geftnour or Haqaroro ua XX 8., 3arIaAHI{rIT'btBJI I4 qacr
or roro3arragHara crpaHa Ha yKpelJreHrrero ca Ha['bJIHo pa3pyrueHl{. B nacroxultm
crr Br.{A To }rMa MaKcr{MaJrH}r pa3Mepu oKoJro 130 x 100 M, a 3ala3eHI,ITe My ocraHKr{
lpellloJraraT ['bpBoHarraJreH npaBo'br.bJleH [JraH C [OAqepTaHLr eJreMeHTI4 Ha CLI-
Merpr{fl, xorl,ro BrrocJregcrBr4e e flperbpflsr HsKoL{ c'blrlecrBeHI,r tpanc$opMalllrl{.
Kpenocrnara creHa na Kanngaea Bapllpa n qe6eluna or 2,7 0 (upu Kyla 5) 9o 3,47 r't
(ryp:ruurn F N G unpv Kyra 5). CynepcrpyxlllrrITa e orAeJIeHa or cy6crpyrqrrlra c
6anxet c pa3Jr[qHa rrrrplrxa, rofiro, flopaAll AeHr{BeJIaqLIJITa Ha repeHa, Ira Mecra
ctblaJroBllgHo ce rr3KalrBa. flo uporexeulrero Ha 3arla3eHara tlacr or Kpeflocrulrfl
3uA ca perr4crpr.rpanu 8 xynu: 3 [paBo'LrbJlnu (or rflx ABe ce o[peAeJlflT Karo
"phrouria", [peABIrA roJIeMI{Te LrM pa3MepI{), 2 U-rugnu,2 nerputoo6paonu (n ce-
BepHr.rfl r{ B }r3TorIHux rru) ra I nonrnronamra. C Il3KJI}or{eHLre Ha TIoJII{roHaJrHara,
8e
Popescu 1976, Nr 220,221.
e0
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX,4;XXXIX, 13 (ed. Seeck).
eL
Hier. Synecd. 631 , l0 (ed. Parthey).
e2
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia3,644).
e3
Florescu 1927-32, p. 483 sqq.; Florescu 1935-36, p. 351 sqq.; Florescu 1937-40, p.345
sqq.; Florescu 1945-47, p. 209 sqq.; Florescu et al. 1958' 25-72; Florescu 1975,p.
361 sqq. (ouucanuero Ha yxpeflr.rreJrHr.rre cl,opbxHl,It B u3noxeuuero rlo-Aony e
6arnpaHo na o6o6rqenure AaHHI, uy6nuryrann s: Florescu et al. 1958).
CA P I DAVA
?
t
/
ai
a)
ooo1056&
#
ea
Florescu et aL 1958, 21-28 (ulrp]r orurcaHr.rero Ha orAerrHr{Te xynn).
e5lbidem, p. 39.
e6Ibidem, 66-72.
TaBeHa, a B roxHlz.fi iI lrln 6rzno usrpaAeHo eAHo MaJrKo yKperrJreHr.re ("Kacrer"),
o6rarasaHero Ha Koero [poA'bJrxrrJro npes VI s.
flpegtoxeuara or Ip. @nopecKy xpouoJrorr4qecKa cxeMa 3a pa3Blrrr,rero Ha
yKpe[rrreilHara cl{creMa na KanugaBa ce flolA'bp)Ka n o6qu tt ]fluu or MHo3r,rHcr-
Boro c'bBpeMeHHI{.E3creqBaqlr, Ho c HflKor{ KopeKrlr4rr lr vlogu$zraqura. Tara uan-
pr,IMep, ra3fpax[aHeTo Ha K'bcHopIIMcKuq KacTerr [oHacTorrqeM eAr.,rHoAyrrrHo ce oT-
Hac.f, K'bM [epproAa xa fl'rpnara rerpapxraxgT. or gpyra crpaHa, BHzMareJrHvttff aHa-
JrI,IS Ha yuotpe6euuTe B KpeuocTHaTa cTeHa crporrTeJrHr,r rexHr{Kr{ [o3BoJrr,r Aa ce
rnqenru$uqflpar rpLI orqerJll{Br.r KoHcrpyKTr4nura $aara, cB'bp3aHr,r c nefrsoro Syilr-
rlr4oHr4paHe'*. IIIo ce orHacs Ao nocJre4uara KoHcrpyKTr{BHa $aea cnope[ cxeMara
na Ip. @.nopecry, [arlrpoBKara ir ce uocraB.fl Betre B Kpafl na Wuaqaloro Ha VII s.,
Karo B'b3HI{KBaHero Ha r. Hap. "K.sceH Kacrer" ce o6gcnssa c [pacrlrrrHo cBr{BaHe
Ha ){<IrBOTa CJIeA IIpex([IBtHO TeXKO pa3pyureHrre npr{ HrKoe oT aBapo-cJraBqHcKr,rTe
Halageulrfl no roBa npeue99. CrqenpeueHHo, HanpegBaHero Ha flpoyrrBaHr{flTa B.bB
B'brperrrHocrra I{a yKpeneHara repuropr.rJr npeAocraBrr Ba>r(Hra crparurpaScKrr AaH-
H8100, cuoco6croyBalr{Ir 3a I{3tcHsBaHe Ha pelraIla acrreKTr4 or xpoHoJrotrrflTaua Ka-
rII,IAaBa rlpe3 K'bcHaTa aHTlltllHocrl0l. BcFrxo roBa [aBa cep]Io3HI{ ocHoBaHuq 3a npe-
pa3rJre)KAaHe r{ BHacrHe Ha c'bqecTBeHr,r KopeKrluuBHaMilpaqaTa ce B HayqHa yloT-
pe6a xpouoror[qecKa cxeMa orHocHo eralr{Te B pa3Brrrr{ero Ha seriuara yKpenu-
TEJIHA CIICTEMA.
Ha nrpeo Mflcro, [plrHalJre)KHocrra Ha r. Hap, "K'bceH Kacrer" KBM KtbcHo-
aHTr{qHara SopruQuxaqrrfl cJre[Ba perur.rreJrHo Aa ce orxBcpnu. Orqe B Har{aroro
sa 60-re roAr{Hr{, fI. fixrony apryMeHTrrpaHo ce rrporrcHece rro ro3ra B.b[poc, Aarr.r-
pafixu yKpeirJreHrrero B eroxara Ha paHHoro cpe4HoBeKoBr{e (n X n.) 102. Cneg xaro
He HaMepI,Ixa y6egurenHl{ KoHTpaapryMeHTr,r, HeroBrrre oloneHTr{ rroHacrorqeM ce
3agoBoJrflBar c upeMbrlrlaBaHe Ha caMara re3a, rro[Atpxafixu craHaJrara Beire rpa-
ArlrlrroHna AarrrpoBKa B Kpiu Ha VVna.raJroro Ha VII s. Hanzqe e, o6ave, u oqe
eAI,rH He[puBI[r{aH B HayrIHaTa AI/cKyCIIfl AOCera, HO HeOC[Opr,rM OT apxeofloruqec-
Ka rJreAHa roqKa AoBo[, cBr.rAereJIcrByBaIrI 3a cpeAHoBeKoBHr,IrI npor.r3xoA Ha "K.bc-
Hr,rfl KacreJr". KaKTo e I{3BecrHo, B'b3urrKHaJroro Bcpxy pyuHure na Kanu4asa cra-
po6tnrapcxo ceJrlrqe 6uno yxpeneHo K'bM Kpaq Ha IX unz B Har{aJroro na X s. c
e7
Scorpan 1980, p. 37;Zahariade 1988, 124-125.
e8
Florescu 1975, p. 361 sqq.
sPetre1963,337-346;Scorpan1980,36-37;Zahariade1988,p.125;Barneal99la,p.l82.
r00
flopagu I{HTeH3LrBHoro r{ [poA]nxr{TeJrHo o6uranane Ha M-rrcroro rrpe3 e[oxara na 6r.rr-
rapcKoro paHHo cpeAnoBeKoBr.re (4o KbM cpe.(ara ua XI n.), K:r,cuoaHTr,rqur.rrr Kyn-
TypeH flnacr e cI{JIHo Hapylren or .uu6oro BKo[aHr{Te cpeAHoBeKoBHr,r xr{nrrqa,
Koero 3arpy.qnrBa r{3BbHpeAHo MHoro Bo.qeHero Ha rrpeqr{3ur.r crparurpaScrr.r sa6-
JITOAEHI,Ifl.
rot Florescu/Covacef 1988-89, p. 197 sqq.; Covacef 1988.89, p. 187 sqq.
to2
Diaconu 1962, S. 330 (Anm. 71).
KaMeHeH 3rag Ha KaJrHa crroriKa, B'b3cfl[alq r rtpultruznreJrHo cJIeABaITI Tpacero Ha
ocTaHKr{Te oT ceBepo3arlaAHaTa, ceBepoH3TorIHa I'I }OIO[3TOrrHa KbCHOaIrTI4r{HI,I Kpe-
rrocrHrr creHl,r103. flpu6ml:ureJlHo B cpeAara Ha lorol{3Tor{Hara KpelocrHa creHa,
cpeAHoBeKoBHrrflT orpaAeH 3uA Ha KaJrHa cnofixa flpeK'bcBa, a or roBa Mrlcro B ]olo-
3anaAHa nocoKa, IIo cBrrloTo Tpace [poAaJDKaBa IBrpaAeHIrrT Ha xopocanosa cnofira
Iorou3TorIeH 3I,rA Ha "KacTeIa". Marap ToBa HIrK'bAe Aa He HaMIIpa TeKcToBlI u:pa:,
B6pXy CHI{MKr{Te I{ IIJIaHa, rrpIIAppKaBaIqLI OTr{eTa 3a apxeoJIorIIqecKIITe pa3KonKl',I
n Kanugara npe3 nepuoAa 1940-1945 r. 104,
cBBceM flcHo JII'Iqu, qe, He[ocpe[crBeHo
lpeAr,r upeK:bcBaHeTo My, yKpenrrTeJrHrrfT 3IIA Ha CpeAHOBeKOBHOTO CeJIlIilIe e ilpo-
pfl3aH OT poBa Ha "KacTeJIa". flocoqenuar $axt He caMo [OTB'bpxqara 6eocnop-
Hr,Iq cpeAHoBeKOBeH [pOI43xoA Ha T. Hap. "K'bceH KacTeI", HO II cBIIAeTeJIcTByBa, qe
r:ofi garupa or 3aKrrorrrrreJrn[, nepr{og na o6u:rasaHero Ha cpeAHoBeKoBuoro 6bJI-
rapcKo ceJrrrnle.
Btsocuosa ua rry6runyBaHr.rre Aocera pe3yJrrarrr or apxeoJIoruqecKllTe rtpo-
yr{BaHlrfl n Kanugana, B pa3Brrrrirero na uefiHara yKpe[pITeJrHa crlcreMa Irpe3 K'bcHo-
aHTr4rrHara enoxa Morar ga ce o6oco6tr rpn ocHoBHlI KoHcrpyKTldonu Sasu. fhp-
Bara e cBBp3aHa c r,r3rpaxnauero a fundamentis Ha KccHopullcKrrfl KacreJr, '{uftro
rlrnocTeH opurl{HaJleH nJIaH He MO)Ke Aa ce B'b3cTaHoBI{ cbc cllrypHocT' Ilopa[tl
pa3pyrrraBaHeTo Ha roro3anaAHrUr BrBJr Ha yKpelJreHIreTo, ToTaJIHaTa [O-K'bcHa pe-
KOHCTpyKqIITI Ha rO)KHt4g yr{acT'bK oT rorou3ToltHaTa KpenocTHa cTeHa I'I Heflpoyqe-
HocTTa n gu6ouuna Ha Io)KIII{, ceKTop Ha yKpeneHaTa Tepl,ITopur. K'rrvr ['bpBoHa-
qaJrHaTa nJIaHoBa cxeMa Hec'bMHeHO IIpI,IHaAilexaT qeTLrpI,IBrbJrHIITe, nerpunoo6-
pa3Hr,rre u U-rugurarg KyJrIr, rrpe Bce rre B Hacrofll\rlr. c\t BtrA HTIKoI{ or rqx npelc-
TaBJrflBaT qacTuqHa gJII4 IIflJIocTHa B'b3cTaHoBKa oT [o-K'bcHo BpeMe. Maxap orx-
pr,rTr,rTe cpeA pa3BaJrr4HIrTe rr B rpaAexa Ha yKpe[UTeJIHI{Te C'bOp'bXeHI{q JIanI,IAap-
na enurpa$cKr,r naMerHrrqrrlo5 Aa ce cB'bp3Bar o6I{KHoBeHo c'bc cJregBarrvr peKoHc-
TpyKrlr{u, yno:rpe6ara,Ha MHo3rirucrBoro or rflx Karo crpolrreJreH Marepl{aJr cJIeABa
Aa ce [ocraBn B'bB Bp'b3Ka uMeHHo c naft-pannara K'bcHoaHTIrqHa KoHcrpyKTIrBHa
Sasa. II{o ce orHac, [o Heriuara craHaJra Beqe rpa[uqlroHHa AarrrpoBKa B.bB BpeMe-
To Ha fltpaara rerpapxufl, 3a roBa 3acera HflMa HI{KaKBI,r KoHKperHu apryMeHTLI.
Qarrtr, qe HoBoro crpor,rreJrcrBo e 6r,rJro [peAlnecrByBaHo or cl{creMaruqeH n
ToraJreH neMoHTax Ha no-paHHprt BoeHerr Jlarep cBlrAereJrcrByBa, r{e ro e 6I4Jro [peA-
lpr.rero B rreprroA ua (npog'rnxr,rreJrHo?) orcBcrBlrle Ha KaKBaro u ga 6uto 3anJlaxa
rro [oJrHoAyHaBcKaTa rpaHIIIIa na Puucxata I{MnepHr. ApxurertypHaTa KoHIIen-
r{rr-f, Ha ceBeporr3ToqHara Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa Ha Kan[AaBa pa3Kpl,rBa u'bJrHa IrAeH-
r03
Florescu et aI.1958, 68-72; Florescu 1967,p.259 sqq.;Kyrer 19816,202-204; Parues
19826,145-1,47.
roa p.212
Florescu 1945-47 , sqq. (Pl. D.
ros
EunrpaScKIr{T Mareplrarl or Kauugana e [pel'r3AaAen n: ISM V, 8-54; Popescu 1976,
tft220-228.
TlrqHocr u:lu lttusxu napaJreJrrr c orAeJrurr ceKTopr{ or yKpenr,rreJrHara crrcreMa Ha
IIflJIa [opelurla K'bcHoprrMcKr{ yKperreHrr r{eHTpoBe B rrpoBraHrryrare Bropa Mnzus, n
Cxr,rrr.rs (.flrpyc, A6puryc, Tpesruruc-I4orox, Tponeyu Tpaxnu,l46uya), u3rpaxna-
HeTO Ha KOUTO HeC'bMHeHO [p[HaAJrexrr K'bM e[Ha rr C'bIIIa peruoHaJrHa BOeHHO-
crporrreJrHa flporpaMa, rrur,rquupaHero Ha Korro Harir-nepoarHo cJreABa Aa ce upu-
urrrre ua Jft,rqlrnuri, a oxouvareJrHoro 3aBtprrlBaHe Ha Koncranrrzu I n nepuoga
-
weg324 r. 106 Marap [poyrlBaHero Ha AoJrHIrre xI{JrrIIr{HrI xoprr3oHTla B yKpe[eHa-
Ta repr{Toprg na KanrAaBa Aa ce HaMr,rpa B HaqaJreH cra4nit r{ oKoHqareJrHtrTe 3aK-
JrrorreHr{rr Ha ro3}r era[ Aa ca npu6rpsaHr{, He Moxe Aa He ce or6enexz, qe uari-cra-
prrre nocrpofir[ s ceKTop E s'be BtTpeuHocrra Ha KacreJra ca Aarupar or pa3Ko[-
naqa Hari-o6u1o n fV r. 107 fly6nnKyBaur,rrrr Aocera HyMrr3Mar[qeH MareprraJr ot o6er-
Ta c'brrlo flpeAcraBrr rBtpAe I{HcrpyKT}rBHa KapruHal08, Hauuparqa ce B uGJrHo c'br-
racve c npeAJroxeHaTa [aTr,rpoBKa Ha K'bcHop]IMcKkt5. KacTefi He flo-paHo oT c'bB-
MecrHoro ynpaBJreurre Ha Jluqznuft pr KoncrasruH I, a ou1e [o-Beporruo eABa B -
rrepflona cneg324 r. 109 PagnnqfiMara B ocrar{Klrre or yKpenlrreJrurlre ctopcxeH]r,
na KanugaBa BTopa KoucrpyKTrrnua $asa rpaArlqrloHHo ce orHac, K'bM BTopara
[oJroBuHa na fV B. r{ ce cB'bp3Ba c 4eftuoctra Ha }IMnepatop Ba.neuc B fipoBr,rHrlrr.f,
Crurrnsll0. Ts sKrro.{sa: rlqrocrHo rrper,I3rpaxAaHe Ha Kyra 1 Btpxy Hr{BeJrr,rpaHrr-
Te ocraHKrr na nerinu.fl npegrrrecrBeH[K, c[opeA ['bpBo-HaqaJrHlr-fl qerupuarbreH
[JraH, HO C r{3BeCTHa pa3JrrrKa B pa3Mepr,rre; qacrr,rqHo rlpel,I3rpaxAaHe Ha cynepcr-
pyKr{r{rra Ha Kynu 2,4 u 6 nrpxy 3aBapeHl,rre ocHoBrr; yA'bJrxaBaHe na Kyra 7 ua
Iorolr3ToK; rr3ocraBsHe na Kyru 3 u5 uHIrBeJrLtpaHe Ha rexHrrre ocraHKl,r Ao HI,IBoro
HaToraBarlHilr TepeH; rronpaBKa r,r KoHcoJrrrAa\vs,Ha BBHIIIHOTo JIT,IIIe Ha KpenocT-
(Kyprnuu B, C, D u E, a oraracrrr - A lr F) c ynotpe6a Ha opus vittatum.
Hprre creHr{
Cuopeg HoBr{Te flpoyqBaHtrfi r Cerrop V na Kauugana, pa6orure no yKpe[ureJrHa-
106
Tegara e rpeAcraBena r: Top6aros 2000, 26-30.
ro7
Covacef 1995-1996, p. 95 (n. 1).
r08
Moueruure HaxoAKr{ or: Kanugana ca uy6rxrynann n: Poenaru/Bordea 1976-1980,p.247
sqq.; Vertan/Custurea 1981, 334-335; Poenaru/Bordea 1983-1985, p. 169 sqq.;
Vertan/Custurea I 986, p. 298; Vertan/Custurea 1988-1989, 378-380; Vertan/Custurea
1992, 384-386; C,rsturea et al. 1997,376-378. O6o6qenrero na uy6;ruKyBaHrre
AaHH[r rrora3Ba cneAHoro: creA [oBerre or 20-ro4urueu xr{aryc, B KoHcTarrrpaHara
MoHerHa cpeAa ce rroflB.sBar ABa eK3eM[Jrrpa or rrocne.qnoro Aecerl{Jrerrae na III a.,
cneA r(oero orHoBo crre4Ba xr.raryc, o6xnauraur rrsroro rrbpBo Aecerunerr{e Ha IV s.
Or cauoro Haqaro Ha BToporo Aecerr{Jler[e 6poxr Ha MoHerr,rre ps3xo HapacrBa,
Karo KoHrleHTpaur.rflra ce rraAa B treprroAa 317-364 r.
roe
Msoro cepllo3Ho ocHoBaHlre sa noAo6no rBbp.qeHue Aasa [go6nruero rra [per,r3[oJr3y-
Bal,i.lafiD rpa4exa eunrpa$crr,r Marepr,ran c e3r,rqecKu KynroB xapaKTep: Bx. [o-noA-
po6no rro ro3r.r Bbupoc f.nasa I.2.
rl0 Florescu
et al. 1958, 67-68; Florescu 1975,p.365; Scorpan 1980, p. 37;Zahariade 1988,
p.125.
Ta cl'rcTeMa cJre[Ba Aa ce'fbJrKyBaT KaTo eJreMeHT OT eAHa MaCI,rpaHa cTpoI,ITeJrHO-
B-b3cTaHoBHTeJIHa KaMlaHI{q, o6xsaHaIa IIsJraTa Tepr,rTopr.rfl Ha KacTeJra r4 [oBeJIa
Ao npOMeHI4 B [JIaHI,IpoBKaTa Ha B'bTpeIIIHoTo npocTpaHcTBo. 3a ToBa cBr4AeTeJrcT-
ByBa [oHe rracrl4r{Horo [peLI3rpDK[aHe r.r [poMrrHa B opr,reHTaqvrlTa Ha KaHaJrI{3a-
rlr{oHHara Mpexa ll r43[r.rraHero Ha yrr.rrrHoro Hr,rBoll1. ctana4eur.rero B opr,reHTa-
IIITTITa II Hr{BOTO Ha eAI{H OT HOBOr{3rpaAeHrrTe KaHaJrrI no[ yJIrrIHaTa HacTr.IJIKa C
orBo[Hr{TeJreH orBop B flper,r3rpaAeHara Kypruna F 112 goxassa crrHxpoHHocrra Ha
B'b3cTaHoBI{TeJrHIltTe pa6orra IIo yKpell,rTeJrHara cr4cTeMa r4 B6Tpe B KacreJra. Crry-
pe]J terminus post quem 3a [peAflpl{eMaHero Ha ra3r{ KaMlaHr{fl [pe[ocraBflT ABere
MOHeTI{, OTKpIaTI4 B 3an'bJIHI{TeJIfl Ha e[I4H IltSOCTaBeH nO-paHeH KaHaJI. T'rri rarO
no-K'bcHara or rflx npI{HaAJrexI,I Ha MoHeroceqeHero Ha rlMneparop Banenrranzau
II ranu Apraguri rl ce oruacfl K'bM rr{rr, ceqeH B nepr4oAa 388-392 r. 113, garupoBKara
Ha BTopara KoHcrpyKTI,Iaua Sa:a B yKpenr{TeJrHara cucrewa na Kauragana ts'bB Bpe-
Mero Ha r{Mrleparop Ba.renc e HarrbJrHo HenpueMJrr{sa. Bne.rarJrrBarq[rrr o6eu na
,I3BLpIrreHOTO CBI,IAeTeJTCTByBa 3a Harl{rr[ero Ha 3Haq[TeJrHIr pa3pylrreHl,L B TISTOC-
THara ran$pacrpyKTypa Ha KacreJra, [putrr4Hara 3a Korlrro cJreABa [a ce r.bpcr,r B
HrKOe OT BapBapcKr{Te HanageHr4.fl or [ocJreAHara r{erB'r,pr na IV s. Ocrrqecrnxna-
Hero Ha B'b3craHoBlrreJrHo-peKoHcrpyKrlrdoHnure pa6orr{ r.r3rJre)K[a narl-uepoarno
B Kpaq Ha IV r{rrrr Haqarroro na V s. (Teogocurt l - Apraguri).
Tperara xoHcrpyKTLIBHa Qasa e cBap3axa c narl-xrcnure perilmpupaHr{ rrorr-
paBKLr I4 npeycrpolfcrsa IIo yKpe[I.ITeJrHara cr4creMa xa Kaur,rgara. Irluenno xtu
nex rpx6na [a ce orHece rlrJrocrHoro [per.r3rpaxnaHe na Kypruua H, xoffo pr3Ko
ce pa3Jrr.rqaBa no crpor.rreJrHa rexHrurKa (opus mixtum c 5-pegon ryxJreH noac) or qpy-
rrrre llacrr4 Ha KperlocrHara creHa r{ BtHrrrHoro i.nuqe e rl3MecreHo c oKoJro 0,70 u
HaB'bH CnprMo craporo rpace. K'ru cuqara $asa claAa r,r flocrpoflBaHero Ha KoH-
crpyKTlIBHo cB'bp3aHara c Kypruna H nonraronanna Kyna 8, xotro e BepoflTHo c
IrJrbreH rpa[e)K. flo npeue, Tperara KoHcrpyKTr,rnna Sasa B yKpenr,rreJrHara cr4cre-
Ma Ha Kanr,rgana cJIe[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke c apxeoJroruqecKr.{ 3acBr.rAereJrcrByBanara
B'bB BcrpeurHocrra it rurrensusHa crpolrre:rua Aerlnocr or nbpBara [oJroBr{Ha Ha
VI B. 114 Cnorraenara B HasaJroro Ha ynpaBJreHr{ero na Ocrnnrzan I seqe Karo rpa[,
Kaur,rgaaa ne Surypupa cpeA oll{caHr.rre or: IlporonrEri crpoexra Ha r4Mreparopalis.
fiarupauuxr c MoHera na ]Ocrunraau I (enrzcvrr or 5411542 r.) uouqen oroxapeH
nJracT ce nocTaBf, oT npoyrrBaTeJll{Te B'bB Bp'b3Ka C KyTpl4rypcKoTo HarrlecTBr4e
11t
Florescu/Covacef 1988-89, p.203; Covacef 1988-89, 191-192.
r12
Covacef 1988-89, p. 193 (r rercra oqeBLIAHo e Ao[ycHara relrarna rperuKa r.r BMecro
"KaHar b" cne4na.qa ce rroApal6upa "xanal a"; rona {cHo r[iru or o[peAeJreHara
Ma.irKo no-rope B cbtrlr{fl TeKCT rrocoKa Ha ABara Kanana).
It3Ibidem, p.192.
'ra tr{iorescu/Covacef 1988-89, p. 203;Covacef 1988-89, lg4-1g5.
115
B'rguo)Krrara rrpr{qr{Ha 3a roBa 6e se.{e KoMenltr.rpana r Inasa I.1.
or 559 r. 116 Cteg orsrpaHsBaHe Ha ulerlrre, )KrlBorbr ce g'rgo6HoBrrJr [r npoAl,Jr-
)KI,IJI ol{e HflKoJIKo [eceTI{JIeTI,Ix. Perr,rcrpupa]f.ugT B r43ToqHaTa lracT Ha yKpeneHa-
Ta replrropl{rl HoB olo)KapeH rrJracr MapKr4pa Hacr{JrcrBeHut xpafi na o6rarasaHero
B TO3rr CeKTOp MOx(e 6U Oqe K'bM Kpaf Ha vI s. 117, e pesynrar Ha rrrrKoe or unoro6-
porfnure aBapo-cJraBflHcKla HanaAeHr,r-fl. Cnopeg cBr{[ereJrcrBara Ha HyMr.r3Marr,rrr-
HI{'I MATEPI,IAI, O6AqE, XI{BOT'bT S KANIEAAEA HE SArJI'I,XHAJI HAIIEJIHO, A NPOA'bJIXI,IJI
rrog eAHa 118
r4Jrr.r Apyra $oprua u npe3 rrbpBrrre AecerrrJrerr{g na VII s. 3a Qynxqr-
oHLIpaHeTO Ha HrKaKBr.r rpaAcKr4 r.rJrE yKpenuTeJrHr{ cTpyKTypr.r rro ToBa BpeMe rrfMa
HI{KaKBIlt [aHHI4.
7. Tonany
(com. Topalu; jud. Constanla)
r16
Covacef 1988-89, 194-195; Barnea l99la, 181-182.
rri Covacef 1988-89, p. 195 (uafi-r'bcu[Te MoHerr.r or rrrracra
Aarr{par or BpeMero Ha r{Mrre-
parop trOcr:un II, no're, pas6lrpa ce, [pegcraBJrtrBar caMo egn:a terminus post quem).
118
Haft-xrcul{Te Irt3BecrH}I Aocera MoHerrr or Kauragana [pLIHaAJIexar Ha MoHeroceqeHero
Ira lrMIleparop Qo<a (or 606/607 u or 607/608 r.): Yertan/Custurea 1988-1989, p.
380 (nr. 1306); Custurea 1986, p.271 (nr. l).
Ire
Florescu 1927-32,p.495 Polonic 1935,21-22;Vulpe 1938, p. 215; Florescu et al. 1958, p.
245; TIR L35, p.73; ISM Y,p.76; Scorpan1980, p. 6.
r20
Polonic 1935,21-22; ISM V, p.76;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,p.79.
r2r
Florescu 1927-32,p.495; Florescu et al. 1958, p. 65.
HeroBoTo MecTo[oJroxeHr{e II pa3Meprr, B'bB QyHKqr4oHaJrHo-Tr{[ororr4qecKlc ac-
IreKT To cJIeABa Aa ce onpe[eJrr.{ Karo BoeHeH Jrarep u castellum. Hafi-r'rcHr4Te I43-
BecrHu Aocera MoHerr{, [por{3xo)Knarqr{ or Tonany, Aarr4par or BpeMero Ha rrM[e-
parop Xonopuft122. Beporuro yKpelJreHr{ero qyBcrBrrreJrHo [ocrpagaJro [pr.r Hfl-
Koe or xyHcKr4Te Hana4eHrrs rr [pecraHaJro Aa ctulecrByBa orrle B HaqaJroro na V s.
Hqxou yueuulz3 ca cKJroHHr4 [a olb)KAecrBf,T pylrHrrre rpafi Tonary c xacrena lpa-
rlriraHa, c[oMeHar s Notitia Dignitatumlz4, auo-rrcHo - r{ or flporonraril25. Maxap
[Mero Ha To3r4 KacreJr HecT,MHeHo [a npeAcTaBJIflBa e[Ha oT KBcHrrre go6anxra rtu
TeKcra Ha "HorLIqr45"-Ta, [o-flpaBgonogo6uo r{3rJre)K[a JroKaJrr{3allugra My Aa ce
Ttpcx rrMeHHo B yKa3aHr4q raM yr{acrtK or rpaHr.rqara,T.e. n pafioua Ha AyHaBcKara
gerra126.
8. KAPCr{yM (CARSTUM)
(Hirqcva; jud. Constan{a)
r22
TIR L35, p- 73.
r23
Aricescu 197 2, p. 342; Aricescu 1977, p. I I 8 ; Barnea l99la, 1 82- I 83.
r2a
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 27 (ed. Seeck).
r25
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
126
Zahariadle 1988, l4l-i42.
r27
Ptol. Geogr. III, 9, 5 (ed. Miiller); [pyrute rr{cMeHrr r{3Bopr.r :a Kapcryr'.r ca qr.{rr4paHr,r B:
TIR L35, p. 30; Popesca1916,23'1-238; ISM V, ll9-120; Zahariade 1988,125 126.
128
3a uctopr{f,Ta Ha BoeHHoro rrprrcr,crBrre n Kapcnyu [pe3 prrMcKara erroxa rr K'bcHara
aHrr,rtrHocr, s)K. : Nicolae 1993, 215-216; Aricescu 1977, pas sim.
12e
Yulpe 1961,'p. 375.
130
Petolescu/Popovici 1989, p. 241 sqq.
r31
Cllrnenlrero e Morr{Br{pano rl s: Nicolae 1993,p.2L6.
132
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 22 (ed, Seeck).
FIANsOVA - oIsPUNEREA PUNCTELOR
ARHEOLOGICE LA CARSIUM
tEGE.NDA
INCINTA CETATII CARS|UM
NECROPOLA ROMANi
ASEZAREA c!vr!-i to,b)
NECROPOLA RCMAI]A
0UNAHun
NECROPoLA TuI'Iu,-rIA O EPOCA RoMANA
ASEZAREA oAco.RCMANA ..LA MoARA',
cKara erloxa r,r Har{arHr,r, [ep]roA Ha K'bcHara aHTrzrrHocT 3aeMaJro o6mrrpHa flJrorq
B'bpxy HrrcKara,r paBHa KpaftAyHaBcKa repacal33 (o6p. 8), nsrpagenu-ar npee 103 r.
rI'bpBrI KaMeHeH BoeHeH Jlarepl34 r{ HeroBr,rrrr K'bcrroaHTr{rreH npueMHux 6rEnrn pas-
noJroxeHlr B'bpxy eAr,rH [JraroBrrAeH cKaJrucr x'bJrM Ha cauurs,6par na peKara, I,r3Br{-
csBarq ce Ha noBerre or 30 M HaA BoAHara [oBBpxHocrl3s. Bapnapcrnre HaruecrBurr
OT noCJIeAHaTa tIeTBBpT Ha fV u n'bpBaTa IIOJIOBT4Ha na V s. CTaHaJrrr npr4qr.rHa 3a
caulecrBeHl{ TpaHcQopMaqlII4 or rollorpaocxo-QylKqr{oHurJrHo ecrecrBo, AoBeJrr,r
Ao rpeBp'LqaHero Ha HflKorarrrHl{.f, BoeHeH Jrarep B yKpe[eHo ceJrr,rule. flpe:434 r.,
HanprrMep, Kapcnyu e or6enqgaH Beqe Karo "Kpenocr" Qthrourion), wtagtHa rro
ToBa BpeMe or: xyuutel36. Bxnro.rsaHero My or XuepoxrJr B cur{cbKa Ha rpagoBere
B flpoBrrHrlu, Cxwrar.l37, KaKTo [I HaJlrrquero ryK rra enr{cKoncKr,r npecroJrl38, cnu-
r33
Bounegru et. al. 1989, p. 273 sqq.; Nicolae 1993, p. 215 sqq.
t34ISM V,94.
r3s
TouorpaQtflTa Ha BoeHur{fl Jrarep e o6crofino rpeAcraBeHa r: Gajewska 1974,93-94,
109-1 10, 126-127, 151.
136
Prisc. Fragm. - In: HGM, l.Leipzig, 1870, p. 277: "...Karso phrourio Thrakio...".
r37
llier. Synecd. 637,11 (ed. Parthey).
r38
Darrouzes 1981, p.242 (Notitia3,646).
AeTeJIcTByBaT, qe [pe3 VI B. ApeBHIITT IIeHTcp He caMo yc[rJl Aa II3JIe3e oT KpII3a-
Ta, Ho r4 1a Aocrlarue eArrH or B'bpxoBere B MHoroBeKoBHara cktLrcroptlfl.139. flpoxo-
nrafi raspravno or6e:rs:sa Kapcuyru Mexgy locrunuanoBllTe rpaAexlr B 3eMVTe rro
fiornu ,[ynan140, Koero ce rrorBcp)K\aBa rr or HoBrITe apxeoror[qecKu ilpoyq-
BAHr4fl.l41 .
t3e
3a ucropr{qecKoro rr coqrralHo-[KoHoM[qecKo pa3BI{TIre ua Kapcuytvt [pe3 pLIMcKara
eroxa u KtcHara aurrarHocr nx.: Nicolae L995'1996, p. 135 sqq.
rao
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
lar Nicolae L993, 220-222.
142
Condurachi 1967, L69-171.
'{3 Ibidem.
14 3a o6xsata n o6rqxre pe3yJrrarrr or upoyqBaxnlTaB reproAa 1987 -1994 r. sx: Zahariade
L996,226-227; 3a npoyunaunara Ha eKcleAr{quflTalaa My3es B Konctanqa B rlepuo-
ga 1993-1995 r. Bx.: Panait et al. 1995-1996, p. 121 sQq.
rtEr e@r .rEr 'Il-Fr"
r[-E[--j rl-El-l
145
Panait et al. 1995-1996,p.124.
146
Teprrropr,rareH tr xpouoJror[qecKu acrreKT rlapzueJl Ha ra3lr crpolrreJlHa
Hafi-6Jrrr3Krrrr B
rIpaKTLrKa rlpol{3xoxAa or paHHoBIr3aurvfrct<ux Ersoue: Onrapon 1982, c.76 (ur-
naparpa$a ga Eugoue s frara II.2.E).
ra7
Panait et al. 1995-1996, p. 124.
ra8
Cantacuzino 1992, p.58 sqq.
rae
Nicolae 1993, p. 219.
rso Ibidem, p. 220 sqq. (B yKperleHara repl{roplrfl Ha rpaAa or VI s. noraAa eAI{H or
.isN%
,'h l
=1t,d'v
i '*ru
j*l*'.r"{
tI
grrrrrrrr
1
ir
az=--i
9. Ur{yc (crus)
(com. Girliciu; jud. Constanla)
f, ur''"'l2,r%_.n..n..
i
i .{v'
iJ
ft.'"""""$ 0
,,,.,,.d"J
fr
h*j
tm 200rn
O6p. 11. qUyC (CIUS). Btsursara 3eMJreHa yKperrrreJrHa ilvruLrfl no Ip. To.uraecry
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58). / Fig. 11. CIUS. The outer earthen fortification after Gr.
Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Hrl Ha eAHo ra c'brqo Mrcro KaMeHHu aHTuvHI,I yKpenreH[s. Egnoro or rflx 6nro c
pa3Mepr4 l2O x 120 M, a Apyroro 85 x 60 ltlss. flo-uanxoro or rflx 3aeMa Ioro3a-
-
rra[Hara qacr Ha [o-roJrflMoTo I{ Ha['bJrHo ocHoBareJrHo ce pa3urexna KaTo IIo-K'bcHo
or nero156 (O6p. 10). Or KpenocrHr.rre 3rrAoBe B MprHaJroro ca6u..l,ur43Breqeuu MHo-
xecrBo enurpa$cxr{ [aMerHrrqu or II-[I B., oqeBrrgHo ynorpe6eHl2l HqKora npI,I Tflx-
Horo r43rpa)KgaHe B KaqecrBoro Ha crpo[TeJleH uarepr,ran157. Ha orono 500 rvr ce-
BepHo oT [BeTe KaMeHHr{ yKpelJreHr{s e perrrcTpr.IpaHa }I B'bHIIrHa yKpenl,lTeJrHa JrI{-
Hr{r B'bB Br4A Ha poB r..r 3eMJIeH BaJr, [perpax[aqlr [oJryocrpoBa or cKJroH go cxlon158
(O6p. 11). Baxen r{3ToqHr4K na nn$oprtaaps.3a u3qcHrrBaHe l{cropuvecKara ctg6a
I55
Polonic L935,p.22.
156
Zahariade 19Q8, p. 153;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,p.79.
157
ISM Y, tt5-124.
158
Polonic 1935,p.22.
Lr crpor,rreJrHara r4cropua na I{uyc ce flBAP,a HaMepeHr4rr ryK [pe3 BTopara noJroBr{-
r5e
Popescu 1976, N 233 (= CIL, III, 6159=7494).
160
Zahariade 1988, p. 153.
t6t B Notitia
Dignitatum I-{rayc e r{3pr.rqHo orpeAeJreH raro castellum: Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,
6 (ed. Seeck).
162ISM Y,125.
163
Sarnowski L985, p. 118, 124-126.
r6a
Aricescu 1977, p. 167 sqq.
t65
TIR L35, p. 33.
166
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 14 (ed. Seeck).
167
Yertan/Custurea 1992, p.391 (nr. 1494).
HaBcKrrfl 6par, na 2 xu roxHo or ceJroro ompor (orp. Tynva; 168. Toli saeMa cKa-
Irltcrrlfl. noJlyocrpoB "flarpa @perrqefi" (Piatra Frecdtei), rd3grrraq ce Ha Br{cor{r{Ha
[oBer{e or 30 M Ha[ per{Horo KopI,ITo I4 I,IMaIr{ orBecHI{ cKJroHoBe or ror r,r 3a[a4.
Cnopeg Notitia Dignitatum, upes [v-v a. e Eepoe 6r,rna nacraHeHa e[Ha KaBaJre-
puficxa qacr - cuneus equitum stablesianoruml69.Boettur,rflT Jrarep ce e HaMr,rpaJr B
3arIaAHLIf 'brLJr Ha floJryocrpoBa, oTAeJreH oT ocTaHaJrara My qacT [ocpeAcTBoM rrlu-
poK Irgsn6or por. flnaroBl4gHara repaca r{3TorrHo or poBa 6rara saera or o6uuap-
no xpartnarepHo HeyKpeneuo cerurqel70. Pllrero Bipaion/Biraion, xoero ce rorBrBa
B eAHa oT HoTI4I{I4I{Te Ha Koncr:anruHoloJrcKaTa rrarpr4apllll,Is KaTo eIIlrcKoIIcKo
ceAaJrr.ru{e B npoBr4Hrlra.r Crur*ttl7t,
TpaAr,rqr{oHHo ce orB)KAecrBqBa B HayqHara
KHr,rxHr,rHa c Bepoe172. Aro npe4uoJroxeHuero e BflpHo, To cJreABa Aa ce nptreMe,
qe cerl4ll{ero no BcqKa BepofTHocr e [oryquro rpaAcKrr cTaTyr rro rurKoe BpeMe
npe: VI s.
YxpenurenHara cl{creMa Ha Bepoe ne e 6rayra o6exr Ha apxeoJroruqecKo
npof{BaHe, a B 3arla3eHlrre olucanr{f, ce orKpr{Bar c'blrlecrBeHr,r nporr,rBope.rru. Cno-
peA n. flononnr, yKpe[eHara [Jrorq vrwana r{erraplrtr.bJreH [JraH, npeAo[pe[eJreH
or xouQlrrypaqrlrlTa Ha repeHa. Cenepnara, rr3ToqHara r{ roxrrara Kpelocrur{ cre-
uu 6unw ['bJrrrr no 64 u, a 3arra4Hara - 30 r',r. Vlzg-srr6awwar B cKaJrHara noqBa poB
npeA r.r3roqunflsw16ral urrapor 15 r"r ra 4rn6or 19 1173. 3a pa:nr,rra or fL flolonrx,
K. Mor,rczn o[flcBa Kpelocrra Karo HerrpaBrrJreH ocMo'brbJrHrar c o6raxotra 150 na.
Toft cuouenaBa r,r 3a qerr,rpprbrbJrHa KyJra B yr{acrbKa rrvr flynas a174, v:autro ocraH-
rn ce sa6err3Bar Ha fioBcpxHocrra rr floHacroflrrleMlTs. IIo npeue na repenno o6-
xox[aHe npes 1953 r. e 6ra.n [oKyMeHTrrpaH eAr,rH SparueHr or KperrocrHara creHa,
Br{Ar.rM TOraBa Ha [pore)KeHrre or 4,50 r'a. Tort nuan ge6enuna IIoBeqe or 3,00 u u
6un usrpaqer B opus implectum. Eunnexrontr 6ran or gpe6nu JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr4,
11. Ileqensra
(com. Peceneaga; jud. Tulcea)
176
Comqa 1959,p.761.
r7i Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,5 (ed. Seeck).
r78
Vilceanu/Barnea 197 5, p. 208 sqq.
t7e
Pe3ylrarure or EpoyrrBaHero rra HerpofloJra ca ny6nurynann uonorpaSuuHo: Petre 1987;
flo nrupoca 3a npoAbnxaBarrero na o6r,rrasauero Ha cerurqero B Hatraroro sa VII
B. Bx.: Petre 1963, p.346 sqq.
r8o
Polonic 1935, p. 22;TLRL35, p.51.
r81
lllxopnun 1940, c.529.
82
'
Oberliinder-Tirnoveanu 1984, p. 27 3 (nr. 9 4), 27 7 (17 8).
Ha K'bcHopI{McKI{fl nepIIoA. Mnoro e BepoqTHo ou{eKtM Kpaq Ha IV r,rnu rrpe3 rrbp-
Bara rroJroBuHaHa v s. ro oKoHqaTerHo Aa e npecTaHaJlo [a +yHKIII'IOHI'Ipa.
12. Tpaxn
(s. Traian; com. Peceneaga; jud. Tulcea)
1 3. TPE3MIIC-llrrox (TROESMIS)
(com. Turcoaia, jud. Tulcea)
r83
Polonic 1935, p. 22;T[RL35,p.73
r84 gtefan 1974a, p. 108.
r85
Ibidem, Pt.23,2.
186
TIR L35, p. 73; $tefan 1974a, p. 108.
r87
TIR L35,p.73.
t88
3a touorpa$r,rxra na Tpesuuc: $tefan 1971, p.43 sqq.; Dorufiu'BoiE t972, p. 133 sqq.;
$tefan 197 4a, 97-100; Gajewska 197 4, 162-163.
O6p.12. TPE3MI4C (TROESMIS). CnryaquoueH rrrarr rra ABere KbcHoaHrr{qHr,r KaMerrHrr
yKpe[JIeHr{, rr Ha 3eMJrerru're or6panr.rreJrHrr c'bop6r(eHr{rr (uo Aannu ot aepoQororpaS-
cKI,I Ir3cJreABatut). Jlerenga: 1. Bugr,u'ru rpagexr{; 2. Cr.e1u; I-I', II-II', [0-II'0, il-III'.
3eunenu yKperr.rrerrHr cr,opcxeuux (gtefan L974a, p. 108, Pl. 16). lFig. 12. TROESMIS.
Situation layout of the two Late Roman stone fortifications and the earthen defensive works
(according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys). Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2.
Traces: I-I', [-II', II0-II'), ru-ru' - Earthen defensive works (gtefant974a, p. 108, Pl. 16).
r8e
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 23,29,31 (ed. Seeck).
1e0
I,Icroprura Ha rpoyrrBaHrrrra n Tpesuuc e o6ctolino pa3rJleAaga a: $tefan 1971,43-45;
Simion 1977-78,153-154; ISM Y, 154-159.
lel Scorpan 1980, 1 10-1 13.
1e2
Poulter 1985, p. 108 (note 47).
$tefan 1971, p.45; $tefan 1974a, p.91
1e3
.
rea
Onncanuero e cnopeA AaHHIlre, ny6nuryaanu n: Doru{iu-Boiln D72, p. i35; Gajewska
197 4, 127 -128, 162-163; Scorpan 1980, 3 1 -33 ; Zahariade 1988, 129- 1 30.
Stefan 1974a, p.98; Scorpan 1980, p. 33, 103, 112 (nocoveullre or aBropa pa3Mepll Ea
1e5
I --{
f,
HY-1
O6p. 13. TPE3MI{C (TROESMIS). O6rq rJrau Ha K'bcHoaHrr.rrrHrrr BoeHeH narep ("Cetatea
de Est") no A. Eogpu (Scorpan 1980, p..153, Pl. VIID. / Fig. 13. TROESMIS. General
layout of the Late Roman military camp ("Cetatea de Est") after A. Baudry
(Scorpan 1980, p. 153, Pl. VIII).
KpelocTHa cTeHa e [poKolaH A'broBr{AeH por, xoftro ce c'beAl4Hf,Ba c ABa BJruBaIqE
ce e flynana K'bcr{ AoJra, orpax(Aanl[ [JraroBr{AHoro BG3BIrIrreH}re c JrKpelJreHuero
or 3anaA ugrorl96.
r,r
3a npeuero Ha r.r3rpaxAaHe Ha BoeHHr{, Jrarep Tpeslvruc nrnncBar rorrHl{ naH-
Hra. flpeynorpe6enure B KalrecrBoro Ha crpor{TeJreH Marepuiur MHoro{rrrcJreHtr e[trr-
pa$crm naMernr{qrr Aarlapar or II u rl'bpBara rIoJroBEHa na III 8.t97 v olpeAeJrrr
cpe[ara Ha III B. Karo cr.rrypeH terminus post quem. KoncrpyrurBHuTe oco6enocru
c'brrlo y6eqrareluo cBrr[ereJrcrByBar 3a K'[,cHopr{McKrlf, npol{3xog Ha yKpenJreHrre-
'ro. Kar:o ce rr3T'bKBa, ve Tpesuuc e 6utr 6asoe Jlarep wa legio II Herculia, sa rofiTo
ce [prreMa qe e 6ul elr{H or xart-pauo c$oprtrr,rpautrTe JrerEoHI{ rro BpeMe na fl'rp-
Bara rerpapxus.rrtrr4ero c'b3gaBaHe (sae$Io c legio I lovia) ce cB'bp3Ba Harloclreg'bK
xpoHoJrorr.rlrecKr.r c yqpe[flBaHero Ha TIpoBI,IHIII{JI Crutuxl98, E3rpilKAaHero Ha )rK-
penJreHuero o6zrnoeeHo ce orHacfl KBM Kpaslaa III unu B caMoro Haqaro na IV s.
199
ApxrnrexrypHr{flT o6nnx Ha HeroBara ceBepua Kperrocrlra creua [peAcraBrrB'bp-
Ae xapaKTepna xou6raHallu, or BerplrJloo6pasnra, U-o6pasnu KyJrtr u phrourion u
HaMr4pa rrbJrHo c'borBercrBne vrvt MHoro 6nlrsKrl flapzrJreJrlr B yKpenrreJrHara cuc-
TeMa Ha Kanrngaea, Tponeyrr.r Tpaxnu :aLI6uxa-l B rIpoBtrrrrIEJI CKilrut, KaKTo tr Ha
A6puryc u flrpyc nrs Bropa Musu.flz00. ?lsrpaxqauero Ha BcrqKtr Te3E yKpereHu
qeHTpoBe c AocTaTGlrHo ocHoBaHr{e ce nocTaB.rr B KoHTeKcTa Ha eAHa rI gblqa CIIeIIE-
$rEvna perrroHaJrHa BoeHHo-crpor.rreJrua rrporpaMa, o6>manara rpaHutlHtrTe [po-
Br{Hrtrr{r{ Ha Ardorle3a Tparza. OcrulecretBaHero i ce or:nacfl K'bM rlepaoga
2933A8r.201, lro xoHrperrrrrre apxeoJrorl{r{ecxu Qaxru or-Tpoueyr"r Tpaxutuflr-
pyc fipeAfloJrarar rro-K'bcua garrupotxaz}z.
Cpannenraero Ha JIeTToHHLIJI JIarcp Tpesuuc c xsprruarlrfl ox. 300 r.(?) ugeH-
TLrrreH no rrpeAHa3HaqeHrle Jrarep ya legio IV Martia (Eetopyc n nporunqux Apa-
6rr)203, MaKap rr Aa pa3KprrBa pegrll{a o6qq qepru rro ornolrerrue o6rnxa Ha yKpe-
llrreJrHara cr4creMa r4 B6TpelnHara [JraHlIpoBKa, [pe[craBfl rr eAI{a TB'bp[e 3lraqtr-
TeJrHa rrpoloprlr4oHaJrHa pa3JrrrKar [oKaro rrJIouITa na Eeropyu B'b3JrE3a ua 4,6 xa,
To ra3rr na Tpesurac e e[Ba oKoJro 1,75 xa. I4:laailr.u. [peABrrA, qe, cflope[ HarlpaBe-
HIuITe B'b3 OCHOBa IIp0yr{BaH[IgTa Ha B'bTpeIIIHaTa nJIaHupOBKa u3qUCIeHUr, rapHII-
Ponrr e lr:o6paseH B'bpxy rrraHa sa An.-C. Il{e$an: $tefan 1974a, Pl. 16.
1e6
1e7ISMV,136-138, t40,154,156-160,168,170,174-175,111,179-182.185,188-189,191,
193, 198-199, 20t, 209-211.
1e8
Zahariade 1988, 62-63.
lee gtefan 191 4a, p. 102; Scorpan 1980, p. 33, I I 5; Zahariade 1988, p. 146.
2m
Ha apxureKTypHara 6nugocr Ha re3r4 yrperreHr{ ueuTpoBe ce o6prrqa cfleqllanuo BHTIMa-
Hlre or: Scorpan 1980, p. 113 sqq.; Lander 1984, p.218 sqq.
20r
Lander 1984, p.248.
202
To3H Bbrrpoc e KoMeHrr.rpan o: Top6atoi 2000, 27-29 (apryueHT[Te ule 6tAa:r rplrrroM-
HeHr,r B u3roxenr{ero [o-AoJIy, rrpl,t [peAcraB.sxero na Tpoueyrra Tparuu).
203
Parker 1986b. 58-74.
3oH'br ua Eeropyc ce orpegeJrq rbpBoHaqaJrHo Ha oKoJro 1500-2000 gyuiu (c uoc-
JreABaJrapegyxqux) z04,,tucre*ocrra Ha HacraHeHr{, B Tpeauuc BoeHeH KoHTr{H-
renr 6u cJregBaJro Aa ce oflpe[eJrr{ B paMKprre Ha 500-750 Ayrxu. Tosa, or cBo, crpa-
Ha, neras6e)KHo HaBe>r(Aa Ha Mltc'bJrra, rre BoeHHrrrrr Jrarep n Tpesuuc Aarr,rpa or
lo-K'bcHo BpeMe, Koraro lr[cJreHocrra Ha Jrerr{oHure 6una [pacrr.rr{Ho HaMaJIeHa 14
B AoJrHoAyHaBcKrrre TIpoBI,IHIII{u Bropa Mueuq a Crurus ce ycraHoBr{Jra npaKTr4Ka-
Ta Ha HacraHflBaHero I{M B IIo gua 6asonu Jrarepa, c no 5 Koxoprr,r B'bB BceKr{ or rrx.
Toqnoro BpeMe Ha ocarlecrBflBar{ero Ha rasn paAr{KaJrHa pe$oprraa He Mo)Ke [a ce
onpegeJrll c'bc cr{rypHocr. O6nrnoBeHo rs ce orHacfl KtM BpeMero cJreg 324 r., ro-
raro r4Mrlepatop KoncraHTr.rH I cranan eAHorlaqeH rocnoAap sa Plrucxata r{Mneprur
pI npl4craruJr K'bM perrHrelpaqrnx n o6ulotrMrrepcKlrre crpyKTypr,r na guoqesa Tpa-
20a
Parker 1986a, p.644; Parker 1986b, p.63,137.
205
Zahariade 1988, p. 73 sqq.
206
Popescu 1976,;l.ls--237.
207
Chiriac/Bounegru 1973-1975,101-102, Nb 5-6; Oberliinder-Tirnoveanu 1977-1978a,p.
267,il&-75.
208
Barnea 1945-47,221-231 .
20e gtefan 1971,p.49;Zahariade 1988, p. 130.
14. TPB3MIIC-3anaq (TROESMIS)
(com. Turcoaia, jud. Tulcea)
210
Tonorpa$cm're oco6eHocrr{ Ha yKpernenrrero ca KoMeurwpalafi n: $tefan 1971, p.43
sqq.; Doruliu-BoilI 1972, p. 133 sqq.; $tefan 1974a,97-100; Gajewska 1974, 162-
163.
2rr Moxersrre HaxoAKr{ or Tpeeuuc flpor,r3xoxAar flper,rMyrrrecrBeHo or 3anaAHoro yrpert-
JreHlreu [orpr.rBar c He3Har{[rreJIH]r [peKbcBaHl,rg xpouonorl4qecxl,t, o6xnar or III n.
rp. Xp. .qo cpeAara Ha XIII r.: Oberllnder-Tlrnoveanu 1977-1978a, p. 248 sqq.
2r2
flr.rorrennre n3Bopr.r sa ucroplrflTa na Tpesrrauc ca rrocoqeur,r s: TIR L35, p. 73.
2t3
Doru(iu-BoilI 1978, p.247; Barnea 1987,79-80; flo-crapure MHeHI{, LI rll.Ireparypa ca
npeAcraBeHu s: Suceveanu 197 7, 62-65.
2ro gtefan 1974a, p.99.
Bepo3anaAHrts.:st'brrHa yKpe[JreHr,rero2l5. flpes 1939 r. 6ranra [pocJreAeHLI qacrlr or
3arraAHara, ceBepHara tr rr3Torruara KpelocrHa creHa w 6utto ycraHoBeHo Mecrollo-
Jrox(errr4ero tta 4 uer:ap:a'LrbJrrrr{ xyttu216 .3a curareHl{e, He pa3noJlaraMe c HITKaK-
Btr AaHHrr orHocHo crparurpaQr{sra, Hrrro c uogpo6uocrl4 oruocHo KoHcrpyKTIIB-
Ho-c"TpoxTeJrHlrre oco6enocru Ha pa3Kpl,rrl4Te rpaAex<u. Cnopeq eAHo o[ucaHl{e,
Koero B'b3xox(Aa orrre KtM Kpa, Ha XIX s. 217, yxpe.rneHllero r{MaJro HenpaBI4JrHa
TpalerloBupna Soprrra c npu6nusureJrHa A'bJr)KrrHa Ha crpaHrlTe KaKTo cJreABa: ce-
Bepua u roxHa - rro oK. 150 r*r; I{3ToqHa - or. 100 M; 3ana[Ha - or. 80 M. Tesu AaHHI4
qacruqHo ce rrorBap)KAaBar r{ or aepo$ororpaQcroro Ir3cJrelBane na o6erra218.
OcseH rrpeB'b3xoAHo us6panux repeH rr 3ApaBo rr3rpageHl{Te yKperrlrreJrHlr crop'b-
>KeENts,3a rroBuruaBane ot6pantrTeJrHara cnoco6nocr Ha yKpenJreHrrero 3HalIpITeJr-
Ho goqptrHaca r gsn6oKtr{T [o 20mn ul{poK or. 50 M poB, npoKonaH B IroAHo)<Ir-
ero rra xGJrMa orK'bM ruraroro (or cenep u uaror).
floxaro KGcHoaHTFIHara rpagcKa xapaKrepucrvtKa Ha yKpelJreHuero Tpes-
rrmc-3auag ne 6ygn HrrKaKBo c'bMHeH[e, BpeMero Ha HeroBoTo I{3rpaxAal{e e rB'bp-
Ae Hescuo. O6uxnoeeHo ro ce nptreMa 3a cuHxpoHHo Ha pa3rroJro)KeHl4fl B Heloc-
peAcrBerra 6nusocr BoeHeH Jrarep il ce \arlrpa nafi-o6qo s IV-VI s.219 MacusHlare
tlertrputrGJrnrr KyJIu ce coqar rato 6ener Ha reHerl4rrecKo Ir xpoHoJrorurlecKo poA-
crBo sbc 3arra[HonoHruficxzre rpa[oBe, npeycrpoficrBoro lrJru IlflJlocrHoro npelr3-
rpilKAarle Ha IIEUTO yKperMTeJrHtr CI4CTeMrr Ce nocTaBrl B'bB BpeMeTo cJre[ Kp]I3aTa
or cpegara na III B. - B nocJregHrrre Aecerr{Jrerlrrr Ha c'blrlurl rarrul B HaalzlJloro Ha
cnegBarrpfl sexDo. Cnopeg eAHo Apyro upeAnoJro)KeHr{e, lt3rpa)KgaHero Ha yKper-
JreHuero ce nartrpa B Kpru na IV B.2zt, Ho roBa 3acera Ire Moxe Aa ce rrorB'bpgl{ c
HEKaKBU KOIIKpeTHtr apIyIvIeHTI{.
flogo6no Ha BoeHHtrr Jrarep, B KpelocrHtrTe creHl{ na Tpeslrauc-3auag ca
6ruru rrpageHrr Karo crpotrTeJreH MareprraJr MHo)KecrBo enrarpa$cxu [raMeruullu,
222 Cpegrnx
AarupanTn noqrtr tr3KrrormTeJrHo or II u n.rprata [oJIoB]IHa na III s.
wmau,eAuH Mnoro BiDKeH rro-K'bceH HaAlIrc c emrtaSraftHo cbg'bpxaHl{e, B roftro e
rrpocJregeHa ory:xe6nara Kapuepa Ha Jrrrrtrero Banepufi Tnyuu, [otII,IHaJr sa 45-ro-
Irrrrrra n'szpacPz3. Tofi ganoqHaJr BoeHHara cr.r Kapl{epa Karo soI:IHEr s legio XI
215
Doruliu-Boiln1972, p. 139.
2t6
Zahraria,ile 1988, p. 130
2r7
Ouucasuero o6o6uraBa reperrnlrre na6nroAenlrs l,t r.r3MepBalrur, [pe3[prlerlr or fI. flo-
Jrorrrrr. ,(anuure ce Bb3rrpolr3BexAar BbB BcutrK[ [o-HoBI{ ny6luraquu cB6p3aHI.I c
o6erra: Doruliu-Boilnl972,p. 135; Gajewska 1914,p.163;Zahariade 1988, p. 130.
2r8 gtefan 197 l, 43-52; $tefan 197 4a, 97- 100.
2re
l)oruliu-Boilil1972, p. 139.
20
Stefan 1974a,99.
2t Scorpan 1980, p. 33.
222rSMY,143-146,148-153,155,162,164,166,176,178,184,186,190,194,196,
ot Cn-,lll,6194 (= Popescu f976, N! 236).
Claudis r{ fl 3aB'bprrrr.rJr c rrpe+eKrypa ua legio II Herculia - ilocr, xofiro 3aeMaJr B
rlpoA'bJrxeHrre Ha 2 toglauu r{ noJroBlrHa. Cnopeg rpaArlrlr,roHHara rrHTeplperaquq
Ha reKcra, Baneplrfi Tuyltn ce rppreMa 3a eAr.{H or rbpBr{Te npe@erru na legio II
Herculia, a HeroBara enana$wt ce Aarr,rpa B Kpa, na llVHa.raroro Ha IV n.224 B eg-
Ha [o-HoBa ny6ruxaqufl, oda,l.e, Kapuepara Ha B'blpocHoro rruqe ce cB'bp3Ba c Bpe-
Mero Ha r4Mneparop Koncranru11225. Tara unz [rHaLre, HaqaJroro Ha IV s. Moxe Aa
ce cqr{Ta KaTo cr4rypeH terminus post quem 3a [r3r'pax<AaHeTo Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr.rTe
yKperrr,rreJrHr.rre ctop'bxeHu, Ha Tpesvlrac- 3 auag.
flposegeuure npe3 1977 r. cracureJrHr{ apxeororuqecKr,r pa3KonxrE n o6ruzp-
Hara HeyKpeneHa repr,rroplrJr Ha Tpe3Mr,rc 3acBrrAereJrcrByBaxa [peK'bcBaHe na o6ll-
TaBaHero KtM cpeAara Ha III s. Or HaqaJroro na IV B. )c4Botbr B 3onara extra
mltros ce srso6HoBflBa Lr npoA'bJrxaBa Ao K'bM Kptul Ha VI n., no 3aceJleHara nJrorq e
crrJrHo pelyqupaHa n o6xnarqa caMo 3anagHara [oJroBuHa or xpaftpe.rHoro rrJraro,
s 6rusocr Ao ABere yKpeleuil ff\pa226. Ycranoneru,rre ryK B'bs ocHoBa ua aepoSo-
TOCHUMKT{ Tprr norca OT 3eMJreHr/r yKpenr,rTeJrHrr ccop'bxe],IIil9i227 o6lKnoseHo ce pa3-
urex(Aar Karo cBllAereJrcrBo 3a floeranHo cBrrBaHe B 3anaAHa. rrocoKa na o6r,rtasa-
Hara rrpes K'bcrroaHTr{trHara enoxa repuroputz2s (o6p. 12). EeacnopH}rre apxeoJro-
TUIIECKI4 AOKA3ATEJICTBA 3A IIPOACJIXABAHC HA )KIIBOTA B 3OHATA MEX(AY BBHIUHI,ITE
ABa yKpen[TeJrHr{ rrorca u [pe3 BTopara rroJroBl{Ha na VI B. 229, o6ave, uoKa3Bar
HectcroflTeJrHocrra na $oprrlynupaHara re3a. Tona, KaKTo Ir rBbp4e xoMoreHHurr
o6rzr Ha BG[pocHr,rre caop'bxeufifl,, \aBa ocHoBaHr,re Aa ce [peA[oJroxrr, qe B cry-
rra, cTaBa AyMa 3a npeABapr,rTeJrHo KoHqe[TrrpaH r,r H3rpaAeH B paMKr,rTe Ha eAHa
crporrreJrHa KaMraHr,rq eAr.rHeH rpor?no-erueJroHr,rpaH 3eMJreH or6panrareneH KoM[-
[O [peAHa3HaqeHIIe I{ MHOIO CXOAOH IIO KOMIOHOBKa I,I CTpOI4TOJI-
JI9KC, IIA9HTIIIT{9H
nu oco6esocrrr Ha re3r,r flpu Honuoqyuyu,klctpun, Aprauyu u Caqugana230. C'bB-
ceM xrr[orerr{rrHo, }r3rpaxlaHero My 6r,r uorno Aa ce orHece K'bM BTopara rroJroBr{-
Ha Ha VI s. u Aa ce flocraBr,r B KoHTeKcra Ha [ocJreAHrrre Qopru$vraqrroHHrr Me-
ponpurrrrrJr no ocuryprsaue 6egonacHocrra Ha rl[BuJrHoro HaceJreHr,re B npoBr,rrrlr4q
Cxlzrus,.
Cuopeg HyMu3MarlrrrHr.rre AaHHrr, K'bcHoaHTllunr,rxr TpesMr,rc npeKparflBa cB-
rrlecrByBaHero cr4 KBM Kpaq Ha VIs. 231
224
Koueurap u 6r6nuorpa$ur uo Bbrpoca r: Popescu 1976,248-249.
22s
Barnea l99la, p. 2ll.
226
Simion 1977 -78, p. 157 ; Baumann 1977 -7 8, 1 80- t8 1 ; Opait 1977 -78a, p. 2 1 1.
227 gtefan
1971,p.49 sqq.; gtefan 1974a,p.98.
224lbidem;Zahariade 1988, p. 130.
22e
Baurnann 1977-78, 159-182.
230 gtefan
1973, l2-14. )17
23r
Obertilnder-Tdrnovea nu 197 7 -197 8a, p. 253, 27 4 (N 7).
15. APyBrryM (ARRUBIUM)
(Mdcin; jud. Tulcea)
232
TIR L35, p. 24; Popesru 1976,p.253; ISM Y,p.269; Zahariade 1988, 130-132.
2r3
Sauciuc-Siiyeanu 1907, p. 475 sqq.; Aricescu 1977, p. 115,135-137 .
234
3a ucrop$sra Ha apxeonor[qecKr.rre rpoyqBa:a:as. rr rouorpa$Nara na Apy6r.ryM, Bx.:
Gajewska 197 4, 95-96, 146-1 47 .
235
Ouucauuero e Aeno Ha fI. flororu.rx r.r ce cbxpauflBa B pbKofluc B apxr.rBa ua Ip. To.unec-
ry a 6n6arore(araPyuucxara
Ha aKaAeMtrs Ha HayKr.rre, nx.: Gajewskal974, 146-
147 ; Zahariade 1988, p. 132.
236
Zahtriade 1988, p.132.
237
Bx(. Harp.: ISM V,253.
238
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, T (ed. Seeck).
23e
lbidem, XXXX, 16.
puarut orryK or rreprroga V-VI s. Ilplr rosa rroJro)KeHrre cJreABa Aa ce npueMe, r{e
KacreJrtT lr xparirnarepHoro ceJrr,rqe oKoutrarerHo npectauaJrlr Aa c'brrlecrByBar
oiltre npe3 nBpBara [oJroBr{Ha Ha V 8., uagarku rtoA ygapr.rre Ha xyHure.
16. Xrxula
(com. Jijila; jud. Tulcea)
2s3
O6q [orJreg BTrpxy yKpelrrreJrnara crrcreMa ua flrauorequr e [peAcraBeH B orqera 3a
rtpBara rrpoBeAeHa raM apxeoJrorkqecKa KaMrraHr4x: $tefan 1937-40, p. 401 sqq.;
Hafi-nogpo6Hara clrcreMarlr3ar{r{, Ha AaHHr{Te [o B'brrpoca, BKrtroqBa[Ia pe3yJrra-
Trre r{ or ro-HoBr.rre
[poyqBaHr,rs., era3ri n: Scorpan 1980,23-31 . B onlrcaur,rero uo-
2sa
Popescu 1976, N! 241;sx. orqe: gtefan 1944,p.344 sqq.; gtefan 1955, p. 161 sqq.
25s
Bx. Harrpr.rMep: Sarnowski 1985, S. ll91'Zahariade 1988, p. 67.
2s6
ISM Y,265.
2s7
Sarnowski 1985, S. 119.
nelrgenru$vqupaHa BoeHHa r{acr rr ryxJrr,rre c rreqar CIC, rpagrqrroHHo cBcp3BaHil
[ocera c cohors I Cilicum r [arrzpaHr,r B enoxara ua flpunquflarazs8. flpr,rnagnexa-
rrlr.rre K'bM BpeMeTo Ha uM[epaTop AHactacnrf ryxru [peAcTaBrr HrKoJrKo Br{Aa
r,rMfleparopcru xnertuaxg,Karo 3acera caMo B firuorequa e 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHo
xreftuoro, crroMeHaBau{o rorroHr{Ma Altina260. C.rrqnrr ronoHrrM Quryplrpa u y flpo-
xonurl, xofiro r{a3oBaBa no ro3rr Har{r,rH eAHo or rronpaBeHl,ITe or I,IM[eparop trOcru-
nuas I yKpeuJreHr{q B [poBl,rHqrax Bropa Mugug u.rtu Cxurnsz6l , .uutflTo JroKaJrrr3a-
qrrr [oHacrotrr{eM e Heugsecr*a262.
B upxxa SynrquonaJrHo-xpoHoJror[qecKa Bp'b3Ka c'bc crpol4TeJrHfiTe pa6o-
Tr{ no n'bpBoHar{arHoro rr3rpaxAaHe na un$paopyKTypara Ha KacreJla finnore-
qurr ce nocraB, u [poyqeHara B TeprrropuflTa extramuros [eIrI 3a u3rIIFraHe Ha crpo-
rrreJrua KeparviuKa, [arrrpaua B'b3 ocHoBa Ha HaMepeHure rpaft Hes orJrl{trHo 3a[a-
3eHr,r MoHerrr Ha r.rM[eparopl,rre.[uoxnetnan u MarcuuuaH Xeprynnito cauunxpait
na III s.263 B'ur or KpenocrHr4Te creHrr, Ha oKoJro 100 r*,r s roxHa nocoKa, e pa3Kola-
Ha rr eAHa 6arrcra noctpofixa, [I3lpaxAaHero Ha KoflTo e 6uno upoAItKTyBaHo or
HyxAr,rre Ha HacraHeHr{q B KacreJla rapulr3on. flpoyunarersu AarI,Ipa B Tperoro
r,rrr,r qerB'bproro Aecerr{Jrertre na IV s., Karo c'bu{eBpeMeruo rr3T'bKBa rorsua:ra i
6r*rgocr rro orHorrreHr,re Ha npuJloxeHrrre KorcrpyKTrrBulr Mero[rl r, crpor,rreJrHr,r
Marepr{aJrrr c yKperrrTeJlHara cucreMa na flrnorequa26a.
Brs ocHosa Ha lr3Tl,KHarure apryMeHTrl, a3rpaxnaHero Ha Kacrera [uxo-
requr ce oruac, KGM Kpar na III ra Haqaroro Ha fV B., xaro o6uxnoBeHo ce cBBp3Ba
c Qopru$uKarlr{oHHara gefrnocr rro AyHaBcKun6pxr rro BpeMe na flrprara rerpap-
xlrs. Kato Aon'bJrHr.meJreu apryMeHT B [oAKpena Ha AarupoBKara o6uxHoseHo ce
npzBexAa r,r eAHa Mr.rJruapHa KoJroHa or nepIlona 293-305 r., [pe[3rloJr3yBaHa B eAIrH
or cpeAHoBeKoBHI{Te rpaAe)Krr B'bpxy pyrrHr{Te Ha K'bcHoauTlrrrHoro yrpeurenr,re265.
Tagrn n Apyru rr]THr,r KoJrourr c'bc c'bulara 4ar:upoara266 cnr,rgetercrByBar 3a ocG-
rrlecrBeHure peMoHrHu pa6oru rro rpacero ua xpaigyuaBcKvtfl rl'br B [poBuHIIr,L
Cxnrua, KoI{To c ocHoBau[e ce pa3ruIexAar Karo Ba>KeH eJIeMeHT or rlrJlocrHoro
[oATsraHe Ha 3arqurara no AynaBcKara rpaHrrrla na Prucrara IrM[epr4fl Iro BpeMe
ua llrpnata rerpapxus. Huro e[Ha MvJrlrapua KoJroHa, o6a{e, He Moxe u ne tpx6-
Ba Aa ce E3noJr3yBa KaTo [prKo yKa3aHr,re 3a oc'bIrIecTB{BaHeTo Ha AaleHo MrcTo Ha
yKpelr,ITeJIHo cTpouTeJIcTBo, MaKap, ecTecTBeHo, c'bBrIaAeHr,IrI oT To3L poA Aa ca
258
Dorutriu-BoiH 1990, p. 269 sqq.
25e
Popescu 197 6, J& 246..
260
Barnea 1967a, p. 355 sqq
26r
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
262
Kparpr KoMeHrap ro ro3rr Btrpoc n: Torbatov 2000b,'72-'13.
263 gtefan
1957, p. 339 sqq.
264
Barnea 1967e, p.225 sqq.
265
Popescu 197 6, J& 240.
266
Bx(. frana I.2.
Fu,Jt"oilffifl' ffi
.ntrlDrr
05m
l-.-t--a lll
Halrb JIHo BB3MoxHr{. fioceraurrutre r.r3cJre[B aqr4 eAuHoAyuHo npr{eMar s a Harl- cra-
pa Ir orHacflT K'bM rrbpBr{r crporrreJreH [epr4oA ua finnoreqvfl e\Ha [paBotrtJrHa
nocrpofira, ct4'tyvtpaHa B ceBepHara [oJroBuHa Ha yKpenJreHrrero, no HaAJr:ExHara
My rleHTpaJrua oc (O6p. 15). flpepmal r{eHrpaJrHoro ir uecrorroJro)KeHr{e, Ts ce lbJr-
KyBa Karoprincipia (qa6) 261 - egaaor nari-saKur,rre nocrpoirxu,xapaKreplr3prpa-
Ir{rr B'brpeuHara [JraHLrpoBKa Ha K'bcHopr4Mcr.r{Te Jrarepa. Marap r{ pa3noJro)KeHa
no ocTa Ha 3a[or{Barl{aTa oT KpelocTHaTa nopTa B ceBepHa nocoKa rJraBHa yJrr4rla,
B'b[pocHara crpaga, cnopeA MeH, eABa nn 6u rr,ror;raAace r,rHTepnperrrpa Karo rrprrH-
qvrnux268. OcseH rre Bxo[tr ir ne e orK'bM rJraBHara rrbrHa aprepl{g, a or 3alaA, 3a
tona y6egnreJrHo cBr{AereJrcrByBa r.r uertuusr nJraH, KopeHHo pa3rr.rqaBantr ce or
To3Lr Ha [poyr{eHr4Te Aocera KccHopr.rMcKrr flpr{Hrlr.mran. Crpagara rrMa eAHoAeJreH
rrJraH rr B'bHrrrHr{ pa3Meprr 14 x 12,50 u. flog'rr i e uacuan c ryxJrrr. flocrpoeua e
rpr{xJrl,IBo or KaM'bHrr Ha xopocaHosa cnofira. 3rEgonere ir ca c ge6enuua oro-
267
Barnea 1968,477-478 (Tyx I{ 868 BcI{uKI{ [o-crapr{ ny6nuxaqrau, crroMenaBarrrr{ ra3r4
uocrpofixa, suecro principia ce r{3non3yBa rreflpaBr{JrHr{sr repMr.rHpraetorium.Ko-
pexuu-Era e BbBeAeHa eABa B: Scorpan 1980, p.25 sqq.).
268
I]rrocrna per,rHreprrperarlrrfl e [peArro)KeHa n: Torbatoy 1999,271-274.
JIo 1,00 M. CrpaAara e 6vra HaI?-MarKo Ha ABa era)Ka, 3a Koero cBr{AereJrcrByBar
r{3Ar4rary.rTe ce 868 B'r,TperrrHocTTa i 4 rurroHa, r433r4AaHr.r oT KaM'r,Hr{, peAyBaqr4 ce
c ryxneur{ ro-rcu. B egun no-K'r,ceH rreprroA (npe: V-VI e.) rx 6rta flpeycrpoeHa,
Karo rIocpeACTBoM 3LUoBe Ha rJrI{HeHa cnor?Ka B'r,TperrrHocrra ir 6ula pa3AeJreHa Ha
gBe HeeAHaKBrr rro rrJraH r{ pa3Meprl [oMelrtreHrrr. K'rcnopurracKLrrlr [por{3xoA Ha crpa-
Aara He nolJre)Krr Ha HrrKaKBo ctMrreHr{e, Ho JrI4[cBar KaKBr{To u ga 6wlo apxr.rreK-
TypHo-KoMno3rlrrtrrlroHHr{ rro[aTKr{ rr cTpaTr.rrpa$cxu AaHHrr 3a [puHaAJrexsocrra i
K'bM B'r,TpelrrHara [JraHrrpoBKa Ha Boer{Hrrr Jrarep. flo ulan, T.iiap. principia B [u-
Horeql,Ifl [pegcraBJrflBa e[r{H TunrrrreH K'bcHoprrlucKu burgws, c MHo]KecrBo 6;rprsru
rIapaJreJII{ cpeA rraMerHr{rlr4Te na $opru$r4Kaqr{oHHoro crpor{TeJrcrBo no 6pera na
p. [yuan269. Taxasa rqe Aa e 6una u SynxquoHaJrHara ccrqHocr Ha rocrpoftKara,
Koero aBToMarr{rrHo r43KJrroqBa cr4HxpoHHoro i SymquonNpaHe c BoeHHr{fl Jrarep.
C'snpeuennr4Te r43cJre[Bar{r{ orHacflT rr3rpilK[aHero Ha c[oMeHarr{Te no-rope 6yp-
rI4 Iro [yHaBcKara rpaHirrla na Puucxarauuilepus, r{Jrr{ K'bM fleprroAa na fltpeara
Terpapxur, t4Jrr{ rro BpeMe Ha c'bBMecrHoro ylpaBJreHrle r{a aMleparopr,rre Banen-
TI{HrraH I It Banenr r{ MaJrKo rro-KrcHo. flpegnug MaJrKara ge6etNna Ha 3r4AoBere,
6yprur n Iranorequr AeMoHcrpr4pa flo-roJrflMo cxoAcrBo c KtcHHTe npe[craBr4Terr4
Ha rI4IIa, Karo nocrpoflBaHero My rr3rJre)KAa uarl-aeporrxo B flocJreqHara qerBLpr
na IV n. flpoctpaHHo MorrrBlrpaHara no-rope re3a ce HaMr{pa B ['bJruo ctrJracue c
KoHcrarl{paHara B flrEnorequx crparurpa$cKa Kaprr.rHa r4 3a[oBoJrr{TeJrHo o6s.c:efl,-
Ba I4HTerpaqusra Ha r{acrr4rrHo npeycrpoenux 6ypr B rpaAoycrpoficr:seHara cxeMa
Ha ceJrrrqero rrpe3 V-VI e.
B'r,nperu orpaHuqeHr.rq cN o6xear, [ocJreAHI{Te apxeoJlorr{r{ecKrr [poyr{Ba-
nua n fiunorellufl 3Harr[TerHo o6orarraxa I-{ nperlr43r4paxa [o3HaHr4flTa ga nerlnara
crparnrp aS uxzl 0 . flosacrorrqeM, B p a3Bprrr.rero Ha K'rbcHo aHTu qHr4rr yKpeneH qeH -
T'E'p ce o6oco6qsar 4 ocxoeHu xpoHororr{qecKrur [epr4oAa, B paMKr{Te Ha ['bpBr4Te
[Ba or Kolaro ce pa3rpaHnqaBar rro ABe $asll. K'ru ntpnara $asa Ha ['bpBr,rrr nepu-
oA (or Kpas Ha III go xru trerB'bproro [ecerrrJrerr.re na IV n.) ce ornacx r.r3[r4raHero
Ha yKpenr,rreJr.Hara cr{creMa u qsrocrHoro o$opuxue na un$pacrpyKTypara Ha KGc-
HoplrMcKrls BoeHeH Jrarep. Bropara Saea Ha c'brrlrrr{ fleprroA e cB'bp3aua c HsKor4
He3Har{rrrerHrr rrpeycrpoficrsa Ha r{acr or ctpa[r.rre, a BeporrHo rr c rr3rpaK[aHero
Ha eAHa xpucrktflHcKa 1azvnura B roro3arraArrvfl brbJr Ha yKpenJreHrrero. flo nper'ae
Ha Bropara rorcKa sofiHa Ha r{Mneparop BareHT, oKoJro 378 r., flranoreqNx 6una
)KecroKo orlo)KapeHa r4 pa3pyrrreHa, Koero AoBeJro [o [peK'bcBaHe Ha o6rarasaHero
26e
Soproni 1978, passim; Petrovi6 1971,263-264; Cermanovi6-Kuzmanovii 1977-1978, p.
127 sqq.; Lander 1984,p.289 sqq.; Soprorii 1985, passim; Soproni 1986, S. 409 sqq.;
Gabricevi6 1986, p. 71 sqq.; Cermanovid-Kuzmanoyi6/Stankovi6 1986, p. 453 sqq.;
Tomovi6 1986, p. 401 sqq.
270
Barnea 1979,p.205 sqq.; Barnea 1984, p.339 sqq.; Barnea 1986, p. 447 sqq.; Barnea
1992a,p.211 sqq.
fu-
t&
r \VlA
'\sry
:a\-L
iflffi
N\+'-=r=.L
18. Bap6omu
(s. Barbogi; com. $endreni;jud. Galali)
0 t0 2A 30 40 50
19. Jlynxanuqa
(com. Luncavila; jud. Tulcea)
276
Suceveanu/Barnea 1993, p. 165.
277
$tefan 1958, p. 317 sqq.
278
Brennan 1980, p. 566 sqq.
27e
Tonorpa$rtrlra Ha yKperlnenlrero e nogpo6uo npegcraBena r: Gajewska 1974, 9'-98,
153-154.
:EJ
$tefan 1935-36. p. -l4l sqq.
281
Gajewska 1974, p. 153.
282
Petculescu 1982, p.249 sqq.
28r
Sanie 1981, p.77.
A,4 ---*-B
c7o
9..-+_F
\-
rllirlrr t/
rlllil Ul
I rirl tIr!tlltulll
{
I
i=
<L
/-
a>
2>
1>
{=
J_
1i t
1i 1
Ei:
,rr*aa-rt$ t
rrrIIIIrlF
920606080ffim
L ! |{.'.
O6p. 18. Jlynranuqa. O6uI nnan no lp. Tovunecry (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig.59). /
Fig. 18. Luncaviua. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig.59).
Toea e Hail-roreMr4flr yKpeleH o6eKT, perl4crpl{paH B yrlactbKa or AyHaBc-
utre28'1.
rwn 6pxr Me)KAy fiunorequx lr HoruogynyM 28s. Cnopeg AaHHIT or repeHHlr o6xox-
aaHus., KaMeHHI4Te KperrocTHr,r cTeHr4 3aIpax[aT flJrolq c MaKc]rMaJrHLr pa3MepI,I
225x75 rvr (O6p. 18). O6errsr He e npoyr{BaH r{pe3 pa3Konxll. C's6paHI{rIr IroAeMeH
apxeoJrorr4r{ecKr{ Marepvan ce Aarlrpa nafi-o6u1o B repl{ola I-VI s. fly6marysanu-
Te AOCera MOHeTI{ OT TOBa M{CTO, O6aUe, Ce OTHaCrr 6es Uernrc'{eHple KtM K'r,cHo-
aHrurrHara enoxa (Iluqunlrri I - Iocrunuan I) 286. ?Iuero Ha yKperreHux qeutrp xpart
Ilynxanuqa e Her{3BecrHo. He uo>re Aa ce orpegeJrl,I ctc curypHocr u $yurquouan-
Hara My c'brr{Hocr. He e ugxlror{eHo u ryr 6tqeql{Te pa3KolKlr Aa ycraHoBsr rIoB-
ceMecrHo 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHara Kaprl,rHa na rpauc$opMalllrfl npes V-VI B. Ha [Bp-
BoHalraJreH BoeHeH Jrarep B yKpeneHo ceJrurrle. flpe4nonara ce, qe elHo or pa3KJro-
HeHrrflTa upu Hu$on287 na praucrrrfl ['],T rro AoJrI4Hara Ha p. Tauqa e BoAI4Jro I{MeH-
Ho K'bM yKpeleHr4q r{eHT6p npu JIynxauIIa2S8.
20. Paxe;ry
(s. Rachelu; com. Luncavila; jud. Tulcea)
$tefan 1958, p. 319; TIR L35, p. 49; Scorpan 1980, p. 6;T'ri,r Karo rpaAlrtqero ce HaMI{pa
284
2e2
EerexruB:bpxy aHTrlrqHrlTe r43Bopr4, r,rcroplrrra u ronorpaSufl'ra Ha Hoeuogynyru s: TIR
L35,53-54; Gajewska 1974,98-99,114-115,158-160; ISM Y, p.279 sqq.
2e3
Aricescu 1977,p.70 sqq.;Redde 1986, p.305.
2ea
Barnea 1987,p.80 sqq.; Barnea 1988, p. 53 sqq.; Barnea 1991b, p. 81 sqq.
2e5
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 32-33 (ed. Seeck).
2e6Ibidem, XXXIX,25.
29?
ISM V,285.
2e8
Hier. Synecd. 631 , 13 (ed. Parthey).
2ee
Darrouzes 1981., p. 242 (Notiti a 3 , 647).
3m
3a cpegHoBeKoBHoro cerrr{rqe Bapxy pyrrurrre Ha HoezogyHyM, a>x.: Kyaen 1981n, c. 2ll cn.
Beqe or 2,00 rra KyJrrypeH [Jracr or elloxara Ha cpelHoBeKoBrrero r{ ocMaHcKoro
BraAl{qecrBo30l. EuusoArurrrHo rrpoBe)KAaHI{Te or 50-re rograurr HacaM c[acilTeJrHrr
apxeororl4rrecKr4 KaMrranvfir B HoauoqynyM30z ca npoBoKlrpaHr{ or I{HTeH3r{BHoro
npo[aAaHe Ha AyHaBcKux 6pnr u ca ctcpe4oroqeHu rrorrrrr r{3Krrorrr4TeJrrro B eAHa
TrcHa I4Brrqa B ceBepor,r3ToqHara lracr Ha o6ra:rasaHara rpagcKa repuropua. Ilpra
BCe TOBa, pa3KO[KI,ITe pa3Kpuxa BIDKHI/I [aHHpI 3a HerOBaTa yKpenIITeJIHa CUCT9Ma.
flpoyueurate $oprrEQuKarlrroHHr,r ocraHKr{ ce orHacflT or rr3cJreABaqrrre nper,rMy-
IrlecrBeHo K'bM K'bcHara aHTr,rqHocr, Ho B rro-roJrrMara cv..{ac'f a6corrorHara r{M
xpoHoJrorr{flHe e cflrypHo ycraHoBeHa. flprE nuucara Ha rorrHr{ crparurpa$cru sa6-
JrroAeHrrfl, npeA[oJrox<r{TeJrHaTa AaTr4poBKa Ha r-paAexl{Te e HarrpaBeHa Ba3 ocHoBa
Ha oTHOCI{TeJrHr.r Kpr{TepUU: pa3Jruttlutfl, B V3[OJr3yBaHr,rfl XOpOCaH; B63CrAaHe Ha
lo-paHHrl oT [o-K'bcr{r4 3rrAoBe tr T.H.
Ha npore>xeHrre or oKoJro 250 u Bbpxy 3aJrrrBHara xpafi4yuarcKa repaca ca
lpoyrreHu ocraHKr{ or 3r44oBe, Koraro ce ugeuru$uqupar c u3ToqHara rroJroBr.rHa or
ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa na HonnogyHyM. OcesaeMure orJrr{Kr{ B rpa[exa ca
[aJrr4 ocHoBaHrre 3a pa3rpaHr,rqaBaHero ua 3 o6oco6eHu yqacrbKa, o3HaqeHrr or 3a-
raA Ha Lr3ToK xaroZl,ZIIuZllI3ls. flrprr,rre ABa or rrx npegcraBJrflBar ocraHKu
or crpagrr or erroxara na flpr,rnqnuara (II-ilI s.), roraro [pe3 K'bcHara aHTr4quocr
6rutu'aacruirHo [peycrpoeHr,r rr r4HTerpupaHr{ B qflJrocrHara yKpenureJrHa cr,rcreMa
Ha rpa4a. Tperuxr yqaclbK (ZI[) r{Ma A'bJDKr4Ha oKoJro 77O m a e K'bcHoaHTrrqeH
rpaAex a fundamentis. flctto oQopruenure ErJrr4 u qacrr{qHo npocJreAeHrrre [po-
A'bJr)<eHrL Ha ror B 3arraAHrrfl I{ rr3TorrHrrfl rpafi ua yqacrrKa cBr4[ereJrcrByBar, qe B
cryqas craBa [yMa 3a ceBepHa KpelocrHa creHa Ha eAHo caMocToqTeJrHo yKperrJre-
HLIe, KOeTO C yBepeHOCT CJreABa [a Ce OT'b)KAeCTBr.r C K'bCHOprrMCKI{q BOeHeH Jrarep B
Hoeuoqynyu (O6p. 19). [e6ennHara Ha 3rga Bapupa ot 3,00 go 4,00 M u ro rpore-
x(eHuero My ca per[crpuparuuT xytu. IIIecr or rrx ca U-augnu c.sc cK'bceHrr rtpo-
rropqlru (mnpuna 10,30-10,50 M; A'sJDKEHa 9,50 u), a rasra B ceBepor,r3Toqu[q'hr6fi
(nonactoxrqeM rroqr[r HarrbJrHo yHtrrqoxeHa) aepoxruo e 6ura c lrerrrpr{GrbJrerr
nnan. HopuaJrHoro orcroflHrre Mexfly KyJr[rre e 16-17 M, Karo caMo Mexny ABe or'
tax (Kynu 4 u 5) ro B'b3Jru3a sa 8,50 M. Tosa ce A'bJDKr,r Ha Saxra, rre ryK ce e
HaMI,IpaJra eAHa or Kpe[ocrH]rre fiopru, Korro e 6anaAon'bJrHrrreJrHo 3arrlrrreHa or-
K'bM B'brperrrHocrra Ha yKpelJreHrrero rrocpeAcrBoM flpaBotrbner propugnaculum,
30a
Mnoro e Beposrgo roBa Aa ce .qbnxlr ua $arra, qe or rrxnara cy[epcrpyKrlr,r, ca 3a[a3e-
HI,I CAMO HE3HAY'ITCNHI,I OCTAHKI{.
305
Barnea 1975,p" 255 sqq.;ISM V, 268-269,215-279,28t.
306
Teaara e Sopr'rynupana or [poytrBarenr.{Te rr ce Bb3,,pHeMa r,r or Apyr]r aBTopr{, Hanp.:
Scorpan 1980, p. 20;Zahariade 1988, p. 136.
307
Barnea et aI. 1957, 16l-162.
Mo)Ke Aa ce Aarr4pa no-paHo or caMr{s Kparl Ha rr'bpBoro Aecerr{Jrerr4e na IV B. IIIo
Ce OTHaCS AO HaTIaIOTO Ha CTpOI,ITeJICTBOTO, TO eAI,IHOIyIUHO Ce IIOCTaBS OT BCLIIIKLI
AocerarrrHr{ rr3cJreABalrr{ BbB BpeMeTo Ha il'bpBaTa TeTpapxr{s, KaTo ce cB'bp3Ba c
HacraHqBaHero s Hos[oAyHyM Ha eqlalnr.us or ABara Jrerr{oHa Ha HoBoyqpeAeHara
[poBrrHIILrfl Cxlrruq. Heo:rganna 6e uanpaneH orrrrT KoHcTaTrrpaHrrTe KoHcrpyKTrrB-
lr,lapa3rwr.tus no rpacero Ha ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa [a ce o6scHrrr c [ocJreAo-
BaTeJIHoTo npe6r.rnanane ryK r,r Ha ABara cxuruitcxn Jrerl{oHa. CT rnacno ra3rr xuflo-
Te3a308, 3a[oqBaHero Ha crpoex(a Ha BoeHHITITI Jlarep r HoeuogyuyM ce ilprr[ucBa Ha
legio II Herculia, a HeroBoro 3aB'bprrrBaHe - Ha 3aelflifl. no-K'bcHo HeroBoro Mrcro
legio I lovia. Brnpocrr orHocHo eBeHTyaJrHara cv,flr,a na 6agosrlre Jrarepr4 Ha cKra-
rurircKar:e JIerr{oHI{ seqe 6e orlIacrr.I KoMeHTrrpaH I,I ToBa B Hr{KaK'bB clyuafi He Mo-
x<e Aa ce crrr{Ta 3a ycraHoBeH ucropuqecru Saxr309. Or gpyra crpaHa, rro-rroBrrre
lpoyrrBaHuq B r{3ToqHr{fl xpaft na ceBepHu.f, KpenocreH 3rrA Ha Jrarepa u npu Ky-
ra 1310 BHecoxa c'bulecrBeHpr KopeKrl[u B AocerarrrHr{Te nocraHoBKr{, ycraHosxsafi-
Krr cr.rryaqufl, r{AeHT}rqHa Ha perrrcrpr,rpaHara rro-paHo npn Kyna 4: yuorpe6a ua
xopocaH c nprrMec Ha lraK'bJr npu noJraraHeTo Ha ocHoBrrTe tr rrpoA'bJrxaBaHe Ha
rpaAe)Ka BBB Br{cot{uHa c npr.rJroxeHrre Ha xopocaH, c'bA'bpxarq HaTporrreHa TyxJra.
Cuqoto e KoHcrarr{paHo r{ rlprt qacrurrHo pa3Kprrrara HarrocJregrx nari-ceBepHa
KyJra rro rpacero Ha [3TorrHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa Ha BoeHurrs narep3ll. Tyx e uxc-
Toro Aa ce flpunoMu[r, qe rpr{ 3ana3euu, Ha BrrcotruHa Ao 3,00 M ceBepo3alaAeH
'brtJr Ha yKperrJreHr{ero (uenocpegcrBexo roro3ana[Ho or Kyna 7) xopocanrr c rrpu-
Mec Ha qaKtr e 6un yuorpe6eH c'brrlo o nari-gonnprre peAoBe or rpagexa3l2. Egna
rrr e cryrraeu npolycK Ha npoyrrBareJrrrre rE $axtrt, qe B orqerrrre 3a [ocerarrrHrr-
Te pa3KorrKrr npr,r Hrrro eAr{H or n:6poenr,rre ceKTopH He ce cro6ulana 3a perucrp}r-
paHero Ha KaKBrrro u ga 6u:r.o cJregr{ or BpeMerrno flpeK'bcBaue Ha crpoureJrcrBoro.
flpegrrag r{3TtKHaroro AoryK, rpagrrrdrroHHoro p a3rp aHr{qaBaHe Ha xpoHoJroruqec-
rn o6oco6eHrr KoucrpyKTlrBHrr Qa:n s il3rpilKlaHero Ha K'bcHoprrMcKr,rq BoeHeH
Jrarep n Hosr.rogyHyM rr3rrre)<Aa rroBeqe flJrr.r no-MaJrKo HeMorrrBtrpaHo. O6utara
KoHIIe[qIH I,r eAr,rHHrrrrr BTHrueH o6nux Ha rpage)Ka cBrrAereJrcrByBar 3a rlrJrocrno-
To I,l:AHraHe Ha Jrarepa B paMKure Ha eAHa rr c'brrla crpor4TeJrHa KaMrraHlrrr, terminus
post quem sa Ko.flro npeAocraBfl HaMepeHara B xopocaHa Ha npouyrHaKyJryMa MoHe-
ra na Marcenqafi or 308/309 r. Yuorpe6ara Ha pa3rr,rrrnn Br,rAoBe xopocaH B c'bceA-
HI,I CeKTOpk OT yKpenr,rTeJrHaTa CrrCTeMa UJrr.r B OCHOBaTa r,r CyIIepCTpyKr{r.rJrTa Ha KOH-
KpereH yrractbK cBBceM 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo Moxe ga ce o6xcnu c eAHoBpeMeHHara
308
Zahariade 1988, p. 136.
3D flo ro3r.r Baflpoc Bx. KoMeHTapa K'bM ltinerariam Antonini Augasri r frara I.1.
310
Barnea/Barnea 1984,504-505 (Pl. !; Cpn. u uy6ruxynaHrrrrruraHB: Barnea 1991a,188-189.
3rr Ocneu qutl{paHara B ropna'ra
6elexxa Jrr{Teparypa, Bx. c'bulo raxa: Barnea 1977b,p. 105.
3r2
Barnea et al. 1957, 160-161.
rrJII{ nocJreAoBarenHa pa6ora Ha pa3JrrrqHu crpor,rreJrHl eKrrlru, KaKTo r,I c HaJrl,Iqrre-
TO I'IJII4I OTCI,CTBLIeTO Ha AaAeH BIII CTpOIITOJIeH MaTepuaJI.
Baxnu AaHHu 3a yKpenI,ITeJIHara cl{creMa Ha HoBLIoAyHyM npeAocraBl{xa
nBara coHAa)Ka, octqecrBeHrr rrpe3 1964 v 1967 r. HalperrHo Ha rrpefirroJraraeMoro
Tpace Ha lr3ToqHara KpenocrHa creHa3l3. B rqx 6e ycranoeeHo Harur{t4ero Ha ABa
ycnopeAHll 3r{Aa, orcrorrql,I Ha 12,00 rnl ellrH or gpyr. Mex<qy 3I,IAoBere B enIrHI{q or
coHnax<I4Te 6e pas.rucreH I{M[o3aHTeH, flperllr3Ho lr3rpaAeH KaMeHeH [IreAecraJr,
B'bpxy KoriTo ce flpeAno]rara, qe HflKora ce e lrcAprraJra roJrsMa craryr. flopagu o'r-
ctcrBilero Ha cr,rrypHr,r cr:paurrpa$cKl{ AaHHu, xpoHoJlofrlflTa Ha pa3KpI,ITI,ITe rpa-
Aexrr e Aocra HeflcHa. fle6enuuata Ha Ba,TpeIxHrIr 3HA Bb3Jrrr3a na 3,00 M, a rpaAe-
;,l<'br My eB opus mixtum, c xopocaH, c'bgtpxq npuMec or HarpolleHa ryxJra. C[o-
peg B'bHruHsre 6etezu, roft ce [arl,Ipa or pa3KolBaqplTe B HarraJroro na IV r., raro
ce ortx(AecTBflBa c r{3Tor{Hara KpenocrHa creHa Ha HoBtroAyHyM, HaMlrpailIa ce B
KoHcrpyKTr,rBHa Bp'b3Ka c flpoyr{eHara Ha AyHaBcKuq 6par cenepna KpenocrHa cre-
na. Btnultruqr or 3r,rAoBere 3HaErrrreJrHo ce pa3ruqaBa rto KoHCTpyKTI,TBHTI oco6e-
Hocrrr or BlrpeIunrar. fie6envnara ua cy6crpyKllllqra My HaAxB'bprs 4,00 M, a B
HaA3eMHara qacr ce paBH.flBa sa 3,50 u. flpexogtr MexAy cy6- u cynepcrpyKllr,Irl ce
oc'LqecrBgBa oTB'bH rrocpelcTBorta o6urnoeeH 6aurer, a oT BbTpemHaTa cTpaHa -
r{pe3 nByctbuaJreH. lpagexrr: e B opus implectum I{ ce orJrrrqaBa c I{3KJI}oqLrrerHa
lpeqr,r3Hocr. Jluqara ca o$opr*reru{ c6c crapareJrHo o6pa6oreur KaMeHHIT 6norose
c eAHaKBa Br{coqrrHa, nJrBTHo rrpl{JrenBaulu eAI,IH K'bM Apyr. Xopocau:st Ha eMIrJreK-
ToHa c'bA'bpxa [pr{Mec or qaK'bJI, Ho B l{ero orc'LCTByBa HarpolrreHa ryxJla. B ntp-
nnte cro6uleHl{fl orHocHo pe3yJrrarrrre or pa3KolKI{Te314, upoyunareJrl{Te orrpe-
leIqT BBHIIIHIIS 3IIA KaTO [O-paHeH OT B'bTpeIIIHvt9,, A Id3AVITaHeTO Ha IIIIeAecTaJIa 3a
cTaTy.rr upeAnoJroxrrTeJrHo orHacqr xrr't IV n. BuoclegcTBlre, o6aue, nprl ToBa -
6es ga r4srbKBar Hr{KaKBlr HoBr.r apryMenru(!), Te KopeHHo peBl{3l{par cBoero cra-
HoBrrrqe, onpurur{aBafixu sruurHrrg 3u[ na uporeftxr{3Ma u ornacqltru nefinoto ng-
rpaKlaHe (a c'rqo r.r Ha [rreAecrara) rru V-VI s. 315 Marap c I{3BecrHIiI HroaHCr,I Ir
rrpeAna3JrrrBo r{3Ka3aHrr ctMHeHrrfl, rasu $opr*,ryJrr.{poBKa ce B'b3rIpHeMa tr B rry1tu-
Karlr4r,rTe Ha Apyru aBTopr{, KoMeHTr.rpaqrr K'bcHoaHTr4qHaTa yKpe[[TeJrHa cl{creMa
na Honuogynyu3l6. flpu ace roBa, B'brrpoc'br oruocno $ynxquoHaJrHara xapaKre-
plrcTr,rKa rr oTHocvTeJrHaTa xpoHoror[s Ha ABaTa yclopeAHrr KperIocrHI,I 3lr[a B [13-
TOIIHATA qACT HA YKPENUHATA TPAACKA TEPI,ITOPI,IS B HI{KAK'rB CTTYVAft HE MO)KE AA CE
cqr{Ta sa y6eln'reJrHo r{nr uoHe 3aAoBoJrrrreJrHo pa3pelrreH. fiopu ga ocraB[IM Hacr-
paua "flo-gperHlu" Suruuecxu o6rum Ha BtHrrrHr{fl or 3l4[oBere, ulraar?xu [peABLIA
HeroBoTo 3Halr[TenHo [peBc3xoAcTBo cnprMo B'brpellrHuq no KoHcrpyKTIrBHIr na-
317
$tefan 1973,p.3 sqq. (pesynrarr{re ca HaKparKo o6o6rqenlr rE e: $tefan 1974a,100-102).
3r8
flnaurr e ny6nr.xyaarr B ABa Bapr{aHra: Barnea et al. 1957, p. 156; $tefan 1973,p.5.
O6p. 20. HOBIIOIyHyM (NOVIODUNUM). O6ru nnau Ha yKperrurerHara crrcreMa
ro AaHHn or aepo$ororpaQcru r.r3cJregBanl{fl.Jlereuga: 1. Buplrtr,tu rpaAe)KI{; 2. Cte1u;
3. Bepoareu repr.rropuanen o6xsar Ha rpaAa npe3 rlocneAnata Qaaa ot
c'blrlecrByBauero My; 0-0'. BeporrHo rpace rra KbcHara KpeuocrHa creHa; I-I', [-II',
U-III'. 3eunenn yKpernreJrHu caopbxenux; t. Typcro yKperIJIeHIre ($tefan 1974a,p.
108, Pl. 20). I FiS.20. NOVIODUNUM. General layout of the defence system according
to the evidence from airphotograph surveys. Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces; 3.
Hypothetical area of the city during the last phase in its existence; 0-0'. Hypothetical
course of the later circuit wall; I-I', II-II', m-ru'. Earthen defensive works; t. An Ottoman
fort ($tefan 1974a, p. 108, Pl. 20).
3re
$tefan 1973, p.6.
Ha rro[o6eH suq" HanporrrB, eAHaKBoro c'LBpeMeHHo HrrBo Ha repeHa 3a[aqHo r,r
r43ToqHO or [peAflonafaeMoro My rpace cB]rAeTeJrcTByBa 3a eAHaKBa [poA'bJrxH-
TenHocr r4 I{HTeH3I{BHocr Ha o6firasaHero B rlflJrara reprlTopt4fl Ha nJraroBlirAHorr3-
AprrHarara nnatQopua, orpaAeHa or clrrypHo ycraHoBeHara oKoJroBpBcrHa Kpe-
nocrHa creHa r{ rrJrbrHo cJreABarqrrfl sefisara roxQurypaqlrfl garr{r{TeH poB. Karc-
ropur{Hr.{ apxeororuqecKrr AoKa3areJrcrBa 3a roBa [porr3xo)KAar or AyHaBcrua 6pxr
B Jrr,rqero Ha r. Hap yqacrbrlu ZIuZ II, xoIEro flpe[craBJlflBar [peycrpoeHrr 3rl[oBe
na uocrpofiKrr or II-III s., LrHTerpprpaHr,r [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI,Ir{Hocr n cenepuara o16-
paHprreJrHa rrurnttfl. na Horuogynyr"r.3a KoHTlIHKlIrrera s o6fitaBauero Ha IlrJrara
yKpe[eHa rpa[cKa repr{Topu.fl or efloxara na flpuuqulara LI [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI4q-
uocr y6equreJrHo cBrrAereJrcrByBa r,r cJroxHara cr{creMa or KoHIIeHTpurIHo pa3no-
JroxeHr{ 3eMreHr{ yKperrrrTeJrHlr c'bop"bxeHafl , perl4cTpvpa}llI npeA qsJroTo Ilpore-
x(eHrre Ha Iox(HI{rI I/I u3ToqeH ceKTopI,I oT oKOJTOBp'bCTHaTa Kpe[OCTHa CTeHa U [per-
pDKAarr+{ o:r 6pxr go 6pxr cyxon'brH[Ire flogcrtnlr K'bM Trx. flomylupaHara xpo-
Horor[qecKa [ocJregoBareJrHocr (orsrn-nas'rrpe) u cpaBHLITerHo rorqMa orAaJre-
treuocr Br,B BpeMero (or II-III no rrrra VI r.) lnexgy lr3rpax<AaHero Ha BceK[ or
perr4crpr,rpaHrrre rpr4 seMJreHLr or6panurer:a:a nosca320 IBrJIexAar cbBceM Heon-
paBAaHr4 KaKTo or rrcropr,rKo-apxeoJrorr{r{ecKa, TaKa I{ or rexHrlKo-Synrqrnouanua
rJre[Ha roqKa. I,IgenrravuzflT rrM KoHcrpyKr]rrBHo-crpor.rreres o6nzr y6eqr,rre.rno
cBrrAeTeJrcTByBa 3a TqxHaTa cr,rHxpoHHocT, a B3aI[MHoTo I,IM pa3floJrox<eHlle - 3a pe-
alrvga\vq Ha flcno o6oco6exa BoeHHo-TaKTuqecKa KoHIIelqrLf,, Kotro Moxe [a ce
xapaKTeprr3lrpa Karo r{3HeceHa Hanpeg errreJloHrrpana or6pana, [pelHa3Harleua
eSerruuro na nporr,rBogeficrnyra Ha BepoflTeH [porI{BH[K, pa3[oJraralrl [peAI,IM-
Ho c KaBaJrepuficxa cuta. C oureA EcropuqecKara c'rg6a Ha 3eMIlTe rro AoJIHoro
Terreuae ua p. fiynan, 3apaxAaHero ua uogo6Ha KoHIIenqurI cJIeABa Aa ce pa3rJrex-
Aa Karo [poAyKT na sagsn6orreH aHaru3 r,r reoperur{ecKo IIpeocMI{cJIrHe Ha pe3yJr-
Tarprre or rex<Ktre c6n'rcrqu c xyHlrre rrpe3 n'bpBara rloJroBtrHa sa V n., a ueftHata
r.rmKeHepHo-TexHuqecKa Marepr,raJruga\vq, eABa JILI 6u uorna Aa ce orHece B KoHK-
perHr{, cnyvafi [o-paHo or B'b3craHoBr{TeJrHlrr 3a rrpoBr.rHllwaCxutnn treplroq B Kparl
ua V u HarraJroro na VI s.
Hanpanenrxr npocrpaHeH aHaJr[I3 r{ qacrr.rrrna peuHTepflperarlu, Ha Harutr-
Hr,rre AaHHU orHocHo yKpeflr,rreJrrrara crrcreMa ua HoanogyHyM AaBar ocHoBaHLIe Aa
ce fipegJrox(ar cJrelHr{Te o6o6uqenru:
Irlsrpageuara ou{e npe3 enoxara na flpuHrlrrnara (upes uocneAHara rperrl-
Ha Ha II urlr napBr.{Te Aecerr{Jlerr{s na III n.?) rpagcxa yKpelI,ITeJrHa clrcreMa Ha
HonuogynyM rpoA'bJlxl,rna 4a $yxrqrloHupa c HqKoI,I npeycrpofictBa rI npe3 KGc-
Hara aHTr.rqnoct. T. uap. "nporeftxrl3Ma" c roJIflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce otbx-
[ecrBr,r c r,r3TorrHara KpelocrHa creHa Ha rpaga. C uperprqaHero na Honnogyxyu
B e[r,rH e'r nafi-saxHr4Te BoeHHr.r rIeHTpoBe Ha [poBuHqan Cxurun [pe3 KBcHopIrM-
32o
Ibidem, 6-7.
CKII, nepl4oA, npe3.BToporo/Tperoro AecerlrlJrerr4e Ha IV B. B r43TorrHara rroJroBrrHa
Ha yKpeleHara rpaACKa reprrropr{, 6ur u:rpagen a fundamentis rotsv, BoeHeH Jra-
rep, npeAHa3HarreH 3a craqr4oHr{paHr{Te ryK pa3Hopo4nz noficroBr{ eAr,rHr.rrlu. Tuuo-
Jrofr4r{ecKrr rofi, u3rre)Kga, rpt1P,a Aa ce o[peAeJII{ Karo castra, MaKap 3acera pa3-
Mepr{Te My Aa He Morar Aa ce onpe[eJrrr c:bc crrrypHocr. HanrnHo e flpoyareHa
caMo HeroBara ceBepHa KpenocrHa creHa, fi'bJrfa oKoJro 170 u (r. :Hap. z III Ha qy-
HaBCKr4q 6pxr), a orqacrn e rpacrrpaH r.r r43TorrHr,rsr My 3ru, roriro e yc[opeAeH r.r
orcrol{ na 12,00 M 3aIIa[Ho or I,I3TotIHara KpenocrHa creHa na Hoeuogynyrra. Cneg
pa3naAaHeTo Ha K6CHOpI,IMCKUq MOAeJT Ha BOeHHa OpraHLr3aqIIg, HrIKOra[rHr4rT Jra-
rep no BcfKa Bepof,THocr npugo6un o6nura Ha rpaAcKa rlr4Ta[eJra, MaKap [a He e
rl3KrloqeHo I{ BnocJrelcrBlre Aa e 3ana3r{Jr roHe orqacrl{ Tunl{rrHr4Te cra eoenrr.r $yu-
KI{I414. Mox<e 6u rru Kpa, Ha V/Ha.{aroro na VI lrnu [o-K'bcHo npe: VI B. Ha [oAc-
T'b[Irre K'bM rpa[a 6una r,rerpaAeHa aHTr,rKananepuficra or:6paxrar:eJrHa crircreMa or
KOHIIEHTPUIIHO PA3NOIO)KEHII 3EMJIEHI,I YKPENI4TEJIHII CrbOPBXErrUg, HOSEOIYHYM
Surypupa Ir cpeA norIpaBeHI,ITe or I{Mneparop Ocrranlran I yrpeueHra o6exru B rpo-
cxuruq3zl . Hari-rtqrlrre ,r3BecrHr,r flocera MoHerrr or qpaAa Aarrrpar or
Br,rHr{r.rq
BpeMero Ha r.rMneparop @ora322. Mnoro e B'b3Mo)KHo rori Aa e npecraHaJr [a c6-
IqecrByBa olqe KtM Kpafl Ha ntpBoro r4Jrr,r npe3 BToporo [ecerr{Jrerr,re na VII s.
22.EtVtCyC (AEGYSSUS)
(Tulcea; jud. Tulcea)
321
Proc. De aed. IY l1 (ed. Dewing). Hyvmsuaruvur.rf,r Mareprrar or HouxoAyuyM AaBa
ocHoBaHtie .qa ce AolycHe, ue rpaA:br noxe 6lr flocrpaAan B H-sKaKBa crerreg or
Kyrpr.rrypcroro HarrecrBlre npe3 559 r.: Poenaru/Bordea et al. 1995, 152-153.
322
Popeea 1973-1975,p. 179 (nr. 29,30).
323
flr'rcuenrlre lr3Boprr sa Erucyc ca rocoqeHr{ s: TIR L35,21-22;Popescu 1976,p.280; ISM
Y, 294-295: Zahariade 1988, 138-139.
32a
Popescu 197 6, Ne 27 0.
325
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX,9 (ed. Seeck).
x
pyBaJrr.r 5-re xoxoprrr or pedatura inferioris, KaKTo rr otr1e eAHa rroMorqHa BoeHHa
qacr - cuneus equitum armigerorum326. flpes VI n. cemrqe:ro e ot6enq3aHo or Xu-
epoK'bJr cpeA rpaAoBere Ha flpoBrrHrl]rr Cruran3z1 , a rrMero My ce orb)KAecrBrBa r,r
c elrrcKolcKoro ceAaJrurqe [ecyc B eAHa or Horrrq]rure na KoncraHTrrHorroJrcKara
[arpr4aprxurr328. I4spuuno e crroMeHar rr cpeg crpoexrrre Ha rrMneparop Ocrun*raH
132e.
K'scnoanruq:uilflT Erucyc r,rMa HenpaBr,rJreH [oJrr,rroHaJreH uras330. Yxpene-
Hara My [Jrorq BG3Jrra3a Ha oK. 2,5 xa (O6p. 21). Orrru Lr3ToK, ror Lr 3a[aA oKoJroB-
326
lbidem, XXXX, 17, 34.
327
Hier. Synecd. 637, 14 (ed. Parthey).
328
Darrouzes 198L, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 648); Cuouenaro:ro B Horrrrlrrflra r{Me ce rpr{eMa 3a
norpeuna rpaHcKprrrrlrrfl Ha Erucyc: Barnea l99la' p. 189.; Suceveanu/Barnea 1993,
p. 178; S[mpetru 1994, p. 108.
32e
Proc. De aed. ly ,7 ,20 (ed. Dewing).
330
Onucannero e 6asupauo Ha Aarrnrre n: Opait 1977 , p.307 sqq.
p'bcTHI4qT Kpe[ocTeH 3xA e 6I4JI TpacIrpaH IIo eArrH oT xopr.r3oHTaJrr.rre B [oJrHaTa
qacr Ha cKJIoHoBere Ha B'b3BlllrleHlrero 14 e cJreABaJr KoH$raryparlr.rflTa Ha repeHa.
flonactoxrqeM Torl e clltJrHo o6e3ruveu, a Ha Mecra - Ha['bJrHo yH]rrqo)Keu, nopaALI
orpa6naHeto Ha crpol4TeJlHrrrr MareppraJr rrpe3 cJreABaulrlTe BeKoBe. fle6enuuara
My ce onpeAeJrfl Ha oKoJto 1,60 u331. Orx'ru ceBepHara crpaHa KpeflocrHr.rrrr 3r.rA ce
e lI3KaqBaJI no crp'bMHI{Te cKJroHoBe, Ao IlJraroBlap'Hnfl, Bp'bx Ha B'b3Bl{rrreHl,rero. Ma-
Kap [otITE Ha[6JrHO yHlIIqOXeH, TpaCeTO My Ce [pOCJreArBa IIO CTBnaJTOBT{A-
'CHO
HI'ITe BKO[aBaHLIf, B CKaJIHaTa IIOqBa, IIeJIflIIILI OC[fypqBaHeTO Ha XOpI,I3OHTaJIHOCT B
peAoBere rra 3r..rAaprrJrra. flpegnu[ ecrecrBeHara 3arr{r,rreHocr Ha repeHa orK'bM ce-
Bep, TyK se ca 6unu r,r3rpaxqaHr,r xynu. flo ocraHaJroro fipore)KeHr,re Ha Kpelocr-
HrlTe CTeHr{ lracrprqHo ca npoyrreHu Lr [oKyMeHTr,rpaHz 5 npanotrtJrHr4 KyJrr,r (A, B,
C, E u F), a upegnoJroxr,rreJrHo e ycrauoBeHo MecroloJro)KeHr{ero Ha [pyrr4 gne (D
r G). Bcravxu re ca 6unra pasnoJro)KeHr{ paBHoMepHo, Ha orcrorHr{e or ox. 35-40 r',r
eAHa or Apyra.Merpuvuu AaHHr{ ca npnBe[eHrr caMo sa Kyna A, 3a roRro ce or6e-
Jrs3Ba, rre A'bDKr,rHara i uo $ponra e or. 4,00 u. I4nrepec [peAcraBJr.rBa apxeoJro-
rfirrecKara KoHcrararlrrf,, qe crp'bMHr,rm repeH [peA KyJrara e 6ut yKpe[eH c A.bp-
BEHI{ TIIIJIOTII.
B'rg ocrosa Ha [poytlBaHrsra Ha ocraHKrirre or yKpelr4TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha
ErIEcyc ca onpeAeJrenu 3 xoncrpyKrrrBHr,r Qasu r nertnoro r.r3rpaxAaxe. fltpaara
or rsx e orHeceHa K'bM Kpafl na III s. u ce xapaKTeprr3rrpa c ynorpe6ara Ha MHoro
3ApaB 6xn xopocaH, [pr{MeceH c Sran trflc'bK. Bropata Sasa (xopocaH c'bc cr{yKaHa
ryxna) e Koucrarl,IpaHa flpu lracr or KyJrure u ce olsc*flBa c Bt3craHoBr4TeJrxr.r pa-
6orrn, npegnpaern upee IV n. (rnloxe 6u rtiu Kpafl"Ha rexa?). flpu npoyuBaHero Ha
egna 6ancxa nomporka B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha yKpeleHara reprrropr{fl e ycraHo-
BeH ropflJl nJraer or KpiuI Ha ['bpBara qerB'bpr na V e., Koero r,r3rJre)KAa cBr{AereJr-
crByBa, ue Erucyc e fiocrpagaJr rrpu HrIKoe or xyHcKr.rre HarrrecrBrrs no roBa Bpe-
Me332. Tperara KoHcrpyKrI,InHa Sasa rro yKpelr{TeJrHara crrcreMa ce orHacfl sart-o6-
IrIo KBM VI n. Ynorpe1enttsr xopocau c'brrlo c'b[Bpxa crryKaHa ryxJra, Ho B 3Har{u-
TeJTHO rro-roJrf,Mo Korr{qecrBo IIo cpaBHeHr,re c [olpaBKr{Te rrpe3 npegxogHara
sa-
sa. onoxapeur{rr flJracr, s rofiro e 6nna HaMepeHa MoHera Ha r,rMrreparop ocrz-
nraan I or 5561557 r., ce npr{eMa Karo cr,rrypHo cBr{AereJrcrBo, qe Erucyc - noqo6Ho
Ha Muoro Apyru rleHrp(,Be B npoBr,rur{rdrr Cxarnx333 - e 6r,rn npeBser or Kyrpurypu-
Te IIo BpeMe Ha rqxHoro HaruecrBr{e or 559 rograna334. ApxeonoruqecKr.rre ilpoyq-
BaHIrrI I{ HaxoAKI,I [OKa3BaT, qe xIrtBoT'bT cKopo ce sl:o6HoBLIJI I,I [poA'bJr)Kr{JI noHe
33r
,(aunu sa ge6elunara Ha Kperocrnrrfl 3rrA ca rocorreHr.r caMo B: Gajewska 1974,p.145.
332
Opail et al. 1.980, p.267 sqq.; Barnea l99la, p. 189.
333
3a roea nx.: flana I.1 (6en. 67).
33a
Barnea 1991a, p. 189.
VII 335,
Ao K'bM cpeAara na n. aro He u qaK Ao c'b3AaBaHero Ha 6urapcrara A.bpxa-
ra na flonnu [ynan336.
23. HySrpy
(com. Nuf[ru /6usrue Prislava; Domnila Maria; Ada Marinescu/; jud. Tulcea)
3r5
Opai11977,p.310.
336
C Erucyc o6rrHoseHo ce cBbp3Ba r{ eAHa MeAHa MoHera na Koncranc II (641-668 r.), sa
Ko.sro IIbpBlIflT I{3AareJI (8. O6epneu4ep-Trpnonxuy) or6enx3Ba, qe npor.r3xoxAa
"or pafioua Ha Tylua": Jordanov 1987, p. 186,206.
337
Desjardins 1868, p.266;Moisil 1909a,87-88; Netzhammer 1918, S. 141;Polonic 1935,
p.25.
338
Weiss 1911, S. 54;Yulpe 1938, 301-302,345;TIR L35, p. 54;Gajewska 1974, p. 130, 161.
33e
Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, p. 87 sqq.
340
Benexxr B6pxy I4cropusra Ha apxeororr{qecKr.rre rrpoyqBaHr.r.f, B HyQrpy n: Baraschi/
Moghior 1984-85, p. 144 sqq.; Zahariade 1996, p.229.
lor{Ba r,r ca r,r3rpaileHr{ or KaM'bHrr r,r xopocag3al. Haft-repoflTHo, B cryrrafl craBa
AyMa 3a caMocroflTeJrHa Ha6JrloAareJrHo-crpaxeBa xyxra (turris), no xe r.r3KrrorrBa
B'b3MO)KHocTTa C'bopGxeHI{eTO Aa e 6I,IJIO eJIeMeHT oT HtKaKBo no-roJrflMo yKpen-
JreHI{e. fiaruporxaTa Ha c'bop'bxeHr{eTo He Moxe Aa ce [perlrd3r,rpa, Ho To oireBprA-
Ho cJIeABa Aa ce pa3rJrexAa B o6rq xonreKcr c pa3floJroxeuoro Ha orB'bAHr{t dpnr
Ha AyHaBcKI,rs pBKaB Cseru leopru K'bcHoaHTrlrrrHo yKpeflreHr,re rrpr,r Zlranuu ge
X(oc, roero ce r,rHTepnperrrpa Karo yKpeneHo [peAMocrr{e Ha HaMr4parqr{, ce Ha
ToBa Mficro ygo6en peqeH 6po\3a2.I4sxox<gafirr4 or MHox(ecrBoro nogo6nu [pr4Me-
pI4, Aarr,IpoBKara Ha rlerIas KoMrrJreKc rr3rJre)Kga narl-nepoxrHa s IV B. - B'bB BpeMe-
To Ha l,rMfieparop Koncranrun I unr.r na Barenc.
Cnopeg apxeoror[qecKrrre MareprraJru rr HyMr{3Marr,rqHu cBuAereJrcrBa or
Hy$'spy, o6flrasaHero u flog4tpxaHero Ha HaMr{paqr{fl ce ryK crparerr.rrecKrlr
IyHKT rrpo['bJrxtrJro r.{ [pe3 ncpBr,rre Aecerr,rJrerr,rg na VII eex: Hafi-rtcHara pr3Bec-
TI{a Aocera MoHera orryK or ro3rr [eprrog e eArrn ceura$onzc na trIpaxluri or
6101611r.3a3
Z4.Vltraruwu ge Xoc
(s. Ilganii de Jos; com. Nufdru; jud. Tulcea)
3ar
Baraschi/lVloghior 1979, p. 186 sqq. ; Baraschi/IVloghior 1980, p. I 30; Baraschi,/Moghior
1984-85, p. 145; Zahariade 1996,p.229.
342
Vulpe 1938, p. 162,167.
343
Mitrea 1966, p.425,nr.56.
3aa
Vulpe 1938, p. 162,167.
345 Baraschi/lVloghior
1979, p. 186 sqq.; Baraschi/ll{oghior 1980, p. 124 sq{.; Baraschi/
Moghior 1984-85, 144-145; Zahariade 1996, p. 229.
Bareuc. lopHara rpaHr{rda ua o6rrasaHe Ha yKperJreHrrero npr I4nranun ge X(oc e
HEI43BECTHA.
3a6
Aurrlqnure rr3Bopl{ ga Cancosus ca qI{rI{paI{Ir e: TIR L35, p. 63; Popescu 1976, p.282;
ISM V, p.297; Zahariade 1988, 138-139.
3a7
flpocrpaHeH IrcroplrKo-apxeoror[rrecKfi oqepK sa Carcosrlf,: Pirvan 1906.
3a8
Darrouzes 1981, p.242 (Notitia3,649).
3ae
Sampetru 1994, 108-109.
3s0
Moisil 1909a, 88-89; Moisil 1910a, 29-30;Zahariade 1988, 138-139.
35t Gajewska 1974, p.99, 115-116, 130, 160-161.
352
Popescu 1976, Ns 271(b).
1
O6p.22. CAJICOBI4.f, (SALSOVIA). OxouepeH rrJraH no fp. Tovnnecry (Zahariadel
Gudea 1997,Fig.60). / Fig. 22. SALSOVIA. Sketch-map after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariadel
Gudea 1997, Fig. 60).
353
Not. Dign. Or. XXXIX, 26 (ed. Seeck).
3sa
Mitrea 1987, p. 176.
KM tl3roqHo or ceJroro I4ngenen[eHqa (oxp. Tynva)3ss. flpore)KAaHr,rre ryK or
1981 r. HacerHe cIlcreMHI{ apxeoJrorprqecK[ rtpoyquanvrfl ycraHoBr.rxa sa6ere)Kr4re-
JreH [oceJrIruleH KoHTI4HroI4Ter, o6xaaqaul [epr4oA or floBeqe or 1000 rogunu. Pas-
rpaHr4qaBar ce 3 ocHosHr.r Ilepuo[a e o6[ranaHero Ha Mrrcroro, B paMKure Ha KoI{TO
ca perrrcrpvpanvr 13 xunuqnra H[ea356. B Ha.ranoro Ha II s. B'bpxy repeHa Ha c.b-
u{ecrByBaJroro orqe or IV s. rp. Xp. aBroxroHHo ceJrr,ru{e (flepraog I) 6raa r43rpaAeH
pIrMcKI{ KaMeHeH BoeHeH Jlarep, $ynrqraonupaJr [o [ocJIeAHaTa qerB'bpT na III s.
(flepraoA II). B uauaroro Ha K'bcHoaHTrrqHara enoxa (flepraog III) noenuuflT Jrarep
6un qn.nocrHo npel,I3rpageu. B pe3yJrrar or roBa crpoureJrcrzo a fundamentis rofi
npugo6Iln c'bB'r,p[IeHo HoBa [JraHoBa cxeMa, Koqro ce 3ana3r4Jra 6es ctrqecraenrz
npoMeHa rraK [o Kpar Ha c'bnlecrByBaHero Ha Xaauzpuc go K.bM cpegara(?) na VII s.
Xa:ruupuc e I43rpaAeH B'bpxy eAr{H cKaJrr.rcr [oJryocrpoB, u3Arlrarq ce Ha Br.r-
coquHa 7-8 lr nag oKoJIHI4, Tepeu. Hsrora ro3ra noJryocrpoB ce e BAaBaJr B Kopr,rro-
To Ha p. fiynar, 3a Koero cBr,rAereJrcrByBar 3ao6uKarrrr{rrre ro (cera npecyurenN)
xpafipevnra 6tara, KaKTo I4 ocraHKr{Te or aHTr{\rHra rrprrcraHr{IqH[r c'bop'b)KeHr4e B
ceBepor.r3TolrHoro no4noxue357. YxpenneHr{ero (cuopeg Notitia Dignitatum:
castellumsss) usquxeH or ceBep Ha ror rroJrr4roHaJren (upu6nusraTeJrHo rpale-
ralr.ra
qonuqen) nJraH c MaKcrrMaJrHr4 pa3Mepr,r l79ll37 M r.r rrJrorq or. 2,0 xa359. Hanpane-
HLIflT B'b3 ocHoBa Ha aHalrvtg ua aepo$orocHrrMKr{ orrr{T 3a rpa$uvua B63craHoB-
ra360 1O6p. 23) ce Hy)KAae or HflKorr c'brrlecrBeHr.r KopeKrlr.ru rro orHorrreHne xon$tr-
lypalll4tTa Ha KpeIIocTHaTa CTeHa B CeBepHaTa qaCT Ha yKpe[JleHrreTo, KaKTO r{ B.bB
Bp'b3Ka c 6poa u Soprrlara Ha perrlcrpr.rpaHrrre xy.nu. ApxeoJrorrrqecKr,rre EpoyqBa-
HIL ycraHoBrrxa, qe tto rpacero Ha oKoJroBprcrur4fl.3r{A Ha Xanurnpuc ca 6ulv uzr-
paAenr4 16 xynu: l2U-s*rguu,2uerrrpw'srrrluu361 z 2 nogronoo6pasur.r (crorner:no
IIo eAHa B loro3a[aAHuq I{ roror43Tor{Hrrfl'rrrn). flpoy.renx ca r{ ABere Kpeflocr-
-HI{ noprl,I. EgHata or rflx e pa3rloJroxeHa Ha K'bcara ceBepHa creHa u e 6uta3autrr.rra-
BaHa or gne u-nuquv Kyrrv. fipyrara [opra ce HaMr,rpa npra6nraaureJrHo B cpe[ara
355
Suceveanu/Zahariade 1987, p. 87 sqq.
356
llpegnapl{TeJrur.r pe3ynrarrl or rrpoyrrBagtflTa ca o6o6qenu B Hf,(oJrro ny6nr.rxaqun:
Zahariade et al. 1986, p. 181 sqq.; Zahariade et al. 1987, p.97 sqq.; Zahariade
1988, 139-l4l;Zahariad.e 1991,p.311 sqq.; Zahariade 1996,229-230 (onncanr.rer:o
Ha yKpe[LITenHI{Te cbopbxeHrrs r,r crparurpa$cKo-xpoHoJrorrrqecrr,rre.naHrrn sa Xar-
MI,IpIIc B I,I3noxeul{ero Iro-AoJry ca floqepflaHr{ ocHoBHo or flocJreAur,rre ABe ny6lr.r-
iraqrEu).
3s7
Matei 1991, p. 156.
358
Not. Dign. Or. XXXiX, 10 (ed. Seeck).
35e
B ny6ruxaqrrrre rrorura e oflpeAeneua sa 2,42-2,45 xa, roero 6u 6utro Bf,pHo, aKo yK-
pelneHr4eTo nMarrre [paBr{neH IlpaBoblbneH II.IaH c uocoqeHr,rTe pa3Mepr,r.
360 gtefan 1984, p. 633 sqq.
36r
Zahariade 1996, p.230 (npegn pa3KoraBanero Ha 3araAHara [opra Bcr,rrrrn Kynu, c H3K-
rroqeHr,re Ha btJroBr,rre, ce oflpeAeJrrxa Karo U-nrn4nr,r).
O6p.23. XAJIMIP]IC (HALMYRIS). flnas Ha yKperr,rrerHara crrcreMa no AaHHI{ or
aepoQororpa$crur u3cneABaHu, ($tefan 1984, p. 671). I Fig.23. HALMYRIS. Layout of
the defence system according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys
($tefan 1984, p.671).
Ha 3anaAHara creHa. CHa6gena e c o$oprtaeu r ge6enraHara Ha crenara(?) oBaJreH
"Zwinger" c pa3Meprr 10,75 x 8,50 u, $naxrxrapan or qerr.rpulrb;rnu xynu. B
ABe
ceBepoll3ToqHrlq yqacrrx (cnopeg HoMepaquqra Ha pa3KolBar{ure: rtle>rgy Kynu
I w2) e pa3Kpr.rr orrde eAr.rH MaJr:EK Bxo[, KortTo ce nocraBq B'bB Bp'b3Ka c Synxqzo-
Hl{paHero Ha pa3noJro)KeHoro ryK [pilcraHrzrqe. KpeuocrnuflT 3r.rA zrua ge6enrzna
3,20 vtrl e I{3rpaAeHB opus implectum, Karo Jrrrrlara ca oQopueHr{ or qo6pe o6pa6o-
TeHr{ KaMeHnra 6roxose c'bc cpe4Hrr pa3Meprr. Ha uecra B KoHcrpyKt\ilflTa ca [per.r3-
loJr3yBaHrr B Kar{ecrBoro ua spolia enurpa$cxr4 rraMerHl{qu or II-III s.362
Zsrpaxgauero Ha K'r,cHoaHTrrr{Hara yKpenr.rreJrHa cr{creMa ua Xanuuprac ce
orHacf, or ilpoyr{BareJrr{Te KLM Kpar na IIVHa.raJroro Ha IV e. Te AorrycKar eAr4H
cpaBHr4TeJrHo npog'bJrxr{TeJreH crpozTeJreH rrepr{og, 3arroqHaJr Moxe 6z orqe upu
Anpe.nuaH r.r npraKrroqnn (creg BpeMeHHr.r rpeK'bcBaHua) uar rro BpeMe ua fl'rpra-
Ta rerpapxza. HauepeHrrflT rrprr pa3KorrKr{Te $parrtrentupaH crporrreJreH Ha[nuc
ot 301-305 r.363 ce nocraBx B'l,B Bp'b3Ka c'bc 3aB'bplxBaHero Ha crporrreJrHrrre pa-
6oru36a. B cpegara na IVn. Xanuzpuc [pexr{BflJr Hf,KaKBo 5egcrnrae, AoBeJro Ao
qacrl,Iquo pa3pyrrraBaHe Ha yKpenrrreJrHr{Te c'bop'b)KeHr.rq. Toaa HaJroxr{Jro rrpegn-
plreMaHero Ha rrrr4poKoo6xsarHu BB3craHoBI{TeJrHr4 pa6oru, oc'brr{ecrBeHlt no Bpe-
Me Ha yrpaBJreHr4ero Ha r{Mreparop Konctanqr.rrf II. Btopa uaula6na peKoHcrpyK-
qrax (cnopeg npoyqBareJrrrre: [orrrr{ afundamenlis!365) e apxeoJrorr{r{ecKrr ycraHo-
BeHa K'bM Kpafl Ha IV uru B HarraJroro na V g. Mnoro e BepoflTHo [puqr.ruara Aa e
6una nracueHo 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaHoro pa3pyuaBaHe Ha Xalvrupuc rro BpeMe Ha eA-
Ho HanaAeHile rrpe3 3raMara :aa3841385 r.366, xaro Har{aJroro Ha B'b3craHoBr{TeJrHrir-
re pa6orz ce cB'bp3Ba c yKperrr{reJrnara geftuocr Ha raMrreparop Teogocuri I no npe-
Me Ha [pecros My B ceBepHara r{acr Ha rrpoBrrHqua Cxurut upes 386 r.367 Irluenno
cJIeA [pllKJrrorrBaHero Ha ra3rr crpoureJrHa KaMnaHufl r].Ie Ea e 6uta HacraHeHa B
o6noseHrl-fl KacreJr r{ crroMerrararas Notitia Dignitaturn Karo HeroB rapHr,r3ou BoeH-
362
Suceveanu lZahariade 1986, p. 1 09 sqq.; Zahariade 1990, p. 259 sqq. (uacr or ny6nuxyna-
HI{Te Hagfluc}r [por{3xox.qar or no-KbcHr,r fl peycrpofi crna).
363
Zahariade 1991,374-315; Zahariade 1994,p.173 sqq.; Zahariade 1996,p.Z3l;Zahariade
1997b, p.228 sqq.
36a
Cnope4 MeH, Bpb3Kara Ha ro3rr HaArrlrc c r,r3rpaxAaHero Ha KacreJra Xanuttpr.rc He Moxe
z ne rpx6na Aa ce cq[Ta 3a HecbMHeHa. laaza Sparvenra or HaAnr{ca ca HaMepeHr,r
BbB BupeuHocrra Ha yKperrJreHr{ero, [peylorpe6eun xaro crpor.rreneH Marepr{an
' B Mlroro ro-Klcur,r rpaAexr{. Cnope4 [peAcraBeHr.rs no-rope B r,r3JroxeHr{ero [oA-
po6eu KoMeHrap (I.lrana II.1.A: BURGUS), MHoro e BeporrHo r.r BbrpocHr{f,r erur-
pa$cnlr naMerHr.rr Aa or6ersssa r43AuraHero rro BpeMe na llrpnara rerpapxns sa
MaJrlK 6ypr Hxxr4e s 6r[gxara oroJrHocr na Xannaupuc
365
Zahariade 1.991, p.315.
366
Philostorg. Hist. eccl. 1O 6 (ed. Bidez)
367
3a npec'ros Ha r.rMrepaT op Teogocnrl I n nponunqut Cxwrvrt, n>r.: Velkov 1961, p. 49 sqq.
Ha qacr - cuneus equitum Arcadum368. Xaluupuc 3ara3r{Jr xapaKTepa cr{ Ha BoeHeH
Jrarep uarf-x'rcno Ao [6pBrare [ecerr{Jrerr{x Ha V B., cJrefl Koero nprago6rl o6mar
Ha yKpeneHo celuu1e369. finete MoHerHrl c'bKpoBr{rqa c nart-r'scur{ eK3eMnJrflpr.r c'b-
orBerHo or BpeMero Ha r.rMneparopr.rre Apragr.u? u TeogocurTl II, orrpraru B rrJracr
c'bc cJreArr or cruxurirrua pa3pyrxeHr.rx370, cregna Aa ce r4HTep[peTr4par Karo crarypHo
cBI4neTeJrcTBO, qe KacTeJIGT rIyBCTBr.rTelHO [OCTpaAaJI nO BpeMe Ha XyHCKr,rTe Hana-
Aenfifl. or flbpBara rroJroBr{Ha na V s. B o$uquanHlrre AoKyMeHTlr or VI s. Xarr\ar.r-
puc Berre [puc'bcrByBa cpeA rpagoeere3Tl u enncxorrcKrrre qenrpose3T2 na nponun-
qua Cxnrux. ApxeolorlaqecKlr 3acBuAereJrcrByBaHoro qflJrocrHo B'b3craHoBtrBaHe
Ha yKpe[[rTeJrHrrTe c'bop'bxeHr.rfl u qacTHqHa peopraHr.{3a\ilfr. Ha B'bTpemHoTo
[poc-
TpaHcrBo [arl{par nali-o6qo or rrbpBara [oJroBr{Ha na VI 8.373 n Ha[BJrHo ce c6r-
JracyBar c'bc cBeAeHuflTa Ha flporonufi 3a [pe[nprreroro r Xaniraupuc or rrMflepa-
rop IOcrrEnna:ol37a. fpa4rr nocrpagaJr rprr Kyrpr{rypcKoro HaruecrBr{e npee 559 r.,
Ho IqerI,ITe 6Irnu 6'rpso Jrr.rKBr.rArrpauu. Mnoro ro-Te)KKrr 6unu nocneArrrlr,rre or Ha-
[ageHr4ero B cpeAara sa 80-re ro[r.rHrr na VI n., Koero BepoflTHo rpa6na Aa ce cB"bp-
xe c roJreMr,rfl aBapcKr.r noxoA or 585 r.375 Marap )Kr{Borbr Aa npoA'bJDKr.rn [a M'bx(-
AyKa cpeA pyrrHr.rre ra rrpe3 [BpBr,rre Aecerr{Jrerlrs na VII s. (uo:xe 6pr qar Ao cpeAa-
ta r.ay), or Kpru na VI s. o6nrarema ee.{e 6urpl ilLfirreuur or 3aulr,rrara Ha KpeflocrHr,r-
te crenr,r376 u Xanunpnc $arruvecx[ npecraHal ga Qyuxq[oHlrpa Karo yKpe[eH
rIeHT'bp.
368
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 18 (ed. Seeck). C$opr'lupnaHero Ha B'brrpocHara BoeHHa qacr ce
orHacfl qaK K'rrrl r'eprroAa cneg 386 r.: Zahariade 1988, p. 82 sqq.
36e
Zahariadel99l, p. 315.
370
Ibidem (npepnoxeuara or aBTopa xponororflr{ecKa r{HTeplperarluq Ha re3r{ MoHerH[
ctKpoBr{rqa e Merogo;rorrlqecKr{ [orperxHa r{ ctBceM nenprerraluna).
37r
flier. Synecd. 637, 15 (ed. Parthey).
372
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 650).
313
Zahariade L991, p. 315.
37a
Proc. Deaed. lV,7 ,20-21 (ed. Dewing).
375
3a roglr roxoA B: Pohl 1988, S. 82 sqq.
376
Zahariade 1991, p. 316.
377
Desjardins 1.868, p.267.
378
Polonic 1935, p. 25; Gajewska 1974, l3l-132, 145.
MepeHa Ha roBa Mflcro MoHera (uonerrz?) Ha r{Mrreparop Koncrautr.ilr I u 3a orc'bc-
rBr{ero Ha Marepr4aJrr,r or v-vl n.37e flpes 1982 r. B}B B'brperxHocrra Ha yKpenJre-
Hl{ero e 6un 3aJro)KeH apxeororuqecKr{ coHAa;K 3a r43yrraBaHe crparrrrpa$nnrava
o6erra, xofiro e ocraHaJr HegoB'bpilreH, a pe3yJrrarrrre - xeny6nrxyBaHr4. IIpu sce
ToBa, ycraHoBeHo e 6ulo, r{e KyrrypHl4Te HaflJracrflBa]Fl]1lfl. npuKrrorrBaT c ABe HI{Ba,
Aarr4parqu or VI s.380
Yrpenlenraero xparl fiyuarrqy ge Cyc rpaAr{rltroHHo ce or.b)KgecrBflBa c
Ad Stoma s Tabula Peutingeriana, Kofl"ro orcrosra na XXIII m.p. or Salsovia (gn.
Maxrtrygua)38i. 3ocuu or6erqesa Ag Crortaa Karo Ba>KHo flprrcraHr{ule, K'bAero ce
r.r3B'bprrrBaJro [pexB'bpJrqHeTo Ha npeBo3BaHr{Te ToBapr4 oT MopcKr,r Ha peq}rl-{ Kopa-
6u382. flog Br,rgor.r3MeHena $oprua (Stoma Peucis), c'budr4flr IyHKT e cloMeHar r{ B
"Kocuorpa$an"-ra na AnoruruHr4s aBTop or PaseHa383. geficrniareJrHoro pascro-
flHrae MexAy Catcoaut u fiyuantqy ge Cyc, o6ave, e Aocra rro-K.bco or or6erqga-
Horo B flenrraHrepoBara Kapra, Aopr.r Karo ce B3eMe npeABrr[, qe pa3croflHrrsra B
Kaprara n pafiona Ha AyuaBcKara AeJrra u no qepHoMopcKoro rpafi6pe>xze rro Bcr-
Ka BeporrHocr ca 6unu u:uepeHrr no Bo[a, a He [o cyura384. Konsurypa\uflTa:aa
EyHaBCKaTa AeJITa e [peT'LpIIfJIa 3HarI[TeJIHI{ npOMeHU OT aHTIrrIHaTa enoxa AO Ha-
txI,I AHI{. Cnopeg [ocJIeAHr{Te reolrop$otorlrErecKrrr npoyr{BaHr4rr, cerarrrHr{flT AeJr-
ToB KaHaJr fiynantq ce r,rHTepnperlrpa Karo HrKoralreH BTopocrerreHeH peareH p'r,-
xar, rorlro ce BJrr4BaJr n rpanc$opMr{paJrr4f, ce orqe B ApeBHocrra B Jrar)[{Ho e3epo
(cera: es. Pasenu) 6usru rorrrr4 MopcKr.{ sanlrs385. C ornen r{a ra3r{ Bax<Ha KoHcrara-
IqJ/.fl., Ha rorlHoro cBBna[eHr{e c yKa3aHoro s fiesrr,rHrepoBara Kapra pa3crofHlre pr
3Te
Ibidem; TIR L35, 39-40.
380
Zahariade 1996, p.230.
38r
Tab. Peut., segm. VIIL
382
Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 10 (ed. Bonnae).
383
Raven. Anonym. Cosmogr. IV, l3 (ed. Schnetz).
384
3a rosa ex.: Irara I.1 (6e1. 95).
385
PInin 1983, p. 183 sqq.
386
Zahariad e 1996, p. 231.
387
Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 27 (ed. Seeck).
388
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
28.,fiyuan'rqy ge Xoc (AD STOMA?)
(s. Dunavilu de Jos; com. Independenla;jud. Tulcea)
38e
Moisil 1909a, 90-92; TIR L35, p. 39; Gajewska 197 4, p. l3 l, 155-156.
3e0
Barnea 1989, p.300; Barnea 1990,317-318.
3el
Barnea 1992b,p.435; Barnea 1994,p.379.
3e2
Barnea 1990, 3 17-3 18.
3e3
Barnea 1992b, p. 435.
3ea
Zaharialle 1996, p. 23 I .
HaTO HflK'r,[e B Har{aJrOTO Ha err0xaTa Ha IOMT.THATA V e [pOC'brr{eCTByBaJIO CpaBHrr-
TeJrHoKparKo BpeMe39s. Egna nagrpo6na u:roqa c Heflpeqr.r3r.rpaHa AarrrpoBKa B IV 8.,
HaMepeHa npeyilorpe6eua raro crporrreJreH
MarepuaJr B roro3arraAHrafl'brtJr Ha yK-
pCTIJIEH[IETO396,y1EgwTe.IIHo CBI{AeTeJICTBYBA, I{E CTPOITEICTBOTO MY B HI,IKAK.bB
cJIy.
.rafi He Mo)Ke Aa ce orHece oqe KTM Kpafl na III s.397 Onurrr [a ce Lr3TerJrr,r ropHa-
Ta xpoHoJrort4lrecKa rpaHrrqa na o6uraeaHe qaK [o KtM y1 ,.398 c'brrlo He HaMr.rpa
Hr{KaKBo ocHoBaHr4e n cro6ulenr{Te uocera pe3yJrrarr.r or rrpoyrrBanvrsra. flpu rona
rroJroxeHr{e, r43rpaxAaHero Ha KacreJra cJre[Ba Aa ce flocrasu Haii-seporrHo B
no-K'bcHrrre Aecerr{Jrerr{q or n'bpBara noJroBrlHa na fV s. flogo6no Ha MHosr{HcrBo-
TO OT MaJrKrITe K6CHOpLTMCKII BOeHHU rr BOeHHO-rrOnUqeftCrU yKpelJIeHIrq B [pO-
Br,rHrlr4q Cxwrut, oqe KBM Kpaq Ha IV rrun nafi-x'rcro npe3 fl'bpBara noJIoBIiIHa Ha
V s. ro oKoHqareJrHo rrle [a e rpecraHaJlo [a Syurquoxupa.
Creg ornagaHero Ha JroKaJrIa3 a\ilflTa ryK Ha XanInrupuc3gg, B'b3 ocuoBa Ha
[opa3r{TeJrHoro roflorpa$cxo cxo[crBo Ha repeHa, [peglr BpeMe 6e uexagano npeA-
roJroxeHrre400, ee yKperJreHrrero rprr fiynaarqy ge X(oc BeporrHo rpa6ra ga ce
ortx(AecrBra c 6esmtreHHoro yKpenJreHlre, qlrero Lr3rpilK4aHe rlo BpeMero Ha IrMrre-
parop Banenc e onrzcauo B X-ra per{ Ha prrropa Teuucrraftaol. flonycraure ce, qe
ToBa e HeJroKaJrr{3rrpaHrrflT KacreJr fpaqraanaa02, cnoMeHar a Notitia Dignitatum4j3 Lr
B TpaKTara na flpoxonuft"3a crpoe>xure"404. flonacroflrlleM Ta3I{ xr{flore3a oqe-
BT.IAHO Beue He MO)Ke [a Ce [OAA'bp;ra. 3a cMeTKa Ha roBa, KaKTo se,{e 6e [rrcKyrr,r-
paHo B TeKcra [o-rope, HaJII4qe ca BcurrKr,r neo6xoqulruycnounr. yKperreHr.rflT rIeH-
r.sp xpart flyaantqy ge X(oc c roJrflMa yBepeHocr Aa ce orb)<AecrBlr c Ag C:rornra,
3 acBI{AeTeJIcTByB aHa B peAI'Iqa K'LCHOaHTI{qHI{ nI{CMeHI{ raenOprn4os.
3e5
Barnea l99la, p. 191.
3e6
CIL, l[, 13739 (= Popescu 1976, N! 168).
3e7
Zahariad e 1996, p. 231 .
308
Ibidem.
3ee
TaKa n: Weiss 1911, 55-56; TIR L35, p. 39; Gajewska 1974, p. 131, 155-156; Popescu
1976, p. 180.
aoo
Zahariade 1988, l4l-1.42.
aorThemist. Orat. X, l36d-138b.
402
3a rorarn3arllrrra Ha fpaqnana e)K.: Zahhriade1988,121-122, 141-142.
{3 Not. Dign. Or. XXXX, 21 (ed. Seeck).
aoa
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
{s Bx. naparpa$a :a
,[yuan"r,qy ge Cyc [o-rope B r{3no)KeHr,rero.
E. YKPEIIEHI{TE OEEKTTI NO MOPCKOTO
KPAI,IEPEXI,IE
L Enncana-I (CONSTANTIANA?)
.
(s. Enisala; com. Sarichioi; jud. Tulcea)
1l .,.
lt
.1.
\
E nisala
O6p.24. EHucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?). fhau uo AaHHIT ot aepoQotorpa$cxu
rl3cJreABaHr{, ($tefan 1977a,p.464,Fig.5). lFig.24. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?).
Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph surveys ($tefan LW1a,p.464, Fig. 5).
ror{Hrrs Qponr (O6p. 24). Cnopeg 6erexxure sa fI. fIonoHI{K, B rpanexa Ha yKpe-
nr{TeJrHrrre ctoptxeHr{s.6wnu y[orpe6eHu o6pa6orenu KaMeHHI,I 6norose I,I Tyx-
xu (opus ntixtunt'!), Koero cBrr[ereJrcrByBaJro 3a HeroBara K'bcHoaHTI{vua ("puuo-
susaHruficra") galrlrpoeras. Tonorp a$nxta, B'brpelrrHara [iraHr{poBKa I{ rrponop-
qrrr.{Te Ha yKpenJreHr{ero, KaKTO E [por.{3xox[arqtrtT OT Hefo apxeororuIqecKl{ Ma-
TeprraJr, ca AaJrr{ ocHotsaHue Ha aBTopa ua aepoSororpa{rcxoro r,I3cJreABaHe Aa ro
onpegeJrr{ Karo "Mar'},K rpaA, $yuxquonrapaJl [pe3 VI ser"6. O6napognaHlrre cJIeA
r,r3Jrr,r3aHero or flerra'r na ny6nuraqflr,rre HoBI,I MoHerHI{ HaxoAKI/t or o6exta not-
B"bp)r(AaBaT Te3ara, r{e afloreflT B pa3Bprrrrero Ha ro3l{ fpaA rl3rJre)K[a ce IIaAa I{MeH-
5
Gajewska L974,p.153.
6
Stefan L977a, p.459.
Ho B VI n.7 CrrqenpeMeHHo, re
y6egureJrHo cBr4AereJrcrByBar, .{e rofi e rrpo[.bJr-
XI4JI Aa CEn{ecTByBa [oHe Ao BTopoTo AeceTI4JIeTI'Ie, aKo He L{ Ao IIo-K'bcHo npe3
vII s.8 Karo ce r{Ma npeABr{[, qe EHr,rcaJra-I e eAr4HcrBeHoro (!) xtcHourrrrro y*-
pe[eHo c rpaAcKI{ o6nur B yqacTbKa oT 3arraAHonoHrraficxoro xpafi6pe-
ceJrl4utre
xl{e Me)KAy Aprarrayrvr I4 AyHaBcKara [eJrra, npeAla3JrLIBo I{3Ka3aHaTa xr4[ore3a, qe
ToBa Moxe 6r.r e enuruarl{qHara Koncranrlra*a9 - e[r,rH or 15-re rpaga u errrrcKo[-
cKr{ npecroJr B [poBr4rrgun cxuruxl0 -
usrre](na He caMo Harr.bJrHo npar4onogo6-
Ha, Ho r4 eAI4HcTBeHo B'b3Moxna. B cryvas c KoncraHTr{aHa uafi-nepoarHo eTaBa
AyMa 3a ocHoBaBaue rlo BpeMero Ha raMrreparop KoHcranrusI wtu flprr HeroBrrre
ewtll HOB rpa[ I4 rBrpZDKAaHe r,r3 OCHOBT4 Ha rIsJroCTHara My rpaAcKa
HaCJIeAHI4IIUI Ha
uuSpacrpyKTypa, neus6e)Kxo BKrrorrBa[la [r yKperrrareJruara cr{creMa.
2. Euuca.na-Il
(s. Enisala; com. Sarichioi;jud. Tulcea)
7
Oberllnder-Tirnoveant 1977-1978b, p. 507 (nr. 103);Minucu-Adamegteanu/Oberliinder-
Tlrnoveanu 1984, p.349 sqq. (nr.7-22).
8
Haft-x'rcuure ny6nurynaHla eK3eMIrJrflpilcaewncrrvHa r.rM[eparop @ora or 6041605 u609/
610 r., Ho ce c[oMeuaBa 3a Hanr,rqrrero Ha MoHeru r{ Ha r{M[epa.rop I4paxnufi: Minucu-
Adameqteanu/Oberliinder-Tlrnoveanu 1984, p. 350, 352 (nr. 2l -22).
e
Barnea l99la,p.192.
l0
lIsoopure ga Koucranrilaaa ca rocoqeHr,r B: TIR L35, 34-35. Bx. oule: Vulpe 1969, p. 160
sqq.; Popescu 1973, p. 359 sqq.; Barnea 1974,p.421 sqq.
rrgtefan 1977a,459-460; gtefan 1977c,p. 15 sqq.
12
B>r. pasgera sa EH[ca.na-II s Inasa II.2.
'3 0pai1 et al. 1991a, p.202.
O6p. 25. Euucana-Il. flnau no AaHHn or aepo$ororpa$cru r{3cJreABaHr{tr ($tefan 1977arp.
465, Fig. 7). I Fig.25. Enisala-Il. Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph
surveys ($tefan 1977a, p. 465, Fig. 7).
14 gtefan 1977a,p.459.
Tosa, or cBo, crpaHa, He ocraBfl HI{KaKBr{ c'bMHeHrrr orHocHo $ynxqr,IonaJlHoro
npeAHa3HaqeHr.re Ha yKpenJreHr,rero: KoHTpol u na6lrogeHr{e Ha n'brHrrfl rpa$rax.
3. APTAMyM (ARGAMUM)
(com. Unirea llvswe Jurilovca/; jud. Tulcea)
t5
VulpelBarnea 1968, passim; Suceveanu/Barnea 1991, passirn.
16
TIR L35, p. 34; Popescu 1973, p. 359 sqq.
17
Apryrrlenru nport{B [peAJIoxeHaTa xr4[oTe3a r,I B rroAKpella Ha JloKanrr3ar{}rnTa Ha rroc
floloxuau Ha aHrnrlHr{f, Aprauyrnl r: Barnea L974,p.427 sqq.
18ISM r,69.
re
Suceveanu 1992, 203-204.
20
Coja 1971, p. 180.
2r lbidem, 180-181;Minucu-Adameqteanu 1980, p. 311 sqq.;Coja 1982, p. 171 sqq.
rr Coja 1977,164-165.
23
Nicorescu 1944, p.95 sqq.
II. KounoueHmume Ha cucme,Mama 17
N"
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ftrtrrlltllllltt///.
r\rlltll,Ll(tlll11r'
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r,l.[
{,h,i.t,h(,r,r.t,l /-
'1.
l, t | k
$Iiii,ll,'..,.+iid{ril,iliii[[iilli"'ifi
ifi ilTliil'['ilii'ii'i'il'i i'i' i' ii' i i'r i'
i i'N\\\
$it#,iffi
,llt\.\i\i\
O6p. 26. APIAMyM (ARGAMUM). Yxpeur,rrerrHa clrcreMa (Coja 197 2, p. 34,
Fig. 1). I Fig. 26. ARGAMUM. Defence system (Coja 1972, p. 34, Fig. I ).
HoBara cxeMa Ha yKpe[JIeHI{ero, Karo flpeAocraBuxa BaxHra crparurpaQcKr{ AaHHra
orHocHo xpouoJrorlrrra Ha Soprrz$uraqrroHHoro crpor{TeJrcrso2a. YrpefleHara
rIJrOIq utla upu6tw3l4TeJrHo TpI,IBrbJreH nJIaH, a TepeH'bT e c'bc 3Haqr{TeJreH HaKJroH
or ceBep Ha ror. 3ana:enure ocraHKrr AaBar ocHoBaHt{e Aa ce rBcpAn, ve Aprauyrr,r
6un saqureH c KpenocreH 3r4A BBB Br{A Ha Haqy[eHarrilHtrfl r.r orK'bM Mopero, Ho
vacr or Hero e lponagHaJra [opaAr4 cpyrBaHe na 6pera. IIo nporexeHue Ha 3rr[oBe-
Te orK'bM cylxara ca6ntn
I,I3rpaAeHu 8 verzpusrbJrHr4 KyJrrr, e[Ha or Kor.rro e 6rana
KyJra-nopTa. cu.yapauanpu6trutzvTeJrHo B cpelaTa Ha ceBepo3araAHara Kperrocr-
Ha cTeHa, c'blqaTa cJreABa Aa ce onpeAeJrr{ KaTo rJraBHa rropTa Ha K'bcHoaHTr4r{HI{.fl
Aprar"ryrtl. Ha uecta, Me)KAy KyJrI,ITe r,r rro rpacero Ha ]oro3aflalHara, ceBepo3arraA-
sa (?) u u3:rorrHa creHr{, ca perucrprrpanu 6 MaJrKrr rrerupl4'brbr,rulz 1acruo*vt, c'bc
crpaHrr or no oKoJro 3,00 u (O6p. 26). fpa4ex'br Ha yKpenrrreJrHr{Te ctoprxeHr{,
e B opus implectum, Karo Jrlrrlara ca o$oplreHrr c rpuxnuso o6pa6oreur4 KaMeHHr{
6norose c'bc cpeAHr.r pa3Meprr, cB'bp3aurl c 6x;r xopocan. fle6eruHara Ha 3r,rAoBere
Bapupa or 2,20 go 2,80 rtr. EguoupeMeHHo (?) c lrsrpax4aHero Ha KperrocrHrrre cre-
Hr{ orK'bM cyrrrara, rrpe[ Tf,x ca 6utw [poKorraHlr ABa yclopeAHrr poBa, Me)KAy Kor{-
to e 6ran Hacr{[aH 3eMJreH sar. 3a6erfl3Bar ce ocraHKr{ or orqe e[prH BaJr, r43HeceH
orle [o-Ha3arraA r4 nperpa)KAarq rleJrr.rfl Hoc, Ho HeroBaTa [aTr4poBKa 3acera e
*teqcqaZ5.
klsrpax<ganero Ha K'bcHoauTr4\rHara yKpenr{TenHa crrcreMa na Aprarr,ryu r
laeitr.wx [BpBoHaqaJreH BraA ce orHacq floHacroqrqeM KBM Kpaq Ha III unra Haqaroro
Ha IV e.26 YcraHoBeHo e, qe B pa3ruqHrr ceKTopr{ Ttr npecrlqa r{3ocraBeHr4 xr4rrllrq-
Hu nocrporiKrr or [epr.roga II-[I e.27 C'uqerpeMeHHo, flpoyr{BaHr.{rra B c'bceXCTBo c
KpelocTHI4Te 3LI[oBe perllcTpupaxa noHe ABa no-KccHLI cTpoLITeJIHI4 xopl{3oHTa,
cB'bp3aHr{ c qacrr.rrrHrr pa3pyrxeHr4r r4 rrocJreABaJrrr B'b3craHoBr{TenHr{ pa6oru no yK-
pe[LrreJIHr{Te c'bop'b)Ketruszg. Cnopeg eAHa MoHera Ha r{Mfleparop Bareuruuuan I
or 364 r., HaMepeHa 3ae[Ho c ropeJrr.r Kl,rprtr,rqu B 3afltJrHrrreJrfl Ha BBTpeuHr.r, poB29,
n'bpBara B'b3craHoBrrreJrHa KaMlaHrafl Hafi-BepoflTHo rpa6na Aa ce cB'r,p)Ke ctc crpo-
rrTeJIHaTa aKTr{BHOCT na TeO;1OCUiltI I/rlt]/r HerOBr{Te [pr4eMHr4IIII, CIreA rOTCKrrTe Ha-
ulecrBr{q or rrocJle[Hara r{erBBpr na IV n. Bropara apxeororuLrecKr.r 3acBI,IAereJrc-
TByBaHa peKoHcrpyKr{r.rfl rr{e ga e 6nta MHoro uo-uaqa6na, AoBex[alixra go vac-
TIrqHa flpoMflHa B o6nfi1.a Ha yKpelrrrerrHara crlcreMa. Cnopeg [aHHr{Te or rlpoyq-
BaHeTo na 6acrr,roua no u3TorrHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa, KoIlTo B'b3crla 3r4[oBe or
2a
Coja 1971,p.179 sqq.; Coja1972, p. 33 sqq.
25
Tosr4 BaJr e HaHeceH Ha cxeMarr,rqnr4l [JlaH, flprrroxeH rcu: Minucu-Adameqteanu 1980,
p. 312 (Fig. l).
26
Coja 1972, p. 42.
27
Coja 1971, 186-187.
:s lbidem, 187-188.
2e
lbidem, p. 188.
V e.30, r{MeHHo K'},M To3r{ BToprr rreprlo[ Ha B'b3craHoBurerrHr.r pa6oru cJreABa Aa ce
orHece lr3rpaKAaHero I4 Ha LIAeHTT{r{Hrrre rro [JraH 6acruonra no [porex<eHr{ero Ha
ApyrI4Te KpenocrHl{ creHlr. He e r:xnroqeHo rro roBa BpeMe 3eMJreHr{Te yKpelI{TeJI-
HI{ ctop'bx(eHlrr rrpeA Qponra na o:r6panrareJrHara lruuvtfl rroHe r{acrurrHo Aa ca
6lr:ru useeqeHr{ or yrorpe6a3l. IlpegnpreMaHero Ha olrrrcaHara crpor{TeJrHa KaM-
r,aHvlfl. Mo)Ke [a ce Aarrrpa uari-pano B Kpar ua V r.rma B Hairaroro na VI e. Aro ce
AoBepr{M Ha cBeAeHrzflTalr,a flpoxorurl, o6a.re, Aprarrlyu cJre[Ba qa 6'rqe flpuquc-
JIeHKtM $oprraslmaqr{oHHr{re rpaAexr{ Ha rrMreparop trOcrranraalr.I32. Btn s'br-
pelrHocrra Ha yKpe[Jreulrero ca perucrpr,rpauw 3 xr{JrrrrrlHr{ Hr{Ba or VI ser33 u
ocraHKr{ or pa3rr.rr{Hr.,r xLrJrr{u{HI4 ra o6uqecreenra noctpoftKl{, Me)KAy Kor{To Irr ABe
paHHoxplrcrrirrHcKr4 1azuttuxu or V-VI s.34 B'bg ocHoBa Ha HyMr.r3MarurrHufl Mare-
puatfs r{ Epyrr{Te apxeororr4rrecKr{ HaxoAKlr ce [pueMa, qe Aprarvryvr [poc'brrlecr-
ByBaJI Ao K'r,L{ BToporo Aecerr{Jrerrae na VII s.36
4.Vlcrpw
(com. Istria I 6vsrue Caranasuf/; jud. Constantra)
30
Coja 1972,p.38,41.
3r
Coja 1971, p. 188.
32
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
3r
Coja 1971,p.183; Coja 1972,p.37.
3a
Nicorescu 19 44, 96-99 ; Barnea 1945-47, p. 227, 235, 239 -240.
3s
Hafi-rccuara Mouera, HaMepeHa [pr{ pa3KolKrre (cpeg cro6rqeun,e gocera!), e eAr4H
seorpeAeneH 6pousor eK3eMnnf,p Ha rrMreparop Oora (602-610 r.): Coja 1972,p. 40.
36
Ibidem, p. 41.
r'- Nloisil 1909b, p. 167.
38
lllxopuur 1940, 534-535.
30 rpaA Wctpun. Kato ce IIMa npeABIrA ,IHTeH3uBHocrra Ha noceJrr{uH}rs x}rBor B
pafioua npe3 pIIMcKara II KBCHopHMcKara enoxrr39, KaKro rr rroBceMecrHoro [r pfl3-
Ko [peKBcBaHe Ha o6rE:rasaHeto Ha HeyKperreHr{Te ceJrrrula Kl,M Kpas na lV/ua.ra-
Jloro Ira V r., yrpenJleHrlero B],pxy noJlyocrpoBa "lepeHa" c MHoro flo-roJlflMa Be-
posrHocr rpr6ra Aa ce pa3rJlexAa Karo yKpeleH K'bcr{oaHTrrrreH npog1JrxtrreJr Ha
loceJrrrrrlHara rpagr{rlrrs B xr{HTepJraHAa Ha l4clput.
5.I,ICTPII' (HISTRIA)
(com. Istria l1:auilte Caranasuf/; jud. Constanla)
3e
3a nocenuqHrlfl xrlBor B xI,IHTepnaHga uaklcrpwfl upe3 pul{cKara erloxa Bx.: Suceveanu
p. 43 sqq.; Awam et al. 1985, p. 1 13 sqq.
L977 ,
a0
flo npo6neMllTe cBBp3aHrI c llcroprl{Ta }r apxeoJror}rflTa Ha LIcrpur. r,rMa HarpyrraHa or-
poMHa HayrIHa KHLlxHrIIra. Harpatxo 3a [cropuqecKoro pa3BlrTHe Ha rpaAa r.r 3a
[pe[rrpxerrrre raM apxeonourqecKr{ npoyrrBagufl, sx.: Condurachi 1954, 3-62; ISM
t, t4-43.
ar
MoMeuttr Ha pa3pyllreHllero He e curypHo ycrarroBen B aHTlrrrHrrre [r{cMeHrr rr3Bopr{ }r 1ro
Hero ce BoAII oxHBeHa HayqHa rloneMr.rKa. Io-crapure MHeHlIfl ca o6o6u1enu n:
Doruliu-Boih1964, S. 247 sqq. Hanocneg'x lr3crreABaqr.rre ca cKrroHHlr Aa crecgrr
BrL3MoxHaTa [aTa B xpoHoflorflqecK]Ire paN{KI,I o'r 245 Ao 253 r.: Suceyeanu |982a,
p. 85 (nocoveua e rI [o-HoBara Jll{Teparypa uo npo6neua). flocleguo 3a rrcroprrflra
ua I,Icrpux [pe3 prrlr{cKara erroxa ex.: Suceveanu 1990, S. 233 sqq.
a2
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. xxII, 8, 43 (ed. clark): "Histros quondam potentissina civitas,,.
tpona
I e)
r' LJlll
.s^--^-\),
",//=/
lncinlo poslgoTrco-lozoA I
/ 3C/O50
-
.NsNsy.' 10A @m
a3
B'rpxy repr,rropllarrHns o6xnar Ha rpaAa, ux.: $tefan 1974b, p. 39 sqq.; $tefan 1975,p.51
sqq.; $tefan 1976,p.43 sqq.
aa
Sion/Suceveanu 1974,p.5; Stefan L975,p.54; gtefan 1976,p.48.
a5
Brpxy crparurpaSnflTa, KoHcrarr{paHa B pa3rnqH[ ceKTopr or npoyqeHara repr.rrop]rrr
raVlcrpnt, rrMa Muoro ry6ruKar{rr. Bx. Hanp.: Condurachi 1954, passim; Petre
1963,311-334; Suceveanu 1969, 329-348; Suceveanu/Scorpan 1971, p.155 sqq.;
Scorpan 1980,75-80; Suceveanu 1982a, p. l5 sqq., 82 sqq.; Suceveanu 1982b,79-83.
TeMa Ha Vlcrput noHacrosrqeM ce pa3rpaHr{qaBar 5 ourosHr4 KoHcrpyKTr,rnnu Qa:r.r
("A"-"E";46. BrsHursaHero Ha ttefntux nsproo6pa3 e npf,Ko cJregcrBrre or yHr4rqo-
xIiITeJIHoro pa3pylreHr{e or cpe[ara na III n. cr. Xp. 14 npeAcraBJrflBa Ba)KeH eJre-
MeHT OT TISJIOCTHOTO [per.r3rpDKAaHe Ha rpaAa, 3ailOqHaIO npe3 BTOpaTa [onoBlrHa
Ha c'btrlraq eex. KoucnpyKTLIBHa $a3a "A", Kofro o6rarcroeeHo ce ripunl4cBa Ha rrM-
[eparop flpo6a7, e ocraBr{Jra He3Haqr{reJrHr4 apxeoJrorrrqecKr{ cregu4s (Odp. Z7).
flpu nce roBa, HaJrr{qrrero Ha c'brqecrBeHr pa3lftr.r.rrfl, B rpaAexa e AaJro ocHoBaHrle
Aa ce npeAloJrara c'bqecrByBaHero Ha o6oco6enn crpoHTeJIHI{ uogSaslr. Tara nan-
pr4Mep, 3anaAHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa ce oTruqaBa c TBcpAe rrpr.rMr.rTr{BHa cTpor{TeJr-
Ha rexHI{Ka, cBrrAereJrcrByBatqa 3a r{3[r{raHeto i npn ra3BBHpe[Hr.r o6croxre.rcrea,
OqeBI4AHO B yCJIOBI{q Ha I{KOHOMLIqeCKI{ 3aTpyAHeHI{fl I{ BOeHHO-nOnI4TUr{eCKa HeC-
ra6ruurocr. fie6enuuara ir ne HaABr4rrraBa 2,10 vt, a ocHoBara fi e o$opmeHa Hanpa-
BO B'bpxy rrJracTa oT pa3pyr[eHr4rr, oT HapeAeHrr rrJrbTHo e[Ha Ao Apyra r4 HalpeqHo
Ha 3r4Aa KoJroHr.r. Ka:ro csrpsBaul Marepr.raJr B eMlJreKToHa e rr3[oJr3yBaHa urr{Hec-
Ta np'bcr. Cerepnara Ia ro)KHara KpenocrHr.r crenr{ AeMoHcrpllpar 3HaarETeJrHo rro-
npeqrr3eH rpage)K. Te m:cxqar ocraHKrrrre r{ ToqHo B'b3npor43Be>xgar ron$r4rypa-
\l4flTA Ha C'bOTBeTHIITe 3r{AOBe OT eJrr4HrrCTI4rreCKaTa erroxa. [e6e:rUUataAm e 2,60
u. I,l:sugaru4 ca B opus implectum, c ynorpe6a Ha MHoro 3ApaB BapoB xopocau. flpo-
YIIBAHIA'{TA IIO TPACETO HA IO)KHATA CTCHA CA YCTAHOBI4II4 PITMI{I{HO IIPUIAIAHC HA
crrcreMa or AGpBeHr,r rpeAr4 (npes unrepBaJrr4 or 1,54 u) 3a cB'bp3BaHe Ha KaMeHHrr-
re 6noxose or B'bHrrrHara r,r BtTperuua o6nraqonra. [ocrrnBT B'bB B'LTperrrHocrra
Ha yKpeneHaTa TeprrTopus ce e oc'brrlecTB_rrBaJr [pe3 Tpr.r nopTr{, rJraBHaTa oT Kor{To
6r,rna pasnoJroxeHa upu6rusureJrHo B cpeAara Ha 3arraArrara KpelocrHa creHa rr ce
e oxpaHsBana or gnolira npaBo'brbJrHrl KyJrr4. flo rpacero Ha c'brrlara creHa ce [peg-
lOJIara CGIII0CTByBaIIeTO II Ha Apyru KyJIIII, HO apxeOIOrUqeCKI,ITe AOKa3aT9JICTBa
3a roBa ca Bce oule rBGpAe ocx:sgnra4g. flpneua ce, qe yKperrrrreJrHara cvrcTev.a Ha
Vlcrpnx SynrquonupaJra B onr,rcaHr{, Br,rA Ao KtM Kpa-f, na III s., Koraro cep}ro3Ho
nocrpanaJra, Mox(e 6u rrpvt rorcKoro Harra[eHr,re or 295 rogrEnaso.
KoucrpyrudBHara Sa3a "B" flpeAcraBJrflna $arruuecKlr crpor,rreJlcrBo a
fundamenti,s, [prrAaJro Ha rpagcKara yKpenr.rreJrHa cr{creMa o6rr4Ka, s xof{ro rx 6es
c'LqecTBeHu rnrogu$I{Kaqr{rr [poc'bIIIecTByBaJra r{aK Ao oKoHqaTeJrHoTo rrpeK'bcBa-
He Ha )rerBoranLlcrput npe3 VII n. (O6p. 28). 9pea rprc'beArrHrBaHe Ha HoBrr qac-
a6
Domineanfu/Sion 1982,p. 377 sqq. (uacroaulara uy6nzraqra e lr3rorr3yBaHa Karo ocHo-
Ba Ha o[ficanuero no-gony).
a7
Flaqaaoro Ha srporrreJrcrBoro 6u lrorao Aa ce cBbpxe u c Mepo[pvrfla;r.flTa Ha rrMfleparop
Ianneu B AorrHoAyHaBcKr{Te 3eMrr, B)K. Harp.: Barbu 1978, p. 143 sqq.;
Zahariade/Gudea 1997, 63 -64.
a8 Florescu 1954a, p. 88 sqq.; Florescu 1954c, p. 296 sqq.; Suceveanu 1969, p. 343 sqq.;
DomlneanJu/Sion 1982, p. 379 sqq.
ae
Domineanfu/Sion 1982, 37 9 -382 (Ftg. 2).
50
Ibidem, p. 382.
posfd ?
Trr or
ceBepo3arraA r{ }oro3alaA, yKperreHara reprrropr,rfl,6ana yBerr.rrreHa r,r Aocrur-
Ts u}*.{a HelpaBr{JreH nJraH, [peAolpeAeJreH or xonourypaq[rrra
HaJra oKoJIo 7 ,0 xa.
Ha TepeHa. ceaepora:ror{HaTa rr ro)KHaTa KpenocTHr.r cTeHr{ npeAcTaBIqBaT I{3IIflJIo
HoB rpaAe)K. fpa4rr 6un sarquteH c'bc 3rrAoBe r{ orKcM Mopero - or ceBepor{3ToK
u rororr3ToK (cera ryr ce rpocrr.rpa JraryHHoro e3epo Crauoe). HonoraagurHarara
3anaAHa KpelocrHa creHa r.rMa A'bJDKr{Ha oKoJro 320 v. B o6rqu rtrr^utut rq cregBa
Tpacero le.aslnp.a or npegxo[nara Sasa, Ho e 3Harrr,rreJrHo [o-Macr4BHa (ge6ernna 3-
4 u) u coJrr.rAHo r.r3rpaAeHa or Hero r{ BKJrroqBa n ce6e cu floqru Han'bJrHo [eMoHTr,r-
flo upore:xenu-
paHr.,rre My r{ Hr{BeJrupaHV ocraHKr.r B Kar{ecrBor:o na cy6ctpyKqrrf,.
ero Ha oKoJroBp'bcrHara KpenocrHa creHa ca perrrcrpr,rpaHr4 Aocera 10 rynu, 9 ot
Kor{To ca c'bcpeAorolreHr{ no $ponra Ha 3anaq. BcrEqru re ca c rrerr.rprrtbrtJreH nJraH,
Ho 3HaqlareJrHo ce pa3rprrraBar rro pa3Mepr,r rr KoHcrpyKTr,rBHo-crpoureJrHr{ oco6e-
Hocrn, raro 6 or rqx ca r,r3rlqro c nJrlreH rpalex. 3a .ram or KyJrr{Te e apxeoJrorr,r-
rIecKLI ycTaHoBeHo, rle JIexaT B'bpxy ocTaHKII II BepoflTHo B'b3npov3BexAaT IIJIaHO-
n-t--
Reloceri ole
- fozq C
Bara cxeMa Ha KyiIrI or KoHcrpyKTI{BHa $a3a "A", Koero [oHrKaAe olr'ctssa HaJrr{-
gr{ero ua $yru MexAy rqx H npr,rrexarqr{Te yqacrBrlrr or Kpenocrnara cresa. 3a-
[a3Ba SynxquonarrHoro crr npe[Ha3HarreHrre [r rJraBHara nopra or cuqara $asa,
HO CireA Karo flperBpflsBa 3HaLr]rreJrua lroglr$llxaqur. Ype: rr3rpax[aHero Ha orqe
ABe AoIBJIHITTeJIH]I B'L]{IrIHIr KyJrr{ rr o$oprraruero na o6ruupeH 3arpaAerr [Bop. rs
ce [peBpBIrIa B MoHyMeHTaJIeH apxrrreKTypeH r{ orHocHTeJrHo caMocrorreles o16-
paHIrreJIeH rounlercsl. flpoyvnareJllrre cnpaBe[Jrr{Bo or6erqgsar, qe uaqa6ure
Ha crpollTeJlcrBoro or KoHcrpyKTI{BHa $a3a "8" cBr{AereJlcrByBar, .Ie ro e 6LIro
II3BBprrIeHo B ttepno4 Ha IIKoHoMHIIecKI{ I{ noJlr,rrrrLlecrn cra6lrtxrer. Br,s ocHoBa
Ha crparlrrpa$cxrre EaHHvt, KoHCrpyKTlIBHara Sasa ce c[HxpoHr{3rrpa ual:r-o6rqo c
51
Florescu 7954a, p. 66 sqq.; Florescu 1954b, p. 99 sqq.;Dominean{u/sion 1982, 3g2-3g5
(Fig. a).
[o turn?
s2
Suceveanu 1969,p.364; $tefan 1975, p.62; Suceveanul982a.,p.27.
53
Florescu 1954a, p. 94.
5a
floT ogu B'blpoc, ex<.: frara I.2.
n./
zrh
s5
Dominean(u/Sion 1982, 385-387 (Fig. 7).
56
Popescu 1976, Nb 112,113; Barnea 1960,365-366,369-370,374.
r=r-z
++ +
+ I,
t
++
+ (
o-- rm
It. s. s IrrIt
6. Onugay-I
(com. Ovidiu; jud. Constanla)
57
Domlnean{u/Sion 1982,381-388 (Fig. 9).
58
$tefan 1976, p. 50.
5e
Domineanfu/Sion 1982, 388-390 (Fig. 1l).
60
CanarachelDimitriu 1954, 163-173; gtefan 1976, p. 50.
6l Petre 1963, p.
317 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,77-78.
62
Scorpah 1980, p. 130.
63
Petre 1963, p. 332 (n. 51).
n BT ogu cMr.rc'r,rr r.r:
,(nunrpou 1992, c. ll5.
65
\{eiss 1911, S. 12; PArvan 1912,p.581 (n.3).
JIeHIl.[Ta e rr3MecreHo Ha 3alaA cnpfMo [o-paHHoro r,r qacrl4qHo [pel,I3rroJr3]tsa eAr{H-
crBeHo HI{BeJrI{paHrrre ocHoBI{ Ha HeroBara 3arraAHa Kpe[ocrHa creHa. B uy6nrary-
BaHI{Te rouuruHll orr{erlr 3a apxeoJrorr{r{ecKlrre KaMrraHI,Iu66 ce c.bg.bp)Ka rrco1tgr1a
(rnrar ap roHsKora rporr.rBopeqan a ) un$opMarlu, orHocHo KoHcrpyKrr,rBHo-crpor{-
!
66
Bucovali/Papuc 1980a, p.342 sqq.; Bucovalr/papuc 1980b, p. 275 sqq.; Bucovali./papuc
1981, p.211 sqq., Bucovall/Papuc 1984, p. 153 sqq.; Bucovali/papuc 19g6, p. 169
sqq.; Bucovalr/Papuc 1993, p. 273 sqq. (ganura 3a KaMraHuqra npe3 l9B2r.; cBeAe-
HWfl. 3a lpoyqBa-Hr.rsra cneA 1984 r. ue ca ny6llrcynaur.).
67
Pesyltaurre or [poyqBatrrflTaHa Hoc IIIa6.ira ca o6o6rqeur B rr3JroxeHr{ero uo-gon' (Nir
14 n 15).
68
Bucoval[/Papuc 1984. 155-156; Bucovald/Papuc 1986, 170-171.
6e
Bucovali/Papuc 1981, p.212.
70
Bucovali/Papuc 1980a, 342-343; Bucovalfi./Papuc 1980b, Zj6-277.
7rBucoval[/Papuc 1984, p. 154.
72lbidem, 154-155.
Hara KyJra Ha OBnAr.ry-I (A' ctopeg o3HarreHrrero Ha pa3KolBar{r,rre) MoHera na Cen-
ruuuri CerepT3 neo6oqrosaHo ce cleKyrrnpa74. Karo ce rrMa npeABrrA, r{e ocraHKr4-
Te oT paHHoro yKpeIIJIeHI{e ca 6unra rotarHo AeMoHTrrpaHI.,I }r Hr,rBeJrr4paHrr B'bB Bp'b3-
Ka c rro-K'bcHoro KpelocrHo crpollTeJrcrBo Ha roBa Mqcro, BT'npocHara MoHera
I,IMa rB'bpAe orpaHLIrIeHa xpoHorormecxa crorfirocr - orqe rloBerre, qe He ce yKa3-
BAT HIIKAKBI,I AAHHI,I OTHOCHO KOHCTATI,IPAHIII B COHAA)KA CTPATI,ITPASCXU KOHTEKCT
I{ IIOJIO)KCHNETO HA MOHCTATA B HCTO.
Maxap Ir crrJIHo o6esrLIqeHI,I I,I He3aAoBoJII{TeJrHo npoyrreHu, ocraHKrare or
Onraguy-I npeAocraBflr y6eguterHl{ ocHoBaHr,rJr yKpelJreHraero Aa ce ortx[ecrBr4 c
MaJrbK KacTeJr, I43n'bJrHeH narl-eepoxtHo no pa3HoBr,IAHocT Ha [JraHoBaTa cxeMa
quadriburgium: c Kplsrrrl{ 6rJroBI{ KyJrIa }r qerr,rpr4'br6JrHa KyJra-nopr:a. Or $yrr qn-
OHAJIHA |JIEAHA TOIIKA, KACTEJI'bT CJIEABA AA CE IIOCTABI,I B IPqKA BP'b3KA HE CAMO C
7.0nuqny-Il
(com. Ovidiu; jud. Constanla)
73
Bucoyali/?apuc 198L, p.212.
7a
Suceyeanu 1992, p. 211.
7s
flpes 90-r:e roguuu B HelocpeAcrBeua 6rusocr Ao yKpe[JreHrnero 6e r{asruqHo [poyqeH
qpe3 pa3KolKI{ MoHyMeHTaJIHo I{3rpaAerr aKBeAyKr, ura6gxnan c BoAa Tour. Cto-
p6)KeHl{ero AarI,Ipa or Kpiu na III wu Harraroro na IV n., Ho 3acera He Moxe Aa ce
Kaxe c [onoxIITeJIHocT AaJrr.r e cT,rrlecTByBara HqKaKBa Bp'b3Ka Me)<Ay HeroBoTo u
ToBa Ha raagpra6yprnyMa r{3rpaxAaHe rr Qyurquonupaue: Papuc/Ionesc'a 1994,
p. 209 sqq.
76
Bucoyali/?apuc 1981, p.215; Bucovall/Papuc 1986, p. 17l.
77
Vertan/Custurea 1992, p.394 (nr. 1555) (Mouerara rpor.r3xox<Aa or apxeororrrqecKrrre
pa3KorlKrr na o6erra upee 1990 r. O6croqreJrcrBara Ha HaMr{paHero ir ne ca [oco-
qeHr,r, a pe3yJrrarr.r or [poyqBaHrluTa creA 1984 r. ne ca o6napoqnaHu.).
Hocr ro, KaKTo eKcrpaMypaJrHoro qr{BHJrHo IroceJreHrre, ca HaMepr{Jru ru1etra cw
rd
[pLI HTIKOe OT xyHCKI{Te HaIIIeCTBI{, [pe3 n'bpBaTa I{JII{ BTOpaTa qeTB'bpT na V s.
Ocnonanue sa noqo6uo rB6p[eHr4e AaBa eAHa MoHera or repuo[a 408-423 r., orK-
pr.rra cpeA [Jracr or rre[eJr B'bpxy naBaxa n palioua Ha KpenocrHara [opra7S. II{o ce
orHac-fl Ao cnoMeHarara rro-rope B TeKcra MoHera na IIrs I79, ro u Moxe 6ra noxas-
BA, I{E XI4BOT'I,T HE 3AMPSJI HAN'bJIHO II O6I,ITABAHETO HA TEPEHA NPON'bJDKI,IJIO II CJIEI
npe)Kr.rBrHata xaracrpo$a.
Yrpeuneuuero Onuguy-Il upegcranJrflBa c'bB'bprueHo HoBa nocrpofixa. ?Is-
[I4raHeTO My e [peArrrecTByBaHo oT Macr4paHa KaM[aHr4rr rlo qqrocTHo AeMoHTr.rpa-
He r{ HrirBeJrrrpaHe Ha ocraHKrlTe or Onraguy-I r gpyrure 3aBapeHr,r rpaAe)Kr{ [o Hr4Bo-
To Ha roraBatrHufl TepeH. \o6urun [pr.r roBa crpor{TeJreH MarepvaJr orreBrlnHo e
6ran sro)KeH B HoBoro crporrreJrcrso. IIo [JraHoBa cxeMa Onupray-Il [peAcraBJrrBa
quadriburgium c pasv-epu 69 x 53 u, oppreHrr,IpaH ceBep-Ior. B ceneposalaAHrr.fl r{
Ioro3a[aAHktfl. My 'brtJr e 6uta usrpaAeua no eAHa KpcrJra KyJra c ArraMertp 9,00 rvr
(C r D), a B roror{3Torrnpm u ceBepor{3TotrHr.rfl - lro eAHa rrerupubrtJrHa c pa3Mepr{
c'borBerHo 9,75 x8,82u9,75 x9,00 u (A u B)80. fie6enznara Ha 3r4AoBere Ha KyJrr4-
re Bapupa Mex[y 7,90 u2,20 vl81(npu Kyna A - Ro 2,85 r'a82). Yxpenrenuero Osr-
guy-Il e Ir3rpageHo Ha HoB TepeH, 3alaAHo or [o-paHHoro yKpe[JreHr{e, Karo caMo
LI3Tor{Hara My KperrocrHa creua (noue B cpeAHara cu uacr) 3acrbrrBa r.r r,r3[oJr3yBa
aa QynqaueHT HEBeJrr{paHr{Te r{ Aon'bJrHr{TeJrHo yKpe[eHr{ ocHoBr4 Ha 3a[agHara cre-
Ha Ha HeroBIrJI npeAuecrseHr.x83. [ocrrn'sr Ao yKpelJreHr{ero ce e oc'blllecrBrBaJr
lpe3 e[r4HcrBeHa rropra, [pe[craBJrflBarrla orBop c urr4pr.rHa 2,15 yt B roxHara Kpe-
nocrHa creHa, pa3rroJroxen na 7,50 M or loror43ToqHara brJroBa ryta84. fly6mry-
BaHI,ITe AaHHrr orHocHo ge6enunara Ha KpenocrHrrre 3r4AoBe ca rB'bp[e nporr,rBope-
.rus[. Taxa HanpI,IMep, 3a r{3ToqHLI-f, I{ ceBepHlrrl 3nA oTHarraJlo ce cnoMeHaBa, rre ca
ge6enra 2,85 rur85. flo-xrctto, no orHorrreHr,Ie Ha I{3ToqHrr.3uy\ ce npaBl{ yrorrHeHl{e-
To, rre 3aBapeHara ocHoBa Ha flo-paHuoro yKpenJreHrre e 6lrra yxpeueHa c eAr4H peA
KaMeHHr4 6norone, Koero e AoBeJro go ueriuoro pa3rrrr4peHrre c 0,10 rra (r.e. 2,85 +
0,10 = 2,95 u). Cynepcrpyxrdr{sra, o6ave, e 6ur.a r,r3rpaAeHa c orcrbrr or 0,90u
HaB'brpe, Karo HaA perucrpr.rpanu.s 6asxer ge6enunara Ha 3uAa ce e crecHqBaJra c
oqe 0,10 u86. O:r roBa cJreABa, qe BBB Br{coqrrHa Lr3ToqHara KpenocrHa creHa Ha
S.Ila.nary Mape
(s. Palazu Mare; com. Ovidiu;jud. Constantra)
ea
Milosevid/Jeremi6 1986, p. 245 sqq.; Jovanovi6 et al. 1986, p. 376 sqq.; Jovanovid/xora6
1984, p. 192 sqq.; Gabricevi6 1986, p.71 sqq.; Kora6 7996,p.105 sqq.; Ilerporuh
1982-83a, c.129 q.
e5
Bucoyali/?apuc 1981, p.212 (= Vertan/Custurea 1981, p.342, nr. 330); Bucovall/papuc
1986, p. 171 (= \rg11xn/Custurea 1983, p. 312,nr.774).
e6
B><. uaup. [o-rope Ir [o-AoJry B Hacroflulara rJraBa: Ba.r.rur-Ty:.na, TuuSrna-3anag, Kaneu
6par-TonpaK KaJre, KAPEfl .
e7
Bucovald/Papuc 1980a, p.346; Bucovali/Papuc 1980b, p.279.
e8
BucoyalE/Papuc 1981, p. 21 1 (n. 3).
ee
TIR L35, p. 56;Suceveanu1977,p.5l.
roo
Bucovali/Papuc 198L, p.215.
r0r
Suceyeanu 1991, p. 69; Sucev eanu 1992, S. Zl2.
9. MaMaq
(Marnaia ; jud. Constantra)
102
Bucovali/Papuc I"981, p.215.
ro3
Suceveanu 1992, S. 212.
rG Bucovali./Papuc 1981, p.216.
r05
PArvan 1915b, p.415 sqq.;Rldulcscu 1965,5-6, Fig. 1.
ocTaIIKrr 3a cT,xaJrel{rle ca Bce oxle HenyoJIIIKyBaHIr. 3a rqx Moxe Aa ce CBAH caMo
rro 6errIITe [aHHrr, flpuBe[eHrr B Hayrlrro-norryirflpr{u [3[aHEq106 TIJIIT B r.I3cJIe[Ba-
HIrr, [ocBereHr,I Ha [pyra reMarrrKa1o7. CrulecrseH npr{Hoc za :agflcrflBaHe Ha era-
nIITe B pa3lrrrrpeHrrero Ha o6[TaBaHara rpaACKa repuropus BHece lr rouorpa$cro-
rrJraHlrMerpLr-lrnprfl"t aHaJII{3 Ha HeKpo[oJII{Te Ha Touu108. Cr,npe*reuuoro c'bcroq-
HIIe Ha [O3HaH]IrTa OTHOCHO KBCHOaHTTIqHaTa yKpenHTeJrHa CITCTeMa Ha rpala Ha-
MepI{ I{3pa3 B e[Ha rroflBrrJra ce HeorlaBHa KparKa o63opHa crart4s,, BHacqqa r{3Bec-
THrr KopeKrllrrr B HaMr{panIr{Te ce B HayLrHo o6prqeuue Aarrurr ra cr,o6rqanaula sa
HSKOII HOBI{ OTKpIITHS OT nOCJIe[HI{Te rO4UnU109.
flpes eruuucruqecrara HallaJloro Ha pI..IMcKara eloxa Torrau e 3aeMaJI
I,I B
caMo Kpas Ha floiryocrpoBa, BBpxy rofiro noHacrorlqeM e pa3noJloxeH KyJrrypHo-
alMr{Hr4crparlrBuufl rIeHTtp na Koneranqal10. Cnororenarafll HrKoJrKo nrrfi or Osll-
glrft "x'rc 3r{E"i11 orreBr.r4uo rrperpa{<Aarrrflclara ruulka B cpe4ara Ha [oJryocrpo-
sa. flo-x'rcHo, KBM Kpas Ha I rlltu no-seposrHo npe: II s., 6uila rr3rpageHa HoBa
Kpe[ocTHa crerra, B pe3yJrTaT Ha KoeTo 3arrlr.rTeHaTa Tepr.rTopus Ha rpaAa ce yBeJrr,r-
qr{Jra norrrr{ gaorluo n o6xnarqara Beqe rleJrrrfl noJryocrpoB. Marap [a He e [poyqe-
HO apxeoJrou{qecKl{, TpaceTo Ha To3r{ 3r.r[ AocTa crlrypHo ce ollpeAeJlq BT3 ocHoBa
Ha crropa[rrLrHu HaxoAKrr r{ KocBeHrr apxeoJrorr{qecKr{ $arru. I4exasaHoro HrKora
npe[[oJroxeHl{e, qe KacHoaHTr{uHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa sa Touu ce flBflr,a peKoHc-
TpyKIIlu Ha ra3l{ or plrMcKara eiloxa712, HarlocJre['bK KareroputrHo ce orxBtpJrq.
C'rqara e 6gla I{3[IrrHara BBpxy ocraHKrrre or 3eMJIeH 3alrl]rren BaJr, rrac[naH
HeH3BecrHo Kora rorrHo upes II-[I B. Aarer{ npeg $ponra ua or6paHr{TeJrHara Jrr,r-
rrru or roBa BpeMe113. Maxap n ue 6egcnopulr114, HaJrrrqHr{Te Saxru [aBar ocHoBa-
Hlre Aa ce AonycHe, qe KTcrroanTr{qHara KpenocrHa crena na Touu nperpax[aJra He
caMo cyxo['L,THrr, [ocrrfl K'bM rroJryocrpoBa, B'bpxy xoiiro 6ur pasuoroxeH rpa-
gBT, Ho - rroHe or ror! - ro 3arqr4TaBalra H orKBM Mopero. Yxpeneuara flJroul Ha[-
xBBprq 60 xa (O6p .33,34). Tpacero rra 3rr[a [pe[craBJrrBa HarryneHa rrurlntrfl, c't c-
Toflrrla ce or pa3Jrr{qHo [Bmu npanorxuerlHr,r yqacrr,qr{, Karo rlqrocrHara My [TJr-
xlrHa ce II3r{rIcJrgBa Ha rroBeqe ot 1700 rtr115. ge6erv:p.ara Ha KpelocrHara creHa e
106
Canarach e L96L, 19-22; Kanapaxe L9 67 . 9 | -92, 98 - 1 02, I 05.
r07
Vulpe 1969, 160-161; Aricescu L977, 155-157.
108
Barbu 196L, p. 203 sqq.
roe
Ridulescu 1995-L996, p. 83 sqq.
t10
OlucaHlrero e B'L3 ocLIoBa ua ronorpa$cKlrfl aHaJrL{3 Ha pa3BrlTrlero Ha yKpe[LITeJrHara
cr.rcreMa na TonN, o6o6u1en r.r AorrbnHeH e: Aricescu 1977,155-157; ax. c'rqo u:
Ridulescu 1995-1996, p. 91.
lrl Bcuqrlr qlrrarlr y Onuguft, B Kor,rro ca crroMeHarr,r yKperrr{TeJII{rITe ctoptxenur ua Toura,
ca Kol{enrr{panns: Pirvan 1915b, 428-431.
1r2
Suceveanu 1969, p. 348 sqq.; Suceveanu I974,p.233.
113
Aricescu 1977 , p. 156 .
r16
Canarache 196l,p. 19.
r17
Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 84.
r18
PArvan 1915b, p. 439 sqq.
rre
Kauapaxe 1967, c.98.
r2o
Pirvan 1915b, p. 440 sqq.
r2r
llsalron 1980, c. 221.
./',
,\v't1
'.';r^:. ,i
/ v'(u
'.:<,/".ry,
;;re
O6p.34. TOMI4 (TOMIS). fllas na KbcnoaHrr4rrHara yKperrreJrHa cr{creMa no K.
cxopnan (scorpan 1980, p. l71,Pl. xxxll). /Fig.34. TOMIS. Layour of the Late Roman
defence system after C. Scorpan (Scorpan 1980, p. l77,Pl. XXXD.
pI{Ha rlo Sponra oKoJro L2 m), pa3Kpl4ra nprr rz3KorHu palorvr Ha oKoJro 70 r{ :as-
ToqHo or r.Hap. "Ky;ra Ha MecapI{Te"122. \ocera apxeoJrorl{llecKra ca 3acBl{AereJrc-
TByBaHI4 TpLr or Kpe[ocrHl4Te floprr{ na Toun - ceBepo3arraAHa, ceBepHa rd ceBepo-
I{3Tor{Ha. IlpegnoloxrareJlHo e ycraHoBeHo MecrorroJroxeHr{ero Ha or{e e[Ha rrop-
Ta - Ioro3alaAHara. Heorganna e 6nl4gocr Ao r{3TorrHru xpafi ua ceBepHr.rfl Kpeloc-
TeH 3r4A na Touu 6e npoyveu KoMlJreKcr,T Ha r43Tor{Hara rpaAcKa flopra. ctqara
ce HaMLlpa B K'bCa OTCeqKa C HarrpaBneHrre roro3anaA-ceBepou3ToK, pa3[oJro)KeHa
rro[ 'brbJr cnpflMo rpacero Ha I4[BarUr4Jr or 3arra[ Kpe[ocreu sug. MouyrueHTaJrHrrrrr
xapaKTep Ha pa3Kpr{Tr{Te rpafie)Kil xaBa ocHoBaHr{e [a ce [pe[noJrafa, rre ToBa e
6lrra rrasHara [opra Ha ToMH. Ta e Qnaxrktpa:r,a or ABe U-auilHn KyJrr4, orcroflrr{u
na 10,50 M eAHa or [pyra. flo-go6pe rpoyrreHara 3arraAHa KyJra e uprpoKa 11,50 ru u
ce rr3AaBa na 15,00 ilpe[ KpenocrHara creHa. fle6elnuara Ha 3r.r[oBere i gocrura
3,80 lr, xaro 6anrerr,T, pa3geJrxrq cy6- or cyflepcrpyKrlu.rrra r.rMa rrrupr{Ha 0,50 rnl.
Ilpeg noprara ra3ure)K,qa e r.rMaJro 3arqrrreH poe, roftro 6lrn npeogoJrrBaH nocpelc-
TBoM noABIiI>KeH luocrl23. Cenepnara [opra 6u;ra oxpanflBaHa or [Be 6.rusxopasno-
JroxeHr{ B'bHrxHr.r r{errrpr4'brbJrHrr KyJrr{, MexAy Kor.rro ce o$opuxl [poxoA c rlrprr-
r22
Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 89.
r23
Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 89.
ua 4,34 M, 3arBapflH c KarapaKT atza. Lrgeurr.r.rHo 6uro ycrportcrnoro rr Ha ceBepo-
3anaAHara nopra. Tyr gnere rpafinparnu rrerr.rputrbJrHrr KyJrr4 6ralu urupoKr{ rro
5,40 rr,r r4 orcroflJrr{ sa 5,07 M eAHa or fipyra. O$opuenraflT MexAy rxx npoxog 6zn
crecHeH [o 4,00 M or ABa rrlrJracrlpa c BeprrrKaJrnrE >rJre6oee 3a KarapaKral2s. Mal-
KO CJreE CeBepo3ala[Hara nopra KpenocrHr,rflT 3r4A Ha Touu ce pa3ABOsBal. EguHlr-
tr yqacrbK npo['bJDKaBaJI B [paBa rrocoKa Ha roro3alla[ r{ Aocrllran tropcrux 6pxr,
K'bAero BepoflTHo ce HaMr,rpaJra arerB'bprara (rcrosanagna) nopra. flpyrurr yuac-
T'bK Ce OTKJTOHTBaJT HTKBAe n 6mASOCr gO 3anaAHara KyJra Ha ceBepo3anaAHara nopra
I4 CJIeABaJIOTHar{arO B 3anaA-roro3anaAHa frocoKa, a cJIeA rr3BecTHo pa3cTo.flHue qy-
neJr rroA upae (?) 'bf'bJr r{ [poA'bJrx(aBaJr Ha ror, K'bM MopcKun 6pxr - upu6mlsuren-
Ho K'bM c'brr{ur rryHKT, K'bAero cB'bprrrBaJra r{ cloMeHarara no-rope creHa. Cnopeq
xapaKTepl{cTlrKara Ha crpol{TeJrHara TexHr{Ka, xopocaHa 14 rlrJrocrHt4, apxeoJror}r-
r{ecKLI KOHTeKCT, Ir3rpaX[aHeTO Ha BTOpA.fl yrracT'bK Ce
[aTl{pa B'bB BpeMeTO Ha rrM-
neparop Anacracraft unz I0crzuualnlu MapKr4pa eAHo HoBo pa3rrrrrpeHrae Ha yKpe-
neuara repr.rropr.rr na Touu126.
O6urnoeeHo Ircrpax[aHero Ha K'bcHoaHTvr{Hara KpenocrHa creHa sa To-
Mrr ce pa3rJrexAa Karo rrpoA'bJr)Kr4TeJreH npoqec, 3anoqHar Moxe 6ra oqe nppr r4M-
neparop lanren r4 3aB6prrreH upra [uornertra+urrutfiprt Koncranrurll2l . flne:re
MOHerrl Ha r.rMleparopraTe Taqx:r u flpo6, o6aue, orKpr{Tr{ B xopocaHa Ha eMnJreK-
ToHa Ha KpenocrHr.rr 3r4[ ceBeporr3ToqHo or ceBepo3a[a[Hara uopra128, He Morar
Aa ce rbJrKyBar no fipyr Haarr.rH, ocBeH raro terminus post quem 3a BpeMero Ha crpo-
nreJrcrBo. Or qpyra crpaHa, go6pe I{3BecrHr{flT [ocBerr4TeJreH Ha[rrr{c B lrecr na 6or
Con or 286-293 r., nocraBeH B'bB Bp'b3Ka c r.r3rpax[aHero Ha rpagcKr4Te uoprra129,
BeporTHo cJreABa Aa ce nprreMe KaTo cBr4AeTeJrcTBo, r{e IIo ToBa BpeMe yKpe[rBaHe-
ro na Torrara ue Aa e ilpr.rKrloqrElo. Karo ce r{Ma [peABr4A, qe croMeHarare B Ha[nr4-
ca crpol{Tennu paooru 6ranr,r r,IsnrplueHl{ no 3arroBe[ Ha r4Mneparopr.rre firaor:rerra-
an ra'MarcuMrraH a nog npeKrrrr Hag3op r.r p'bKoBoAcrBo Ha npoBraHrlr.raJrHr4fl AyKc Ha
Crurtrx, c roJrrMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa ce rBbpgrz, ve Sopcr4paHero na Sopru$ra-
t2a
Pirvan1915b, p. 417 sqq.; Rldulescu 1995-1996, p. 83. B pa3rrrlqur{re ny6luraqnr rpe-
[o pa3rr4qeH Har{I4H, I,lsuonsyaarurre ryK
rlocrlrllTe floprlr na Tour.r ce o3HarlaBar
o3naqeHl4n ca B'r,3 ocuoBa Ha rnxuoro pearHo touorpa$cro floJroxeHue B [JraHa Ha
rpaAcKaTa K'bcHoaHTuqHa yKperrrlTeJlHa cucTeMa.
t25
Ridulescu 1995-1996, p. 84.
126
Ridulescu 1995-1996, 85-86.
127
Aricescu 1977,156-157; Ridulescu 1995-1996, 84-85.
128
B no-ctapure ny6ltralurrl ce c'so6rqana, qe HaMepeHr4Te B KpelocrHara crerra MoHerrl
6vtw rpw Ii [p[HaAJIexaJrIr Ha MouerocerreHero Ha lrMneparopr4re K,ran1ufi II u
Arpenuan (Canarache 1961, 16-11), a Ha Apyro Mqcro - Ha Arpelnan u Taqra:r
(Aricescu 1977, p. 156). Ipuregennre ryK AaHHr.r ca Ba3 ocHoBa Ha yrorrHeHuflTa r{
KopeKqlrlrre ro ro3rr B'r,rpoc s: Rldulescu 1995-1996,84-85 (n. 6).
r2e
CIL, LIJ,14450; Popescu 1976, N! 3.
Kaql{oHHoro nper43rpa)Klaue sa Tomu ce HaMrrpa B nprKa Bp'b3Ka c r{3Ar{raHero Ha
rpaAa B croJrr{rla Ha roKy-u{o yqpeAeHara HoBa npoBrrnqrax. flpe: cJre[Barqr{Te Be-
KoBe KpeilocrHara creHa r.r pa3[oJro)KeHrrre rro He.f, or6panr.rrelHra cbop'bxeHr{,
6lrrur neeguoKparHo nolpaBflHr{ rr npeycrpo.rrBaHra. B'rs ocHoea na enurpa$cxn-
Tel30 u rIIacMeHr{ cBe[eHr4rl3], rocJleAHara apxeoJlorr{r{ecKlt 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHa [o-
cera lrarqa6Ha B'b3craHoBr4TeJrHa KaMrraHr{, no yKpelr.rreJrHara cracreMa na Tour,t
cJIe[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke narir-nepoxrHo c'bc crpor4TeJrHa'ra gefinocr Ha rrMneparop IOc-
TLIHI{aH I. Hyuu:rrrarilqHr.{flT Marepr,raJr r,r HflKor.r [pyru Haxo[Kr{ UaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa
Ce TB'bpAIlt, r{e IpaAcT npe)KI{BsJI aBapO-CJIaBTHCKI4Te HaIIIeCTBLI'I OT Kpafl na VI u
ntpBlrre Aecerr4Jrerr{s na VII BeK r.r xr4Botbr B Hero npoAEJDKr{Jr Aa [yJrcr{pa r{aK Ao
rpaftnoro HacraHsBaHe na upa6rnrapr.{re na Acnapyx B 3eMrrre Ha }or or pexa [y-
Hasl32.
11. Koncranqa-Tennuur
(loc. Telpiq; Constan{a; jud. Constan[a)
r30
flogpo6eN KoMeHTap Ha enr.rrpaQcKr{Te cBr.rAereJrcrBa s frara I.2.
r3r Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r32
MInucu-Adameqteanu 1991, p. 299 sqq.
133
Boroneantl9Tl, p. 330 (nr. 3).
r3a
Suceveanu1992, p. 218.
r3s
K'bM flo-crapara Jrr4Teparypa, rlr4Tr4pa]ra s TIR L35 (p.69), Moxe Aa ce npra6arr.r orqe:
Vulpe/Barnea 1968, p. 143,205-206; Aricescu 1977,135-136,139-140,143-144,148,
l5"l , 192; Suceveanu 1991, p. 69,90, 120.
136
Tab. Peut. Segm. VIII.
13?
Raven. Anonym. Cosm. IV,6 (ed. Schnetz).
138
3a np.ur r'1,T ToBa e HanpaBeHo or X. Kr.rinepr (nx<.: \Yeiss 1911, S. 69, Anm. 2).
ce flF.eBa c Hr.lqo Heo6ocHosaH HayrreH [pora3BoJr. ,[o xu'a 20-re roguuu na XX e.,
Ha oKoJIo 2,0 ru IoxHo or troca, 6pxr uoxelr4 Aa ce Brr[rr ocraH-
Ha caMlrr MopcKrr
KI{ or roJrflMa KaMeHHa noctpofixa, HapLIr{aHa "Mauacrup" ("Monastirea"). Cnopeg
c's6panara or MecrHI4 )KLITeJII{ ran$opuaqzx, rx 6ura c [paBo'Lf'bJreu IJIaH r.r pa3-
r'lepu 30 x l5 v, a B BrJrrire ir ulrralo ro-MaJrKr4 noMerueHr4r. fionycxa ce, qe craBa
[yMa 3a HflKaKBa rro-paHHa pr.rMcKa crpaAa, rpaHcSoprrlupaHa BrrocJre[crBrre B q.bp-
rsa139. Karo ce I{3KJIIoqIr ura6nonnugr Lr rB'bpAe MaJrKo3Haqerrl K'bceH JIoKaJreH
TOTIOHI{M, 3a C'bIII9CTByBaHeTO Ha TOBa MflCTO Ha XpI4CTLIflHCKI4 XpaM HrIMa HIIIKaKBI{
apxeororl4qecKrr rloAaTKn. HanporrirB, rrJraHGT r,r pa3Meprrre Ha nocrpofixara [aBar
cepr{o3nr,r ocHoBaHr{fl Tfl. ce r.rHTepnperrrpa Karo yKperJreHr.,re. flpegnrag cpaBHrr-
\a
TeJIHO MaJIKIITe pa3MepLI I{ CI{JIHO }r3A'bJr)KeHU rrponopqEr4, KaKTO r{ [OpaAu Jrr{nca-
Ta Ha ,cHora orlrocHo Har[qplero Ha 'brJroBlr KyJrLt, oflpl4rrlr{aBagero ir na
quadriburgiumt4j se 3Byr{ra y6eglrtenHo. flo-npargonogo6no r{3urex(Aa yKperJre-
Hl4ero ga ce nprl.rlrcJrll K6M TIa[a Ha KtcHopr,rMcKrrre BoeHHo-nolnqericxu burgi.
r3e
Slobozianu 1959, 736-737.
tao
Suceveana1992, S. 219.
tal CnuresupaHo
It3Jio)KeHIre 3a ocHoBHlrre MoMeHT[ B rrcrop[arecKoro pa3Br{Tue tta Ka.qa-
Tr4c r{ AaHHrr 3a apxeoJrotr{qecK[Te lpoyqBaH[r .raM s: Preda 1963.
ra2
Scarlat 1976, p. 18 sqq.
Hocrl43.,flon'rmrlrrenHa unSopMarlr, [pegocraBr,rxa n octrqecrBeHrrre [pe3 cJreA-
Barrlr{Te Aecerr4Jrerr{x upoyunauuxlaa.
Yrpeneuara repl4Topl,Lfl sa Kanaruc e rrMaJra BeporrHo HenpaBr.rJreH r{err{-
pI{'brGJIeH nlasl45. fpagext r na $opru$I{Kar{rroHHr{Te c'bopt)KeHr{fl e rr3BcHpeA-
Ho [peqr,r3en. IrIsn'6nHeH e B opus implectum, Karo Jrnrlara ca oSopr',aeHl4 c MHoro
Ao6pe o6pa6oreru.r KBalpu c'bc cpeAHr{ r.r roJreMr{ pa3Mepr,r, rprr oflpe[eJreH crpe-
Mex 3a crla3BaHe Ha pefioBara3vp.apus. Elrnrerron'br e or JroMeHI{ KaM'bHrI, c[oe-
su c6s,n xopocaH. 3anaguara Kpe[ocrHa creHa e A'bJra oKoJro 430 u, a ge6enraHara
ir srsrllsa na 3,15 ].r. PagronaHa e e[Ha qerr.rpubrbJrHa KyJra c [cJDr(rrHa no $pouta
19,00 l'ausqa[eHa Ha 15,50 rnl. Ha ox. 70 rr.r or ceBepHuq xpafi na 3r,r[a e ycraHoBeHo
Mecro[oJro)KeHr{ero Ha e[Ha or rpaAcKr,rre noprrr. Cenepuara KpenocrHa creHa e
3a[a3eHa Ha g'bJrxrrHa or 375,50 M, Ho crrrlecrByBar cr4rypurr [aHHr,r. qe HrKora rs e
lpo[GJDKaBara 3Hatrr,rreJrHo no-Har{3ToK, sarpaxgariru ceBepHrrs 6acefis Ha aHTr,rq-
Horo npl4cranrarqei46. flo Hefinoro nporexeHrae, B r{3Torrnux rpart Ha 3ana3eHwr
yr{acrbK, ca 6ant [poyrreHr4 3 rsgaqeura rrerrapnbrbJrHrr KyJrr{ c pa3rr.rrrHu pa3Meprl
(g'rruxuna uo $ponra or 7,80 go 11,00 M r4 r.r3AaAeHu or 6,20 Ao 8,10 rr.r), orcroauln
Ha rro floBerre or 80 M e[Ha or Apyra. B caxrzs.3arra4eH rpaft na creHara e 6uta
perl4crpl{paHa orqe eAHa KyJIa, KoflTo ocra}raJra HenpoyrreHa. fie6elunara Ha 3r4ga
Bapl4pa or 3,00 \a 3,20 u. Oxsata KpenocrHa creHa e 3arraseHa Ha ['bJrxo{Ha caMo
or oKoJIo 90 lt (O6p. 35). fle6e.nnnara ir Aocrr4ra 3,75 xr, ra:ro oco6eH r4Hrepec rpeA-
craBJItrBa KoHcrpyKllu,rralF.a 6anrera: rori e .rerraplrcrbrraJreH, c o6qa BldcoquHa or
1,60 u, a BcqKo or crblaJrara npaBrz orcrbfl or 0,10 u. Heo:rganHa ryK 6e upoyveua
I{3Tor{Hara ot gnorlxara KyJrI{, oxpaHflBarrlll ro>r(Hara Kpe[ocrHa uopra147.
Ilopagu pa3rl4r{Hu npI{t{I{Ht4, pe3yJrrarr{Te or npoyqBaHero Ha yKpelr4TeJr-
Hara cl{creMa Ha Kala:ruc npes 20-re u 30-re roAr.rHr( Ha BeKa He loryr{r4xa roraBa
aleKBarHa crpatrErpa$cKo-xpoHoJror[rrecKa r,rHTeprrperaqraa. HanpaBeHr{.flT no-Ktc-
HO, B'b3 OCHOBa Ha eAr{H cOHAax< HelOCpe[CTBeHO npe[ BBHTTTHOTO Jrr,rqe Ha Kpenoc-
THara crel{a, orrlrr [a ce orHece rlqJlocrHoro ir uarpaxgaHe KBM BTopara rroJroBl{Ha
ta3
Pe:ylrar:I{Te or [poyqBaHero Ha yKperrrrreJrHara crrcreua ca ny6ruKyBaHr4 B qacr or
roAI{urHI4Te orqerr.{ 3a flpeAflp]rerrrre apxeororuqecKtr pa3KorrKr{ s Karautc: Sauciuc-
Siveanu 1924,p. 108 sqq.; Sauciuc-Slveanu 1925, p. 104 sqq.; Sauciuc-SIveanul927-
32a,p.411 sqq.;Sauciuc-SIveanu1927-32b, p.435 sqq.; Sauciuc-Siveanu 1935-36,
p.219 sqq. ,flanuure ca o6o6rqenu s: Preda 1963, p. 21 sqq.; Gajewska 1974,p. 101,
tt9-120,133,148-149.
raa
Preda et a[.1962, p. 439 sqq.; Preda 1968, p. 27 sqq.; Barnea 1994, 380-381.
ra5
Onucaunero rro-AoJry ce 6asnpa Ha AaHHrrre, rrocoqeHlr n: Sauciuc-siyeanu 1925,p. 111;
Sauciuc-SdveanuL927-32a,413-416;Sauciuc-SIveanu1927-32b,435-436;sauciuc-
Siveanu 1935-36,281-282; Preda 1963, p.21 sqq.; Ionescu/Georgescu 1998,205-
219.
ra6
Bounegru 1986, p. 268 sqq.
ra7
Barnea 1994, 380-38 l.
O6p. 35. KAJIATI'IC (CALLATIS). flnau Ha yKperr,rreJrHara cr{crena uo K. flpe4a
(Preda 1963, Pl. I ). / Fig. 35. CALLATIS. Layout of the defence system after C. Preda
(Preda 1963, Pl. D.
ra8
Preda et al.1962,439-442.
rae
Suceveanu L969, 353-356; Suceveanu 1974,234-236.
I5o
Suceveanu 1969, p.354,356.
yKpelnTeJrHr4Te ct op'rb)KeHr{rr HaKararuc 6lrnu noggtp)KaHrr B r{3[paBHocT, a rrpr{
Heo6xoArrMocT - rr [o[paBJrHr{, KaKT0 cJreABa [a ce T'bJIKyBa cIroMeHaBaHeTo Ha
rpaAa or flporonuft s cnucr,Ka Ha IocruuuanoBr4Te rpale)or151. Karar:nc npoc'b-
rr{ecrByBaJr [oHe Ao K'bM cpeAara na VII 8., aKo He rraK Ao HacraHrrBaHero na Acna-
pyxoBr.rre 6'srraplr Ha ror or [ynaral52. flocnegnrare 6raroycr:porlcrneuu palora
B'bB BBTpeUHOCTTa Ha yKpeleHaTa TepaTopr.rfl [aTrIpaT oT [BpBI{Te [eceTI4JIeTr4f,
na VII B.: noA nafi-ropnara Hacrr{JrKa Ha yJr[rrHara Mpexa B Io)KHara llacr Ha rpaAa
ca orKpr{Tr{ ABe MoHerrI Ha lrMreparop Ooxa (602-610 r.)153.
14.KAPrrf (CARTA)
(noc IIIa6na; o6rq. IIIa6ra; flo6puura o6.racr)
166
HA EAH, Q. 165r, on. 1, a.e.424, tr.59,64-65.
167
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. l, a.e. 424, n.65;IIraqoB 1909,c.79.
168
flo te3ll Bcrpocrr e)K.: Torbatov L994, p. 325 sqq.
r6e
HA EAH, g. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.59,64-65.
,trl*.-+:,:,,;,.,t,N.Jffi
.s:11 r
l.:' :..::r..i.:.:. .:j::::iiil
, :,::.i; $1i.,
].r.,
r70
flo-uogpo6no sa roBa B: Torbatov 1994,p.325 sqq.
r7r
Top6aron/Xpncraxlre s 1996, 7 5-7 6.
r72
Bacurqus 1994, 10-24.
O6p. 38. KAPI4fl (CARIA). Xunnular,r xopu3oHrrr, KoHcrarr{paHu rpu rpoyqBarrero Ha
roro3araAHara KyJra Ha KccHopr{McKuq KBaApr.r6ypruyr,r. / Fig. 38. CARIA. Occupation
levels identified during the excavations of the south-western tower of the Late Roman
quadriburgium.
cKara (1), rrcropr,rMcKara (2) r pannoBr43aHTr{ficKara enoxu (3-5) (rx<. O6p. 38).
Cera uoxe yBepeHo Aa ce roBoprr 3a nocJregoBareJrHo c'brrlecrByBaHe ryK Ha ABe
pa3Iar{HI4 yKpenJreHr{r - K'},cHopr4rMcKo r.1 paHHoBr.r3aHTr'rftcKo, KaTo Me)KAy ru6enra
Ha rl'bpBoTo r,r r43rpDKAaHeTo Ha BTopoTo e perrrcTpr{paH BpeMeBkr xuaTyc oT rroBe-
r{e oT eAr{H BeK.
Hafi-paxnure apxeoJroruqecKrr 3acBr4gereJrcrByBauu crpor,rreJrHrr ocraHKr,r
rlpol{3xoxgar or crpaAa, cHa6AeHa c oronJrr{TeJrHa rrHcraJraqua. flpoyrreH e Spar-
MeHT or loxHru i srag, Ae6er 0,8 u u rz3rpaAeH or JroMeH KaM'bK cBbp3an c xopo-
caH. floqrr Ha xr.rnoKaycta e 6u.n HacrJraH c gpe6nn KaM'bHr.r u rpau6oran, cJre[
Koero HaA KaMtHure e 6an HaHeceH ge6en go 0,1 M nJracr or xopocaH. 3r,rq.rr ct-
Iqo e 6ran o6uagan orKBM B'brperrHocrra c xopocan. Cycnen3ypara e 6una nog-
A'bpxaHa or Beprr,rKaJrHo [ocraBerr[r KepaMr,runr.r rpr6u c Ar.raMerbp oKoJro 0,18 u,
cB'bp3aHlr KBM noAa c xopocaH. fionna:ra lracr Ha eEHa or resu rpr6lr 6e orrpwra in
situ.B 3arrbJrHr{TeJrr Ha xr{[oKaycta 6xxa orKpr.rrr.r $paruenru r{ or MaJrKr{ urr{HeHr{
rpr6uvru or creHHo oro[JreHr{e. B'ss ocHosa Ha MaJroq[cJreHr,rrr KepaMr{lreH Mare-
pl{aJr, crpalara - nari-sepo.flrHo 6ass - Moxe Aa ce Aarrrpa uari-o6qo s.ss II-III s.
cr. Xp.
Krvr npeuero, Koraro Ha cerarrrHrirg noc IIIa6na 6uno r,r3rpaqeHo ntpBoro
or Aocera 3acBr.rAereJrcrByBaH[Te yKpelJreHr4fl, Ta3r{ uocrpor?xa rro BcflKa Beposr-
Hocr BeLIe e 6vr.a npecraHaJra ga Synrqnouupa. OcuoBr,rre Ha roro3alaAHara KyJra
Ha yKpelJreHrrero ca npepr3aJrra nefinn're 3r,rloBe, Ho He u noqa ir, roriro 6ur ragnot-
3yBaH Karo QyHAaMeHT. OcraHKrrTe B'bB B'brpemHocrra Ha KyJrara 6raru nrane.nn-
paPru, a xu[oKaycTbT 3acr.maH c B3eT oT MopcKr.{fl 6prr nxcrr. C rogu nqc'bK B
-
3a['bJrHr{Telrfl ca rronaAHaJrr{ oBaJrsHLr or npn6ot KepaMur{Hu Sparueurlr, ABe cr.rJr-
HO Kopo3r4paJrrr MOHeTr.r OT eJrr{HrrcTrrqecKaTa erroxa r{ HqKorKo $paruenra oT MeA-
HI4 rBO 3Aer,r, r{3rroJr3yB aHU B aHTr{rrHUre XOp a6rU,I KOHCTpyKIII4IT.
Llgroquata noJroBr{Ha Ha K'bcHopr4McKoro yKpelJreHlre [oHacrorIIIeM e Ha-
nBJrHo yHrrr{oxeHa. [oKyMeHrr{paHr4Te npez 1994 r. ocraHKI{ or KpenocreH 3rrA,
BrrArrMr4 Ha MopcKr4q 6prr, npou3xoxAar or cy6crpyKqrlf,Ta Ha loxHara creHa Ha
ToBa yKpe[JreHue. 3auagenu ca Ao HI,IBoro Ha 6ameta, pa3gerqul cy[ep- ot cy6c-
TpyKrlr,rqra. Oxuara KpenocrHa creHa e $ynqrnpaua B'bpxy Marepl,IKoBara cKaJra,
na gu6o.ruHa oKoJro 1,60 r"r or roraBarrrHrrrr repeH. Ourosflte ca rurlpoKrl 1,90 rra.
Zsrpageuu ca or JroMeHu KaM'bHrr, cB'bp3aHrr c MHoro rBBp[ 6r.n xopocaH, c'b['bp-
)Kaq roJrflMo Kor[rrec-TBo rrsc'bK. B rpagexa e BM'bKHar B KaqecrBoro ua spolium u
egr.rH SpantreHT or BapoBI{KoBa KoJroHa. Vlsttusa:aeto Ha ocHoBl4re e 6raro c'brrpo-
BoAeHo c fleproAr.rqecru rpau6oBaHrrfl. Haft-ropulrxr peA or cy6crpyrqzara - HrI-
Kora BlrAr,rM HaA TepeHa - e 6ru o6ruqoean or [Bere crpaHI,I c go6pe o6pa6orerut
KaMeHHr4 6noxose. flpes 1 995- 1996 r. 6e upoyuena rcro3araAHara 'brJroBa KyJra Ha
yKpenaeHr,rero. Tx nMa rrerr,rp['brbJreH [JraH pI e KoHcrpyKTI,IBHo cB'bp3aHa c rrpu-
Jrex(aulr{Te ro)KHa r{ 3alaAHa KperrocrHr,r creHr{, [peA Korrro ce Lr3[aBa Ha no 5,00 vr.
Brrpeumrre i pasuepm ca7 ,06 x 6,70 u. Ipagexrr Ha cyrepcrpyKlluqra e B opus
implectum. Jluqara ca or go6pe o6pa6oreur{ KaMeHHI{ 6nor.{era c'bc cpeAHLr pa3-
Meprr, raro oco6eHo npeqr,r3Ho e 6uro oQopvreno B'bHrrrHoro nnqe. [e6eJrr{Hara Ha
3r.{[oBere Bapupa Mex[y 1,65 u 1,80 r*r. Cyuepctpyrwlera e 3ala3eHa Ha BlrcoqlaHa
qo 1,75 r4 e orAeJreHa or cy6crpyKr{r,rrra c B'bHIIreH I,I B'brpemes 6auret c ruI{pr.IHa
no orono 0,12-0,13 u. flo crpouTeJrnr,r oco6enocrn il r,r3noJr3yBaHrr Marepr,ranra, cy6-
crpyKrlr4flTa He ce pagJr[qaBa or ra3r{ Ha }oxHara KperrocrHa creHa. B'rn nrrpeu-
Hocrra Ha KyJrara, B roro3a[a[nus i rrlll, e 6ut u3rpaAeH BoAeH pe3epBoap c [pe-
uog rofiro 6un srouau [oJrHyM. B ocranaroro [pocrpaHcrBo Ha KyJrara
Jrr.rBHraK,
noAtr 6ral o'r rpau6ooana rrp'bcr. Egun uanrK 3arla3eH yrracr'],K B ceBepor,Igror{-
Hr4fl B'bHrueH'brtJr Ha c'brqara KyJra Aa[e Bb3MoxHoct ga 6tle rpaclrpaH B ceBepHa
nocoKa 3a[aAHu, Kpeflocreu 3Lr[ Ha K'bcHoprrMcKoro yKpelJleHr{e. Irlsclegoana'ra
npes 1977 -L979 r. (a va ;ruuHo - r.r npe3 1995 r.) KperocrHa creHa c HanpaBJreHr{e
3a[aA-r,r3ToK Aarrdpa cai crrrypHocr or paHHoBl,I3aHtuficrata efloxa. Oarrrr, o6a-
qe, qe HuKBAe r upo$nna na o6pylreuut MopcKI,I 6prr ue ce oqepraBa Apyra Kpe-
rrocrHa cTeHa c'bc c'brIloTo Ha[paBJIeHIae IroKaSBa, qe ceBepHlrtT orpaAeH 3I,I[ Ha
paHHoBr,r3anrrnrfcxo:ro yKperrJreHrre roqHo cJre[Ba rpacero Ir rracrl{r{Ho [per,r3rroJr3y-
ra cy6crpyrrg4sra Ha ceBepHr{fl 3r{[ Ha K'bcHopr{McKoro yKpenJleHr.re. flpes 1978 r.
B 3arra[Hrla rpafi ua [poyqeHr4s ylracrtK, npeg $pottra Ha Kpe[ocrHara creHa r{
yc[opeAHo Ha Her, He[ocpeAcrBeHo npeA u3Brrrara noJryKp'bHra qacr Ha e[Ha KoH-
crpyKTr,rBHo cB'bp3aHa c paHHoBr,r3autuficra, a crena KyJra ce nolaAHzuro Ha $par-
il I
I
N
--'1
d,
u)
f,
t
f,
a5
lu)
f,
\J
t
o
n
t\
J
r--.
o51015
#M
O6p. 39. KAPI4.f, (CARIA). fhan na 3ara3eHara rracr or KbcHopr4McKra xnagpu6ypu{yM.
I Pig. 39. cARlA. Layout of rhe preserved part of the Late Roman quadriburgium.
MeHT or:u4 c qe6e.nr.rHa 1,65 u173. 3ugrr 6ur upocneAeH Ha [porexeHrae or 7,50 u,
Ho ocraHaJr HegorpoyqeH B 3ana[Ha rocoKa. Torl 6r.rn Qyngupan Btpxy MareprrKo-
Bara cKaJra, Karo Ha BIIcotII/IHa 6ran 3ana3eH Ao 0,10 M IIo[ Hr{BoTo na 6aurera IIa
Kpe[ocrHara creHa, T.e. Ha 1,70 rra or cKaJrara. 3rg'sr 6ran ra:rpageH or JroMeHrr
KaM'rbHrr, cB'bp3aHr.r c 6xr xopocan. Crparrrpa$crara xapaKTepvc"rvKa r{ crpor.{-
TeJIHI4Te oco6enocrr.r Ha ro3l4 3IaA [aBar ocHoBaHr4e rofi ynepeno [a ce orHece K'bM
K'bcHopLIMCKaTa elloxa. HerOsoTo MecTorrOJro)KeHI{e crrpfMo ceBepHaT a u 3a[ral'Ha
KpenocrHa creHa [o3BoJrflBar orbxAecrBflBaHero My c'bc 3a[a3eHa cy6crpyrqrEa
oT ceBepHLIn 3II!\ Ha c'bU{eCTByBaJIa HflKOra Ha rOBa MflCTO qerr4pr4'LrBJrHa KyJra -
ceBepo3arra[Hara'brJroBa KyJra Ha KBcHCprrMcKoro yKperJreHr4e (O6p. 39).
To.{Horo tonorpa$cxo SurcupaHe Ha apxeororr.rqecKr4 perrrcl-pr,rpaHr4Te oc-
TaHKIT or K'bcHopuMcKoro yKpenJreHrre Ha Hoc IIIa6na AaBar B'b3Mo>r(Hocr 3a rrac-
TI{qHa peKoHcrpyK\prfl.Ha HeroBrrrl nnan. Tuuororr{rrecKu ro Moxe Aa ce orbxAec-
TBIr c MaJI'bK KacreJr, r43rpalen rro cxeMara Ha Kracr{qecriu quadriburgium, cra6gen
c r{err,rpu'brbJrHr{ BrJroBr{ KyJrr.r, HeuarraJruo rr3[aBarrlu ce npeq Sporira na or6paHu-
TeJrHaTa Jrvt]i.vtfl.. B paa;urunra qacTI,I ua Plrucrara vMlrlepl/rs. ca 3acBr4AeTeJrcTByBaHLI
HeMaJIKO yKpelJleHr.rfl C'bC CxO[eH [JraH u c'bil3},,{epvMr..r KoHcTpyKTr4BHo-cTpor4TeJr-
HIr [apaMerpralTa. Cnope[ TB'bpAe xapaKTepHoro pa3[oJroxeHr4e Ha Kyirr.,rre r4 cpaB-
HIrreJIHo MaJrKaTa gedex.u]P.a Ha KpenocrHr{Te creHr{, uaft-go6pu [apaJreJrrr Ha K'bc-
Hopl4McKoro yKpenJreHr{e Ha Hoc IIIa6na flpeAJrarar rnaqpu6yprlrr.rre rrpu Ravna175,
Ha ocrpoB Sapaja176, npuPoreika reka177, Gorneal78 ra Pu1inei17e. Maxap Aa ce orHa-
cxr o6raxnoeeHo Hafi-o6u1o rsu Kpa, Ha IlVna.{aroro Ha IV B., B Hayr{Hara KHTTDK-
HI{Ha HflMa eAlIHOMr4CJrr{e OTHOCHO TflXHaTa AaTr4pOBKa - Tq qeCTO Ce noAJrafa Ha
[peol{eHKa, KaTo cnopeA pa3rr.,rr{Hr.rTe aBToprr Bapr,rpa oT [ocireAHaTa lreTB'bpT Ha
III n. go BpeMero Ha r{Mleparop Koncrasrnu I r,r HeroBr{Te nprdeMHr.rqr180. 11uri-
paHHara MoHera, orKplara Aocera B apxeoJror[qecKr.r KoHTeKcr r{ crparr.rrpa$cru ra
xpouoJrorrrr{ecKr,r cB'bp3aHa c BpeMero na $yrxquoHr{paHe na xragpu6yprrryMa Ha
noc IIIa6ta, flpl{Ha[Jrexu na 6poHsoBoro MoHeroceqeHe Ha r,rMneparop Koncranc
or flepr4oga 337-346 rognna18l. B'sg ocHosa Ha roBa, r.r3rpaKAaHero Ha yKpenJreHrr-
r73
Ibidem, 11-12.
r7aScorpan1980,p.87,10--|}2;Lander1984,p.185,198-208;Parker1986b,30-32,105-108;
Kennedy/Riley 1990, 176-179,196, 199 sqq.
r75
Konguh 1982-83, 233-249.
r76,(uuurpujennh 1982-8 3, 29 -59.
r77
flerpornh 1982-836, 285 -29 1.
r78
Gudea 1970, 569-592.
r7e
Benea 1977,31-46.
r80
Bx. nanp.: Gudeal974,173-180; Petrovi6 1977 ,259-215;Jovanovi6 1996,69-12;Tomovid
1996,73-80.
r8r
MysefiHa c6npra - IIIa6na, apxeolorr4rrecrn Song, Ercneguqr.ra "Hoc IIIa6la '95", none-
Br{ tlHB. N 16 (pesepcbr Ha MoHerara e or rnra VOT/XX/MVLT/XXX).
ero (noHe sacera!) He Mo)Ke [a ce orHece [o-paHo or rrtpBara [o]IoBI{Ha na IV ser.
Hali-reporrHo r{3rJre)Kna B'b3H-rrKBaHero My Aa ce flocraBla B'bB BpB3Ka c yKperrra-
TeJrHara gerinocr Ha r4Mleparop Koncranrzn I unra HeroBI4Te He[ocpe[crBeHll rrprl-
eMr{r{qrr. Crangaprlrre Ha KBaApu6yprulr:re npe[floJrarar npu6nrasureJlHo KBa[par-
Ha peKoHcTpyKrlr.rfl Ha HeroBl{fl IIJIaH, a r{3MepeHoTo.oTcToflHple Ha Io)KHara oT ce-
BepHara My KpenocrHa crexa - pa3Mepla oKoJIo 60,00 x 60,00 rnl. Toea ragna Aa rloKa-
xe, qe [pe3 auTr.rqHara eloxa Hoc'br, B'bpxy rortro e 6raro I,I3Ar{rHaro yKperIJIeHIre-
To, ce e BAaBaJr lra He [o-MaJrKo or 40,00 ru rraB'r,Tpe B Mopero cflpflMo ceralrruplTe
KoHTypI{ na 6peronara rLIHI{q. flo rosr4 Har{r{H, aHTltrIH[IrIT Hoc e oc'bulecrBflBaJr
r{3T'bKHaroro Beqe cneqra$rauuo pa3[eJreHr{e Ha [plrcraHl{Iqero Ha celulqeto Ka-
ptrfll;;a [Be rracrrl
- [JrIlT'bK 3aKp[IT 1acefim c BxoA or ror,3au{I,ITeH or pu$ose u
rr3qr{rHar B'bpxy r.nx Ir3KycrBeH B'bJrHoJIolt (?), u pa3noJroxeH Io)KHo or Hero A'rJI-
6or earlre. [rr4poKo orBopeH K'bM Mopero Ha ,r3ToK. Calnloro MecronoJroxeulre Ha
r.r3rpa[enoro ryK [pe3 rrbpBara noJroBrrHa Ha IV s. yKpenJreHlre He ocraBfl HuKaKBri
cBMHeHr4.rr orHocHo HeroBara cnyxe6ua cueqtt$uxaqruI: To'rpa6na oqeBuAHo Aa ce
ugeurra$raqr4pa Karo castellum c nolqepraHl{ BoeuHo-nonlEqericru $yurqur.r, I[3pa-
3SBaIIIU Ce B OXpaHa Ha [pr{CTaH[rU{eTo r4 [pr{cTaHr,ru{Hr{Te c'bop'b)KeHlrx, na6lloge-
182
Kysnanon 1992, c. 40, runXXX[.
r83
My:eftua c6npra - IIIa6na, apxeoJ'Iorl4qecrlr Song, Exctegtlqua "Hoc IIIa6na'95", no.ne-
Br rrHB. No 47 (uouerara e orceqeua n Knsnr, a peBepc'br e or rl{[a "rp.rct elr
neueq", sx<.: LR-BC, II, 2605).
18a
Myaefina c6rrpra - IIIa6na, apxeonoruqecru $ong, Excnegraqna "Hoc IIIa6na'95", role-
Br{ r4HB. Jt& 38 (r,aoHerara c.rqo e c peBepc or rrlrra "rptct ete eeneq", Ho MoHerap-
Hrrqara e Heuerlnra).
Ta noJroBr{Ha Ha V e.185, noKa3Bar, qe Kapua cloleJrrrJra c.rg6ata Ha r43rpa[euoro
xpafi nefiuoro [pr{craHrrrqe yKpenJrenr,re rl BpeMeHHo npecraHaJra Aa c'brr{ecrByBa.
1 s. KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS)
r85
Bacn;rqun 1985,220-237 (rpt6nagaAe HarpaBu yroBopKara, rre MaKap 3a MHo3LIHcrBoro
or MoHerure, ca,xparrrBaHu r Myaef,xa c6upxa - IIIa6na, Aa ce [pueMa, ue ca 6uau
HaMepeur,r a pafiona ua uoc IIIa6la, [por.r3xoA'br uM rre e 6m na4nexHo AoKyMeHTu-
paH rrpr{ TrxHoro [ocrbrrBane [r B Hr4KaKT ,B clyuaft rre Mo)Ke Aa ce cqrrra 3a HalbJIHo
u.rrypeH).
186
3a loxaan3aqr{rra t,t rrcroplrf,Ta Ha ceJlr{qero Ao K}M cpeAara ua V r., Bx. [peAxoAHIrrI
naparpaS.
r87
Banu 1969, 10-18; O6croina 6u6nuorpaSruI Ha npoyqBaHltrra no npo6neua ce ctA'bp-
xa r: Opauet 19906, 32-49.
r88
Anon5rm. Peripl. Pont. Eux. l5r,ll-12 (ed. Diller).
rse
lbidem, 15r,12.
reo
flo regn B'bnpocr{ ax.: Torbatov 1994, p. 325 sqq.
rer Rx.: hara I.1.
l,jll/,fl" Ha llpoxoulili cBruereJrcrByBa 3a rflxHara xpoHoJrorlrqecKa 6nr.rgocr r{ AaBa
B'b3MoxHocr 3a rrAeHTlr$lmaqna Ha eAr{H or He3aAoBoJrr,rreJrHo JroKaJrn3upaHr,rre
Aocera ronoHuM[r, c'bA'bpxau{ ce a xpafiHo o6rpranua c[I4IcBK ua trOcrr.ruuaHoBr.rre
rpa4exr,r B npoBtrHrluur:e Bropa Muguq uCxurun, rplrJroxeu B Kpa, na IV-ra rura-
ra ua flpoxotveBvrfl.TpaKTar "3a crpoexure". CraBa [yMa 3a yKpenJreHr{ero Creas,
cnoMeHaro B cnrrc'bKa HelocpeAcrBeHo cJreA Tomis192. fiocera ro ce orHacsme KBM
nonruricroro rpafi6pe)Kr4e Ha upoBr,rHrlrlfl Cxuranl93, rato o6urnoBeHo ce otbx(-
lecrBflBa[re c r{3BecrHr,rr caMo or K'bcHLI Ir3BopI,I cpeAHoBeKoBeH rpaA Craneal94,
xoriro [oHacrorrqeM ce JroKaJrLsupago c. Kpauenolgs. CuopeA eAlro Apyro, MzuIKo-
BepoflTHo npe[noJroxenrae, Creas Moxe 6n ce qssr,a cIrJIHo Ir3olarreua Qopua na
rrMero Ha KacreJra Cius196. B cserrr,rHara Ha [peAcraBeHlrre [o-rope AoBoAI,I tr pa3-
c'b)KneHl{fl, o6a.Ie, rasxoxAafiru or [opa3lrreJrHoro cxo[crBo B I{MeHara, MHoro no-
BeporrHo rr3urexAa cnoMeHaroro ot flporonufi yrpeunenue Creas Aa ce cB'bpxe c
B'b3craHoBeHr{fl BB3 ocHoBa AaHHr{Te s AHoHr.rl,rHrrrr [eprrnJryc rotroHrrM Carea, rar-
To npe3 paHHoBr{3aHrrar?cxara e[oxa ce Hapilrraro ceJll,Iqero xpari gperuoro np]Ic-
TaHr,rrqe Caron limen. ApxeonoruqecKlrre flpoyqBaHur, oc'blrlecrBeHl{ Ha noc IIIa6-
Jra npe3 1995 u
7996r.r97, npeAocraBrr coJrrrAHrr apryMeHrlr or xpoHoJroruqecKo
ecrecrBo B no[Kpe[a Ha [peAJloxeHara ugentr.tQuxaqux, ttrf raro 6e ycraHoBeHo,
rre 3acBr4[ereJrc"ByBaHoro Ha repr,rropvflTa Ha roBa ceJrr{qe paHHoBr,r3aHrraficro yr-
peflJreHrre, r,r3Ar{rHaro HaA pytrHrTe Ha c'bIrIecrB)rBaJILfi flo-paHo Ha c'blrloro Mrcro
K'bcHopr{Mcrn raagpu6ypr}ryM, Aarr.rpa r{MeHHo or BpeMero Ha I,IMfleparop IOcrz-
nuan L HegnaqureJrHara pa3Jrr{Ka B r4Menara Ha ceJrr,rulero I{ yKpenJleHrrero Mo)Ke
6u ce grmrr.r Ha rperrrKa na flpoxonr4eBr{Te Konrrcrr4. Tq recHo Mo)Ke ga 6rne Qar-
TIIqECKI{ 3ATI4IqEHA IIPE3 KOHEKTYPA HA CAMO EIHA 6YXNA "A" B T/r1ilTLCBAHETO HA I,IME-
ro y flporounfi: Creas - C[a]reas.
Hactrnlrar.rre or K'bcHoaHTr.{rrHara e[oxa Ao Harxfi AHr,I KoJrocaL[HL.I [poMe-
ulr n ronSnrypaqrrrrra na 6peronara s pafiona Ma Hoc IIIa6na He no3BoJrfBar
nl.artrrfr
re2
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
re3
Vulpe 1938, p. 330.
tea
Litzical926-27, p. 80; Barneal99la, p. 199.
''5 Ky:es 1981a, c.286 u ctr.
re6
Be3evliev 1970, S. 148.
re7
Top6aronlXprrcraKr{eB 1996, 7 5 -7 6.
(r)
)
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C\d
.ll
O6p. 40. KAPE9/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS). flnan ua 3ara3euara r{acr or
paHHoBr{3aHrnircrvs Kacrerr. lFig.40. CAREA/C(a)REAS. Layoutof thepreservedpartof
the Early Byzantine fort.
Ceeepnara KpenocrHa creHa e 6ur.a flpoyr{eHa orK'bM B'bHrrrHoro ir nuqe na
npore)KeHr4e or oKoJro 14,00 ru B rleplroAa 1977-1979 r.le8 Ipes 1994 r. rs.6e uzc-
Jre[BaHa r.r AoKyMeHrr.rpaHa n npo$lrra ua o6pyureurls MopcKI,I 6pxr199. r{pe: rrapo-
qeH coH[ilK, oc'brrlecrBeH npe3 1995 r., narf-r.rgroqru4rl 3arla3eH yqactbK Ha ceBep-
Hara Kpe[ocrHa creHa 6e pasxput Ha rrporexeHr{e or 2,00 r'r I{ orK'bM B'brpelxHoro
nnqe200. 3uqrr e Qyngupan B'bpxy MareprrKoBara cKaJIa. Ocrosrre ca grn6orua go
1,80 rvr. Llsrpagenz ca or JroMeHI{ KaMTHIT, o6urno 3aJIerI{ c 6xl xopocaH, Ir uMar
urrprrHa 2,2Otvt. Hafi-ropuara lracr na cy6crpyxrlr{r{Ta ce e u3[aBaJra HaA lrrrBoro Ha
ToraBarrrHr{.fl TepeH c oKoJro 0,20-0,30 M, nopaArl Koero B Ta3I4 rlacr r[Ilara iI ca
oQoplaenra or go6pe o6pa6oreHu KaMeHHI.{ 6roxose. Cynepcrpyr\iltfia Ha ceBep-
Hara KpelocrHa creHa rIMa I[[prIHa2,00 M rI e orAeJreHa or cy6crpyrqurra c BbIr-
rrreH r{ Bbrpe[reH 6anrer: c mflpr4Ha no 0,10 rrr. flpu rbpBoHaqaJrHoro il paaxpunaue
ts. e 6u:na 3a[a3eaa Ha Bl{coqtrHa go 1,67 M. [o roBa HrIBo rfl e Ir3rpaAena B opus
implectum,Karo B'bHtrrHoro Jrlrqe e or no-roJreMtr r,I no-go6pe o6pa6^oten[I KaMeHHpI
6norqera. Oco6euo npeqrr3eH e rpa[ex'br or B'bHrlrHara crpaHa Ha rl'bpBtlfl peA or
cyflepcrpyKrlrrrrra: torf e or crapareJrHo r.r3rJrageHl4 rr ITJIBTHo npl,IJrrrarlu eArIH KBM
Apyr roJreMr,r BapoBnKosu 6rorose c e[HaKBa BrrcoqlrHa or 0,45 u201. flo BpeMe Ha
pa3KonKr,rre npe3 1977-1979 r. n narYr-ropHara 3arla3eHa qacr Ha 3il4a, rrplr roBa -
caMo orK'bM B'bHrrrHoro Jrr{rle, e 6un orxput eAr{H pe[ or ryxJreHa gv1apiln. Marap
r{ [peAla3JruBo, npoyqBareJrrr AorrycKa, qe craBa AyMa 3a nart-nolen pe[ or ryxJreH
norc, npegrroJrararq HaJlrrul{ero Ha cMeceHa sup.ap:os. (opus mixturz) e ropnara rracr
or rpaAe)Ka Ha ceBepHara Kperrocr*a c"reHazoz. Trft Karo flosc'br He e o6xraulan
rlsJrara ge6enr,rna Ha 3rrAa, B cryqar e no-[paBI,IJIHo Aa ce roBoplr 3a opus
pseudomixtum, xokro IrMaJr He roJrKoBa KoHcrpyKTIrBHu, a no-cKopo AeKoparuBu[
Synrqun. Cenepnara KpenocrHa creHa Ha parrHoBrrganturfcxoto yKpenJreHr{e rov-
Ho cJrenBa rpacero u orreB[AHo Bcscs[a cy6opyrquxra Ha ceBepHrlfl orpaAeH 3I{A
Ha K'bcHopr4McKr{, rsagpr.r6yprrayrrr. Cenepo3arraAHara rlerupu'brtJrHa KyJra Ha noc-
Jregurrs o6a.re 6una r,rgocraBeHa. flpes 1978 r. Ha roBa Mrlcro 6r,rx otxprar cerMeHT
oT KyJIa, KOHCTpyKTT{BHO CB'bp3aHa C KperrOCTHaTa CTeHa, KoqTO AOTIUpaJIa AO rOX-
Horo Jrrrrle Ha ceBepHur 3rrA Ha flo-paHHara xyra. Ta ce IBAaBaJra Ha 1,90 M [peg
Qponta ua or:6panrareJrHara rrvt:avtu, a 3ng'br ir 6nt ge6en 1,00 ttt203. flpegnug o6ex-
Tr4BHara HeBG3MO)KHOCT Aa Ce npOAGJrXar pa3KonKlrre B 3arIaAHa flocoKa, flpoyq-
BaTeJrsr ce e BEATJT [puHyAeH Aa ce 3aAoBoJil4 c [peArloJroxeHl{eTo, qe ocTaHKuTe
nplrHagJre)Kar Ha [oJryKp'brJra KyJra. Cneg sacneMaHero Ha flpoyqeHure rlpe3
re8
Bacurquu 1978, c.92; Baur.nqnr 1979,98-99; Bacnaqnn 1980, c. i 10.
ree
Torbatoy 1994,p.325 sqq.
2m
Couga>r B or 1995 r.
2orBacurqnn 1994, c. l0cn.
202
Ibidem, c. I l.
203
Ibidem.
1995-1996 r. yr{acrtl{u or QopruQIrKaIII{oHHara crrcreMa ria paHHoBr43aHrur?cKoro
yKpenJreHl{e, I43BGprueHI4Te HapOqHr4 lr3MepBaHr{f cBrrAeTeJrcrByBar, qe B'bflpocHr.r-
flT cerMeHT B [efiqrBureJrHocr rrpol,I3xoxEa or .brJroBa KyJIa, .{ufiro IrJraH Mox(e [a
ce B'b3craHoBr{ B TaK'bn clyuafi e[r{HcrBeHo Karo Kp'brbx. To.{Ho raKa e [peAcra-
BeI{a ceBepo3anaAHara'brJIoBa KyJra Ha yKpe[JreHr,rero Ha uoc IIIa6la r,r B]pxy c.bc-
TaBeHI4rI or K. IIkoplI{JI B Kpafl na XIX sex nraH204. Cnopeg 3ala3eHr{Te ocraHKr{,
BbHlrrHr{sr Al4aMerbp Ha Bt[pocHara KyJra Moxe [a ce B'b3craHoBr{ Ha oKoJro 8,75 rra.
3 anaqnara KpenocrHa creHa Ha paHHoBr.rsasrrEr?cxoro yKpe[JreH ue 6v.ta ug -
rpaAeHa a fundamen,tis n ue c'bB[aAaJIa c rpacero Ha 3r.rga Ha K'],cHopr4McKr{s KBaA-
pr6ypruyrr.r. Tq 6e npoyqeHa npes 1995-1996 r. qpe3 [Ba coHAaxa. EqraHuar or rsx
6e saroxeH upr.r6nusureJrHo B cpeAara Ha 3ana3egu, yqacrrx. Tyr cy[epcrpyKrlr.r-
flTarea Kpe[ocrHr.r.f, 3rrA r.,rMa rlupr{Ha 1,90 rra u e orAeJreHa or: cy6crpyKrlr.rqra c B.bH-
IrreH I4 B'brpelrleH 6amer c ml{prrHa or no 0,15 ru. Ha sanageHara Br.rcoq[Ha HaA
6anxera (go 1,20 rrr) rpanexrr e B opus implectum, r{AeHTilqeH Ha ro3r4, ycraHoBeH
npra ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa. Bsnurroro Jrr.rqe e r.r3rpaleHo no-crapareJrHo B
cpaBHeHLIe c BbrpelrrHoro. Kalraesnrzre 6norose, rroJroxeHl4 B npaBr,rJIHIr peAoBe, ca
lo-roJreMr.r u go6pe o6pa6oreur, Karo oco6eno flpeqr.r3eH e rpaAexcr na narl-qol-
I/,tl1.e peE., K'bAero 6norosere flpurqrar rrJrGTHo egr.rH [o Apyf pr
Aocrr{rar 4o 0,80 rra
ABJr)Kr{Ha, rIpH Br.rcoqflna 0,50 rvl. BtrpeurHoro Jrr{qe e rpaAeHo rrpeAr.rMHo c eAHoc-
TpaHHo o6pa6orenu KaMBHI{. Crpertae>x.br K'bM cla3BaHe Ha peloBa 3t4liapvfl. e Ha-
JIo)KITJI BM'bKBaHero B'bB Qyrure na no-gpe6Hr4 KaM'bHr{. Irlsnolsys attvtfl,t xopocaH
e 6xn, c [pr,rMec Ha eA'],p rurc'bK. flpu6nusureJrHo B cpegara Ha 3ana3eHr4q yqacr]K
or 3arraAHara KpenocrHa creHa 6e orrprar MaJT'bK nxog (nepoarHo norepHa) c uru-
praHa 1,59 M, crecHeH go 1,00 M r{pe3 ABa KoHcrpyKTr{BHo cB'bp3aur{ c Kpe[ocrHara
creHa flLrJracrpa. firycr-ruanHl,If,T rrpar e oQopueu or MoHoJrr4Ten (uoxe 6urrpeus-
nonsynan?) 6;ror c rarg'tn6anu rrerr{ 3a [ByKpr,rJra B.bprflrr{a ce Bpara.
B uatl-rcxrulfl 3alra3eH yrracrbK 3a[a[Hara KpenocrHa creHa Ha paHHoBr4-
saHTzrrcxoro yKpenJreHr,re npopr3Ba roro3anaAHara 'bmroBa KyJra Ha K.bcaopr4Mc-
KLIfl KBa[p[6ypruyrr.r, lrpo['bJrxaBairxus ro)KHa rrocoKa. Tyr cynepcrpyKr{r.rJrra rrMa
ge6eruana 2,00 rrr. lorslrara BrlcoqaHa, Ha Koqro e 3ala3eHa no cpaBHeHr.{e c [pyru-
Te [poyr{eHr4 yrracrbr{r.r or oKoJroBp'bcrlc'vtfl. KperrocreH srq (go 2,00 rr,l nag 6auxe-
ra), ce A.sJrxr4 Ha AeHrr3eJra\nflTa Ha aHTVqHr{fl TepeH or ceBep K6M ror. Io;rcrngr
3I,I[ Ha xsagpu6ypruyua, xortto ocraBaJr B'bB B'r,TpelrHocrra Ha HoBorrocrpoeHoro
yKperIJIeHI4e,6wt AeMoHTHpaH [o HIdBoro Ha roraBarxHrurq repeH. I4geurnuua 6una
clg6a:ra I4 Ha u3Tot{Hara qacr or roro3alagHara My KyJra. Herlsa:ra 3arraAHa \racr,
o6aue, KoflTo ce HaMIrpaJIa npeA Sponra Ha HoBara or6panurelHara crrcreMa r{
or{eBugHo 6u.lra e MHoro go6po c'scrosnrae205, 6lr.na 3ala3eHa r4 BKJrroireHa B Heq
204
HA EAH, 0. 165x, on. l, a.e.424, n.59.
205
2l cera cylepcrpyKqilflTa fla ceBepllara r,r 3a[aAHara creHr{ Ha ra3[ KyJra ca 3a[a3eHlr Ha
Br,rcoqrlrHa Ao 1,15-2,00 M Ha[ HnBoTo Ha 6anre.ra
o6p.41. KAPE-I/K(a)PEAC (GAREA/C(a)REAS). cenepuara crpa]ruqa Ha BxoAa B
npaBor,r'brlHara KyJra Ha 3aranHara KperocrHa creHa. lFig.4l. CAREA/C(a)REAS. The
northern side wall of the entrance into the western tower.
Karo Me)K[r{HHa [paBo'brbJrHa KyJra. B Kpeflocruara creHa 6r,r.rr usrpageH Bxo[ KBM
KyJIara c mlrplrHa 3,l2trt, crecueH qpe3 ABa KoHcrpyKTr.rBHo cB'bp3aHrr rrr.rJracrpa Ao
2,65 xr (O6p. 41). Bognuar pe3epBoap or BpeMero na $ymrlrloHr,rpaHero Ha KBaA-
pu6yprrayr,,ra 6un rasocraBen, a ocraHKr4Te My - HrrBeJrr4paHr,r. Hrzsoro B'bB B'brperfl-
Hocrra ua npeo6pa3yBaHara xyna 6r.rno r.r3[r.rrHaro [o paBHr{u{ero Ha roraBaruHr{{
TepeH qpe3 3a['brBaHe c HarporxeHa noKpr{BHa KepaMr{Ka r{ rrp'bcr, o6pasynaulu
nJlacr c ge6enuna Ao 0,40 lr. Or ro3[r [Jracr c'bBpeMeHeH Ha crporrreJrcrBoro
- -
fipol,I3xoxga e[Ha MHoro BaxHa HaxoAKa: MoHera c HoMrrHaJr or [oJroBrrH $onuc na
XOcrunraan I or XVII roAr.rHa Ha yrrpaBJreHrrero My206. Tx onpenels,5431544 r. Karo
crrrypeH terminus post quem 3a r.r3rpaxEaHero Ha paHHoBr{gan:rur?cxoro yKpe[Jre-
Hrre Ha uoc IIIa6ra, Koero AaBa ocnoBaHr{e ro yBepeHo Aa ce npuq[cJrrr KbM trOcru-
HI{aHOBrrTe CTpOeXU I4 Ce flBflBa AOlbJrHr{TeJrer{ apfyMeHT B rroJr3a Ha MOTLrBrrpaHa-
Ta rro-rope B pr3JroxeHrirero HeroBa uqenruQuxar\Lls, c'bc crroMeHaroro or flporo-
nrarl e rpaKTara "3a crpoexu:re" yrpemeirre C[a]reas.
Crparurpa$cKr.rre ua6nrogenraa [o3BoJrr/xa pa3rpaHr,rqaBaHero Ha rprl rre-
puola s o6zrasaHero Ha pauHoBr,Banrraftcroro yKpelJreHrre Ha Hoc IIIa6na. fl'rp-
BIrflT or rrx 3arroqBa oKoJro cpe[ara na VI r. H e cB'bp3aH c r.r3rpaKAar{ero Ha yKpe-
III,ITeJIHaTa CrrCTeMa r,r n'bpBOHaqaJrHOTO 3aCTpOflBaHe Ha 3arrlr4TeHaTa Tepr,rTopu_fl.
Kru rogu neprao[ c'bc cr.rrypnocr ce orHacfl e[Ha nocrpoftxa ( N 4) c 4e6e.nu go
1,10 t't AByJrr.rrleBrr 3rqoBe, rmrpaAeHr4 or qo6pe o6pa6orenu KaMeHHrr 6roKvera,
cB'bp3aHr,r c 6xr xopocan. Tg ce HaMilpa il3TorrHo or npaBo'brbJrHara Kyira rz qac-
TI{LIHO BC3Cfl[a AeMOHTIIpaHaTa IOX(Ha KpenOCTHa CTeHa Ha KBCHOpT,TMCKT4S KBa[pU-
6yprnyru. Aro ce c'b[r{ tro [AeHTurrHara crporrreJrHa rexHrrKa, K'bM ['bpBoHaqarHo-
To 3acrporBaHe cJreABa [a ce orHece r.r AByAeJrHara(?) Crpaga Nb 5, sauaguara qacr
Ha Kosro ce oqepraBa r upo$una na o6pyrueHrm MopcKu 6pxr. Cnopeg crparr.rr-
pa$crnre AaHHr4 r4 orKprrrr,rre qacrutrHo lpoyr{eHara Crpaga N 2,
B Hefl HaxoAKlr,
npllcTpoeHa K'bM ceBepHaTa Kpe[ocTHa cTeHa, c'brrlo ce oTHac, K'bM [cpBr.rq nepu-
og or @ynxrllroHr,rpaHero Ha yKpelJreHr4ero. Torasa 6rn u:rpageu rz npu6nrr3rurreJr-
Ho yc[opeAHr{rrr Ha 3a[agHara KpelocrHa creHa 3r4[aH orroqeH KaHaJr, rofiro rn4sa
oT IOr, npaBrr rrynKa Ha 3alaA r.r MrrHaBa IIoA npara Ha npoyqeHaTa noTepHa.
HenrsMoxHocrra [a ce ycraHoBr{ qflJrocruttflr,rar r4 pa3Meprrre Ha paHHo-
sugaHruficroro yKpenJr,)Hr{e Ha noc IIIa6ra, KaKTo r{ He3Haq[TeJruara npoyqeHa
r{aCT B'bB B'bTpOIIIHOCTTa My, [paBflT TB'bpAe pI4CKOBaH OIII4ITa Aa Ce OilpeAeJII{ TI4[O-
Jrorr{\recKara My cGUIHocr. f[pn Bce roBa, npaaonunerlnrare orrepraHurfl:aa 3ana3e-
Hr{Te KpelocrHr4 creHrr, $opuar:a rr pa3floJroxeurre:ro Ha ceBepo3anauHara BrJroBa
KyJIa lr crporrreJrur{Te rrapaMerprr Ha 3rrgoBere (ge6elnna rr rexHr{Ka Ha rpagex)
I{3KrroqureJrHo MHoro go6nr.rxanar C[a]reas [o BoeHHrrre yKpenJreHllfl or trOcrzHr.r-
aHoBo BpeMe, r{3Ar{rHarr4 rro [yHaBcKux 6pnr Ha flpoBr,rHqrax Kpafi6pexna ,[arur e
206
Mysettua c6upra - IIIa6na, apxeororr4qecrrn SoHg, ErcueAarlrq "Hoc IIIa6na '96", nore-
nr nns. .N! 79.
paitoua na X(flresHu BpaTa: Kladovo2o7, Milutinovai2o8, Usce Slatinske reke209, Rtkovo-
210, L.|ubicava6211 . Bcr.rqrua re ca6putwr3Ar{rHarrr rlo eAHo Ir c'btllo BpeMe I'I
Glarnija tr
207
l{epru onuh -Kyruan ar,uh 197 7 -7 8, c. 1 27 ctt.
art
208
Milosevi6/Jeremi6 1986, 245 -263.
20e
Jovanovid/Kora6 1984,192-196; Jovanovi6 et al. 1986, 316-400'
2ro
Gabricevid 1986, 71 -9i.
2tr Kora6 1996, 105-109.
2r2
Torbatov 1997a, p. 78 sqq.
2r3lbidem.
2ta Tegu yKpenreHr{.q ca o6croftno [pegcraBeHn B II3JIo)<eHIrero MaJIKo Iro-AoJIy (n>r. clor-
Berurre naparpa$u).
AO Beqe c'bIIIecTByBaIIIr{ yKpeneHr4 rIeHTpoBe, HflKOr4 OT KOr{TO - C MHOTOBeKOBHa
I4cropl,r{. Ocnex rr'bJrHa rrAeHTuqHocr or rJre[Ha roqKa Ha ronorpacpcrnre oco6e-
HOCTTI, Te AeMOHCTpr4paT MHOIO TOIqMO CXOACTBO 14 B CBOf,Ta [r'raHOBa CXeMa, B KO-
9To ce oTKpI4BaT I4 xapaKTepHllTe eJIeIvIeHTI{ Ha yKpenl{TenHaTa cI{cTeI\{a Ha C[a]reaS.
2r5
Crxpoeuulero ce cacrotr or 36 6ponsoBn Mouerr{ or pa3r[r{eH HoMIlHaJl: Myserina c6zp-
xa - IIIa6la, apxeoflorutrecxn Soug, Excneguqua "Hoc IIIa6na '95", uoleuu uua.
Nb 17, l-36.
216
Mysefiua c6upxa - IIIa6na, apxeolor[qecrn $oHg, Excneguqraa "Hoc IIIa6ra '95", uore-
Br{ r4HB. N 27 (or Congax A).
2r7
Myaeina c6npxa - IIIa6la, apxeoror[qecru $oug, Ercuegr,rqr,rx "Hoc IIIa6na '95", nore-
Br{ r{HB. N! 29 (or Cougax B).
Htrero: or ro3r4 MoMeHT TO npecTaHaJro Aa $ynxquonrapa Karo $oprusr,rraqproHHo
c'bop'bxeHrre.
flocnegen rperlr replloA ua o6lrranane 6e perr{crpr.rpaH rroA $oprraara na
MHoro TbH'LK KyJrTypeH nJlacr caMo BT,B B'brpelxHocTTa Ha npaBo'brBJrHara Kpe-
nocrHa KyJra, HerlocpegcrBeHo Ha[ cJregrrre or yHrrrqoxilTeJrnvrs flo)Kap. Or nlacra
He [polr3xox{Aar apxeororuqecKr4 Marepr4aJrr,r, AaBarrlr4 BT,3MOXHOCT 3a XpOHOJTO-
rl{r{ecKa npelll43altruq. CuopaquuHl{Te cJIeAI4 Ha o6r.rraBaHe cBrqereJrcrByBar 3a [pac-
TI{rIHO HaMaJIfBaHe Ha HaceJIeHr{eTo, nBJreH KOJIaIC Ha MaTepr.,raJrHaTa KyJrTypa u
nocrelleHHo 3aMI4paHe Ha xlrBora. Hafi-rtcnrare I,I3BecrHr{ [ocera MoHerr4 oT Hoc
IIIa6.ra ca or II 2t8, y11 219 roguua or y[paBJreHrrero Ha rrMreparop Maupurufi
Tulepuh (583/584 u 588/589 r.). T'rrt Karo I4 gBere ca cnyvarinlr HaxoAKr.r, re He
Morar Aa ce EocraBqr TotIHo B KoHTeKCTa Ha apxeoJroruqecKE ycTaHoBeHaTa cTpa-
turpa$rna sa o6exra. flpra rora [oJroxenr4e, B'brrpocHr{Te MoHerr4 6uxa uorlu ga
nocJryxar caMo KaTo e[I4H OTHOCTTTeJIeH xpoHoJrorurrecKl{ I4HAr,rKarOp, yKa3BaIq
upra6lrasrateJtHo Kpaf Ha o6urasaHero Ha paHHoBr,r3aurrartcroro yKperrJreHr4e
C[a]reas.
2r8
Mogerara e qacrHo npurexaul{e rr e AoKyMeHTr4paHa or aBTopa B xofla Ha apxeonorrrqec-
Kure npoyqBannrl [pe3 I995 r. Hauepena e 6nra npeAr4 roAr.rurl Ha cawufl MopcKrl
6par, nenocpegcrBeHo ,t1o pynu[Te Ha yKpeirneH[ero"
2re
Bacurqun 1985,232-233, J\! 60.
220
Eo6qena 6.r., c.42.
22t
lllxopnun/IllKoprrrrJr 1892a, c. 56.
222
HL BAH, +. 165r, ou. 1, a.e.424, * 42,67-68; a.e. 588, n. 44.
223
Canrr.ru 1985, c.77 cn.
22a
Tonrarron 1984,72-74; Salkin/Toptanov 1987, p.22 sqq.
O 6p. 42. Karr.reu 6pxr-.f, fi n ara. YxpenutenHa cl,IcreMa (Salkin/Toptanov
1987, p. 24,Fig.2). lFig. 42. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Defence system (Salkin,
Toptanov 1987, p. 24, Fig. 2).
23
225
Carxlru/TorrraHoB 1985, c. 155; Tonranon/Canxnn 1989, c. 172 cn.; Camuu/TonranoB
1990, c. 189; Tourauos/Carrru 1991, c. 75.
126
flpegcraneHllre AaHHu ca B'1,3 ocHoBa ua: Salkin/Toptanov 1987,22-35.
O6p. 44. Kaues 1pga-flftr,ara. 3anagna:ra KperocrHa crena (rexuuKa Ha rpaAe)K). / Fig.
44, Kamen brjag-Jaylata. The western precinct wall (style of construction).
227
Tonranon 1984, c. 13.
flo r.rnxesepuo-apxrrreKTypHa KoHrlenqus r.r KoHcrpyKTrtBHt4 oco6eHocrr4,
yKpe[JreHr.rero B MecrHocrra ",.irrara" rpar? KarueH 6prr pa3KpraBa [opa3r,rreJrHo
cxoAcrBo c pagnoJroxeHoro caMo Ha oKoJro 5 ru ro;xno or Hero paHHoBr.r3aHuaricxo
yKpenJreHrre B MecrHocrra "TayxjrLIMaH" xpafi Cneru Hurola, Koero Kareropr4rrHo
cBI{[eTeJrcTByBa 3a B'b3Hr4KBaHeTO IrM rro elHO I4 CBUIO BpeMe, B paMKUTe Ha elHa r{
c'brla crpolrreJlua nporpaMa. Kato rexen 6rulg'br napaJreJr B crpor{TeJrHo-xpoHo-
JIOfI{qeCKu aC[eKT B Hayr{HaTa KHI{XHIrHa O6rarnOSeHO Ce ilOcoqBarle u Kyna 5 or
B'bHrxHara yKpe[r.rreJrHa Jfii:avfl. Ha Hoc Kanuarpa228, 3a Korro [o-paHo ce [prreMa-
IIre flarr{poBKa B'bB BpeMero r{a r.rMneparop locrunraur1229. Hanocnegl,K, o6aqe,
v3rpa)KAaHero ir y6egurerno 6e npegarr.rpaHo r{aK BBB BTopara [oJroBr{rra Ha
XIV n.230 Cnrypen terminus post quem3a ra3rpilKlaHero Ha yKpenJreHr{ero rpafi Cne-
rra Hprxo.rra rpeAocraBa eAHa cJre[pe$oprrlena MoHera (c,r'eg 498 r.) na uuneparop
Anacracurt, HaMepeHa B c"por{TeJrHr[, flJracr, [opaAI,I Koero Bb3HrrKBaHero My ce
orHacs KtM HaqaJloro rrJrr4 cpeAara na VI n., Karo [peAnoJrox(4TeJrHo ce cB"bp3Ba c
$opua$uraqr{oHHara AeftHocr Ha rrMneparop trOcrrrHrrartlz3l . Brs ocroaa Ha Ao-
6ntus. B xola Ha pa3KorIKLITe apxeoJroruqecKz MareprraJr, npoyqBarerr{Te rrocra-
BflT r.r3rpa)KAaHero Ha yKpenJleHilero B Mec"Hocrra "flfi,nata" xpait Karraen 6prr
uafi-o6rqo B Kpa, Ha V/na.raroro Ha VI s., 6es Aa ca B c'bcrorHrre Aa [per]r43r.rpar
[arrrpoBKara232. Cnope[ T.flx, ro 6uno c [oAqepraHrr BoeHHr{ Syurgtru233 r4 c.bcraB-
JUIBaJTo 3BeHo or rpaHAl4o3Hara paHHoBr4gaHrnitcxa yKpeul,rreJrHa c[creMa rro 3a-
rragHorroHTuitc:rns,6pnr23a. Maxap, HecaMHeHo , u xa 6:aro r,r3[oJr3yBaHo rrpr,r neo6-
xo[I{MocT 3a BoeHHr4 qeJrr4, TBCTOTO 3aCTpOrBaHe Ha yKpeneHaTa My Tepr4Topr4fl c.bc
CAMOCTO.f,TEJIHI4 XI'IJII4IIIHV CTPAIU C MAJIKI{ PA3MEPI4 CBUIETEJICTBYBA NO-CKOPO 3A
HeroBr{, qrrBr{JreH xapaKTep. flolo6no Ha yKperrJreHrrero npn Cneru Huxoxa235, u z
\a1elails. cnyvafi narl-uepoarHo craBa AyMa 3a erarr B pa3Br4Tr,rero Ha pa3noJro)r(eHo-
To B'bpxy KpaIi6pe:rnara repaca o6urrpno HeyKperreHo KBcHoaHTr{rrno cenurqe. T'rri
Karo apxeoJrorl{qecKr4Te HaxogKr,r cBilAereJrcrByBar 3a [pog'bJrxaBaHe na o6nr:asa-
Hero Ha roJrsMa rracr or repeHa extra muros u [pe3 VI n., yrpenJreHr{ero cJre[Ba [a
ce pa3rJre)K[a Karo KoMno3r,rquoHeH eJreMeHT or rpaqoycrpoficrseHara cxeMa Ha
ceJrr{qero u c ror-fiMa yBepeHocr [a ce orr,x[ecrBr,r c HeroBa qurageJra. Perucrpu-
paunst B qeprlrre Ha KperrocrHrrre creHlr MorrIeH ropflJr rrJracr c ge6earnua go
1,20 tt236 cBr,r4ereJrcrByBa 3a Hacr{JrcrBeH rpafi ua xr{Bora. Cnopeg MoHerH[rre Ha-
228
Krros 1971, c.15; Tonranon 1984, c.74.
22e
3axapuen/BnaArrMrrpoB 1973, c. 177 .
230
,[xunron u gp. 1990, c.72 ct.
23r
Kuror 1971, c. 14.
232Tonrauon 1984, c.74; Salkin/Toptanov 1987,p.31 sqq.
233
Ibidem, passim; CalrnuAeruMegxrreB L990, c. 5 cn.
234
3a cruluocrra r{ rleJrr{Te Ha ra3r.r cr{creMa, nx. f.nana III.
23s
Kuros 1971, c. 14.
236
Salkin/Toptanov 1987, p.32.
xoAKI{, yKpe[JreH]rero rIpocBIIIecrByBaJro [o K'bM Kpafl Ha VI pllll Haararoro Ha
VIIe.237 I4 3arItHzL'Io [pI4 I{JIKoe or aBapo-cJraBrHcKr{Te Ha[a[eHr{fl rro roBa BpeMe.
237
Hai-xtuu4re Mouerrr ca eMltcr4r4 Ha rrMreparop Maapmrfi Tu6eplrfi or nepuofia 587-
589 r., sx.: Tonrauor, Calrnu 199"1., c.75.
238
B. "3opH[qa", 6p. 20, 1892 (recrurlrrr e ceAMurrHo rr3AaHr4e Ha Arr,repnraricKoro eBaH-
reJrcKo o6qecrno).
23e
lllxopnil.rr 19056, c. 525 (Ta6a. CXV, 1).
240
HA EAH, +. 165r, on. 7, a.e. 424, n. 53,69 a.e. 588, ,r. 44,
24r
HA 6AH, +. 165r, on. l, a.e. 588, n. 44.
242
Illropnn.n 19056, c. 525.
O6p. 45. Kaneu 6par-Tonpar xale. Ilras Ea yKpe[IlTerHara clrcrerr.ra no K. Ilkopnun
(Ilkopnnn 19056, Ta6r. CXV, 1). / Fig. 45..Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Layout of the
defence system after K. Skorpil (Skorpil 1905a, Fig. CXV, 1).
2a3
PailreB 198^1,,16-44; Fauren 19826; Pamer 1982a.
2aa
finunrpon 1987.
2a5
Tepeunor.o o6xox<gaHe u AoKyMeHTrrpaHe Ha ocraHKrrre or yKpenneHneto 6e Ir3Bl,pue-
no o'r aBropa ua 4 $erpyapu 1994 r.
O6p. 46. Kaues 6par-Toupar rane. OcT auKrr or ceBepHara KperocrHa creHa. l Fig. 46.
Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Remains of the northern precinct wall.
6an xopocaH, TyK-TaM nplrMeceH c rtapqeHr{a crpor4TeJrHa KepaMr4Ka. F{e e xqro ga-
JrI4 ToBa ca cJIeAH or ocHoBI4Te v$rut or eM[JreKToHa Ha cynepcrpyK\VflTa. B ocrana-
rara qacr or I{3Tor{Hara i noroBnHa ceBepHara KpenocrHa creHa lwrryt B HerarI{B:
KaTO poB, orpaAeH ABycTpaHHo oT KaMeHHO3eMIeHLI ralOO6pasnrlHacyrltv:, OcTaHa-
JII4I or BpeMero Ha MeToA[qnoro orpa6BaHe Ha crporireJrHr4s MaTepr4aJr. flo tpace-
246
HA BAH, g. 165r, or. 1, a.e. 424, n 53.
247
Bx- ca,orBeru[Te naparpaSu.
248
B>x. naparpaSa KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC (CAREA/C(a)REAS) ro-rope B rr3Jro)KeHrrero.
r{e Kuron 1971,
c. 9 ca.
2s0
,(pencRsor;a 1966, c. 10 (].,{! 22).
25t
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 424, * 56-57.
252
Bcltuxr.r [ocoqeHr.r [o-AoJry AaHHr,r ca cflopeA: K[roa lg7L,g-15.
lr
I
?.t
0 6 t0 20 e0 40 lon
#
O6p.41 . Cserr Hr,rrola. Ilnan na yKpelll{rerlHara cl4creMa (Kuron 1971, c.9, O6p. 1). /
Fig. 47 . Sveti Nikola: Layout of the defence system (Kuron 1971, c.9, O6p. 1).
25r
Ibidem, c. 14.
25aIbidem, l0-11, 13.
2ss
Ibidem, c. 14 (6en 28).
256
3a r.rcropuqecKoro pa3BIITI{e Ha roBa ceJII,Iu{e, s)K.: Kfiron 1970, c. 1 cn.; Axlurron 1970;
,fixnuror 1979; Arruuron 1989; fixuxron u
4n. 1990. 9-21.
2s7
Bcuqrlr r{3BopoBrr Aa}rHn ca cr6pann n: IGBulg., I-, p. 42 sqq.
lonaAa n'ss Soxyca Ha BHr{MaHIrero
Ha BI43aHTLrrfCrUre XpOHnCTIT B:bB
Bp'b3Ka c 6ynra saBaratuaH25S, Ko-
raro ce fipeBp'brrla n csoeo6pasna
croJrrrqa Ha pa3MrrpHraxa. flpr.r oura-
caHr{ero sa c'siutwara Mapqeruu
Kouec olpegeJur Mflcroro Karo ca.t-
tellumzsg, Ho B cJryqafl He e flcHo Aa-
Jru repMlrH'br cJrenBa ga ce pas6upa
B'bB BOeHeH Vrrur B qITBITJIeH KOH-
:rercr260. flo-nepoarHa r.r3urexga
BTopara B'b3MoxHoct, lrrrl Karo B
HAI{AJIOTO HA YIIPABJIEHI(ETO HA UM-
neparop 0ctrlnuan I Arpe e cl4ryp-
HO 3acB[rnereJrcrByBaH Karo e[IrH or
15-re rpaga Ha flpoBl{nqrax Cru-
T:ufli26l . Msoro e B'b3Mo)KHo orpa3e-
lr,ilar y Xraeporrn [o-BrrcoK craryr
o6exrxeHo Aa orpa3rBa eAHa Kaqec-
TBeHa npoMrrHa, cB'bp3aHa c oc'b[trec-
TBsBaHero ryK Ha ruuporoo6xBarHa
crp orrre JrHo -6raroyc:rp ofi cts ena
rporpaMa.
flocroqHuo HapacrBauloro
rlpe3 KBCHaTa aHTI{r{HOCT 3Har{eH[e
Ha ceJrr.rqero B'bpxy noc Kanuaxpa
B 3HalIr,ITeJrHa CTerreH Ce A'bJrxI4 Ha
I;I3KJIIOqIITEJIHUTE IIPUPOAHII AAAE-
HOCTr{, yJrecrurBaulrr HeroBoTo yKpe-
rurBaHe lr cnoco6crByBarqrr 3a [peB-
p'brr{aHero My B e[Ho o:r nafi-6nec- O6p. 49. T(u)PI,1CA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/
rq[{r4re rBopeHr{, na $optnQura- ACRES). fhan ua yKperlrreJlHara cEcreMa B
r{rroHHaTa Muc'bJI r.r npaKTIIKa Ha Te- qs.rocren nug (.fixnuros r Ap. 1990, c. 188,
prrroprrflTa Ha npoBr,rHrlr{fl Cxur:us. B O6p. 196). lFig.49. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. Layout
pe3yJrrar Ha rroBerre or 20-roguuruu of the defence system in its final completion
(flxnnron u gp. 1990, c. 188, O6p. 196).
cprcTeMHr{ apxeororuqecKlr pa3Kon-
258
flogpo6eH aHaJrr.r3 Ha [3BopoBr{Te cBuAereJrcrBa rr BG3craHoBKa Ha xpoHoJlorl{f,Ta Ha c'b-
6urus. a BbB Bpb3Ka c 6yura ua Blr:raluan e: Barnea 1968,412-414.
2se
Marc. Com. Chron. ad a. 515 (ed. Berolini).
260
flo regu Btrrpocrr nx. fnana II.1..
26r
Hierocl. Synecd. 637,3 (ed. Parthey).
N
c
0ro.
ffh
262
YxpenureJrHara crrcreMa Ha Hoc Kalra<pa e flpegMer Ha crIeqrIaJIHo l,Iotrorparpfirluo lI3-
cJreABaHe: ,fin<unron n qp. 1990.
263
3axapuer/Brarurunpon1973, c. 161 cn.;flxunron uxp. 1990,24-70.
O6p. 51. T(r)PI1CA/AKPE (T(i)RISSA/ACRES). Cpegnata or6paurnrenua rrrrHrr{
(fixunron u 4p. 1990, c. 120, O6p. 134). / Fig. 51. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The middle defence
line (flxunroB rr Ap. 1990, c. 120, O6p. 134).
Ha IrMrleparop BareHc. flpracrpoxnaHero Ha rrpolyrHaKyJryMa rr Ha [:bpBr4Te ABe or
c[oMeuarl{Te rpaleqoBrrqHr{ KyJrrr ce oruacfl KBM BTopr.{Jr crpor4TeJreH era[, KoriTo
ce Aarrrpa Hafi-o6qo B neprroga or Kpa.fl na IV qo K'bM cpeAara Ha V n. flocne4xnxr
(rperu) crpolrreJreH eran ce cB6p3Ba c rrogA'bpx(aHero B r43npaBHocr Ha yKpelu-
TeJTHI{Te c'bop'b)KeHll, oT cpeAara na V B. HaceTHe, raro or6ens3aHoTo rlo-rope
yAe6eJI.flBaHe Ha eAHa or Kyprr,rHr.rre lr no6anauero K'bM Hefl.Ha rperara rpaleqo-
BrlAHa KyJra ce Aarr4pa B HaqaJroro HaYIs.26a
Cpeguara ot6pauurelHa r,uHle265 orcrolr ua 410 M roxHo or B-r,HrrrHara n
c6ulo ce c'bcrorr or poB n aug (O6p. 51). firn:rvlaata i grsrrasa sa L62 M, Karo
6nrlso Ao u3TotrHI4rI Kpari Tpacero ir uparu eAHa rrylKa. 3aarpruenr{fl cr4 K'bcHoaH-
TIrlIeH o6nur cpeAHara or6panratenHa Jru*yrfl- go6una Ha ABa pa3[areqeHr{ BBB Bpe-
Mero era[a, B n'bpBI{rI or Kolrro ce pa3rpaHr4iraBar gne o6oco6eHr4 KoHcrpyKTr.rBHr{
$asu. fl'spnonavaJluo c'bop'bx(eHr4ero r{MaJro Br,rA Ha sarTr-o6raxnoBeH 3r,r[ c ge6enu-
rua2,00 M, MoHoroHHocrra na roftlro 6rla napyueua caMo or [Ba orBopa - To3rr Ha
flopTara r4 Ha e[Ha rrorepHa. Hacropo cJre[ ToBa, o6a.re, npe4 AororaBarxuara rtop-
ra 6wa r43gr4rHara qerr.,rprtrbJrHa rpoxoAua KyJra (xyna-nopra). CrulecrBeHrr yct-
B'bplreHcrByBaHuf B KoHcrpyKIII{flTa Ha cpe[Hara or6panzreJrHa Jrr,rHr4rr 6ranr.r sHe-
ceHI4 MHoro [o-K'r,cHo. B parr,Kr,rre Ha roBa npeycrporicr:Bo a{yBCTBr4TeJrHo 6r,rna yne-
rl4r{eHa ge6enraHara Ha KperrocrHara cTeHa, [ocpeAcrBoM [prrcrpoflBaHe OTKT,M B'bH-
IrrHoro il nuqe Ha Ao['bJrHr4TeJreH :lrg c ge6elr{Ha or 1,00 go 1,60 rta. B xoncrpyxrun-
Ha Bp'b3Ka c ro3r,r zug6wttw r.r3rpaAeHr.,r rr rpr.r r.r3rlflJro r{3[aAeHr.r KyJrr.r c KpBr.r,Jr [JraH.
Ilpeceuenraxr rpo6 ot II-[I B. I{ npeynorpe6enrare B rpaAex(a crroJrr4r{ or c'brr{oro
BpeMe ce rB.rrBar cr{rypeH terminus post quem 3a HalraJroro Ha crpoexa, n'bpBara
Sasa ua rbpBr.rfl eran or xoirro ce [arrrpa B rrepro[a Me)KAy 272 u287-289 r. Irsr-
pax4aHero Ha KyJrara-nopra ce o[peAeJrq Karo BTopa Qasa ua ['bpBr.rfl erarr r{ ce
[ocraBfl B ['bpBLITe [ecerrrJrerrrs na IV n. Broptrxt eran B o$oprvrxxero Ha cpe[Ha-
26a
flepuogus aq.wflTa 14 Aarr.rpoBKara e cropeA: ,[xnuron u qp. 1990, c. 57 crr.
265lbidem, 76-131.
ri.
N
o li &di
I
I
---sas -t
i
lg-
'ffi
01 5u
JtrFF
266Ibidem, 131-164.
267
Ea;rxaucxal974, c.66 cn.
rorr,rnlerc) "rl3 ocHoBu" rpe3 341-342 r. flpea V-VI s. rro c'bop'b)KeHLlflTa or BBT-
pemara or6paHiareJrHa JrI{HI{fl 6lrrur npegupl{eMaHlr peMoHTHI,I pa6oru, rouro, o6a-
IIE, HE gOBEJII4 AO IJIAHOBT4 TIPOMEH'I.
flpog'uoruJroro rrpe3 cpeAHoBeKoBllero (a u no-rtcHo - Irpe3 ocMaucKara
enoxa) r{HTeH3r{BHo o6urasaHe Ha repeHa e cBt,p3aHo c r{acrl,Ir{Ho pa3pylxaBaHe LI
aryBcrBr,rrerHo rrpeycrporlcreo Ha 3aBapeHrrre K:bcHoaHTIrlIHI{ yKpenI4TeJrHLI c'bo-
pt)KeHrrfl. 3a r:qxxolro o6esr[qasaHero e AorrplrHecJlo u 6esxonr:po.]rHoro orpa6-
BaHe Ha KaMeHHr{rr grpol{TeJreH MaTeprraJr B IIo-HOBO BpeMe. flpu nCe ToBa, BHI4Ma-
TeJrHrrflT apxIITeKTypHO-KOHCTpyKTT{BeH aHaJrrI3 Ha OCTaHKIITe IIO3BOJTI{ IOCTa TOrI-
no ga 6'rge ycraHoBeHa crpor.rreJrrrara [ocJreAoBareJlHocr, [oBeJIa go oQoprrranero
Ha cBBpeMesnns o6tnK Ha BceKIr or yKpenlareJrHr{Te rpa[exil'r. flpegnng, o6a'{e,
TB'bpge MaJrKara ge6etruua Ha [otrBeHoro [oKpI{TI,Ie I{ cB'bp3auoro c MHox<ecrBo
rro-KtcHrr rrHTepBeHqrM [poAT,JIxI4TeJrHo o6urasaHe Ha repeua, Bo4euero Ira cl4c-
TeMarrruHrr [peqr,r3Hr{ crpaurpa$crn na6mogeunfl rlpr4 rpoyqBaHero Ha yKpe[u-
TeJrHaTa clrcT'eMa ce oKa3a npaKTl4rrecKn HeB'b3MoxHo. flopagu Ta3u rrpualuHa, [peA-
JIO)KeHr{Te AaTT4pOBKI{ Ha r4Har{e ,cHo pa3rpaH[qeHl,ITeKOHCTpyKTI,IBHII eTalv CaMO
B peAKH cJryrrau [orrr4Bar na 6eayupeqHu B crparurpa$cKo-xpouoJloruqecK[ ac-
IIeKT [aHHr{, a ro-qecTo - no nens6e)KHocr! - ca MoTLIBI,IpaHI,I c KoHcTpyKTIIBHII
flapaJreJrrl oT Apyrr4 MecTa I.{JILI [opu caMo c'bc cto6pax<envfl. oT I,IcTopuqecKu xa-
paKTep. Hafi-rrcroro c'bMHeHI{-lt rropilK[a npegrroJlaraeMoro Lr3rporlaHe Ha B'bHru-
uara or6paH?rreJrHa lrrtuvs. npu r{Mrreparop Banenc. Karo cllrypeH terminus post
quem sa roBa crpor.rreJrcrBo 6u cnegsaro Aa ce [ppreMe ropHara xpoHoJlorllllecKa
rpaHr{rla Ha r43[oJr3yBaHg Ha perr4cTpr.rpaHr.r.fl HeIIOCpeICTBeHO ]OIOU3TOtIHO OT Kpe-
nocTHr4rr 3rrA roJrfM K'bcHoaHTI{lIeH HeKpolor. ,(ocera, o6ave, or Hero e pa3KonaHa
caMo e[Ha He3HarrlrreJrHa qacr, a HaMepeHr{r{T ocK'bAeH n 6egnra.ren rpo6en I{HBeH-
rap 3arpyAHflBa rpequ3Hara xpoHoJrorrrqecKa arplr6yqru Ha npofrenl4Te rpo6oBe,
qrrrrro Aarr{poBKa ce nocraBfl nafi-o6qo B paMKr4Te na fV e.268 Kato ce I{3Krllorrar
ABere AoJreneHr{ Ao B'brpeluHoro JIIrqe Ha Kpenocruara creHa nocrpofixtt or "V-
VI 8.", npoyqeHr,r oqe [pe3 60-te rogunaz69, gocetanpaKTua{ecKl4 Hlrlqo He e I{3Bec-
THo 3a xapaKTepa, rrJrbTHoCTTa Ir xpoHoJrortlfl"faHA 3acTpoflBaHeTo Ha o6ruupnoto
[pocrpaHcrBo Me)KAy B'buruHara r.r cpelHara ot6paurrenlr^rt lrvtuutut, a roBa HecGM-
neno 6r cloMorHaJlo 3a yTotIHflBaHe I{a BpeMeTo, KoraTo e 6r.rno [peg[p]IeTo II
caMoro QoprusuxaqrroHHo crporrreJrcrno. flpr rlflJrara orHocI4TeJIHocr Ha uogo6-
Hr4 acoquaqrtvr, He luo)Ke Aa He ce or6etex<u, qe rB'bpge cnequQuunurlT B'bTpeIIIeH
KpBcroBrrAeH rrJraH Ha ABere rrerfipr4'brtJrHr.r KyJrrr (none sacera!) HaMIrpa K]bcHoaH-
268
Kysuanon 1971, c.6 cn.; I{ocn$oBa I{ Ap. 1994, c. 1 I l; llocu$ona/Papuuxor L996, c. 105.
26e
3axapuen/Bnagnuupos 1973, c. 178.
TI{r{Hr{ napaJreJrr.r eA[rHcrBeHo cpeA rraMerHr{rlr4 Ha SoprnQuraq[oHHara apx[TeK-
Typa or VI s.270
flpegcroxulara o6pa6orKa Ha go6^rrn B xo[a Ha Aocera[rHr.rre npoyqBa-
IJ,nf, nzo6utteH apxeoJlorl4llecKr{ Marepr.raJr N
6rqerqrate pa3KolKr4 Ha Hoc Kaluax-
pa Hec'bMHeHo ule AolplrHecar 3aM3flcuflr,aHe u yroqHqBaHe Ha a6conrorsara xpo-
HOJrOrr4rr Ha KccHoaHTr4r{HVTe yKpenrrreJrHrr c'bop.bxeHr{fl Ha T (u)pnca/ Arpe. Bce
laK, I{ cera Moxe c'bc cr4rypHocr [a ce rBBplI{, qe or BTopara noJroBr{Ha Ha III s. ce
na6.irroqana noffrepraHa reHAeHIIr4r KtM noeranHo yBerr4r{aBaHe Ha yKperreuara
TepLITOpI4f Ha CeJrHIrIero oT ror Ha ceBep, [oBeJro orHaqaJlo Ao B63HI{KBaHeTO r{a
cpeEHara, a [o-KBcHo - v Ha B'bHrrrHara or6panr.rren]f.a luHrrfl. flpe: 559 r. Axpe,
r43rJre)Kna, Te)KKO nOCTpaAaJr rrpu roJrflMoro Kyrpr,rrypcKo Harrrecrnwe2Tl, onycro-
rrI4Jro MHOrO yKpeneHr{ rIeHTpoBe Ha repraropvrsraHa npoBr4Hrlr4fl cXnrax2Tz.TIpu
Bce roBa, IrIerI4Te 6Lrnu 6tpeo orcrpaHeHr4 r{ HopMaJrHr{-flT pr.rTbM Ha )KIrBora ce
sl:o6Honu;r. lpagrr [pexIaBrJI aBapo-cJraBrHcKr{Te HarraleHrm or Kpaq na VI n. ra,
KaKTO CBrlAereJrcrByBa HyMr43MarnrrHr4rrr varepuan2l 3, npoctrqecrByBaJr rroHe Ao
K'bM cpeAara Ha BToporo Aecerr4Jreflae na VII s.
270
KEM croMeHarrrre r o6o6ulzreruara ny6l rKar\ws.rraparrenrr (,flxnuron u gp. 1990, c. 68)
Morar Aa ce upu6anar Muoro rrprrMeprr or: Cenepna A$pr.xa, crarypHo cBtp3aHrr c
$op'raQuraul{oHuoro crpol{TeJrcrBo [o BpeMero Ha r{Mfleparop lOcrranlrau I:
THEVESTE, Bordj Hallal, THUGGA, AMMAEDARA, THAGURA - s)K. pringle
1981, passim.
271
lllrenHo c roBa HalrrecrBl4e ce cB'Lp3Ba HaMeperroro ryK 3JrarHo MoHerHo c'bKpoBr{ule c
saii-xtcrlr eK3eMlnspl{ or BpeMero Ha rrMleparop loctunrEan I: Kyauauor 1975,
c.77 ct.
272
flo 'rogu Btrrpoc s)K. frana I.1.
273
llpolrsxo>rgaurl4qr or apxeoJrorr{r{ecKr{Te pa3KolKlr Ha Hoc Kalr.rarpa go 1989 r. aHTrrqeH
I4 K'bcHoauTurrell HyMIz3Marr{qeH Mareplraa e ny6lnrynau: Ilapyuren 1991, c.20 cn.
Hafi-r'r,csute eK3eM[rqpl{ [pl{HaAJlexar Ha MoHerocerreHero Ha rrMleparop trIpax-
tuit yt yartpar or 6131614 r. (Ibidem, 30-31, Nb 162-170).
274
3a rasu AarLIpoBKa Ha cbquHerlrrero B)K. rrpr{BeAenrrre apryMeHTrr s: II}IBI,I, I, c. 390.
275
Raven. Anon. Cosmogr. II, 6, 10 (ed. Schnetz).
r1-\
\l)
\I/ o
t--l_J_,,.-r__l_j
zoo
276
Itin. Ant. Aug. 228,1 (ed,. Cuntz).
271
JloxattusaqllflTa Ha Tnuornqzr 3a rrp'bB rt'br e npeAJror<eHa or K. Mnnep. Tori nocoqra
c. Clprrsofi, no n gefictBl{TeJrnocr r{Ma rrpeABr.r4 c. Kanafr4xaAepe (gneruuoro
c. Tmpguqa, Illa6nencro): Miller 1916, Col. 511.
278
B)K. Inasa I.1.
27e
Hafi-rtcno o" Haqanoro na VI B. ceJrr{rrlero Ha Hoc Kaazaxpa EocE Beqe urvreto Axpe.
pa3 B HarI'LJIHo ooocHoBaHara JIoKaJrI43aIII{r Ha eHl{tMarr4trHrrfl Turrayu B MecrHocr-
ra "[u6oKa", Ha 2,0 rrrr 3anaAHo or c. E.r,i]rapeBo, KaBapHeHcKo2SO. ftrporz:xo>x-
lal]{plTe orryK MarepI,IaJrI4 cBI{AereJrCTByBar 3a c'bulecrByBaHero Ha roBa M.rrcro Ha
3Haq[TerHo aHTI{qHO Cermqe c MHoroBeKoBHa r{c'-toprtfl. - oT K'bcHo)KeJrg3Hara eloxa
Ao K'bM Kparl Ha VVna.raroro na VII s. To saervra tracr or rpari6pexriara repaca,
3aKJrrorreHa MexAy AecHI{q (:anageu) cKJroH Ha BJrr{Barrrr4fl ce B Mopero "[sn6orw
gor" Il BLIcoKIrt, rroBeqe or 80 rvr orBeceH rrlopcru 6pxr.
Oco6eno BleqarrrBaql4 ca ocraHKr4Te or KBcHara auTralrHocr, rrorB'bp)K-
EaBaIr{I4 npaBAlrBocrra Ha cBegeHrrero na PaeeHcxr.{, KocMorpa$ ra r.r:rsrBaulr,r 3Ha-
qraMocrra na Turrryll npe3 Ta3r.r efloxa. cnopeg AaHHu or repeHHr4 o6xo>rgarurx ot
HaqaJroro na 60-re ro[rrHpl na XX 8., K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr..rsr Turuyu e rrMaJr [JraH Ha He[-
paBrureH rrerr.rpu'bf'bJrrrtrK orrupatq Ha MopcKr.r, 6pzr, c rtpu6ttuzwreJrHra pasMepr{
300 x 250 u (O6p. 53). Or 3arlaA, ceBep I{ r{3ToK rofi 6ur 3arrlr,rreH c MacrlBHa Kpe-
[ocrrra creHa, I{3rpaAeHa or KaM'bK u cuortra or xopocaH, cMeceH cBc crryKaHa Ke-
peuuga28l. B xpax Ha repacara, Helocpe[crBeHo HaA MopcKr,rrr 6pxr, srngrr 6un
ge6en go 2,50 u282. ilonacroxrqeuzS3 Ha repeHa flcHo Jrrrr\rrl caMo qacr or 3anaggara
KpelocrHa creHa. 3anaseHa e B'bB BrrE Ha KaMeHHo-3eMJreH Biur c Br{coquHa go 1,20 u
(O6p. 54). Tt r,rMa crporo npanotranefiHo Harrepra*ue v Moxe Aa ce rpocJreAr4 Ha
npore)KeHr{e or oKoJro 180,00 lr or pt6a Ha repacara B ceBepHa frocoKa (c 50 orr-
JroHeHI{e ceBep-ceBepornatox), Karo no rpacero i ne nra.{ar Hr{KaKBr4 ocrauKr{ or
ryrra. YxpelreHara nJIoIq Ha ceJrl4rqero e BB3Jrr{3aJra Ha oKoJro 60-70 gxa u e 6urra
f'bcro 3acrpoeHa. Mscroro r{ IIJraHGT Ha MHofO Or nOCrpOfiKr4Te BCe Oqe MOX<e
Aocra flcHo Aa ce uqeHrra$uqr{pa B Herarr{B IIo poBoBere, ocraHaJrr{ Ha repeHa B
pe3yJrrar or MacoBoro orpa6nane Ha KaMeHHr4q crpo[TeJreH Marepuan. ,[o r.ru
Kp:uI Ha 60-re rogranu na XX B. B IIeHTpaJrHara qacr Ha ceJrrlrrlero ce pa3no3HaBaJrr{
ocraHKI4Te or qtpxra2Sa. fiorolroro Moxe [a ce c'blll rro 3a[a3eHoro onracaHlre,
or pa3BalruHI,ITe I{MeHHo Ha ra3r4 q'bpKBa 6r,rnu [ssreqeHu B HarraJroro Ha BeKa e[trrr
Ka[r{TeJr r4 HflKOJTKO $parUern:a or MpaMopHr{ IIJroq[I or oJrrapHa [perpaAa, npII6-
paHr.I BlocJre4crBr{e a'm B apneucrrax rulylefi 285.
YrpenurenHara cl,IcreMa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHr/rfl Turtryrnr BKrIorrBaJra r{ qr4Tale-
na, r43rpaAeua s Hari-rcrol{3ToirHara lracr Ha ceJrprqero, BBpxy eAr4H I,r3Aar:bK Ha
tr3ToK ua rpafi6pexHa'la repaca, HaABrrcBarq Ha[ caMoro ycrr,re r{a B.rrrlBau{r{rr ce
TyK B Mopero "[u6oKla got". Teperrbr Ha rlr.rraAeJrara e cpaBHtrTeirHo paBeH B
280
ToHqesa 1970, 9l-92.
281
,fipervrcrasora 1966, c. 10, N! 21.
282
Tonqera 1970, c.92.
s3 Tepeunu o6xoxganr.rx B Mecrlrocrra "[rn6ora" rpafi c. Ernrapeeo 6xxa npeguprreMaur{
or aBropa upes 1991, 1994u 1995 r.
284
Toqqesa 1970, c.92.
285
HA EAH, +. 165r, on. l, a.e.543, t.9.
O6p. 54. TI4MyM (TIMUM). Octauru or 3araAHara KperocrHa creHa. I Fig.54. TIMUM.
Remains of the western precinct waltr.
286
Ibidem, a.e. 424, * 5.
287
Ibidem, a.e. 588, a. 51.
u I{3ToqHa - 40 r.a. ,{aHnu 3arexnvlqrpaAe)K JrrrlcBar. Cera:ugonere Jrr{qar BBB Br4A
Ha KaMeHI{cr BaJr, IIo noB'bpxHocrra na roriro ce cpeu{ar xopocaHoBr4 orJroM.},qr{,
c'bA'Lp)KaII{t4 TyK-TaM [aprleHqa cTpoI4TeJrHa KepaMI{Ka. K. Ilkopnun cto6ulaea sa
ocraHKH or e[Ha roJIrMa Kyna, pa3noJroxeHa B 3alaAHaTa rroJroBr{Ha Ha ceBepHara
KpelocrHa creHa. B egwnraa or p'bKoflucvre cv rofi s, olpeAeJrfl Karo KpErJra, c
Ar4aMeTbp 12 xpauxu288, Ho B [pyrr4r rr3Ka3Ba npe[[oJro)KeHrre, qe rosa r4oxe 614 e
uopra289. Tori cnouenaBa za clqecrByBaHero r{ Ha orqe AEe [orrrlr HalGJrHo 3aJrr4-
rreHl{ MiurKr.r KyJrtr B KpaLIU{ara Ha c'},qara cre]Fraz90 . MecrononoxeHr4ero il Ha "rpv-
Te KyJrr4 rroHacrosrqeM He Moxe Aa ce u[eHruQr,rqupa Ha repeHa. flpeg nari-:recuo-
AoctbrrHLIrI ceBepo3ana[eH ceKTop na or6panr,rreJrnara Jrn:avts. flcHo Jrrrqar ocraH-
Kr{Te oT 3au{I{TeH poB, rrpoKorlaH B cKaJIHaTa floqBa.
flogo6no Ha ocrauaJrara yKpeleHa reptrToputfl,\r4Ta1elara Ha TNrrlyr'r 6ula
c'blrlo rbcro 3acrpoeHa. K. Illxopnran cro6ulara 3a [Be crpailv, Korrro 6rznr pasro-
laHrr or xIrTeJrrITe na c. ErnrapeBo, KaTo Lr [BeTe ce orJrr{r{aBaJII{ c rr3KJrroqr,ITerHa
lpeAcraBl{TeJrHocr. Eguara 6uta c npu6nnaureJrHo KBa[pareH rrJraH. flogr,r i 6att
HacrJrau c MpaMopnr.r rrJroqr{, a cpeg pa3BaJrr4Hrrre 6wm HaMepeHr.r xy6vera or Mo-
saftxa or crBKJIo. fipyrara crpala 6urra c [paBotrbJreH rrJraH r{ BeposrHo rpx6ea
Aa ce oTb)K[ecrBrr c xpr{crrrrHcxa .6asu:.,;],,xa. Orrlx 6unII nsxouaHr,r [aprrera or
uosafixa, KaKTo I4 MHoxecrBo MpaMopHr,r apxr,rreKTypupr geralirut, lracr or Korrtro
6raru uo-r'reno rpu6paHl{ or c. ErnrapeBo BBB Bapnencrzx rraysefi: nrrJracrpoBrr
KarrI4TeJrI{, Sparrr,renru or Ko.iroHI{, npo$ram.rpaHr.I KopHr,r3oBlr rrJrorrrd, nirorrr{ or oJr-
TapHa nperpaga291.
B qa.nocren Brr[ yKpelureJrHara cl{creMa na Trarraylur ce e c'bcrosJra or ABa
KoMfIoHeHTa - oKoJloBp'bcrHa Kpe[ocrua creHa I,r qr,rra[eJra. 3a cr>raneHr4e, rrpr4
cefarrlHoTo c'bcTotHl4e Ha [porlBa]JkrflTa BpeMeTo r.r xpoHoJroruqecKaTa [ocJrefio-
BareJrHocr Ha rfxHoro r43rpaxAaHe He Morar Aa ce olpeAeJrflT c.bc cr{rypHocr. IIp"x-
craBeHrrre AaHHIT cBuge'rercrByBar uafi-o6qo 3a K'EcHoaHTilr{eu [por.r3xog rr Ha [Bara
KoMnoHeHTa Ha yKpe[ureJrHara cl{creMa. B xonrercra Ha r{cropl4rrecKLrre cr1urptg,
ra o6ulrare TeHAeHIII{I B pa3Bl{Tr.rero Ha rroceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa n upouEuqux Cxra-
T[rI, rrpeBp'blrlauero Ha craplrHHoro rpari6pe)KHo ceJrr{rr{e B MoxIeH yKperreu rIeH-
T'bp eABa JrU MOXe Aa Ce OTIreCe [O-paHo or B'b3craHoBr{TeJrH}rrr lrepr{oA, [ocJreABzur
288
fbidem, a.e.424, t.5.
28e
lbidem, a.e. 588, n. 51.
2eo
lbidem, a.e.424, n.5.
2et
lbidem, a.e.543,n. 8-9.
2e2
Top6aron 1993a, 38-40.
or V-VI s.293 C'so6rqaBa ce I{ 3a MHo)KecrBo HaMepeHr.r ryK 6ponsouu u snarnra (!)
MoHerH or ccu{oro B
IrlcroprauecKvtfl. uyselZ n Kasapua, Ha[prrMep, ce
vpevre294.
c'bxpaHrlBa eAr,IH coJrrr[ Ha r.rMneparop Anacracr.rr? I r,r nonosuH Sonrac Ha Iocrnn II 295.
B nogrpena Ha rrpe[Jro)KeHara [arr,rpoBKa cBr4rAereJrcrByBa fl Sarrrr, r{e roqHo no
ctu{oro BpeMe - Kt,M Kpa, Ha V/Ha.{aro:ro sa VI BeK - npoyqBareJrr4Te orHacflT
B'b3HIrKBaHero u Ha [pyru ABe MHoro cnequ$uuntr yKpelJreHr.rq rro roror{3Tor{Horo
xpafi6pe:xole Ha npoBr{Ht1ux Crurun - Te3r{ B MecrHocrra "flfrilara" rpaft Kar',ren
6ptr296 r4 B Mecrnocrra "TayK.[r.rMaH" rpafr Cneru Hllrola (na repuroprr;rra Ha
Kypoprno ceJruu{e "Pycama")zg7.Mattxvre rrM pa3Mepra ra 6eacuopHo 3acBraAereJr-
grByBaHoro crrHxpoHHo o6raraeaHe Ha flpr{Jre)Karrlrrre repeHr{ AaBar ocHoBaHrre re
[a ce IrHTepIIpeTr4paT KaTo qrrTaAeJrr4 Ha c'brrlecTByBarrlrdTe TyK IIpe3 paHr{oBr,r3aH-
rlz;ficrara eloxa ceJrrrqa, .flBsBarqu ce nprreMHuqr{ E [ponBJDKtrTeJrr{ Ha MHoroBe-
KoBHa fioceJrl,rtldHa rpaAl,Iqrrfl. Brgnr.rxsaHero B Harrb.trHo e[HaKBB I,Icrop]rKo-apxe-
ororrrqecKE KoHTeKcr r{ nopa3r{TeJrHoro ronorpa$cro cxoAcrBo rra re3r{ yKpenJre-
laua c \urageJrara na Trnryu flpe[noJrarar rr[eHTrlrrHa Aar[rpoBKa urHa rpu:re. Ma-
repuamro-Sr{HaHcoBure B'b3MoxHocrr{ Ha )KrrreJrtrTe Ha Tr,rvryu, o6aqe, a eBeHTy-
zurHo r{ HeroBrrrrr rro-BucoK ropu[FrecKrr craryr (rpag?), HaMrrpar r{3pa3 B r{3rpuK-
[aHeTo ocBeH Ha qr{Ta[eJla E Ha oKoJroBp'bcTHa KpenocTHa cTeHa, olacBaqa eAHa
3HaqurerHa no o6xear reprrropr.rJr.
flo-K'rcuo, B cpeAara ua VI r., HelocpegcrBeHo 3anagHo or Tlrruyrrr z caMo
Ha oKoJro 80,00 rrr or KpelocrHr{Te My creHr{ 6zn uegnrnar egrrH racren298. Maxap
HecBMHeI{o ga e cnoco6crByBair 3a [oBrrrrraBaue or6paHlrreJrr{ara cuoco6nocr sa
ceJrr{Irlero, rofi ne Moxe [a ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo Ao[BJrHeHr.re KtM yKpenr{TeJrHara
r'ly ran$pacrpyK:rypa: B'b3Hr4KBaHero ra SynxqulTe Ha KacreJra ce o6scHanaT c'bc
cto6paixenl{rr or BoeHHo-crparerr4r{ecKl,I xapaKTep rre Ha JIoKzurHo, a Ha perrroHaJl-
HO r,r AOpr{ - Ha [poBIrHrII{aJrHo Hr{Bo.
3a BpeMero Ha rr3rpaxgaHe r{a yKpenlrreJrual]a My cucreMa floHac-
fioxaro
ToflrIIeM He pa3rroJraraMe c KoHKperHrr cBrrAereJrcrea, go6'sp xpoHoilorruecKs ttr-
llrKarop sa ru6erra na Tur'.ryvr ce flBrBa HaMepeHoro cpeA pyr4lrrrre My MoHerHo
c'bKpoBlrqe, yKpr{To B rJrr{HeH c'r,A299.To ce c'bcrorr or 9 srlsaufl,rr?cxra $onzca or
VI n., xouro ce pa3npe[eJurr rro BJra[ereJrr.r KaKTo cire4Ba: trOcrunxan I - 2; Ocrus
II - 3; Trr,5,epuit II Koncranruru - Z;MazpwruirTu1epuit - 2.Hafi-x'scHure eK3eM-
mTon.rena 1970,91-92.
sr Krmou 1971, c. 15: Bo6qena 6.r., c. 29; Tolrauor 1984, c. 64;
flnuurpor 1985, c. iZ3.
302
HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, n l't-18.
303
Ibidem, a.e. 588, t.51-52.
3M
lbidem, a.e.424, n2,3,42.
s5 Tepexnu o6xoxAanus n MecrHocrra ",[u6ora" rpafi c. Burapeno 6zxa ryleryraeMauu
or aBropa npe: 1991, 1994 t 1995 r.
O6p. 55. TI{MyM (TIMUM). fhan na paaHoBr{3arrruitcrw Kacrerl ('r.uap. TI,IM)rM-
3anax) no K. Illxopuxn (HA 6AH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.424, tt. 3). / Fig. 55. TIMUM.
Layout of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUM-West) (HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1,
a.e.424, t.3).
306
KrrroB 1971, c. 15, 6en. 39.
O6p. 56. TUMyM (TIMUM). Ocrauru or ceBepHara KperocrHa creua Ha
paHHoBr.r3auruicKar. Kacrerr (r.uap. TI,IMYM-3anag). / Fig. 56. TIMUM. Remains of the
northem precinct wall of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUM-West).
307
K. IllxopnhJr o[peAeJrf, Bcr{qKr.r Me)KAuHHr{ Kyrrr,r Ha yKperureHl,Iero Karo rroJlyKp'nrnu (HA
EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, tr. 18). floue rlo ce ornacfl Ao Kyrlara B cpe[ara Ha
ceBepHaTa Kpe[ocrHa cTeHa, ToBa c'bc cl{rypHocT He e TaI(a.
308
flaofirara xyau go6pe rr.rrru Ha rJrarroBara aepo$orocul.rMKa p uau1a6 1:10 000. Brpxy
ABe or cKEqure cu Ha yKperJrerrrlrero (HA EAH, Q. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 425, n.3,42)K.
Ilkopnun rll e npeAcraBr{Jr Karo qerupu'brarHlt.
3oe
HA 6AH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 425, n. 18.
3r0
l4croplrvecrn rraysefi - [o6pnv, orger "Hyur,r3MarrKa", uus. Nb I4128-4130.
AocraBs e[r{H crlrypeH tenninus post quem 3a ono)Kap{BaHero ll rr46erra Ha yKpen-
JreHl{ero K'bM Kpafl Ha VI rrrr{ B Haqaroro Ha VII n. cr. Xp.
Tfinonorlr.IecKl,r, "EyIoK Ka;re" xparir c. Brnrapeno cJre[Ba ga ce rnacu$ra-
ql{pa Karo castellum3rl. flo unan u pa3Mepr4 To HaMrrpa r43KJrroqr{Tenno 6nusxn na-
paJIeJrIr B peAr{rla paHHoBr43aHrr.rrtcru yKpenJreHr{fl, r{3rpa[eHrr B pa3rr4rrHra qacrr,r Ha
rrMlepI4JITa rlo BpeMe Ha ynpaBJreur{ero Ha rrMleparop locruuzau I: yrpenJreHr{e
"E" Kpart c. Hosa tlepna3l2, "lopno rpagr.rrle" rpari c. [e6end13, Ksar Belezma u
Thamallula B AHerueH Alxup3la. Ouenugno, craBa AyMa 3a c'bBpeMeHeH "TranoB"
IrpoeKT, aAanrr,rpaH BBB BceKrr KoHKpereH cnyuafi cnopefi MecrHr4Te ycJroBr,rtr, Tpa-
w4\prr4 r{ B'b3MoxHocru. I4sxoxgariKr,r or Aarr.rpoBKara Ha [pr.rBegeHr.rre napaJreJrr{,
r.r3rpaKAaHero Ha KacreJra rparf rroroauTr{rrHoro yKpeleHo ceJrrdrr{e Trarrryrra rpa6-
Ba [a ce orHece KtM cpelara na VI B. u1a ce orAage Ha nog6ygu or BoeHHo-crpare-
rr4r{ecKr.r xapaKTep, I[peAonpeAelrutilm vHu\nupaHeTo r,r oc'brqecTBrBaHero Ha eAHa
cneqaQnuna BoeHHo-crpoareJrHa rrporpaMa, o6xsauara roror{3ToarHoro xpar?6pe-
)Kae Ha ilpoBr.rurtrr{, Crrarlrq3l5"
L2.EVL3OH.E (BTZONE)
(rp. Karapua; [o6pr,r.xa o6racr)
318
3a r.rcr:oprqecKoro pa3Br{Tr{e r{ apxeoJlorl{qecKrrre naMerHr{rll{ Ha eJll{Ilrlcrrrq ecKug. vprrM-
cxu Erasone, sx.: Carxr.rn 1982,29-34; Ca;rrnu 1984, 50-60.
rre Carxun 1987a,
c.281; Ca.rrxuu/Opasen 1989, 121-122, 172.
r2o
Carruu 1987 6, 25-28.
Ilnaroro t{nparuan npegbtanlaBa I{3ToqHara rracr Ha egr,rH A'bJrbr rroBerre
or 4,5 KM rroJryocTpoa, o$opr,'aeH MexAy [orrTr.r oTBecHr4, MopcKr.r 6pxr u eAHo ['bJr-
6oro gepe c MHofo crptMHr,r cKJroHoBe. flonacrorrqeM To rrMa npu6rusnreJrHo Tpr,r-
'brr,JIHa Qoprraa c MaKcrrMaJrHa AEJDKTTHa 410 rrr ullurtpvwa 100 rr.r. Iororagroqnvsr My
xpafi, roft:ro HrKora ce e BAaBaJr B Mopero B'bB BrrA Ha Hoc, ce e cpyrr.rJr B pe3yJrrar
or MonlHoro 3eMerpeceHr.re [pe3 I s. np. Xp. B ceBepo3anagHara cr{ rracr ruraroro e
orAeJreHo or [oJryocrpoBa rrpe3 eAHa ceAJroo6pasna ruurira, ruupoKa egsa12 Merpa.
3ano.{Harr[Te rpe3 1952-1955 r. apxeoJloruqecKu pa3KorrKrr na nraroro r{rn-
paKMaH 6xxa uognoBeHr{ [pe3 1972r. r{ c r{3BecrHr4 rrpeK'bcBaHr.r, flpogtJrxaBar rr
Aocera. Paerprarara crparurpa$r{.f, Ha KyJrrypur,rre HanJracrsBauna cuuaereJrcrBy-
Ba, qe paHHoBrrcaHrprrtcxra-flr BrasoHe ce flBrBa IpI{eMHI{K o ronorpa$cKo orHolre-
Hpre Ha aKponoJra Ha ceJrrrqero or eJrr.rHrrcrrrrrecKara e[oxa. flpo4'uxu.rroro r{ npe3
cpeAHoBeKoB[ero (.rar Ao cpeAara sa XV r.) untensusHo o6[rasaHe Ha rrJraroro e
HaHecJro 3Haqr,rrerHrr nopaxeHrrJr Ha no-paHHrrre rpaAexr,I. Oynrquonupa"rrrsr ryK
npes XV-XVII a. rorxM K'bcHocpeAHoBeKoBeH xpucrr.rqHcKr.r HeKporroJr r.r nocJreA-
BaJroro 6esornegno orpa6naue rra KaMeHHIrfl Marepl{aJr B no-HoBo BpeMe ca Ao[prr-
HecJrrr Ha Mecra 3a ['bJruoro o6egru.rasaHe Ha ocraHxzre. B oco6eno ror.flMa cre-
IIeH ToBa ce oTHacfl 3a yKpe[r.rTeJlHrrTe c'bop'bx(eHr,rr.
JL.rncara na o6o6qanau{r,r HayrrHr.,r uy6nuxaqur4 orHocHo pe3yJrraTr,rre or ap-
xeoJroruqecKr,rre [poyr{BaHr{r or 1972 r. HacerHe 3arpygHJrBa r43KJrroqr4TeJrHo MHo-
ro cllcreMarvrga\rrflTa r,I IrHTepnperarlr.rflTa na cro6uleHrlTe ryK-TaM AaHHrr orHoc-
no o6nr,rra Ha yKpenrrreJrHara clrcreMa Ha paHHoBrr3asruitcxus ErasoHe. Cuopeg
6e.nexrrare na K. Illxoptutt32l rx nauoqo6flBalra r.r3KJrrorrlrrreJrHo MHoro ra3rz Ha
noc KanlraKpa r.r c'brr{o ce c'bcrotJra or rprr or6panrarennvr ltvrrttvt, orcrorrrr{I4 Ha
pa3rr,rqHo pa3crorHr{e eAHa or Apyra (O6p. 58).
. B'rsrrrnara nru:attr- ce HaMrrpa na 1185,00M or Kparl Ha rroJryocrpoBa r,r ro
rlperpax[a B rrpaBa lrut}lufl, Mex[y cTp'bMHrrre My cK]roHoBe, HerrocpeAcTBeHo 3a-
[aAHo or rorqMara MorrrJra rr3BecrHa no[ I,IMero "r{apaxua Morlara". Ocrulecrne-
Hr.rre rrpe3 1972r. couga>xu3z2 ycraHoBr4xa 3eMreHr{q xapaKTep Ha c'bop'bx<eHr.rero.
To ce c'bcror{ or g'u6ox poB r{ Hac[rraH or h3ToqHara My crpaHa poo. Koucrpyx-
Tr{BHr{Te oco6enocru Ha ctop'bxeHrrero r4 apxeoJrorur{ecKr.r 3acBr,rlefeJrcrByBaHo-
ro o6r,rrasaHe Ha repeHa HerrocpeAcrBeHo [3Torrno or Hero npea 6rnrapcKoro paH-
HO CpelHOBeKOBr{e AaBiiT OCHOBaHIIe rr3rpilKAaHeTo My Aa Ce OTHeCe eABa K'bM TO3t4
nepuoA.
3a crulecrByBaHero Ha cpeAHa o'r6panrnrenHa Jruuufl, cro6rqana cauo K.
Illropnul. flo.{rfl Han'bJruo yHr.rqo)KeHlrre ocraHKr4 or raKaBa 6unu lqeurraQraqrn-
paHra or Hero Ha 750 rnr or Kpas Ha rloJryocrpoBa r.r ua 435 M roror.r3Tor{Ho or B'bHrrr-
Hara rlrHr.rq. Tn npegcraBJrflBaJra KaMeHHa rlperpagHa creHa c nocdra rcro3arra4-ce-
32r
HA EAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e.424, tr.21-30; a.e. 588, n.52-53.
322
Bacuaes r qp. 1973, 58-59,
O6p. 58. EI43OHE (BIZONE). flrran ua KtcHoaHruquara yKpeureJlHa clrcreMa ro
AaHHrr na K. Ilkopnnn (HA EAH, +. 165r, on. 1,.a.e.424, *21-30). / Fig. 58. BIZONE.
I.ayout of the Late Roman defence system after K. Skorpil (HA 6AH, $. 165r, ou. 1, a.e.
424, t.27-30).
Bepor{3TOK, A'bJrra 50 rpavxu. Irlarpagena 6r.rna lre;xgy cTp'bMHI,ITe cKJIoHOBe, TOq-
HO Ha MTTCTOTO, OTK'bAeTO [OJIyOCTpOBbT Ce [pOTOrrBa Ha IOTOLI3TOK B'bB BI{A Ha
TeceH [poBJraK c A'bJrxrrHa 325 w.IlonacroxrqeM Ha repeHa He ruqar HITKaKBIT cJre-
gu or cnoMeHarara or K. Illxopnun cpe[Ha or6panrrenna rfftnufl,. Hefinoro ct-
ulecrByBaHe Moxe Aa ce norB'bp[r{ r{Jrrr onpoBepfae caMo rlpe3 HaporleH coHEa)K,
roftro 6r.r uorul eBeHTyairHo [a xB'bpJrrr cBerJrr{Ha orHocHo crpollTeJrHl,rre fr napa-
Merpn u [aTr4poBKa.
Cnopeg [ocerarrrHr.rre [poyqBauun, uaf,i-p aHHoro apxeoror[qecKl4 3acBI{-
AereJrcTByBaHo yKpenrBaHe Ha r{3ToqHaTa
qacr oT noJryocrpoBa (nnaroro) rlupar-
MaH e 6rano upe4npr,rero npe3 paHHoszsaHTuficrafa enoxa Ir ce e HaMrrpaJlo B rlpsKa
Bpb3Ka c [peMeCTBaHeTo rro TOBa BpeMe TyK Ha BzsOHe. Yxpenenara nJIouI Ha
ceJrrrulero ce r/t3a{rrcJrrBa Ha oKoJro 25 Axa. YrpenrEtenHara cllcreMa e 6uta uacrplq-
Ho npoyr{eHa B xoEa Ha pa3KorKrrre npe3 7952-1955323 u upes 70-re roguuu. Ycra-
HOBeHO e, qe KpeuocTHaTa cTeHa I{Ma HelpaBulHo or{epTaHl{e, [pe[oflpeAeJleHo oT
xon$uryparlr4JrTa Ha TepeHa. OrKsr',,t Ioro3aIIaA, or crpariara Ha MopeTO, He ca 614-
JrIr perucTpptpailr ocTaHKrlt or or6panuTeJIHII c'bopBxeHlrs. Ot oCraHaJIIITe CTpaHIr
KperrocrHara creHa cJreABa pr6a na nJlaroro. fioctutt n yrpeneuara replrroplrfl
ce e oc'bqecTBflBaJl oT 3alaA, [pe3 [opTa, II3IpaAeHa B K'bcaTa oTceqKa, nperpax-
323
Mupuee u np.1962,'21-107 .
O6p. 59. Ekl3OHE (BIZONE). Ocrarrla or ceBeprrara KperocrHa c,reua c rpllcrpoeHr,r{ B
3arlaAHara il '{acr AomKoII. / Fig. 59. BIZONE. Remains of the northern precinct wall with
the donjon added in its western part.
324
lbidem, c. 28.
325
Tourauos 1984, c.65.
r:6 Orvapor 1982, c.76.
327
Baculer 1984, 110-112.
ABypaMeHHa crbJr6a, orBe)KAau{a rsu 6orlsara nnar$opMa328. B sauagnlrx xpafi
Ha cBU{rDr yqacrlK, s Srr.rsocr Ao Bp'b3Kara My c'bc 3alaAHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa, e
6zna npoyveHa r{acrr{rlHo 3a[a3eHa ror.f,Ma nocrporira c [BJrxLrHa rroBer{e or 19 u
u ge6enr.rna Ha 3r,rqoBere2,40-3,20 M, rr3gaBarrla ce npe[ $pon:ra Ha or6paHureJrHa-
ra tusus329. flocrpofixara e orHecena uar?-o6qo K'bM paHHoBr43aHrraricrara enoxa
ra o6[rcroeeHo ce r,rHTepnperr.rpa Karo Ka3apMeHo rroMerrleHue330, r,r3rpaAeHo B paM-
328
Bacuren uyp.1976,79-80; BacuneB r{ Ap.1980,214-215; Tonrauon 1984,64-61.
32e
Bacu;Ien u 9p.1978, 137-138; Bacures w1p.1979,183-184; Bacr.ires npp. 1980, 214-215.
330
Bacrl.lrer 1984, c. 1 11; Vasilev 1981, p. 334.
33r
flpnuepure ca rBlpge rrauoro6pofiun. I4suexgy uaiir-xaparrepHr{Te Morar Aa ce fiocJqar
.f,'rpyc, A6pxryc, Tponeyr'a Tpaaua, Tpesnuc-I4sror, I-lsenren[op$. B runperraen-
Hara Jrl4Teparypa ro3!r rl{rr Kyrr[ ce o3HarraBa o6xxHoseuo raro "phrourion", nx.:
Scorpan 1980, passim; Lander 1984, p. 218 sqq.
332
Hanpuuep r Ulmetum (Prrvan 1913-14b, p.276 sqq.), Znnobia (:r. nap. "nperopr.ryrrr":
Lauffray 1983, p. 157), Amida (Gabriel 1940, p. 104 sqq.), Dara (Whitby 1986b, p. 737
sqq.; Sinclair 1989 (III), p. 219 sqq.).
t
ff
ara
333
HA dlU, 6. 165x, on. l, a.e.424, t.27-30; a.e. 588, n. 53.
33a
Vasilev 1981, p. 333.
33s
Biernacka-Lubanska 1982,217-218; Tonranor 1984, c. 67.
eAIrH rlpoA'bJrx<rtTeJreH npoqec336. 3a c'rxaneru{e, He pa3noJraraMe c KoirKperen o6-
3op Ha HyMI43MarLIqHr.u Marepuzur or r{uparuan337 .Bce IIaK, MoHerHara cpeAa, KoH-
crarr,rpaHa o6qo u pannoBr,rgaHrr4ficrn 6lr:one,
B'bpxy repr,rropr.rqra Ha pr,rMcKpts
AeMOHCTpr4pa ,cHo r{3pa3eH xr4raTyc, odxraulaq IIoqTr4 r{eJrrrJr v s. - or: ApraAuft
(383-408) go Anacracnfi (491-518)338. flpegcraBeHrrre AaHHr{ AaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa
ce npeAloJrox<I{, qe (nogo6no Ha MHo3I4HcrBoro HeyKpe[eHrr ceJrr,rula B flpoBr.,rHrlr.rJr
Cruru-a) K'bM Haqaroro Ha V n. pasnoroxeHr{rrr B Hr{3raHara ErasoHe qyBcrBureJrHo
nofi.paAaJl B pe3yJITaT Ha H.flKOe BapBapCKO HananeHrae rr BeporTHo rrpecTaHaJr Aa
c'blqecrByBa. Muoro e B'b3Mo)KHo oule B HaqaJroro Ha MaclrpaHr4Te HalrrecrBr,rq or
[ocJreAHara verBbpr na fV r.r rrtpBara noJroBr{Ha na V s. qacr or HaceJreHr{ero [a e
lorbpcl4Jro cnrypHocr B'bpxy ecrecrBeHo3arrlrrrerrrrJr repeH Ha nJraroro rluparuan.
flpr ace roBa, cnopen Harr.rrrHr.rre apxeoJroruqecK[ AaHH[r, eABa Jrrr Moxe [a ce ro-
Bopr,r 3a opraHu3r,rpaH floceJrr,rrqeH )<r{Bor ryK flo-paHo or Kpaq na V s. Maqa6nuxr
u rpeqll3eH xapaKTep Ha pa3Kpr,rroro yKpenureJrHo crpoureJrcryo a fundamentis
cBI,IAereJIcrByBa, qe ro e MorJro ga 6rge oc'brrlecrBeHo caMo B rrep[oA na Sunanco-
Bo-I,IKoHoMr{r{ecKI{ noAeM u rroJrr4Tr{lrecxa gtalurHocr, KaKtBTo 3a re3liMacrr{ Ha
I'Iuueprura Hacrbnl{Jl qaK creg orcrpar{rrBaHero Ha rorcKara 3alJraxa npes 488
rogr,rna339. Ktrrt rpaa na V/uaqa"rroro Ha VI s. Haco.{Bar r,r r.r3rpaAeHr,rre rro rpacero
Ha KpeIIOCTHaTa CTeHa MaJIKIII rIeTI.IpU'br.bJIHE IIJI'bTHL KyJIII, MHOrO 6nUgrm IIO rrJIaH,
pa3Meptr r,r KoHcrpyKTr,rBH[ oco6enocrra Ha KyJrr,rre Ha npoyrreur{Te yKpefrJreHrrrr B
MecrHocrra "9.ifirara" xpafi Kauen 6par (Karnren 6par-I) 3a0 u xpafr, Cseru Huxo-
na341. Hr,rxaK He MzuIoBzDKeH e u $arrrr, qe cJreg [peKBcBaHe ot 6nuso noJIoBrrH
BeK napr4rrHoro o6prqeHr,re B EEsoHe ce Ba3craHoBrBa rrMeHHo B.bB BpeMero Ha
r,rMfleparop Asacracmifa2 .
YxpenratenHara cl,IcreMa Ha paHHonusanuaficxus EusoHe go6una oKoHqa-
TeJrHr4rr cldBap\ B pe3yJrrar or pe[uqa no-K6cHrr go6anxu r4 npeycrporicrsa. Hann.{-
uara unQopMallu, He [aBa BB3MoxHocr 3a rorrHo pa3rpaHmaBaHe r,r xpoHoJroru-
rrecKo olpeAeJrrHe Ha crpor,rreJrHr,ITe Ilepuo[rl. Eguu or rflx, o6aue, HecGMHeHo
rpx6na Aa ce cB'bp>r<e c [r3rpaxgaHero Ha ceBepou3Toqnoro yKpeneHo no[rpaAr,re.
336
Mrpuen n yp. 1962, c. 103.
337
Brnpexn 3aHIaBLIero, cbAbpxarqara ce n pa6or araruaUIn.I4opganon unQopruaqux upeg-
craBJrxna o6:op He caMo Ha Mouerrrre oT ruraro?o t{rnparrraau, a Ha rleJrr.u c'bxpaHr-
. nan n HcropualecKll rtryseft - Kanapna xyi'rr,rsrtraruveH MaTepr,rzu, upousxok4aul or
/
// -^)
(w/
343
lbidem.
23. AOPOAI,I3I,TOH (APHRODISION)
(c. Touora; o6q. Kanapua; flo6pruxa o6rac'r:)
3aa
3evgruulero Ha c. Tonola e MHoroKparuo o6xoxgauo or aBTopa B rlepl{oAa 1990-i995 r.
345
finuntpon 1980, c.313,6en. 5; Bx. c'rulo: ,(uunrpon 1989, c. 48.
346
Plin. Nat. hist. IV, 11, 44 (ed. Mayhoff).
347
Theoph. Conf. Chron.22429-33 (ed. de Boor).
noBTopeHo r,r or [pyru cpeAHoBeKoBHr.r aBTopr{348, npe3 5441545 r. o6naqrra My, KaK-
TO r{ Te3r{ na ,[uonraco[oJlrrc ra ogecoc, 6zna :ansra or Mopero
-
Bepofll]Ho or
rr{raHTcKa B'bJrHa, npuql{HeHa or [oABoAeH 3eMerp.bc. XpononoruqecK[ Me)rqy
ABe-
Te [pI'IBeAeHI{ flO-rope CBIrAereJrcrBa cJIe[Ba [a ce flocraBrr crroMeHaBaHero Ha ce-
Jrrrurero B xopore3r4flra Ha flrnonraconoJrr4rc or BTopara [oJroBr{Ha na I s. np. Xp.349
Cuopeq reKcra Ha ro3II BaxeH enlarpaQcxr{ rraMerHr{K, [pl{HaAJre)Karqrn KbM rpag-
cKara repl,ITopl4fl na flraoHucolloJrl{c A$poqertsraon 6r.rn orcr}rreH "ga e or [or3a"
na rparuficKr,rr qap Korrnc. Cur.rc'rnT,r na $pasara He e c.bBceM qceH, Ho xafi-nepo-
{THO CTaBa AyMa 3a noJr3yBaHe Ha [puxoAr4Te oT TaKcr{, AaH'bqr4 vt MvITa, oqepTaBa-
u1n o6nnxa Ha ceJrr{r{ero Karo [pocnepr4paru r.bproBcKr4 rIeHT.bp.
3 a uecronorro)Kerrrrero Ha 3araAtqnara ASpo ywtuagal ASpogefi sil oH/Ae-
poAI,I3rroH JrI{nCBar rorrHrl opI{eHTr,IprI, ocBeH, qe
rs ce e HaMI{paJra xa uopcxux 6pxr,
B yqacrtKa or 3aflaAHonontr.rricroro rpafi6pe;xrre, flp[rHalJrexar HqKora K'bM fpaA-
cKara replrroplrfl na fiuonuco[oJrlrc. Axo cuorrreHaTaTa B xopoTe3rrrrra na flraoHra-
coloJlr{c "AKpa" ce orbx(necrrn c "Trlpr.rzncfiwpuzaH aKpa" B I{gBoprrre or cbrr{a-
ra enoxa350, ceJll{Ir{ero cJIelBa Aa ce rbpcr{ B orceqKara MexAy noc Kanraxpa ra
ycrl'Iero na Earoscxa peKa.,['urorogurrlHr{Te c[creMarurrHr.r repeuHlr flpoyrrBa-
HI4fl rroKa3Bar, rre caMo eAr4H IyHKT nO qfJroro nporexeHze Ha ro3r{ yqacrrK npen-
Jlara II'LJIeH CI{HXpOH Ha KOHCTaTLIpaHaTa apxeOIOrLIqeCKa CpeAa C nIaCMeHIlITe CBe-
AeHI{fl: ToBa ca IroJlerarIrre cKJroHoBe Ha rrJraroro r,r o6urrapnata rpafi6pe)KHa repa-
ca IoxHo or c. Tonola, [pelocranxrqu raeo6nJrHrr AoKa3areJrcrBa 3a MHoroBeKoBHo
o6lrrasaHe I{ 3a BIrcoK Marepr.raJreH r.r KyJrrypeH craryc Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHl{e.
B.rs ocnosa Ha I{3TTbKHarI,ITe apryMeuTr4, orb)KgecrBflBaHero Ha aHTr{rrHI{Te r{ K.bc-
HOaHTITt{Hr.r ocraHKrr Ha MopcKr,rr 6pxr roxcro or c. Tonona c A$poglrsuaga-A$po-
gefiaron-A$poguelaon rr3rJre)Kla He caMo HarrbJruo rrpraeMJrraBo, Ho r{ npaKTr{yecKil
6esanrepnarr{BHo or rlcropr.IKo-apxeoJrorflqecKa ruregHa roqKa.
Marap [oceJrl4lrlHara TpaAITIII,IJI flcHo Aa ce [pocJreAsBa or KbcHoxeJrr3Ha-
TA'I{AK AO KPA'I HA K'rCHOAHTI4qHATA ErIOXA, TOUOTPAQCKI,IIT AHAII,I3 HA IIOAEMHIIfl
apxeororruecKr.r Marepr,raJr [aBa ocHoBaHrre Aa ce rBBpAra, rre npoq.rsrxnaulrrsr
A$pogeIisl,IoH or eJrI,IHI.IcrI4qecKara eloxa npexrlBqr HqKtle B HaqaJroro na I xun.
cn. Xp. orpoMen ynaA'bK, HaMepI{Jr I,I3pa3 B cB[BaHe Ha )KrrBora [pe3 cJregBarr{r,rre
BeKOBe CaMO B eAHa He3HarrI,ITeJrHa rracr or o6rarasaHara no-paHo reprrropl,Ig, B
ceBepol'I3TotIHIrITe il uoxparinzuu. flpes K'bcHara arrrr,rqHocr rIeHTBp'br sa o6ura-
BaHe ce npeMecrl,IJr B 3anaAHara qacr ua xparfiraopcKara repaca. flporraanara ove-
BITAHO 6I,Ina Morlasupa*a ot cso6paxenul.3acurypHocr. Tx cnegea
Aa ce flocraBr{ B
np'flKa BpB3Ka c I'I3rpilKAaHeTo TyK Ha e[Ho 3ApaBo yKpe[JIeHI'Ie, [peB'bpHaJlo ce B
caoeo 6pasno rp aAoycrporicraeHo rApo rra K'bcHoaHTr.r.firax ASpoArr3troH.
348
ffanp.: Georg. Cedren. Comp. hist. I65715-19 (ed. Bonn).
3ae
Baueuy'fiuMr{rpoB 1985, 34-38 ; .[uuurpon LgB6, gI -92.
350
Strab. Geogr. VII, 6, I (ed. Meineke); Menip. Pergam. peripl. 15r (ed. Diller).
O6p.62. AOPOAI43I'IOH (APHRODISION). Crarucrnqr Hoc c ocraHKr{ or
K'bcHoaurnqHo yKperneHne (norneg or roro3ara[). / Fig. 62. APHRODISION. The rocky
promontory with the remains of the Late Roman fortification (view from the south-west).
35r
HA BAH, $. 165rq ou. 1, a.e. 425, * 20; a.e. 543, * 10; a.e. 588, n.54.
O6p.63. AOPOAI43I4OH (APHRODISION). Ocranrn or ceBepHara KperocrHa crer{a rr
poBa Ha K'bcHoaHTr{qHoro yKpenrreuue (nor.neg or ceBepolr3ror). / Fig. 63.
APHRODISION. Remains of the northern precinct wall and the defensive ditch of the Late
Roman fortification (view from the north-east).
rrJroqu c'bc crpaHa 0,98 rtr u ge6elnuua 0,11 rnr. B uacr.rua 6ranr narrepeHr{ flpo+rnJrrr-
paur,r BapoBr{KoBr{ KopHr{3[r c roJreMrr pa3Meprr. flo cnegenlu Ha MecrHrr )Kr{TeJrrr, B
flo-AzureqHoro Mr{HaJro or pyr{Hr{Te Ha yKpenJreHuero 6anu sssxuqaHr,r MuoxecrBo
o6pa6oreurr KaMeHHrr 6rorone, BKrloq[TerHo u raKr{Ba c HaAnI,Ic[ (!) u pere$na
raso6pa:reur{rr, Korrro 6u;ru pasneceHr,r lro oKoJrHr.rre ceJrr,Iqa I,rJrr,I BrpaAeHr{ B ocHo-
Brrre Ha K'brr{u s c. Tonona. II{o ce orHac, [o yKpelrrreJrHara cr{creMa, 3ala3eHr4Te
6ene:xru ce r{fJKgzurr or HsKou Ao6aBKr,r r,r KopeKr{uu.
Cuopeg K. IllxopnuJr, KpelocrHrl crenrr r{MaJro caMo orK'bM nraroro (or
ceBep z sanag), a or ror rr rororr3ToK TaKr{Ba n'ro6u1e te 6utn I{3rpaAeHr{ nopaAr.r
ecrecrBeHtrTe crp'bMHrrnr.r352. Begnara cJIeABa ga ce or6enex<ra, o6ave, tre MaKap r.I
crpGMHr{, cKJroHoBere or re3rr crpaHu c'bBceM He ca HerrpucrbrrHr{. floquepranux:r
p'r6 na repacara u sa6errssarqrrre ce ilo npore)KeHlrero My pa3nr,rJrenr ppe6un
KaMaHu u K'r,coBe xopocaH (6ar, c flprrMec or HarporueHa crporlTeJrua KepaMr{Ka)
AaBaT CepI,IO3HLI OCHOBaHLIfl Aa Ce TB'bpAVI, qe Il OT IOr II IOTOIT3TOK yKpenJIeHpIeTO e
352
lbidem, a.e. 425, n 20.
r'lFg;fr
\\ \o,:'
1- {-/
{.-3lzz
o 50 100 150
O6p.64. AOPOEI43I4OH (APHRODISION). flnau ua K'rcuoaurutrnoro yKperJreHr{e.
Fig. 64. APHRODISION. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.
6lrro ouacaHo or cera Berre rroqru Ha['bJrHo yHIrrIIoxeHIr KpenocrHu 3lrloBe, nogr-
pilKgarqa cKaJrHr{rr BeHerI. 3naqureruro no-coJrr4Ano e 6rnro yKpe[flBaHero orK'bM
uari-yasruuara ceBepHa crpaHa. 3a rpagexa Ha Kpeflocrrrara creHa HflMa AaHHr.r.
Cera rs Jrlrrrrr B'bB Br,r[ Ha BlrcoK go 2,00 M KaMeHHo-3eMJreH sar. flo rpacero i ne
Morar Aa ce r,rAeHTr,rSuqnpar xynr. flpeg Her, B cKaJrHara noqBa e 6ran ugronaH poB
(06p. 63). TrrpgeHuero sa K. IIIxop[HJr, r{e B r,r3rorrHara cr{ noJroBtrHa rofi 6rEr
gaoeu353, He orroBapfl.Haficrnmara. 3a cMerKa Ha roBa, TyK flcHo rfiqar ocraHKrrre
or B'bHrrrna KpelocrHa creHa (nporefixraua), r.rsrpageHa Ha oKoJro 8,00 r',r rtpeg oc-
353
lbidem.
3sa
- [o6pnv, oTger "Hyur.r3rraatuxa", uun. Nb 12887-2893 (egrn ex-
Llcropr.rvecru raysefi
caxpaxrBa s "CuoMarareJrerr QonA").
3eMrrJrf,p ce
35t
EAxa raKaBa crpaAa e [peceqeHa rucHo Jrr{qr,r B ceBepxr4rr npoQur Ha HoBoro rrroce 3a
Ean.ruK:. ir ca [ByJrr{LIeBll, qe6enu ca 0,60 M rI ca rr3rpaAeHr{ c}c cuofixa or
"lrfioeere
6xn xopocau.
\ (
\ I (
\
)) I
["r
m
(
)
ll '
I rr2.r
\ u-
lr I
\ .u
A
I- lliiii'
356
CaJrKtrf, l98/., c.53; Caaxun 19876,25-28.
O6p. 66. Eanvux-Tysnara. fkan Ha paHHoBn3auruitcxus KacreJr. / Fig. 66. Balchik-
Tuzlata. Layout of the Early Byzantine fort.
24.Bansnx-Ty:rara
(rp. Eanuur; fio6puvxa o6nacr)
358
06xo><[aHero 6e oc]u{esrBeHo or aBTopa [pe3 M. vrafi 1994 r.
6xn xopocas. Mecrata na or6enssalslwre or K. Ilkopnr,rJr rptr KyJrr{ Bce orqe ce
pa3no3HaBar Ha repeHa: ABe or rflx ca 6unuuzrpaAeHr{ B ceBepo3a[agutrfi r,r ceBe-
polr3ToqeH brbJr Ha yKperlJreHl,rero r{ IIo B,cAKa BepoqTHocT cayIM.aJrE KpbrbJr rriraH,
a rperara, qurfro IJIaH He Mo)Ke Aa ce onpeAettu 6es pa3KolKllt, ce HzrMr{pa rotrHo B
cpe[aTa Ha ceBepHaTa KpenocTHa creHa. Pasranllf,r yrracT'bK B cauils. rox<en rpafi
Ha I,I3TorrHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa Mox(e 6u yxaasa MecTonoJrox(eHl{ero Ha olqe eArra
ryna. 3arqzrara e 6aaa nogczJleHa or nJrr{T'bK oKoJroBpbcreH poB, BKo[aH B cKaJr-
Hara rrorrBa LI orcrofln{ Ha oKoJro 5,00 rnr or Kpe[ocrHr{Te creHrr. flonacrom{eu r:ofr
e noqTla Ha['bJrHo o6e3rl,r.reH, KaTo flo-gcHo Jrr4rrrr or 3arraAHara, a oTqacrrr - I{ oT
[3TOr]HaTa CTpaHa.
Crapnre u [o-HoBra rr3Kolrr B'bB BtrpemHocrra Ha yKpeflJreutrero cBuAe-
TeJrcrByBar, rle KyrrypHIrrIT tIJIacr, cBBp3aH c HeroBoro o6zraaane, e cBBceM T.b-
nrr. Heuxoro6poftlrure KepaMrrqnu Qparr'lenru, c'r6paxrr or noBBpxuocrra, He
Morar na ce [pequ3upar xpoHoiroruqecKr4 u [arr{par nart-o6rqo or K'bcuara auT[rr-
nocr. HauepeHara 6ponsoea rypcKa MoHera or cpelara na XIX r.359 lxasna upe-
Mero, Koraro ocraHKLITe ca6anu [oAJro)KeHIr Ha MeroAtrqHo yHmqox(eH[e, c orneA
orpa6aane Ha roAur{fl sa ynor:pe6a crporrreJreH MarepuaJr.
Ilponopquure Ha 3ana3eHara r{acr or yKpenJreHr{ero AaBar ocHoBaHue Aa
ce rrpe[noJroxrr, rre upu6nzer.rreJrHo [oJroBI,IHara or Hero ce e cpyrtrna c qacr or
flJraroro. flososaeafiKlr ce Ha npaBo'brbJrHrrJr My nlaH, K. Illxopnu-rr ortxqecrBflBa
"WKwrrgx.n Kare" c pLrMcKa rrBTHa cranqr,ra360. Oupegeneurrero My, o6aue, rre Mo-
)Ke Aa ce nplreMe 3a c[oJIyqII{Bo Hr.rTo oT xpoHoJlorr4rlecKa, Hr,ITo oT TEilOJTOnIIIeC-
Ka ureAHa TorrKa. 3anagenute ocraHKII pa3KprrBar IloLrrrrr II'bJrHa EAerrrr{rlHocr c'bc
ceBepHara [oJroBlIHa or paHuoBl{sauruficxul.KacreJr B MecrHocrra "[rn6ora" xpait
c. Etlrapeno (TITIMYM-3anag) u c'bc 3arraflHara [oJroBr,rua Ha yKperureHrrero Ka-
rraeH 6pxr-Il, KaTo [r B Tpr,rre cryqas, BeporrHo ce Kacae 3a peurJrE3arry'.fta eAHa E
c'bIIIa TIIIOBa [JraHOBa CXeMa, K'bM KO.rrTO MO)Ke npeAlOJrO)<r,rTeJIHO Aa Ce OTIIeCe E
KacreJrbr C(a)reas Ha Hoc IIIa6na361.
B'rg ocnosa Ha Ka3aHoro, yKpeflJleuuero "]IKLrHgxu Kalre" nag Eanvnmca-
ra Tysna cJreABa Aa ce olpegeJrrl Karo KacreJr, a fi3rpaxgaHero My - Aa ce orrrece
KbM BoeHHoro crpor4TeJrcrBo Ha rrMleparop trOcrr,rnuan I s cpe[ara Ha VI s. no
roror{3ToqHut 6par Ha npoBr,rHrluq Maxra Cxurvs.
35e
I4cropuvecru - [o6puv, orgel "Hyrur.r3MaruKa" (cnouaratenen $oug).
rr.rysefi
360
HA BAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e. 425, t. 25.
361
Bx(. c'borBerHrrre naparpaSr.r B r{3Jro)Keunero tro-rope.
25. Ar,rOHr,rCOnOirrIC (DIONYSOPOLIS)
(rp. Earuur; flo6puvra o6nam)
362
flogpo6no 3a rroK:lrrr3arlrrflTa na [uoHncononr{c Bx.: IGBulg. 12, p. 49 sqq.
363
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. )O(V[, 4, 12 @d. Clark).
3e llhr. (d. Parthey).
Synecd. 637, 2
365
l)arrouzes 1981, 242 (Notitia 3, 653).
p.
366lheophan. Conf. Chron. 22429-33 (ed. de Boor).
367
Haup.: Georg. Cedren. Comp. hist.I65715-19 (ed. Bonn).
368
Xpucrocxony'Trrlrona-3annosa 1979, 98-99.
@
flrunrpon 1980;,(m,urpon 1982; nnnnrpor 1986; ,(nuurpon 1988; ,[nnurpon 1990;
firrurrpor 1992.
370tall'ali 19?11,29-30;,{uuurpor 1973, 183-184; ![nurtpos 1986, c.94; ![nrmtpos 1990,
c-27.
-t ,tl
;.r'rJ'+ ,,
,l
I
lt
26. Earqnx-Xopusout
(rp. Eanvur; fio6pu.rxa o6nacr)
317
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 588, * 54-55.
378
lllropnrur/Illxoptrrur 1912, c. 47,50.
37e
Banona u gp. 1986, c-26 A.921.Ta6a. l4).
380
Pagrouxure trpe3 70-re roAuuu 6rxa nnuqnqparrn E paKoBoAeHs or E-p Mapuu
[ur*rur-
poB or Llcropuvecxx r,ryrefi-Ban.rrr. B trepuoAa or l98l go 1985 r. B rrpo)rrrBegr{-
Ta Ce BKJIIOqI{ MeXlyHapOAHa KOMTIITeKCHa eKctreA!{rtiltt (}T CIIerIqaItrCTU B pa3JIIIrIHrr
npoSrru or 6murrn:e corlraflrlsrurrecKtr cTpanu. Kparxu 6eaorxr 3a pe3ynrarrrre
or pa6otara Ha eKcrreArdrlEfira B: [a.nu.rer n gp. 1988, c.34 ur.; Brrnsuor 1990,
c.73 ur.
IaMa HarpyraHa Aocra npocrpaHHa 6ra6ruorpa$us38l. Marap B orAeJrHure ny6ru-
Kaqr.ru HeprAKo Aa ce c'bg'bp)Ka rrporrrBoper{r4Ba rau$opuaqux, o6o6rqeuraero Ha
AaHHilTe AaBa B'b3MOXIIOCT [a Ce r43fpaAr,r AOCTaT'b\IHO flCHa I4 ['bJrHa KapTI4Ha 3a
o6nraxa u ocHoBHlare erarrr{ B pa3Br,rrl4ero Ha yKpenJleH}Iero o rc. "Xopu3oHT" npe3
K'bcHoaHTr{r{Hara e[oxa. O:r gpyra crpaHa, c'blocraBKara Ha re3l{ AaHHr,r c ocraH-
KIITe Ha repeHa u c Halr.rr{HaTa TexHur{ecKa AoKyMeHTaqr,rq HaJrara BHacrHeTo Ha
HqKou ueo6xogr,ruu yroqHeHr,rx ra xoperqurn382.
Yrpenneur,rero I{Ma HenpaBrrJreH, crrJrHo r,r3A'bJrxeH or ror-roro3a[an Ha ce-
Bep:ceBepor43ToK nnan. trIsrpaAeHo e B'bpxy Heo6urasaH ro-paHo tepeu383. Orc-
ToI4 Ha rtoBeqe or 300 M or roxHr.rfl cKJroH na rpafi6pe)KFroro flJraro r{ 3aeMa Kpafl Ha
HeroBara repaca u ropHara qacr or cKJroHa K6M AoJrraHara Ha rr3ToK. Yrpeuenara
nJrolq He HaABl,rrlasa 15 xa38a. I4sqxno flpoyrreHra ca 3arra[Hara, ceBepHara rr 3arraA-
Hara noJIoBr{Ha or roxuara KpenocrHra creHr, (O6p. 69). Tpaceto Ha r43TorrHara
KpenocrHa creHa e ycraHoBeHo qpe3 corrAa)fir. ['rma e oKoJro 770 rttlalzi:oaa Br{A Ha
HatlyueHa rrutr.vrs., ctcroqrqa ce or 4 orcer{Kr,r c [peAonpegeJreHo or xon$urypaqux-
Ta Ha repeHa HarrpaBJreH[e. flo rpacero Ha 3rrAa e upoyqeHa caMo eAHa BtHruHa
qerupuBr.sJrHa KyJra. Yge6enananursra c oKoJro 2,00 u Ha 3rr4a B orgeJrHr,r yqactb-
qu orreBI,IAHo cJIeABa ga 6rgar rrHTeprrperrrpaHr,r Karo ocraHKra or crrn6rnrqa385, a
He Karo "BbrpelrHu Kyr[", KaKTo e B floBeqero or uy6nr,rraqurnre386. B eglrn or
Te3Ir yr{acrblllr e per[crpupana rr [orepHa. B rorongroirHr{rr BrbJr Ha yKpeflireHr{e-
To BepoqrHo 6tuta r.Brpa[eHa rorsMa Kp'brJra ryna387. trOxnara KperrocrHa creHa e
a6conrouro nparonunerTrHa v utMa AEJTxI,IHa oKoJro 250 r"r. K.ru rtcnoaHTurrHara
38r
,[nuutpor 1.980, c. 309 cn.;,[nuurpon 19856, c. L}4;fiuuurpon 1988, c. 7l cl; Onuapor
n qp. 1988, c, 229 ctr.; ,[uuurpor 1989, 48-52; flumurpor 1990, 30-34; ,[uuurpor
1992, c. 12 ctr.;,[nunrpon 1995a, c. i50 cn.
382
Y:roqttenr,rrra Ir KopeKqusre ca ocHoBaIIu Ha JIITTTHI{Te BleqarfleHr.rrl Ha aBTopa [pr{ MHo-
roKparHl{Te rroceuleHr{g ua o6exra, KaKTo Ir Ha cbrlocraBKa c reoAe3aqecKoro 3ac-
HeMaHe Ha ocTaHKr,rTe lpeArr TflxHaTa KoHcepBarlrrfl r.r pecTaBpaq]rr.
383
Hqrorxoro rpoyqexu rpo6a or IV-III s. [p. Xp. n o'r II-IV n. cn. Xp. AaBar ocnoBaulre Aa
ce [peAloJloxlr, qe ryK ce e HaMr4pa.[ eArrH or HeKpo[oJrr,rre Ha aHTurrHr.rfl firaonnco-
roJrrlc: fiuuurponflr{Mr.rrpoB 1983, c. 82; Muxafinorfiuruurpon 1985, c.229 cn.;
Onuapor n 9p.1986, c. 150.
384
B uoqtu BcrdqKr{ ny6nuxaquu flnorrlTa Ha yKpeflJreHr.rero ce o[peAeJu sa 360 AKa, Koero
ce HaMI{pa B ttbJrHo [porr{Bopeque c [ocolreHrrre AaHHr{ orHocHo HeroBrITe qeficr-
Br4TeJrHr{ pa3Mepr{.
385
B eqna or ny6nraxaql{I{Te ce c[oMeHaBa, ve "Kyn[Te...ca I43rIoJI3yBaHrr rd Karo crr,l6r.r-
rqa": ,{r,rrvrurpon 1989, c. 52.
386
Hanpuuep: ,{uuurpon 1980, c.312; Orvapon u np. 1988, c.232;,[uuurpor 1990, c. 33.
387
HqN{a AaHHr4 KyJIara Aa e 6una [poyqeHa rro apxeoJrorrrr{ecKr.r u'rr. flnanrr ir nart-nepo-
,ITHO Ce OlpeAeJrf, [peA[oJro)glTeJlHo - IIo aHaJrorrrfl c KyJIa"a B roro3arraAHl{fl br.bJr
Ha yKpe[JreHr4eTo.
O6p. 70. Banvur-Xoprr3onT. I4:rneg or 3a[agHara KpelocrHa creHa c ABere KyJrr{,
Snauxrparqr 3anaAHara ropra. / Fig.7O. Balchik-Horizont. A section of the westem
precinct wall with both towers flanking the western gate.
388
flousrora flJrau'br il ce onpeqenfl rr Karo "rpaneqonugen": On.rapoB rr Ap. 1988, c.232;
,(urunrpon 1989, c. 52.
38e
.fluunrpon 1989, c. 52.
3e0
Onvapor u qp. 1988, c.231; flpes pauHoro cpe[HoBeKoBrlte pyrrur{re Ha KyJrara 6utn
r43[oJI3yBaHI4 3a r{3rpilKAaue rpafi Tflx Ha npa6'rnrapcr[ KyJrroB KoM[JreKc, B)K.:
Onuapon 1986, c.31 cr.
THa cTeHa cKrlor{Ba npu6rusureJlHo [paB 'brbJr c IoxHaTa u nOgo6no Ha He-fl e ltpa-
BoJII4HefiHa. ,[t,mrunara i sterusa na 485 rrl. O.r flpoyrreHr.rre rro rpacero ir xynn, 9
IIpI4HalJIe)Kar KBM KGcHara aHTlrrrHocr. fler or KyJIIITe ca luttra n'bpBoHaqarHo
qeTl,rpll'bf'r,JlHr{, Ho BIIOCJIeACTBUe Ca 6VnU npeycTpoeHr{ B neTo'brbJrHrr, KaTo
ABe
or rrx Qranrupar 3arraAHara KpetrocrHa rropra (O6p. 70). B KoHcrpyKrr.rBHa Bp.b3-
Ka c'bc 3I{Aa, Tor{Ho IIo cpeAaTa B [poMe)KAyTBrduTe Mex[y r{eTr4pr4'brbJrHr{Te KyJil4
6uttuusgurHarl{ MaJrKI4 TplrbrbJrHrd ruTGTHI{ KyJIIa, B TI{JIa Ha Korrro - I,r rraK B KoHc-
TpyKrIaBHa Bp'b3Ka crc suga!391 - 6uto H3rpaAeHo ro eAHo ABypaMeHHo 6orlso crbJr-
6uqe. B xoga Ha pa3KonKilTe ca 6unra perr.rcrprrpan[ 4 rarnsa KyJrr{, Ho ctger?ru
IIO CTpLIKTHO Cna3eHaTa pr4TMr4rrHOCT I{ nO HaJIIIqUeTO Ha [[eHTr{rrHO nO napaMeTpr{
crrn6r,rule ceBepHo or [oprara, TaM yBepeno rpx6na Aa ce ilocraBr.r oqe eAHa rpr.r-
6r'bJIHa KyJra, KoflTo e 6ur.a HarrbJrHo yHrrrqoxeHa rrp]r cpeguoBeKoBHr4Te npeycr-
poficrra vrfiinpv orpa6nanero Ha KaM'bHr4Te or 3rrAa B [o-HoBo BpeMe. Ceeepnata
KperlocrHa creHa ce ctcrorr or [Be orceqKrl, 3arragHara or Kor{To e ['bJrra 90 u, a
I4I3TorrHaTa - 136 rtl. B uscroro Ha Bp'b3KaTa i ctc 3anaAHufl 3r.,rA r,r npu qyflKaTa IIo
Tpacero it ca 6ann I{3Ar{rHarr{ no e[Ha nerpuroo6pa3Ha KyJra. B uaroqnrax xpali ua
3r4Aa ce HaMr,rpa ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa rropra, Qlaxxzpana or [Be MHoro roJreMr{
rrerr.IputrbJrHrl KyJrr4. flpu eguo no-KBcHo npeycrpoficrBo qerara na xynute 6r,rnrE
cB'bp3aHI{ c HanpeqeH 3rrA, B cpe[ara na xoftro 6zn o$opr"reH flpoxoA, a HaA Hero
6zna usrpageHa MaJrKa HaABparHa xyta392. Kaxro flprr 3a[aAHara, TaKa il flprr ce-
BepHara KpenocrHa creHa, B npoMe)qyrbrlr{Te Mex<Ay flo-roJreMure KyJrr,r 6uluuz-
rpaAeHI,I nJrbrHlr rprrbrbJrHr4 KyJrr,r c'bc crra6rula B TexHr{fl rr.rn. Perucrpupauu ca 3
nogo6un KyJrr{, Karo K'bM n'bpBoHar{aJrHuJr rpaAex cJre[Ba [a ce oruecar caMo ABe
oT Tsx - Te3rrt, qra6genv c'rc cr.bn6raula. Tperara BrrArrMo Hapy[raBa xapMoHr,rflTa
Ha KOM[O3rr\krflTa,.A e u c ro-MaJrKr{ pa3Mepr,r, KoeTo cJreABa Aa ce IIp[IeMe KaTo
cllrypHo yKa3aHrre, qe B cryrrzr.fl cTaBa AyMa 3a HrKaKBa [o-Ksclra flpenpaBKa.
Karo ce rr3KJrrorrr,r r{3TorrHara Kpenocrua creHa, rpa4ex'br na Soptu$uxa-
qr,roHHara crrcreMa Ha yKpenJreHr{ero n rr. "Xopu3oHT" e ctBceM eAHopoAeH I{ ce
xapaKTepr.r3r,rpa c yrorpe6a na opus implectum, rrpu Koero Jrrrrlara 6ralu oQopueuu
c go6pe o6pa6oteu[ KaMeHHLT 6norose c MzurKr{ rr cpeAHrr pa3Mep[, rroJro)<eurr B
npaBprJrHrr xopt43oHTaJrurr peAoBe. Ocnosure ca uupoKr,r oKoJro 3,20 v. flonoxeuu
6urur nrpxy 3[paBa cKaJrHa [olrBa u gtn6ovunara r{M Bapupa or 0,60 qo 1,20 u. B
cynepcrpyKyuxaedetuHara Ha KpenocrHr{Jr srag e 3,00-3,10 nr. fpagex'br Ha r,r3Ton-
Hara KpenocrHa cTeHa Br.rlr.rMo ce pa3rr.rrraBa or ro3rr Ha ocraHaJrr,rTe yKpe[[TeJrHr{
c'bop'bxeHrrs no ynorpe6ara sa roJreMrr KBaApr4 aa oQopitarue Ha B'bHrrrHoro Jrr.rqe.
3e3
Ibidem, 72-73; Onvapor u pp. 1988, c.2301,3a yKperJlenrnra rlplt CserI.I Hlrrola r,r n
MecrHocrra "flimata" xpafi Kauen 6pflr, Bx. rro-rope B n3Jlo)Kelrlrero (ftaua II.2.B);
3a crpor{TeJrurare oco6enocrrr Ha Anacr:ac[esara creHa n Tpaxux, e>K.: Schuchardt
1901, S. 107 sqq.; Opeurxon 1915, 80-88; Dirimtekin 1948, p. 1 ,qq.; Dirimtekin
1955, p. 80 sqq.; F"arrison 1969, p.33 sqq.; Harrison 1974,p.244 sqq.; Croke 1982,
p.59 sqq.; Crow 1986, p.727 sqq"
3ea
fluuurpor 1982, c. 33 cn. Mnoro [o-[a,JrHr{ AaHHr4 orHocHo MoHerHara cpeAa B yKpelJle-
Hrrero n rn. "Xopn:our" 6sxa r{3Heceur{ or A-p Mapnu flr.tuutpon n nayuno cro6-
rrleHrre npeg MexgyHapoAHr,rtr crrM[o3rryM "Hyuuarrlaru.ruu u c$parflcr[qHu [pl4-
Hocl4 K'bM crapara u cpeAHoBeKoBHa r{cropl{x ua [o6pyg>ra", nporeqen [pe3 eceH-
ra u,a 1993 r. n [o6puu: fiurvlurpon L9956, 174-176.
3es
fiunrnrpos 1988, c.72.
3e6
Tara, HarprrMep, a: fiuuurpor 1988, c. 72; Or.rapon u 4p. 1988, c.230.
3e7
Tegara e 3acrtneHa [paKTrlqecKIt B:bB Bcr{rrKu ny6nurarlnu, cB'r,p3aHrr c yKpeIrJIeHI{ero B
rn. Xopusonr" na Eaaqtrr.
peHo ce oflpe[erqr Karo Ka3apMeHr{ u cKJraAoBr4 noMelleHuq3gS. Oco6euo Mflcro
cpe4 npoyt{eHr4Te nocrpoftrra c xrrJrr,rrqHo-crouaHcKr,r(?) xaparrep 3aeMa egrrH ca-
MocroflTeJreH apxr.rreKTypeH KoMnJreKc c [paBo'brbJreH [JraH r{ flJrorq 3,5 gra, orpa-
AeH c oKoJroBptcreH KaMeHeH 3r{[, B rofir:o e oQoprnreu caMo e1r,rH BxoA orKcM
fJraBHara yJIr4rIa, 3a[orrBar{a or 3arraAHara Kpe[ocrHa nopra B l{gror{Ha nocoxa399.
Kolrnrercrr ce c'bcrol,r or MHoxecrBo noMerqeHrrfl, pa3noJroxeHl{ oKoJro IllrlpoK
B'brpeureH ABop rr ce onpr,rruqaBa Ha eAHa r{HcyJra or rpaAoycrportctueuara ruraHr,r-
poBKa Ha yKpe[enara r:epraropuraOo. Maxap ycraHoBeHara Aocera nJraHr,rpoBKageftc-
TBr{TeJrHo Aa pa3KplrBa 6eresure Ha roJrflMo rE 6raroycrpoeHo yKpeneHo ceJrr,rlqe or
BTopara [oJroBrir]ra na VI rr HarraJroro ua VII 8., orb)KAecrBflBaHero sa o6erra c
"pauHoru3astuircxws firaour,rcono lrvrc" vtrr lr3nrexga rroHe 3acera upu6rpsauo. Or-
HacsnaTa K'bM Kpafl na V ra HaqaJroro na VI B. n6pBa Sasa n I43rpaxgaHero Ha
yKpenJleHr{e'no B KB. "XopIa3ont" npotunopeql,I Ha krqeflTa, qe to 6r,rno 3aMlrcJreHo LI
3e8
fiuuurpor 1988, c.74; Me.naueX1990,92-93.
3ee
Orvapon r qp. 1988, 232-233;,[uuurpor L988, c. 74; rlanrqen n np. 1988, c. 39; Brurnos
1990, c.'76.
ffi B e4ua or ny6auraqnr,rre (flaluveB rr Ap. 1988, c. 39) xounnerc'br e orIpeAeJIeH Karo
"o6urupua xasapua".
aor
Cro6ulaaa ce 3a HaMepeH[ Monerrr Ha rrMneparoprare Oora wLlpawruft,6es [a ce [prr-
Be)KAar [o-KouKperHrr AaHrrr.r 3a rflx: ,[uuurpou 1989, c. 52,
ao2
Skorpil 1894, Jl,lb 99; ClL,lil,l42l3l; Be5evliev 1.964, Nr. 8l (no-uoppo6no sa ro3r{ HaA-
rrrc B)<. n fnaua I.2).
Maxap reoperr,rqecKra TB'bpAe rpaBAonoAo6uo, orrxgecrBflBauero Ha yK-
penJreHlrero n xn. "Xopu3oHT" c flraonuconoJlrrc or rrepfloga cJreg cpegara na VI s.
He Moxe Aa ce cqr.rra ga crrrypHo - noHe Ao r.r3ffcHrrBaHe xpoHoJlortarra Ha o6r,rtaea-
He npe3 K'bcnoaHTrrtrHara eloxa Ha pa3noJroxeHr{Te Bapxy AoJrHrdre gne rpafirrlop-
cKrr repac[ TepeHrr Ha c'bBpeMeHHn, rpa[ Ban.rur. Mnoro e BepoflTHo B cryqas Aa
CTaBa AyI\4a 3a eII,IH HOBOOCHOBaH u HaIIGJIHO CaMOCTOflTeJIeH [OceJII,IilIeH UeHTGp c
roriro 6u uorrn ga $mypupa cpeg nerqentuSm$rpa-
BoeHeH nporrcxofl, uMero na
nure o6exu,r, c[oMeHaua or Ipoxouzfi s rpaKTara uy "3a crpoexrrte".
B. YKPETIEHI4TE OEEKTPT BbB
B.bTPEIIIHO CTTA HA tIP OBI,IHUI,IflTA
1. Hn$on
(s. Nifon llusrue\igancal1, com. Hamcearca; jud. Tulcea)
1
ISM V, 261-262; TIR L35, 53,10,75; Weiss 1911,52-53; Vulpe 1938, 169,171.
2
Piryan 1912,p.584.
3
Ibidem, p. 584 (n. 4); Ilkopurur 1911, c.220; Scorpan 1980, p. 7.
a
lllxopuu.n 1917, c.22A.
s CiL, [I, 6160 (='7497),6161 (= ISM V, 246,247). Ha4nucure
flarl{par c'borBerHo
or 223 n218 r.
6ISMV, p.262.
7
Axo, pas6upa ce, npeAcraBeH[Te or K. Ilkopuun MerprtttH[ AaHHIT ca o6errtleuu!
2.9epna
(com. Cerna; jud. Tulcea)
4. Xopur
(com. Horia l1ur,rue Ortachioi/;jud. Tulcea)
8
TIR L35, p. 32; Scorpan 1980, p. 7; ISM Y,p.231.
eZahariade 1988, p. 148.
Io
Vulpe 1938, p. 301.
rr Suceveanu 1992, S. 200.
12
TIR L35, p. 63.
13
Weiss 1911, S. 57.
ra
Weiss 1911, S. 52.
BuAqr B Haqaroro Ha XX B.15, Ho 3a o6ruKa My JII{[cBar KaKBrrro pr Aa 6r.rJTo AaHHr4.
Yxpennenuero ce cnoMeHaBa r{ B rro-HoBr4 ny6;rrraqlu{, Karo rpa[]IUrroHHo ce pa3-
rJrexAa BBB BoeHeH rourercrl6. Cuacnre;rarrre pa3KonKrr Ha eAHa pr{MCKa Br4JIa B
oKo.rrHocrrrre na Xoplra npe3 I971 r. rr npoBegeHr4Te B Ta3r{ Bpc3Ka repeHH}r [po-
yrrBaHl4q HaoKoJro ycTaHoBr4xa, qe Bc'brqHocT cTaBa [yMa 3a yKpeneHo ceJrr{Ilde oT
IV s.l7 To ce lraMrrpa Ha oKoJro 1,5 xnr ceBepo3ala[Ho or ceJroro r{ 3aeMa rracr or
ceBepol{3Tor{Hl4rl cKJIoH Ha eAHo B'b3Br4[reHr{e. Yrpeuenoro ceJrrrule ce rBrBa rrpr{-
eMHI{K Ha ceJrr4rrle or II-III 8., Koero e 6zro pa3noJro)KeHo B Herrocpeqcrnena 6nrn-
3ocr, Ho Ha paBeH TepeH B perrHara gonuna18.
Yxpenenoro ceJrr4qe rpari Xopr.ra e [pocttr{ecrByBaJro BepoqrHo Ao K'bM
Kpafl Ha IV unra Haqafloro na V s. Maro.rracreHr{Te MoHerHrr HaxolKrir Aopr4 AaBar
ocHoBaHI4e [a ce npe[noJro)Kr{, r{e ro e 3arr4HaJro oule no BpeMe na Bropara torcKa
softHa Ha r.rMrreparop Balenc (376-378 r.)te.
5.I{:noape.ne
(com. Izvoarele /6raslue Alibeichioi; Regele Ferdinand; Filimon Sirbu/; jud.
Tulcea)
rs
Pirvan 1912,p.584 (n. 3).
'6 Opail L977-78b,p.430; Opai{ et at. 1991, p.203.
17
Baumann 1983,p. 122.
18Ibidem, p. 108 (Fig.41).
re lbidem, p. 122, 145 (n.
380: uaft-mcnara MoHera e MeAeE HOMr4HaJr IIa I,IM[epaTOp
Banen'rr.trnan I, eurEcnx 364-378 r.).
20
lllxopnur 1917, c. 218.
''22 Opait 1977-78b, p.430.
Opail et al. 1991, p.203.
@oxa or 6031604 r., perrrcrpr,rpaH 3a HaMepeH s troruq (ua ororo 2,0 xu rcro-
usrovuo)23.
Yrpennenuero rpari I4:roapere o6[rHoseHo ce rocraBfl BBB Bpb3Ka c eyn-
Krlr{oHrrpaHero Ha pvl,cKt4fl, n'br rro AoJrr,rHara ua p. Tauqa, Karo My ce npHIIilCBar
BoeHHo-oxpaHI{TeJIHI{ Synrqur.r2a. Braco.{uHHoro MecrorroJro)KeHrre Lr rBBpAe 11pu-
Mr4Tr{BHara $oprusuxaqrroHHa apxr,rreKTypa, o6a.re, cBr4AereJrcrByBar [o-cKopo
3a HeroBr{, qrrBr.rJreH xapaKrep. Kurl nogo6Ho rBJrKyBaHr{e HacoqBa ra
Qarrrr, ue n
AOJII4HaTa, B CeBepo3arla[HoTo [oAHO)Krre Ha X'bJrMa, e JroKaJIr{3I{paHo 3Harrr4TeJrHo
ceJrr,rrqe or prrMcKara e[oxa25, npoc'bulecrByBaJro Ao K'bM Kpas Ha IV s.26 yxpeule-
HrIeTo BBpxy B'b3BlrIIreHLIero Koncyn Mo)Ke Aa ce pa3rJrexAa Karo HeroB IIpflK rrp[-
eMHIrK. Bepoxmro ro e BB3HITKHaJIo oqe [pe3 IV n. s Kar{ecrBoro orHaquuro Ha
pe$yruyrra, Ho [pepacrsariru BnocJreAcrBue (ot v s.?) B yKpeneHo ceJrr{ure, rrpoc6-
rr{ecrByBaJro Ao Harraroro(?) ua VII s.
6. Muxafi Epany
(com. Mihai Bravu/6nsure Camber/; jud. Tulcea)
23
Ochegeanu 1981, 310-311 (N l).
2a
Opail 1977-78b, p. 430; Opail et at. 1991, p.203.
25
lllxopnna 1917, c.218; Opaig 1977-78b, p. 430.
26
OberlHnder-T[rnoveanu1977-1978b, p. 505 (Nb S0).
27
lllxopura.n 1917, 219-220.
28
0paig etal.l992a, S. 107.
2e
Atanassoya-Georgieva 1974, p. 167 sqq.; Atanasova 1987, p. l l9 sqq.
30
Poidebard 1934,p.83, Pl. LXXVil.
\tN
tt\
,*\j,
:t.tli*'--
.NXLT
:N
ff*:
ffi
{=;
7. Ea6aqar-Tonpafr xr,oli
(Babadag, jud. Tulcea)
l3 3a nocenuunlrfl xrrBor e paftoua [pe3 prrMcKara eloxa rr K:bcHara aHTrirrnocr, nx.: TIR
L35, passint (Satu Nou, Mihai Bravtr, Turda, Nicolae Bdlcescu, Babadag, Mihail
Kogdlniceanu); Opail et al.l992a. S. 109 sqq.
3a
Opaif 1977-78b, p. 415 sqq.; Zahariade/Opail 1986, p. 565 sqq.; Opai! et al. 1991a, p. 183
sqq.; Opaif et al. 1991b, p. 217 sqq.
35 Ouncanuero Ha yKpenJreHlrero e B'b3 ocuoBa Ha
oKoHqareJruara ny6nurarlrx ga
pe3yrrarrre or EeroBoro rpoyqBaue: Opai( et aI.1991a, 193-200.
O6p.72. Ba6a4ar-Touparlruoii. Yxpenurerua cllcreMa (Opait et al. 1991b, p.22O,Fig.2).
/ Fig.12. Babadag-Topraichioi. Defence system (Opait et al. 1991b, p.220, Fig. 2).
3Ba c xyHcKoro HaIIrecrBI4e or 441 ulm 447 r. Ha ct,eceM orpaHr.rqeHa nJrorrl B.r,B
BCTpeUHOCTTa e KOHCTaTT{paHo oxle eAHo (vI) >rranurqHo Hr4Bo, Aarr{paHo c MoHe-
TI{ Ha lrMneparop Mapruan (450-457 r.), no no roBa BpeMe yKpenJreHr,rero or{eBr4g-
HO e rrpecraHaJro Aa 6rge seue $oprz$llraqr4oHHo cbopBxeHr4e. Malx0 IIo-KBc-
Ho, BeposrHo ontre flprr cJre[Barqzs BJraAerel (II'rn 1:457-474r.), xraoortr cpeA
pyrrHl{Te oKoHrrarerHo cernar36.
@yurquonanHara LlHTepnperallus Ha K'bcxoaHTrrqHoro J[(penJreHue npu Ba-
6agar-Tonpafixrofi nopaxna alacKycutt B HayqHara KHrDKHraHa. Hqxoz u3cireABar-s4
ca cKJroHHrr Aa ro olpHJrur{ar Ha yKperreH horreum vrru Ha mansio31 . flpu nce rona,
MHeHI{ero Ha npoyrrBareJrl{Te, oTr,x[ecrBflBarqr4 ro c burgus38, cregaa [a ce nplr3-
Hae He caMo 3a [pL4eMJIrIBO, HO r{ 3a HaIIBJTHO OnpaBAaHO OT apXr4TeKTypHa, apxeo-
JlornqecKa u ucropl{qecKa rJreAHa rorrKa. I4sgzruar rpafi pnlrcxvfl.ilT"t rro [oJrrrHa-
Ta Ha p. Talrqa (orauectnxBaH Karo naft-nax<nara semita B ceBepHara r{acr Ha npo-
BIrHrIrrfl Cxurut), rapHr.r3oH6T ua 6ypra npu Ba6agar-Toupar?rrofi narl-neposrHo e
6ran Ha:rosapeq ['bpBoHarrarHo c vrucvrw no ocurypsBaHe Ha oxpaHa rr KoHTpoJr Ha
II'brHI4.fl rpaQur. ApxeonornqecKl{flT Marepr.raJr [aBa ocHoBaHr.re Aa ce npeAnoJrata,
rre or Haqaroro na IV IIepl{oA B HeroBoro o6rnrasaHe (or 20-re roAr{Hrr na V n.
nacerne) yKpenJleHlrero nocreleHuo 3arroqna 4a ry6ra qr{cro BoeHHr{q cu o6ttux u
BepoflTHo ce npeBp6rrla B rryHKT :a ct6rapane, c'bxpaH{BaHe r4 pa3[pe[eJrfHe Ha
annona militaris3g.
36
Apxeolor[rrecKn AaHHI{ I{ I{cropllKo-xpoHorroruyecKlr KoMeHTap Ha ycraHoBeHara
crparnrpa$ux n: OpaiJ et al. 1991a, l9l-192,339-343.
37
Barnea l99la,p. 191,306 (n. 171); Suceveanu 1992, 5.202.
38
Opail et al. 1991a, 195-201,325-327.
3e
lbidem, 199-200.
0 Morintz 1987, p. 39 sqq.
arPopescu 1965, p. 388 (Ne 32); Barnea
1990, p. 315 (Nb 3).
O6p.73. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?). TonorpaSnx u yKperr{rerrHa crrcreMa rra
K'bcHoaHrrrqHoro yKpereHo cerrrru{e (Morintz 1987, p. 43,Fig. q. /Fig.73.Babadag
(VICUS NOVUS?). Topography and defence system of the Late Roman fortified settlement
(Morintz 1987, p. 43, Fig. q.
9. Cnana Pyc'r
(s, Slava Rus[; com. Slava Cerchezd; jud. Tulcea)
a2
Onucaulrero Ha Kpenocrnara creua e Ha[paBeHo no [naHa, ny6nnrynau n: Morintz 1987,
p.43 (Fig.4).
a3
Popescu 1965, p. 388 (Nb 32).
44
CIL,IJI,14448; TIR L35, p. 25.
O6p. 74.I48I4[A (IBIDA). TonorpaQuq Ha cerlrilIero npe3 K'bcHoaHrur{Hara
enoxa ($tefan 1977 a, p. 462, Fig. 2). I Fig. 7 4. IBIDA. Topography of the settle-
ment during the Late Antiquity ($tefan 1977a,p. 462,Fig.2).
rbJrHo yKperrJreHr,re c npu6rrE3prreJrHr4 pa3Meprr 20x15 r,,ra5 1O6p. 74).To 3aeMa ca-
Mr{, Bp'bx Ha B'b3BrrrreHr{ero Oera (Dealul Fetea) rI or Hero ce orKpI,IBa IxupoKa
rJreAKa K'bM AoJrrrHara Ha peKrar{xara Crasa. Yrpenreru{ero or{eBlagno e uua.no na6-
JrroAareJrHrrSyrr qr.ru u cflope[ [JIaHa My ]tsepeHo Moxe Aa ce o[peAeJII,I Karo burgus.
Irlsrpageuo e 6rano or KaM'bHI{ Ir ryxJrla. flaruponxara My e HercHa. Cnolteuana ce,
45
$tefan 1977a, p.458.
rre HaMepeHlrre cpeg pyr.rHrare My ryxJrr{ u KepeMrrgrr ktuar't4 "K'bcHa
Qaxrypa". Cru-
xpoHHoro $ynxquonupaHe Ha ro3lr 6ypr c KacreJra e rB'bp[e B'b3Mo)KHo, Ho ra3r-
Jrex(Aa Hegocrarr,qHo olpaB4aHo, T'LII Karo roJrrMara Kp'brJra KyJra [o rpacero Ha
roro3anaAHaTa cTeHa Ha KacTeJra e npeAJIaraJIa [or{Tr4 HarrbJrHo [AeHTI{r{Hu B1,3-
Mox(Hocrr4 3a BoAeHe Ha crparerr{r{ecKo na6nrogeuue. B cryuaa BeporrHo craBa
AyMa 3a MaJrKo BoeHHo-[oJrr.rqertcro yKpe[JreHrre, Koero e fipenxoxAaJro rro BpeMe
Lr3rpaxgaHero Ha KacreJra. Cr[efixra no cBrrAereJrcrBara 3a "K'bcHr.rr" My o6rr4K,
6yprs:r eABa Jrr{ Moxe Aa ce Aarr.rpa ro-paHo or Kpas na III n. C usqraraHero Ha
KacreJra (n navanoro sa IV o.?), uxu HeAGJrro cJreg ToBa, rort nepoarno 6rnn rasoc-
TaBeH, nopanu 6esMucreHocrra or rro-HararbrrrHoro My noA['bpxaHe.
10.I{Brr[A (rBrDA)
(s. Slava RusS; com. Slava Cerchezd; jud. Tulcea)
a6
Pirvan1912, p.578 (n. 3).
a7
IY,7, 19-20 (ed. Dewing)
Proc. De aed.
a8
Aricescu 1971, p.58 sqq.; Aricescu 1977 , p. I 49 sqq.
ae
I)oru(iu-Boili 1979, p. 145 sqq.
s0
Hanpr.rrvrep a: Barnea l99la, p.204.
5r
Suceveanu./Barnea 1993, p. 162 (ngerra e r{3Ka3aHa or P. Bylue a ueny6nnryBano Hayarno
c,ro6uleuue).
s2
Ptol. Geogr. III, 9, 6 (ed. Mrller).
53
Barnea 1945-47, p.227,233-234; Barnea 1958,346-347 .
Ba rr or [poyrreHuq Heor[aBHa MaHacrr,rpcKr{ KoMlJreKc or VI B., pa3rroJroxeH Ha
oKoJro 3 ru sanagnosa.
Yxpeuurenuara cplcreMa Ha ll1wga se e 6una o6exr Ha apxeoJroruqecKra
pa3KonKr4r, no nerinusr [JraH e Aocra rrpeqr,r3Ho ycraHoBeH B'b3 ocHOBa Ha [peAlpu-
eroro B Har{aJloro Ha 70-re TOALIHI4 Hapovno aepo$ororpa$cxo r.r3cJreABaHe na o6er-
rass 1O6p. 74).IJlrrara yKpereHa rJrorq Ha rpaAa B.b3Jrr,rsa sa 24 xa. flo csuqecrno,
Tfl ce c'bcror,r or ABe cBbp3aHr,r ltoMexAy cr{, Ho o6oco6enu qacryt, o3HaqaBaHr.r B
Hf,Korr or ny6lurarluure Karo "I" tn "I['56 (O6p. 75). fto-uanKara or rxx (I) 3aeMa
ceBepor.r3ToqHuq cKroH Ha eAHo uocoo6pasuo B'b3BrrrrreHr4e, v3awcflr,arqo ce Ha rro-
Beqe or 70 rr,r nag AoJrlrHara ua p. Clana. flpyrara vacr (II) e 3uaqrrreJrHo no-ror.fl-
Ma IIo IJIOIq lI e pa3noJloxeHa Ha paBeH TepeH, B rrrlrpoKaTa peqHa AoJr[rHa B IIo[Ho-
xilrero Ha B'h3BI,IlreHI{ero. YxpenneHuero B'bpxy Bb3BrrrrreHrrero r{Ma HelpaBr.rJreH
lJraH r{ e 3arrlr4TeHo c oKoJroBpbcTHa KpelocTHa cTeHa, rlo rrr{eTo Tpace curypHo e
$urcupano Mecronoiroxeur,rero ua 7 xylu. Tpr.r or rflx ca lJ-azguu, 2 - nparor-
rbJru[r, 1 - nerpulo- vilLt uopxoroo6pa3Ha u 1 - rp'rma. Mnoro e BepoflrHo rro
Tpacero Ha K)ro3anagHara KpenocrHa creHa, s 6rr,rsocr [o ro)KHara'bnroBa KyJra Ha
yKpenJreHr.rero, Aa e r4Miuro ou{e eAHa KyJra, Karo MexAy rflx ABere e 6utapa3rroJro-
x(eHa rloprata. Hafi-sarbcro ca pa3rloJroxeHr,r KyJrr{Te rro loror{3TorrHara creHa,
KBAero [IHTepBaJrLITe He HalBrrrxasar 35 u. Tnrpge cnequQravnara qyrtKa B r{3Toq-
Hr{s'brbJr Ha yKperrireHr4ero Moxe 6r ce gt.mrra Ha HsKaKBo [o-KbsHo upeycrpofic-
rso57. Eguncrnenara KpErlIa KyJra ce orJrrlqaBa c MHoro roJreMr{ pa3Mepr. }Isrpa-
EeHa e 6una npu6nr{3r{TeJrHo B cpe[ara Ha roro3afla1nvfl. zvtq,, B'bpxy naft-sr4coxara
TorrKa BKrIoqeHa B flepuMerapa Ha KperrocrHr,rre creHr{. flpegnuq ournqnzs o6-
3op, [peAloJrara ce, .{e e 6ura r,rc[oJr3yBaHa 3a BoAeHe Ha AareqHo ua6nrogeaue.
PasnoroxeHara B AoJrr4Hara yKpe[eHa qacr Ha Vllwga r{Ma [oJruroHaJreH
nnan. Irlsroquara rr 3arraAHara i crenu ca c eAHaKBa A'bJrxr.rHa or no 445 M, ceBep-
Hara - or. 345 M, a rorolr3roqHara - or. 280 u. flo flporexeHr,rero Ha 3r4goBere ca
perrrcrpr4pasw 24 Kyrrr{, orcrorrrlr.r Ha 36 go 60 u egHa or Apyra: 14 U-twgnu,7
npaBobr"bJlsau3 BerplrJro- t{JrI{ rloAKoBoo6pasxra. U-eugnure KyJrr{ ca IIII,IpoKr{ oK.
10 vr n ce I43[aBar Ha oK. 12 tt npeg or6panrarel:r.ara lrprHus.. IIIecr or rflx $tauru-
par or6arnso rprrre [oprrr, pa3noJroxeHz IIo rpacero Ha 3anaAHara, ceBepHara [r
I43ToqHara KpelocrHr,r lreHrr. flpano'rruHr.rre KyJrr{ ca c:oc 3Haqr{TeJrHr,r pa3Mepr,r
(18x10 u), roero e AaJ.o ocHoBaHrre Ha HqKou [3creABaqu Aa rr.r onpegeJrflT Karo
pltrouria. Te ce pegynar pl.rrMur{Ho c U-nugnure rro flpore)KeHr{ero Ha sra4oser:e. B
TpLITe xcno oSopueHlrrbrbJra e rr3rpaAeHa IIo eAHa Berpr..rJro- rrJrr{ noAKoBoo6pasna
ryna. flpeg ceBepHara Kpe[ocrHa creHa ca ycraHoBeHr.r ocrauKr{ or ABoeH pos. [o-
5a
0pai1 etal.t992b, S. lt3 sqq.
55
$tefan 1974a,104-105; $tefan 1977a,452-458 (onracanueto ro-Aorry e 6asrpano ua gaHHure
B ra3r.r ny6nnxaqna); Stefan 1977b, p. 3 sqq.
56
Scorpan 1980,40-41, ll4.
57lbidem, p.40.
l00n
O6p. 75. I4EI,UA (IBIDA). flnau na yKperu'reJrr{ara crrsreMa (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl.
XII). / Fig. 75. IBIDA. Layout of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl. X[).
58
Lander 1984, p. 218.
se
$tefan 1977a, p.457 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,40-41.
60ISM Y,223-233.
6rScorpan 1980, p.40.
62Ibidem, p.41.
63
OcseH rlo TIJIaH (ynuraneu cpeA flaMerHr{rlrrre Ha $optusrlraqr{oHuoro crpor{reJrcrBo Ha
Teplrropl{sra Ha [poBl4Hqur Crlrrr.rr!), rasu Kyna rryBcrB[TeJrHo ce pa3r[rraBa or
ocraHall,ITe B yKpelLITeJIHara cr{creMa naV[6wga r{ rro cBor{Te [polopqrrrr. Bes ap-
xeoror[qecKlr pa3KotIKIt Hefidara AarI{poBKa rrle ocraHe Hecr{rypHa. Ka.ro ce uua
lpeABIrA, qe Al4aMercprr ir HagnlruraBa floBerre or ABa ntrz (!) To3r,r Ha KyJr[Te c
uAeHTuqeH TIJIaH or KoscrakrlmoBo BpeMe, c'bBceM ue tpx6na Aa ce [3Kr[orrBa B.b3-
MoxHocrra, Tfl Aa rIpeACTaBJrrBa eAHo MHoro [o-KT,cHo (VI r.?) upeycrpolicrBo raJrr{
go6anra.
6a
Lander 1.984, p. 228 sqq.,257.
65
lllxopnra;r 1905a, 492-502; Pirvan 1912,p.577.
6uro yxpeneHo oqeBlrAHo rro-K:bcno, T'bIt Karo HetoBLITe Kpe[ocrHlr 3luoBe (II) ce
II3KAI{BAT NO CKJIOHOBETE HA B'b3BI4IIIEHI{ETO I,I IOilUPAT [O TE3PI HA KACTEJIA. rIPEX-
Jro)KeHara AarrrpoBKa B'bB BpeMero Ha r{Mflepa'rop KoncraHTI{H I unu upfi HeroBI{-
Te [prreMHr4qr,r66 rasrlexAa Han'bJrHo [pr4eMJrr{Ba. OcuqecrseHlrre neo:rganna (c'sa-
ceM orpaH[r{eHr{ rro nnorq) c[acr{TeJrHlr pa3KolKrr B paBHI{HHara yKpeleHa r{acr Ha
L[lwlaycraHoBr4xa HaJrr4r{r4ero ua ge6en KyJIT}peH [Jracr ct cT sctto pa3rpaHutrllMu
)Kr{Jrr{rr{Hr{ :aur,a67 . fll,pnr.rre 3 or txx ce orHacflT KtM paHHoplrMcKara enoxa (II-
III r.) n 3aBtprxBar c ropqr rrJracr. Brso6HossBaHero Ha )KI{Bora (Huro 4) e peruc-
rprrpaHo npes IV e. Tofr rpoA'bJrxrrJr 6eg oco6eru c'brpeceHlrr Ao xyHcKrre Halrrec-
TBr,rs ilpe3 n:EpBI4Te Aecerl{Jreruq Ha V 8., Koraro ceJII4IrIero oveB[AHo rroHecro r{yB-
cTBr{TeJrHr{ [opaxeHll-fl. Harl-r'scso oT ToBa BpeMe HaceTHe, KacTeJIBT B'bpxy B'b3-
BrrrrreHl{ero Iro BcsKa BeporrHocr sary6ran trl{cro BoeuHoro cla IrpeAHa3HaqeHI{e I4
nprago6un Synxquure (u) na rpa[cKa rlr,rrageJra. Cneqnauloro )KLrJrLrIrIHo nuro (Ha-
eo 5) Aarrapa or BTopara rIoJroBIaHa na V Ao KtM [ocJleAHara r{erBtpr Ha VI s. u
cJre[Ba Aa ce cB'bp)Ke c rtperuplaeMaHero Ha B'b3craHoBIrreJIHI{ pa6oru rro yKpenu-
TeJrHara cr{creMa. Cuopeg cBe,.ieHrrero na flporonuir, rsit Karo eAHa roJIflMa llacr
or oKoJroBptcrrara creua taVl1vga 6rana uocrpa1ara,I{Mneparop Iocrunraan I ce
Br.r[flJr rrprrHyAeu 6rpso pa s'rao6noBl{ rpa[a, Karo ro [peB'bpHe B cI4JIHo yKpeleHo
uscro68. [oroltro rorrHo re3r4 TB'bpAeHI,Ifl orroBapflT Ha Ircrl{Hara Iqe norax<ar 6r-
AerIr{Te apxeororr4rrecKll flpoyqBa]8iutfl., Ho cpeA pyrrHlrre Ha 3I4AoBere ca 6uttulF'a-
MepeHr.r HflKoJrKo ryxJrld c fieqarra N rpa$uru rro rrx, qlrflTo AarLIpoBKa ce orHacs or
r.r3cJreABarrrrre Hari-o6rqo K:t M V-VI r.69 Cnopeg eAHa Apyra 6eue;xra, MoHerI{Te
na }Ocrrruuan I c'scraslrflr,a[rtt ocHoBHara rracr cpeA HyMI{3MarI4rIHIiITe HaxoAKI{ or
Tepr.rropuqr a ua Vl6uya70. floclegnrrre ABe KoHcrarI,IpaHI4 )KI{JrI4IrIHut :artBa (6 u 7)
ce xapaKTepr{3r.,rpar c 6'rpsa nocJreAoBareJrHocr tr Aarl,Ipar or Kpa, ua VI u rrtpBtr-
Te ABe Aecerurerr,ra na VII e. Hafi-r'Lcuara r{3BecrHI,I Aocera MoHerIr or Yl1uga ca
Ha r{Mneparop I{parnuft - or 6137r u 6141615 r.72
66
Scorpan 1980, p.41.
67
Opai11991, p. 21 sqq.
68
Proc. De aed. lV,7 , 19-20 (ed. Dewing).
6e
Popescu 1976, Nh 234-235.
70 gtefan et al. 1954, ll0-112, ll4.
7r
Vertan/Custurea 1995-1996, p. 3 1 8, nr. 1 61 5.
72
Opail L991,p.54.
73
Weiss 1911, S. 57; TIR L35, p. 31.
JroxeHl{e no orHorreHr.re BG3MoxHocrI{Te 3a KoHTpoJr Ha flarHara cr{creMa B pafio-
Ha [peAonpeAeJrl,rJro n3rpaxgaHero Ha roBa Mflcro Ha yKperrJreHue74.3a Heroszq
o6lux, ToqHo MecronoJroxeuue t KoHcrpyKTI.IsHr4 oco6eHocrr,r He pa3noJraraMe c
HrIKaKBrir uogpo6uocrn. B na.raJroro Ha XX r. ocraHKr{Te My Bce oqe ca rl{r{arr.r
go6pe na repena75, Ho 3a rsxHoro c'bBpeMeuHo c'bcroflHr{e He ce cloMeHaBa Hr,rqo
B rlo-HoBrrre ny6auraquu. flpneua ce, qe yKpeflJreHfiero e 6uno r.r3rpaAeHo Beporr-
Ho KaM Kpafl Ha III umr B HaqaJroro Ha IV s.76 u e lpoc'brrlecrByBaJro rr [pe3 paHHo-
susaHtllficxara enoxa77. flpegcraaeHuqr apxeoJroruqecKlt KoHTeKcr uyKa3aurrflTa
3a pa3croflHrrrra Mex<Ay ntrHure craHrlnr,r e ltinerarium Antonini AaBar ocHoBaHlre
r,rMeHHo ryK Aa ce JroKaJrr.r3rapa or6ena3anurrrr no rpacero Ha r.Hap. 3anagnonon-
ruricrr,r urr nyurr Ad Salices, roriro ce e HaMr,rpan r'rexqy Vallis Domitiana u HistriaTs
u Aocera rpaArrqfioHHo ce [ocraBflrle npu Cuvuoapalg, MHogzHc'rsoro or rr3c-
neguavureSo orrxgecrBrBar Ad Salices c'bc 3HalrrrreJrHr4fl ceJrurrleH rIeHT'bp Salices,
cnoMeHar y Artluau Mapqeauu Karo Mrrcro Ha rpauAr,roasa 6rarxa MexAy rorr{re rr
prrMcKara soricra no BpeMe ua Bropara rorcKa sofrua Ha lrMfleparop Baneuc (376-
378 r.) u r,r3pr.rrrHo orpegeJreH or aBTopa xaro oppidulnsl, Koero HpegnoJrara :nalrur-
quero Ha coJrr,rgHo lr3lpageHa yKpenrareJrua rauspacrpyKTypa. Cnopeg uxrolr82, urvre-
To Ha yKpeflJreHrrero Tzasklis, Snrypupaqo B 3aKJrrorrr{reJrul{rr crruc}K K6M IV rnlrra
ua flporonfieBns.TpaKTar "3a crpoe:xure"83, flpegcraBrqBa Br{Aor,r3MeHena Sopr"ra
IraK Ha c'brrlr,rfl ToltoHrtM. Cnopeg MeH, oc[opBaHero rra rtx[ecrBoro Ha rorroHrr-
uu're Ad Salices u Salices B HrKolI rro-HoBrr uy6ruaraqnu84 ne e AocrarbrrHo apry-
MeHTr,rpaHo r,r ce A'bJrxr4 Ha r43JrrrrrrHo HaArIeHJrBaHe Ha cBeAeur,rero Ha Ar*ar,rau Map-
IIeJrr.rH 3a "6ru3ocrra" Ha Caruqu go MapquaHonoJrl,IcS5.
7a
Pirvan 1912,p.583,585; Opait et al. 1991, 201-202.
75
Pirvan 1912,p.583 (n. 13).
76
Zahariade 1988, p. 148.
7?
Suceveanu 1992, S. 204.
78
Itin. Ant. Aug. 227,1 (ed. Cuntz).
7e
B><. firara II.2.f (Cununoapa). Heorgaura Ad Salices 6e usuenagraqo r
cbBceM
Heo[paBAaHo otbxAecrBeno or H. Eapua c aHTr.ryHoro ceJrrrqe npr,r Cnnoe (Sinoe,
jud. Constanta): Barnea 1994, p. 33.
80
\ileiss 1911, S. 57; PArvan 1916, p. 581; Litzica 1926-27,p.80; Barnea 1968, p.421;Begevliev
1970, S. 148; Wolfram 1979,142-143; Berxor 19846, c. 172; Barnea l99l,a, p. 166.
8r
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,7,5 (ed. Clark).
82
PArvan 1916,p.51; Litzica 1926-27, p.80; Barnea 1968, p.421.
83
Proc. De aed. IV, l l (ed. Dewing).
8a
BarnealZahariade 1993; Szidat 1998,25-30; Dvorski 1998,177-179.
8s
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,8, I (ed. Clark).
a..............
86
PArvan l9l2-13, 526-531; Vulpe 1938, p. I7 1; TIR L35, p. 56; Stefan I974a, p. 108.
87
PArvan I9l2-13, p. 526 sqq.
TeJTHO CTpOr{TeJrCTsO. TaXa Hanpr,rMep: 'bfJrrrre He ca 3ao6JreHvr, a npaBr.r; ['bJrfr{re
cTpaHrr ca npopf3aHr4 oT IIo ABa BMecTo cTaHAapTHr.rfl. e\nH npoxo[; [poxoAr{Te He
ca [pI4Kp]ITLI oT ['broBI{AHLI oTKJIoleeHAfl, oT oKoJIoBpGcTHI{fl san (claviculae), a or
I{3HeceHI{ Haflpeq r,r yclopegHlr Ha Hero cao6ognocrorulr{ K'bcr{ BaJroBe (tutulil 88.
Bcra.{ro roBa AaBa ocHoBaHr4e Aa ce [pe[[oJroxrr eAHa rro-K'bcHa Aarr.rpoBKa 3a pr.rM-
cKl{fl 3eMJreH ilarep rpart flanreJrr,rMoHyJr qe Xoc, KoflTo or rrcropr,rKo-apxeoJroru-
qecKa rJIeAHa roqKa r{3rJre)KAa HanBJrrro [pr{eMJrrrBa B'bB BpeMero ua fltpaara(?)
rorcKa sor;rHa Ha r{Mneparop Baneuc.
88
Webster L969, p. 171 (note 1).
8eEenexrr.r 3a I{cropllqecKo"o pa3Br,rrlre rra Ynrnreryll I{ 3a HeroBI{, aAMIrHI,IcrparLrBHo-
ropr.rgr{qecKr.r craryr s: PArvan 1912,p.575 sqq.; TIR L35, p. 76; Suceveantu1977,p.
67 sqq.; ISM V, p. 78 sqq.
s Proc. De aed. lY,7,17-19 (ed. Dewing).
gffi'
'Wu,,"J'
e3
PArvan 1912,p.515 sqq.; Pirvan 1913-14b, p.276 sqq.
ea
Pirvan 1912,p.597 sqq.
Ha rpanex, xapaKTepl{3lrpaqu 3acTposBaHeTo B rlepTnTe Ha oKoJroBp'},cTHaTa Kpe-
frocrHa creHa95. Ktu ntprraf neprroA e orHeceHa rorqMara crpaAa c allcl4[aJreH
IIJIAH B I43TOI{HATA IIOJIOBI{HA HA YKPENJIEHI,IETOg6, KAKTO 14 PETUC'TPI,IPAHI4TE II HA
Apyrfl Mecra -clacrn or rrocTpoftKl4, orJrr{qaBalql4 ce c npeql,I3eH lpaAex 14 yloTpe6a
Ha xopocaH Karo cB'bp3Barr{ MaTepI,IaJr. ilpeflnoJlara ce, qe IIo roBa BpeMe yKpelJre-
Hr4reTo e r{MaJro rcHo r43pa3eHr{ BoeHHr{ Qynrquu, KaKB0TO IIIe Aa e 6ralo [peAHa3Ha-
r{eHuero r.1 Ha flpoyqeHara afieuI'al,j,j,a crpaAa. crAeftru rlo HeIfHoTo MecrofloJroxe-
HI{e, frJraH r4 pa3Mepl{, IroHacTofltl{eM Tt c AocTa roJrfMa yBepeHocl' Moxe Aa ce on-
peAeJrr.{ Karo praetorium. flocrpofiKr.rre c AByJTITIIeBII 3IrAoBe Ha KaJrHa crlofiKa ce
pa3rJre)KlaT KaTo cTpor4TeJrHa xapaKTepucT[Ka Ha BTOpLrfl OT neprloA[ITe B pa3BI'I-
TIaETO HA YIMETYM. OAKT.rT, I{E MHOrO OT T,f,X AONIIPAT AO KPENOCTHIITE CTEHI{, CE
nplreMa 3a cBr4AereJrcTBo, ire rro roBa BpeMe yKpe[JreHI,IeTo Berle e IBry6I,Iro qrlcTo
BoeHHr.irfl crr xapaKTep, [pr.rAo6r4BafiKkr o6runa Ha o6I,IKHoBeHo yKpeneHo ceJrI4IrIe.
Tperar:a or 3acBr{AereJIcrByBaHI{Te B Ymaeryu rexHIrKIr Ha rpaAex KopeHHo ce
pa3rurraBa or rrpeAxoAH[rre ABe. Hanuqe e ['bJIHoro orctcrBlle Ha KaKBaro [I Aa
6uno rpagoycrpoficrseHa cxeMa. 3ugorere ce orrlrqaBar c Mnoro ata6a yctoftulr-
Bocr rr raMar Br.rA Ha KaMeHH[ rpaMaAI.,I 6es qcHo oSopueun nuqa. B. fltpnan ua-
pr,rr{Ho r{3T'bKBa [prrJrr{Kara I{M ctc cnasgHo-6rJrrapcKara xr.IJI}ItrIHa apxl{TeKTypa
oT enoxaTa Ha paHHoTo cpe[HoBeKoBrire, Ho Bce [aK, ycJIoBHO Ogna.Iasafirl{ rrl KaTo
"napsapcxlr", ru orHacfl K6M 3aKJrloqurcernufl. rteplrog B ]IcropurlTa na Ynuetyu,
raro o6gcngBa noqBara rrM c MareprraJlHr{s Koranc Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHl(e ll c
ToraJrHlrfl yrra[EK Ha KtcHoaHTIltIHara KyJITypa B [poBIaHqI,IsCxvrus, K'bM Kpa, Ha
VI n., npeguecrByBarrllr oKoHrrareJrHara rra6er Ha aHTrlr{Hara qrIBI4IJrrr3aIdI4, B Te3I{
3eMI{.
rlacr or r{3JroxerrraTe 6ele>xrn ca 6eeycnorHo BepHpI Ir [orB'bp)KAaBar [po-
$ecuonannara epy[Irqhe,fl:aay-rrnavrTyr.rr\ufl. Ha B. n'bpBan. flpu Bce roBa, B'bpxy
uHTep[perat\rzLflTa Ha KoHcrarupaHara o Ymraeryrtr crparurpaQcKa KaprI4I{a HeIr3-
6exno peQtexrupar cla6ocrure, nplrc'brrlr.r Ha pa3KorIKLITe or HaqaJroro na XX s.
rr A'bJDKaTIIU Ce KaKTO Ha MeTOAOJIOTIqeCKOTO HeC'bB'bpIIIecTBO Ha apxeofloruqec-
Kara HayKa roraBa, TaKaLr Ha Jrlrncara Ha floAxoArula 6asa 3a cpaBHeHlae. Ygre.re-
HrreTo no rrHx(eHepHo-apxuTeKTypHr{Jr aHaJrLr3 Ha npoyqBaHrlTe ocTaHKII u rloAarep-
TanilflT r4HTepec npeAlrMno KtM eflurpa$crlrre [aMerlrl,Iqu ca HaMepI4JIu I{3pa3 B
rparino npene6pexrirreJrHo orHorrreHr{e KtM [oAeMHIrt apxeoJroruqecKla Marepu-
an. OrcrcrBr{ero Ha cl{creMa 3a roqHa rono-crparrrpaQcxa perrrcrpaqufl' Ha Ha-
xoAKrrre e AoBeJro Ao rrxHara Sarrn.recra Aenacrroprvsa\t4fl, Koero lI3KJrIoqBa B'b3-
rrlilx<socrra ga 6rgar re ynotpe6eHu B KauecrBoro Ha Aar[poBcr{eH Kplrrepuitnpu
xpoHoJrorrqecKara l,IHTeprperal{[s Ha KoHKpeTHLI mparurpa$cKu curyaquu. Ka-
To IIsJIo, o6ave, go6uruat B xoAa Ha pa3KonKr,n:e s YrMeryM apxeoJroruqecKr{ Ma-
e5
Pirvan 1913-14b, p. 400 sqq.
x Ibidem, 296-299; Pirvan 1915a, p. 265 sqq.
Teprrair ce HaMrrpa B ocrpo nporuBopeqr4e c flocryJrr.rpaHara o'r B. f['spnaH Aarrr-
poBKa n VI s. r4 Ha rprrre )Kr.rJrrrrrlHr{ xopu3oHTa, perrlcrpr{paHr,r B fipoyrreHr{Te ceK-
Toprl Ha yrpenreruiero. OnracanvtflTav rrJrrocrpaqurrre Ha HaxoAKI{Te n ny6:rxxysa-
Hprre oruerugT ydeynre.rrHo cBr4AereJrcrBytsar, ue QoplrrapaHero Ha nafi-gomrru KyJr-
TypeH flJracr e 3afior{Haro He no-K'bcHo or Kpru na III nnu tr'bpBrrre Aecerr4nerrrs Ha
IV e. u e npr4KrrorrprJlo [pe3 BTopara rrerB'bpr Ha V 8., Koraro Ynrteryu oqeBLrAHo
ceprro3Ho nocrpaAaJr npu HqKoe or xyHcKr{Te HanaAeHr{fl tro roBa BpeMe. B npxxa
Bp'b3Ka c [pe)Kr,rBfHoro 6eAcrBue ce HaMr{pa ctKpoBr.rrqero or 256 MeAHrr MoHerrr,
safi-x'rcur.rre cpeA Kor{To nprrHaAJrexar K'bM euucrtu Ha LlMrleparop Teogocuil II or
BTopara qerB'bpr na V s.98 To e 6r.rno orKprrro a nari-gomua,x flJracr or 3arrbJrHure-
rq Ha roxHaTa KyJra, oxpaurBalrla rofo3anagHaTa Kpelocrna nopr:agg.
Karo ce x3Krloqra e[r{H eK3eM[Jrflp Ha LrMreparop @rasuft Wnufi Heuot or
474-480 r.100, roucrarrrpaHara n Yrlreryvr MoHerHa cpega or6enqssa rpKo I,I3pa-
3eH xrraryc c npoA'bJrxr{TeJrHocr floBer{e or 50 ro4nuu. BrgcranoBqBaHero Ha [a-
pur{Horo o6prqeuue npes VI B. e perrlcrpr{paHo c elancvru Ha l,IMneparopllTe or
Auacrabufi go MaapnxttfitTu6epuft10l, Karo, ecrecrBeHo, :rpx6na Aa ce L{Ma [peA-
BIIA TB'bpAe orHocrrreJrHara xpoHoJror[qecKa ctortnocr Ha rIo-paHHrITe MoHerIr B
la[eHrlfl cnyvarl, r'rri xato re cnoroftno Mo)Ke Aa ca [poHI{KHaJrI{ Ha MecrHI4s na3ap
c rlapIar{Hr.rq [oroK B MHoro flo-K'bcHo BpeMe. Maxap Aa ce rBGp[Ir, qe crparlrrpa$-
cKlz "yroBeuure" Tpr,r fieplroAa B pa3Br.rrr{ero Ha Yriueryrra 6unra 6ruero pa3noJlo-
)KeHLI B'bB BpeMeTO, npe3aCTpOsBaHeTO Ha B'bTpeuIHOCTTa Ha yKpe[JIeHI4eTo npe3
BToprlq flepr{oA ule Aa e 6raxo [peluecrByBaHo or A'bJrro [peK'bcBaHe Ha o6vraea-
Hero Ha Mrrcroro. Ha raxasa Mr{c'bJI HaBex(Aa KoHcraral{rulTa, r{e HoBI{Te nocrpofi-
KI4 CE OTJII{I{ABAT C APYTA OPIIEHTAIII{flI{ qECTO B'b3Cfl[AT I,{II,I rIPECI{qAT IO-CTAPIUI
suponelo2, a roBa Ir3rJlex[a BepoqrHo e[uHcrBeHo [prr roraJrHo o6esnu.{aBaHe Ha
rro-paHHr,rre rpaAe)Klr r{ 3arpy[BaHe Ha ocraHKr{Te r{M nog ge6en [Jracr or pylxeBll-
nu. ApxeororlaqecKl,IflT [r HyMI43Marur{eH Marepr{aJr AaBar oct{oBaHlre e'bso6Hosq-
BaHero Ha )Kr{Bora n Ynueryu yBepeHo Aa ce cBcp)Ke c'bc cBeAeHllero ua flporo-
nrnfi sa [per{3rpaxAaHe Ha or[aBHa 3a[ycrrJroro yKpenJreHl{e B'bB BpeMero Ha I{M-
reparop 0crnnuan I.
3a ueupegy6egenrax r{3cJreAoBareJr, rracr or flporr3xoxAalrlrrfl or Ynlreryu
apxeororuqecKrr Marer) ilalr103 He ocraBf, HI{KaKBo c'bMHeHI{e, qe [pe3 paHHoro cpeA-
e7
Pirvan 1912,566-575 XXI-XXV); Pirvan 1913-14b,299-315 (Pl. XXN-XXXII); Pirvan
(P1.
1915a, 281-290 (Pl. VI, VI[, XI-XV).
e8
Poenaru-Bordea et al. 1988-1989, p. 163 sqq.
ee
PArvan 1913-14b, 283-284
rm Pirvan 1912, p.566,594.
r0r lbidem, p. 566; Pirvan l9l3-14b, 303-304; Pirvan 1915a, 281-282; Vertan/Custurea
1982, p.284 (nr. 532).
ro2
Pirvan 1913-14b, p.402.
r03
Pirvan l9L2,Pl.XXllIl2; Pirvan 1913-14b, Pl. XXVII/I
HoBeKoBI{e -
[pe3 IX-X s. - B]pxy pyl,rHrrre Ha K'bcHoaHT[rErHoro yKperrJreHrre B'r,3-
HI{KBa }I ce pa3Br.rBa cT'apo6'bJrrapcKo ceJrr{rrle c xapaKTepHara 3a enoxara Marepu-
aJIHa KyJrrypa. Orc'bcrBLreTo Ha aHoHHMHn eugaHrzrlcKr,I MoHeTE cr.rrypHo cBrrle-
TeJIcrByBa, qe ro e flpoc'brrlecrByBaJro cpaBHureJrHo KparKo BpeMe Moxe 6ra go -
KtM cpeAara ua X s. I4MeuHo c roBa crapo6urapcKoro ceJrr.rqe cJreABa Aa ce cB'bp-
x<ar r{ T. Hap. "napeapcxu" 3r,rgoBe, Aopu fi aKo ce ilpr{eMe, ve B. IItpoaH e [paB B
TB'bpAeHI4eTo cI,I, r{e Te He 6uln egHocrpaHHl4 (r.e. o6luqoB'btlHtr{, oT )KHJTI{IIIa-IS-
JIy3eMJrflHKr,r), a nsqxlo HaA3eMHlr. Mexgy clrpor,rreJrcrBoro or erroxara na 6'rnrap-
cKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKoBI,re rr crparnrpa$crra 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaHuq n Yrue:ryu
Tperr,I xrrJrl{qeH xopl{3oHT, o6a.{e, eABa JrI,I Moxe Aa ce rtpcrl HflKaKBa xpoHoJroru-
qecKa Bp'b3Ka. @axmt, qe fiocreAHilflT ce orKprlBa Ha cpaBHI,ITeJrHo roJrflMa A'r,Jr-
6o.ruHa u 6es nperraeBr.r xr{aryc, HenocpeAcrBeHo Ha[ oloxaprBaHero, MapKr4parqo
Kpiur Ha BTopur xr,rJrr,rqeH xopu3oHT, rorfro or cBofl crpaHa [rMa clrrypHa Aarr,rpoB-
ra e VI B., AaBa ocHoBaHrre rperr4flT xr{Jrr,rqeH xoprr3oHT Aa ce orHece K'bM Kpafl Ha
K'bclrara aHTr{rrHocr, Karo ce Aarr{pa nafr-o6qo B Kpafl Ha VVna.raJroro Ha VII a.
florpunaulr{-f,T ro nJracr or rrefieJr cBr,rAereJrcrByBa 3a HaclrJrcrBeHo npeKbcBaHe Ha
xlaBora n Ynueryu. Cnopaguuuoro o6uraBaHe Ha repeHa, o6aqe (no4o6no Ha pe-
AIaIIa Apyru Mecra Ha replrropuflTa Ha [poBrrHrlrrJr Crurux), qe Aa e [pogBJrxrlJro
pl3BecrHo BpeMe r,r cJreA npexr4Bf,Hoto 6eqcrnrEe104, Mo>xe 6u go x'ru rperoro Aece-
TrrJrerr{e na VII s.los
Pesl,rsrapanara xpoHoJrorr{.f, Ha KyJrrypHr{Te HalracrqBaHrrff B yKpeneHara
Teprrropr{, Ha KtcHoaH"ruv^Hlas, Ynuer:yru neus6e)KHo HaJrara xpoHororrrecKa pe-
I{HTepnpeTawlfi. It Ha HeroBaTa yKpeuI{TeJIHa clrcTeMa, oqe noBeqe, qe z TyK ca
HaJrrrqe oqeBr{[Hr4r [poTr.rBopeqns MexAy olucaHlreTo u rpaouunaTa AoKyMeHTa-
IIH, Ha npoyareHure ocraHKr,r u o6o6ulanarqrrre r{3BoAlr, cncreMarr,r3upauu pe3yJr-
Tarure or npoBeAeHr.rre pa3Konxu. Oco6eHo rIeHHa B ToBa orHorrreHr{e e crparrlr-
paQcxara Kaprr,rHa, ycraHoBeHa B'bB B'brperrrnocrra Ha crroMeHarara Beire roxHa
Kyra npu loro3aflagHara Kpelocrua nopra106. Tyr, o'spxy creprrJreH rrJracr or rpaM-
6onaua x'bJrra np'r,cr, Ha HrrBoro na 6anxera Mexly cy6- u cy[epcrpyKrlr{rr e 3ac-
BI,IAereJIcrByBaH xoMorenen croft or xopocaH, rrpr{MeceH c MHoro rlflc'bK. [e6enu-
Hara My e 0,07 ru u roft HeccMHeHo e cB'bp3aH c lr3rpaxAauero a fundamentis ua
KyJrara. Hag r:osu cnoii cnegna nJracr c ge6eruna 0,75 rtl, c'bcroflrrl ce or np'bcr,
KaM'bHlI, BBTJTeHI{ r{ x<lrBorrrHcKl{ Kocrrr, s xofiro e 6u;ro HaMepeHo MoHerHoro c6K-
poBLIqe or BTopara qerBtpr Ha V sex. Cnegnaquar rrJlacr (0,20 rtr) ce c'r,crorr or
oTK'bpTeHa Ma3r{JrKa, Bap r,r TyxJr[r u npeAcTaBJrflBa Hr{BeJrawfl, n yKpe[BaHe Ha Te-
peHa, cB'bp3aHrr c peKoHCTpyKrIu, H [oBTopHo B'bBexAaHe n're SyHrqr,Iff Ira Kynara
roa
Petre 1963,334-33i .
r0s
Haft-ruorara rr3BecrHa Aocera nonera or YJrMeryM e egru So.ru.rc na rrM[eparop l4parr,nfi.
or 614/615 r.: Mitrea 1966,p.426.
106
Pirvan 1913-14b, 282-283 (Fig. 37).
cJIeA [po[cJI)KuTeJIHo npeK'bcBaHe Ha o6l4TaBaneto. Hacropo cJreA ToBa T-f, ilocT-
paAaJIa or noxap, 3a Koero cBr{AereJrcrByBa eArrH cxoft (0,04 u) or atrnenra,
cI4JreH
flerreJr ra o6ropena [prcr. Il{errare 6unn 6tpso orcrpaHeHr{, a Hr.rBoro B'bB B'br-
peruHocrra Ha KyJIara ce IIoKaqLrJIo c 0, 17 lr (nracr or oTKGpreHa Ma3raJrKa, rrp'bcT
11 flapr{era tyxlu). Kpaxr Ha o6nrasaHero e cB:bp3aH c HoB [o)Kap, ocraBr{r qcur,r
ro7
fbidem, p.283,304 (nr. 43).
ro8
Piryan 1912, p. 505.
roe
ISM Y,57-93.
Ito Popescu 1976, N! 206-209.
"'Ibidem, Nb 210.
rr2 PAryan 1912,p.519, 533.
rro Kareroputreu Haqr..rH u qacrr,rqHn npeycrpoftcrBa rro yKpe-
rro-K'bcHr{ nolpaBKr,r
nrrreJrHl{Te ctop'b)<eHras, BrparxAaHero Ha B'b[pocHr{fl enurpaScrrr naMerHr4K c ro-
JrflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce oTHece KBM HqKof, oT BR3cTaHoBI{TeJrHo-KoHcoJrr,rAa-
rlr,roHHure crpor,rreJrHr,r KaMnaHLrr{. Or napupaula B rrrupoKr,r rpaHr,rrlrd Br{corrr/rHa or
HrrBoro Ha aHTr{rrur{q repeH (cpegiro 1,20-1,50 u) narope, o6a.{e, rpaAex'br Ha Kpe-
nocrHrlTe 3HAoBe sa6erexn'{o ce [poMeHfi r.r uMa BI,IA Berre Ha opus caementicium.
Tosa noroxeHr{e He ce flocoirBa u3pur{Ho B TeKcra Ha orqerl{Te, no go6pe Jrr{r{Id Ha
[pr{JroxeHr.rre K'bM Hero qeprexn ra cporocsurtrxul13. O6pyrranane urn orpa6nane
B no-HoBo BpeMe na o6pa6oreHr{Te KaM'bHrr or Jrr{qeBara o6nuqorxa e MHoroKpar-
HO saCBr,rAeTeJrCTByBaHO IIO rdflJrOTO rrpoTe)KeHfie Ha KpenoC'.tHr.lfl,3rrA B AOJTHaTa My
tracr, Ho eABa Jrr4 ToBa lr{e ga e o6xcueHrrero rr rrpra uocoqeHara cr,rryar{r,rfl. Qaxrrt,
rre Ha Mecra rpaAextT e gafla3er B paBHa Beprr.rKarrHa nJroc-
B opus caementicium
Kocr cbc crapareJrno oQopr'reuure Jrrrqa Ha [oJrHara qacr or 3I,IAoBere, naBa ocHo-
BaHUe Aa Ce TB'bpAI{, qe B cIyrlarl He cTaBa AyMa 3a ocTaHKI{ oT eMIIJIeKTOH, a 3a
[3rpaxAaHe Ha 3r,rAoBere BBB BucoquHa B cEB'bprrreHo pa3rLItIHa cTpor.rTeJrHa rex-
nnra. Marap roBa Aa He HaMr,rpa r,r3pa3 r o6rqure rr3BoArr, go uo4o6no 3aKJrK)rreHr,re
Aocrr.rra 14 cavlilffT B. flrpeax. Onursaftru ce ga o6xuu4 roJrrMoro KoruqecrBo ryx-
Jrr{, orKpuBaHr,r B Hacr{[a or pyrrreBnuurpafi KpenocrHlrre creHr{, rori gonycxa, ue
or eAHa oflpegeJreHa Brrcoqr,rHa (cnopeg Hero: or oKoJro 3,00 rta Harope) 3r.rgoBere
6nlu uzrpaAeHr,r rrpe3 peAyBaHe Ha xopu3oHTaJrHr,r ttoflcLt or 6eron (caementa) n
ryxnnl 14. flogo6xu pe3Kr{ pa3rru.rrus, B rrpr,rJraraHara rexHlrKa Ha rpaAex B eAHa r.r
c6rr{a flocrporfra ne ca xapaKTepHu 3a aHTuqHoro I4I K'bcHoaHTI{rrHo crpolrreJrcrBo
u ce o6scsgBar 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo caMo c Hruruqlaero Ha rrocJreAoBareJrHl{, xpoHoJro-
rlrqecK[ o6oco6enu KoHcrpyKrlreuu Sasu. flpor*rennre B nJraHa Ha Kpelocrurrre
rropr[r r,r [orepHr,r na Ynueryu y6egureruo cBr{AereJrcrByBar 3a Har[quero Ha [Be
rro-K6cHI4 KoHcrpyKTlrsHra Qasn. flpu n'spaara or rrx [poxoAtrre r,r Ha ABere Kpe-
nocrHtl floprlr u Ha Bc[rrKr,r florepHrr 6unu creureuvr, a [pl,r BTopara, ceBepo3a[ag-
Hara flopra r4 HrrKou or [orepHr,rre 6urn r,r3rlf,ro sasupanul15.
flpuroxeuara crporrreJrHa rexHr,rKa, orgeJlulrre or6panr,rreJrHr{ eJreMeHTrr
(xynr, KyprlrHrr, [oprr,r, uorepuu) u [JraHoBara cxeMa na Ynueryu Karo rlsro, Ha-
Mprpar MHoro 6nr,rsxu [apaJreJr]r cpeA flaMerHrrqrrre rra KccHoaHTr{rrHoro $opru-
Suraquouuo crpo[TeJrcrso. Harrqrrero Ha rB'bpAe xapaKTepHrrn phrourion c B'[,T-
peIrrHI{ [pIJIoHr{ olpeAeJreHo cB6p3Ba Ym'aeryrr,t c rlflJra cepus. yKpe[reHuq B npo-
B[Hqr.II,rre Bropa Mugns u Crurws. (f,rpyc, A6pr,rryc, Kanngana, Tpe:uuc-I,Iaror,
Tpoueyr"r TpaaHra, LI6uga-I ul46ilga-Il), rr3Ar{raHero Ha Korrro rpaAr,rqlrouHo ce or-
Hacfl KEM Kpar Ha III ll na.raroro na IV B., Ho c roJrffMa yBepeHocr cJre[Ba Aa 6rAe
flpeAarl,rpaHo B'bB BpeMero Ha c'bBMecrHoro yflpaBJreurre Ha l,IMreparopure Jlur{u-
rr3
Pirvan L912,504-529 (Pl.I-m, V, X-XVII);PArvan 1913-14b, 245-295 (Pl. i-XX),
a
rf
Pirvan 1912, p. 567.
rr5 Parvan l9l3-14b, passim.
P,uitu Koncranrran I u ua npaKTur{ecKl{ eAHorr4rrHoro yrrpaBJleHrle Ha Kogcrannr.rH
I n uepuoga cneg324 r.l16 flpegsl4A KareroprdtrHocrra Ha crparr{rpa$crure AaHHr4
or KyJIara rIpE loro3a[aAHara rropra, xoMoreHHraqr o6nur Ha [oJrHara qacr or yK-
penIITeJIHaTa CVCTeMa na Ylrvreryrra B Hr{KaK'bB cny.rat? He Moxe floBerre ga ce o6ac-
HqBa c ner?soto rpacHpaHe ra rlflJrocrHo r.r3r'pax[aHe eABa B'bB BpeMero Ha r4Mnepa-
top trOcuaurEan I. a c n'bJIHo [per.r3rroJr3yBaHe Ha 3aBapeHr.rre ocraHKr.r npu Iocu*rr-
aHoBara peKoHcrpyKqur. flpegcraBeHl{sr Iro-rope o6croen xpoHoJrorr4rrecKo-KoH-
crpyKTI4BeH aHaJII43 Ha Harl4qHl,rre AaHHrr y6egurenno cBuAereJrcrByBa, ire yKpelu-
TeJIHara cl{creMa na Yntretylr npugo6uea o6u1o-rsero Hacroflrrlrrfl cktBr4y,oqe [prr
HeroBoro Karo yKpeneH rIeHT'bp, narl-sepoar:Ho no BpeMe Ha eAHO-
BB3Hr4rKBar{e
Jrr{rrHoro ynpaBJreHr.le Ha r,rM[eparop Koncranrun I s neplroAa cneg324 r. Btsno-
Boro Kp'bcrorl'brHo MecronoJroxeHr{e B qeHTpaJrHara rracr Ha npoB}rHrlut Cxurua
I43AaBa uog6ygu or ql{cro BoeHHo-crparerllrqecKo ecrecrBo 3a HeroBoro r{3rpDK[a-
se. 3a n'bpBoHarIaJIHI{fl BoeHeH xapaKTep Ha yKpenJreHr4ero cBr.rAere.rrcrByBa r{ B,br-
perrrHoro 3acrporBaHe or crparr,rrpaScxu perficrpr4paHr4s [.bpBr,r [eprroA B Hero-
BOTO C'brrlecrByBaHe. flo pasuepn, Ylrureryu yBepeHo cJreABa Aa ce olpeleJrr.r Karo
castellum. Ctcrastr Ha HacraueHr{fl B Hero npes IV B. rapHr{3oH e Hera3BecreH, Ho B
opraHlrcaltrI4oHHo orHolrrenrae rofi Hec'bMHeHo rrle Aa e nprrHaAJrexaJr K.bM [oApa3-
AeJreHI{rTa Ha sacer comitatus,I{3['bJlHsBafirr,r s ttlupuo BpeMe BoeHHo-[oJrraqefrcxr.r
$ynxqlrrn n par?oua. rlpea nropara rrerBcpr na v s. yKpenJreHr{ero rex<Ko nocrpa-
AaJIO IIpI,I ]uIKOe OT XyHCKpITe HarraAeHr4rr r{ 3a rrpoA'bJD{il4TeJreH rrep}roA oT BpeMe
6lrno [eocraBeHo. Onr,rcanoro or flpoxonrart mscraHoBflBaHe ua YnueryM or r{M-
leparop trOcrr,rrrEan I naurapa 6esycnoeno apxeororuqecKo rrorB'bp;xgeuze. Tyx,
o6aue, ca neo6xogutMul HrKor4 Ba)KHr{ yror{HeHr4.fl. ApxeonoruqecKrrre [aHHIr rro-
Ka3Bar, ve yuorpe6eHara or K'bcHoaHTvt.t]giurs. aBTop Spasa "ek themelion" cliregF,a
ga ce pas6upa He B 6yxnalen, a r lrera$opurreH cMr{cBJr. B geficrnzteJrHocr, Ocru-
HI4aHoBI{flT crpoex "t43 ocHoBld" npegcranngBa Ha[crpogBaHe BGB Bl{coquHa Ha pa3-
\IIIICTeHI{Te, HI4BeJTI{paHr4 LI KOHCOJTT4AI'IpaIIr OCTaHKLI OT CTapOTO yKperrJIeHI4e, KOe-
To e AoBeJIo Ao noqrl4 Tor{Ho B'b3npoI.{3Be)KAaHe Ha [JraHoBara cxeMa or: IV a., raro
eArlHCTBeHr.rre [peycrpoficrsa ce c'bcrorr B crecHflBaHe Ha npoxoArrre Ha [oprr.rre
r,I [orepHlrre. Tosa
HarI'bJrHo o6scHqsa r4 KopeHHara pa3JrrrKa B crpor.rreJrHara rex-
HI{Ka, perr{crpr,rpaHa B AoJrHara r4 B ropHara r{acr Ha 3ilAoBere. B nprxa BpB3Ka c
trOctr.rnr,rauoBara peKoHcrpyKllrrs ce HaMrrpa crpor..rreJrHrrflT HaA[r{c, nocraBeH B eA-
Ha or KyJrI,ITe or BoeHHara vacr lanciarii iunioresrl1 . Brupocuara qacr np[HaAJre-
xaJla K'bM sacer comitatus u 3a }1refl ce [peArroJrara, qe 6una cueqnaJrl,r3rrpaHa B'bB
$opru$nxaquoHHoro crpor..rreJrcrsoll8. ilar or ctrrloro BpeMe Aarr,rpar u ABa HaA-
116
flo rogu Brbrrpoc, rx.: Top6aron 2000, c. 26 at.3a qnrrpanure yKpeleHr.r o6errn na
Tepl{ToprrsTa Ha [poBI4HIIw Crurwa, B)K. caorBerHr.rre pa3AeJrrz s frara II.2.
rr7 Popescu
1976, Nb 2ll.
rr8
Hoffmann 1969, S. 438,489.
ll4ca-rpasrlTlr, r{3ApacKaHr,r c ocrpr4e B'bpxy He3ac'bxHaJrara Ma3rrJrKa B Apyra or
KyJII,ITeI19. Cnopeg aHaJII{3a sa c'slvrvxra u ficropuqecKr4Te c'sg6ranu Ha AoJrHo[y-
HaBcKI{Te seMr.r [pe3 yflpaBJreHr.rero Ha r{Mleparop lOcrunuan I, upegupraeMaHero
Ha crpol{TeJrHara KaMnaHr{fl a Yrueryu rr3rJre)Kga BepoflTHa eABa B nepr4oga cJreA
551 r.120 Ctgefixu [o xapaKTepa Ha B'r,TperrrHoro 3acrpoqBaHe, B'b3craHoBsBaHero
Ha yKpenJleHlrero eABa JII{ e 6u.,o cB'bp3aHo c B'b3craHoB{BaHe I4 Ha HeroBrITe HqKo-
raIuHId BoeHHr{ Symqlru: npe3 BTopr4rr K'bcHoaHTrdr{eH nep[oA B HeroBoro pa3Br,r-
rue Yltrletyrrr Hafi-nepoflTHo upugo6ur o6rur<a Ha o6uKHoBeHo yKpeleHo ceJrr4rrle,
Ctparurpa$crure AaHHr.r rroKa3Bar, qe rto HtrKoe BpeMe rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBr{Ha Ha
VI s. cellrrqeT o 6u;ro o6err Ha HoBo HarrageHue, [puqr.ruraro cruxwir:au no)Kapr{ r4
r{acrr4r{Hl4 pa3py[reHlrs. flonaqroqrtreM ToBa ct1utte He Moxe
Aa ce Aarr4pa ror{Ho,
Ho I{3rJIe)KAa cJreABa [a ce cBtpxe vilvt c Kyrpr4rypcKoro HarrrecrBr{e npee 559r.,
r.rlu c nsxort or [o-paHHI,ITe aBapo-cJraBflHclr.:tt rroxogr{ or Kpa, na VI n. flopax<enra-
,Ta B pe3yJlTar or HanageHr4ero 6unu 6rpeo orcrpaHeHrr rn xtrBorbr n Ynuerylr ce
e'bso6Hoszn. K'ru B'b3craHoBl{TeJrHrrre MeponpurlTlllfl or roBa BpeMe cJIeABa Aa ce
orHecar I{ [ocJreAHlrre nolpaBKrr no yKperilrreJrHara cr{creMa, BKr}or{Baulr4 6lorr,r-
paHero Ha ceBepo3araAHara KperrocrHa [opra ra na (vacr or?) norepnure. Cnopeg
HyMr3MarI4.r{HIrfl Marepu aJI, xil{Bortr n YnueryM oKoHqareJrHo 3aurBxHaJI qaK K'bM
BToporo uJrrr rperoro Aecerr{Jrerue na VII B., Ho BeporrHo oule cJreg npe)Kr4Benufl.
B Kpafl sa VI r,urr4 Har{aroro na VII B. Tperr{ raracrpo$aJreH y[ap, rori npecranal
ga QynrqnoHr,rpa Karo yKpereH rIeHT:bp.
I le
Popescu 197 6, Ns 212.
r2o
Torbatoy 1997a,p. 83 sqq.
r2r
TIR L35, p. 51.
t22lbidem; Comga 1957,325-326 (Fig. l-2);Gajewskal974,p.
l2l, 158.
O6p.78. Mnpva Bont (TRES PROTOMAE?). Oxouepna cKIrIIa r,u **"ropr*"*oto
yKpeuJreHrre (Comga 1957 , p.326, Fig. 1). / Fig. 78. MirceaVod[ (TRES PROTOMAE?).
Sketch-map of the Late Roman fortification (Comqa 1957 , p.326' Fig. 1).
r23
B ras6poeu[Te B ropuara 6etexxa ny6nuraqran ce yKa3Bar pa3MepLI 50 x 20 unu 50 x 30
M, HO TOBa [poTuBopeq}r Ha c'br[bTcTByBarrlaTa onrlcaHueTo cxeMa, ex.: comqa 1957,
p. 326 (Fig. 1).
'br-Jrrrre e r4MaJro no eAHa KyJra c Hef,cHa Sopua u pa3Mepu. flrpnuar u3creABaq Ha
o6erra [peAloJrara Aarr.rpoBKa nafi-o6qo s III r.l2a, Ho KJracldr{ecKara [JIaHoBa cxeMa
Ha yKpelJreHr4eTo AaBa ocHoBaIII{e ro c'bc cl{rypHocT [a ce onpeAeJII4 KaTo
quadriburgium, a vatpa)KAaHero My Aa ce orHece He flo-paHo or caMIm rpar:r xa III
rrJrr{ B rrbpBr4Te Aecerilnerus na IV s.
KnagpudyprrryM'br rpafi Mupva Bogt e 6rar usgurnar Ha Mflcro, K'bAero ca
ce npecuqaJrr4 ABa or nari-saxuure rrbrr B'bB B'brperuHocrra Ha npoB]IHIIus, Clru-
Tuq: ro3rl ot MapqnaHo[oJll4c upee 3angana, Tpoueyu Tpaxnu, Ymtleryu uZl1nga
sa HoeraogyHyM r{ rrbrfl or Touu sa Axcuono rruct25. Btnpocrzar rnagpu6ypr}IyM c
yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa 6tAe nprrrr[creH KtM yKpenJIelauflTa 3a BtrperuHa clrrypHocr
c floArrepraHr{ ['brHo-oxpaHr,rreJrHr{ Synrqrau. Orrpuroro HflKGAe B oKoJrHocrI{Te
MoHerHo c'bKpoBr{rqe c uarl-mcrl.I eK3eMnrlflpu or ox.4'1.4 r.126, xaxro Ir orc'bcrBl{-
ero Ha apxeororuqecKl4 Marepfianril o"t VI s. e pafioua na c. Mupus BoAt, cBI{Ae-
TeJrcrByBar, qe narYr-xrcHo KtM rrocJregHara rrerB'bpr Ha V s. yKpenJIeHI,Iero e [pec-
TaHairo Aa caqecTByBa.
B'rs ocHoea Ha yKa3aHoro B'bpxy eAHa MIaJIIrapHa KoJIoHa or 134 r. pa3cro-
fl:rruet27, npu Mr.rpua Bog'r [peAnoJro)Kr{TeJrHo ce roKaJrr{3[pa eHlrrMaruqHara rrcr-
Ha craHIII{, Tres Protomae, HaM[IpaJIa ce Ha XXVII p[McKI,I MI{JIII or TourE128. Axo
npeAnoJrox<eHr{eTo e BqpHo, MHoro BepoqTHo e KbcHoprIMcKoTo yKpenJreHIIe Aa e
HacJreAr.IJIO r4MeTO.
15. Myp$auap
(com. Murfatlar, jud. Constanla)
r2a
Comqa 1957 , p.326.
12s
TIR L35, p. 5l; gtefan 1974a, p. 108.
126
Ocheqeanu 1976-L980, p.231 sqq.
t27
clL,l[,'1613.
r28
PArvan 1912, p. 581.
r2e
TIR L35, p. 52 (CIL, m, 14455).
t30ISM rl,2g7.
131
Baumann 1983, 62-63.
r32
Ibidem.
O6p.79. TPOIEyM TPAflHI,I (TROPAEUM TRAIANI). TonorpaQraa Ha rpaAa rpe3
K'bcHoaHrr{rrHara enoxa (Barnea et aI.1979, Fig. 23). I Fig.79. TROPAEUM TRAIANI.
Topography of the city during the Late Antiquity (Barnea et a[.1979, Fig. 23).
turris. a SyHrquoHaJrHo - Aa ce rrocraBrr B'bB Bp'b3Ka c Ha6rrogeHr4rero rr KoHTpoJra
na rpa$r.rxa rro rrbrq Me)KAy Tolru u Arcraouonuc.
r33
flo-crapara KurrxHrrHa, cB'bp3aHa c flcropr.{rrra na Tponeylr Tpaxura, e yKa3aHa s: TIR
L35,7 4-75.
r3a
flo-crapr.rreMHeHr{s ca nogpo6uo aHanr{3r4paH}r s: Sucevearnu 1977,71-75; Hoeara
xnrrore3a e $opuyrurpaua nafi-sanpeg n: Dorufiu-Boili 1978, S. 245 sqq.
r35
O6croen o6:op ua ucT op[f,Ta Ha apxeoJror[rrecKfiTe flpoyqBaHtls s: Bflrnea etal.1979,
13-34 (pasgerrtr e Haru4can o'r I,I. Bapna).
136
Barnea et al. 1979, p. 48 sqq. (pasgenT r e HarrrcaH or: fr. Eorgan Krrrnuvlty).
r37
KrcnoanrurrHara yKperlr.rreJrHa cr{creMa ua Tponeyrra Tpaauu e ilpeACTaBeHa cflopeA
AaHHrrre, ny6,rruxynaHu e: Pirvan 19L1,163-19 1; Barnea 1968, 384-386; Barnea et
al, 197 9, 47 -7'7 ; Scorpan 1980, 44-49.
9
fi
11
Iflffi
e
13
l1
15 tr=t:
0F.- 50m
r38
Petrikovitsl97l,p.200; Johnson 1983, p.46 sqq.
r3e
Ennrpa$cK[sr Marep[aJr or ['bpBrrre apxeoJror[qecKn KaMTIaHI{II r Tponeyu Tpaxuu e
roMecreH n: cIL, fiI, 7 481-7 484, 12461-1247 5, 13733-13736, 14214-1427418
(npegc.rora [pen3AaBaue rr rlrJrocrua ny6nuxaqnx na enr.rrpa$cKlltf, Marepl{aJl or
eroxara Ha flprHqmara B orAereH roM Ha ropeAl,Iqa'ra "Inscripliile din Scythia
Minor").
r40
CIL, ilI,
13734 (= Popescu 1976, N! 170).
rar 3a garnpoBKara, sx.: frana I.2.
ra2
Papuc 1974,p.325 sqq.; Barnea etal.1979,64-77 (pas$e.r'br e Harncau ot [,x' flanyr);
Papuc 1986, p. 159 sqq.
ou{e K'BM Kpafl Ha IIJ B.143 Haurpafixu ce B c'bBceM [BpBoHarraJreH craAilfi, pa6otlr-
re lutrul BHe3aIIHo rlpeycraHoB e*u, a r.r3rpaAeHlrre ocHoBr{ 6ralu xoncepBupaHr.r c
paBHoMepHo noJIo)KeH T'bHGK flJracr xopocaH. Karo upuvr4Ha 3a rrpeK1cBaHero
o6lrrnoseHo ce coqrr rorcKoro HanaAegrre or 295 r.1aa Cnope[ AaHHrrre or apxeo-
rorl{rrecKure pa3KoIrKI,I, nlso6noeeHoro no-K'bcHo crpor,rreJrcrso 6rlro ct11poBo-
AeHo oT BHactHe Ha HqKoI'I cT,IqecTBeHLI KopeKqlr[, onpocTsBaqll ntpBoHaqarHr,rs
[JraH Ha roto3arraAHux cexroplas. Te ce u3pa3flBarrv B r43ocraBrHero Ha 6 or npeg-
BI'IAeHI4Te 3a LI3rpDKAaHe KyJILI r{ B TOTaJTHO npenJraHr.rpaHe Ha ro)KHara nopra. 3a-
cera He pa3[oJlaraMe c'bc cBlrgereJrcrBa, qalu nogo6Hr4 [poMeHI4 ca 3acerHalt;1r rl
Apyrrr yqacTbrlll. flpegnug Lr3KrloqllTeJrrro xoMoreHnrEx i o6nux r{ noBceMecrHo
perlacrpllpaHaTa I4AeHTUqHa TexHr{Ka Ha fpaAex, MHo3T4HCTBOTO OT C.bBpeMeHHr{Te
r43cre[Bar{u npraeMar, rre yKpeflr.rreJrHara cr,rcreMa na Tpoueyu Tpaxnu e npugo6z-
Jra HacroflIIIVr, cvt BLIA B pe3yJrrar Ha eAHa go6pe o6rrarzclesa z eceo6xsarHa crpo[-
TeJIHa KaMrIaHIrrI, OC'bIr{eCTBeHa rIO BpeMe Ha CBBMeCTHOTO ynpaBJrel{r4e Ha IrMnepa-
TopI'{Te Koncranurn I u JlnqruuIi. IopecnoMeHarr{sr HaAlvc ce cqr.rra 3a cBralereJr-
crBo, r{e rru 316 r. crpor,rreJrcrBoro e [pr4Krroqulo. flogo6Ho rBTpleHrire, o6a!re,
ce HaMr{pa B ocrpo [porr,rBopeque c apxeoJrorr{r{ecKHTe
sarrz. flocera Ha ABe pa3-
Jrl{rrHrr Mecra B xopocaHa Ha yKpe[LrreJrHr{Te caop.b)KeHll, ca HaMepeH}I no_K,:bcHr4
MoHerr4 (egnara or 321-324, a Apyrara or 331-332 r.), raro r4 B ABara cryrrafl Kare-
ropurrHo craBa AyMa 3a ocHoBHt4 rpaAexr{, a He 3a [o-K.bcHr{ npeycrpoficrsala6. Te-
3I{ MOHeTI{ Ce .gBfBar Heoc[opr4Mo cBlrAereJrcrBo, qe noHe orAeJrHu yqacr.bllvt vtilvt
eJreMeHTr{ OT yKpe[r,rreJrHara cr{creMa ua Tponeyu Tpaanu Bce oule ca 6wfiq B npo-
IIec Ha LI3rpDKAaHe Muoro cJreA Aarara Ha crpoilTeJrHrrrr Hagrruc. Oco6euo roJrflMo
BHr{MaHr{e 3acJryxaBa MoHerara, HaMepeHa B eMrrJreKToHa Ha Kyla 16 (T 16), xa
HI4IBoTo Ha BTopI,Is rloflc oT JILIIIeBaTa o6lraqonxa (r.e. n narl-gonnara qacT Ha rpaAe-
xa!). Tx npLIHaAJrexil,I Ha MoHerocer{eHero sa Koucranrun I u cnaAa KBM eMr{cus
ot 337-332 r. Brs ocHoBa Ha ra3r4 Morrera, r..r3rpaxAaHero Ha KyJrara B Hr.rKaKGB
cryuari He Moxe Aa ce orHece no-paHo or 331 r. Trfi xar:o Kyna 16 e rcucrpyKTrrB-
HO CBbp3aHa r.r [peAcraBJr-flBa r,rHTerpaJrHa qacr or roro3alaAHr,rfl ceKTop Ha yKpeIII4-
TeJrHara crrcTeMa ua Tponeyrrl Tpaxura, To c'blrlara AaTHpoBKa or{eBr.rAHo cJreABa
Aa
ce pa3[pocTpe r,r B'bpxy rIeJrrH ceKrop.
ra3
flpoyvnarenar ([>r. flanyx) e cKJroHeH Aa [prreMe AarrrpoBKa oqe B.bB BpeMero Ha uM-
[eparop Anpenr.rau (nx. qlrr:r,rpaHara Jlrrreparypa B ropHara 6enexcra). Mnenr,rero
ce [oAAcpxa u or Apyr]I u3cneABaq[ (Diaconu 1980a, p. 389), Ho 3a roBa rrr.rrrcBar
KaKBIrro u ga 6wto xpoHoflou4rrecKl{ logarKr.r. ]Igragauo e tr flpeAloJrox<e]rr{e, qe
crpoer(br Iuoxe 6r.r e 6tln gano.rnar B paHnog]roKJreruaHoBo BpeMe: Scorpan 1980,
p.46.
raa
Scorpan 1980.p. 46.
ras
flocnegno ro re3r.r B'brpoclt: Bogdan Citlniciu lggg,259-269.
Ia6
Barnea et al. 1979, p. 7 5, n. 39.
Heo6scsuvrr4Te HarJre[ nporr.rBopeqr{s Mex4y enurpa$cKr..r [aHHrr r{ apxeo-
JrofI4r{ecKLI CBITAeTeJICTBa MOraT, BC'bITIHOCT, MHOIO JIeCHO IA HarI'bJIHO 3aAOBOJII4-
TeJIHo ga 6rgar H3rJraAeHr{. fiocrartvno e caMo Aa ce nprdeMe, qe HaAnr4c'br or
315-316 r. (nruperu c'bAtp)Karrloro ce B Hero u3pr4r{Ho yrepeuue!) e o3HaMeHyBaJr
He 3aB'bpmeKa, a T'bpxecTBeHoTo [oJralaHe Ha HaqaIoTo Ha cTpor.rTeJIHaTa KaMrra-
nua. flpouaraHAHr.rrr xapaKTep Ha reKcra ce HaMr4pa B n'bJrHo c'brJracue c Ayxa Ha
enoxara I{ pa3KpI,IBa 6rragxu aHaJrorrru c go6pe rr3BecrHr{Te r.r qecro KoMeHTr{paHrr
crpor.rreJrHr,r Hagrrr.rcu or Cexcarunra llpucra, TpancruapvcKav fiypocropyM, Aarr{-
palrlrr or caMr{fl rpafi na 111 Karro e r{3BecrHo, npe3 Jrrroro na 316 r. orHorxe-
".1+;
lruflTa Me)KAy Koucranrzu I ra Jlnqunr,rfi pxsro ce Bromuru r.r Me)KAy rxx ua6yxHala
sollua. Creg oronqareJrHoro My ropaxeHr{e [pe3 317 r., Ilulg.uunh sary6ua no-ro-
Jr{Mara qacr or 6amancxr.r:re cI{ BJraAeHyrfl, Karo n enponeftcKr.rre [peAeJIIr Ha LrM-
rrepl4tra noq HeroB KoHTpoJr ocraHaJr caMo Ar.roqestr Tpaxrax, qacr or xofiro ctc-
TaBJrtBaJra I4 npoBLIHIIT{s Cxurus.l48. Toqno ra3r{ cr.rryarlr{fl olrpa3rBa, clopeA MeH.
KoHcrarrrpaHara B roro3alalHr.rq ceKTop ua Tponeyu Tpaanr,r paHHa crpor4TeJrHa
$asa: 3anorrHaroro ccBceM HacKopo flpeArr roBa qqrocrHo rrperr3rpaxAaHe Ha rpaq-
cKara yKpelr4TeJrHa crrcreMa no Heo6xogr{Mocr 6ulo npeycraHoBeHo, [opaArr pa3-
paala:aara ce npe3 BTopara [oJroBrlHa :oa316 r. rpaxgaHcxa softHa. @EHancosoro
I{3ToIrIeHrre pr pa3opeHr,re na rpaxr.rficKure rrpoBr{Hrlr{u, [peBapHaJrr.r ce B Tearap Ha
6or?nzre gerlcrnr,ra, Hec'bMHeHo e pe$lexrupaJro B'bpxy 3anoqHaroro crpor,rreJrcr-
Bo: [pegBr,rA rpaHArao3Hocrra Ha [pe[[prrerra, B Tponeyru Tpaxulr crpoex, Mr{c'bJr-
Ta 3a HeroBoro rrpoAGJr)KaBaHe r..r 3aB'bprrrBane e tpa6oalo ga 6rqe r43ocraBeHa 3a
no-go6pu BpeMeHa. Kaxro KareropurrHo cor{ar flprrBegeHr.rre [o-rope apxeoJroru-
rlecKrr AaHHI{, TaKaBa B'b3MOXHOCT Ce rrOrBr{JIa eABa CJIeA OKOHqaTeIHOTO OMLIpOT-
BopsBaHe ua I4uuepuara r{ npeBp'brrlaHero na Koncranruu I npes 324t. B HerrH
eAHorvqeH roclolap, u ro - narl-nepoxrHo K'bM Kpaq Ha HeroBoro ynpannenr.rel4g.
ra7
O6o6rqaraq norureA B'r,pxy HaAnr{cr,rre s: Kolendo L966, p. 139 sqq.; Marap o6nruoreso
Aa ce rrprleMa, qe re3l{ HaAflr,rclr or6ensgsar Kpa.fl Ha flpeAflprrerr.rre Ha rpr{Te Mecra
crpor4TeJrHu pa6oru (rara e: Zahariade 1988, p. 112.), rona e rBtpAe MarrKoBepo-
srHo, rIpeABuA uAeHTr{qHara r{M Aarr4posra. flo.{Tu 6yxnamioro cbBrraAeHr{e Ha rsx-
HOTO CaA.bp)KaHI4e e AaJIO OCHOBaHT4e Te Aa Ce rlHTeprrpeTr{paT KaTO Korrrre Ha eArlH
rr c.sru oSzqzaleu AoKyMeHT, r43AaAeH or KaHueJrapuflTa Ha AyKca Ha rrpoBlrHrlru
Btopa Musttfl. (Kolendo 1966,p.146). flpoxnaMarr{BHr.rflr xapaKrep Ha ro3r{ AoKy-
MeHT JIecHo Mo)Ke Aa ce o6scur c [pr{Be)KAaHero B r{3n'bJrHeHtre Ha egna rraaqa6ua
npoBlIHqI{aJIHa BoeuHo-crpor{TeJrHa rrporpaMa, Ho eABa rra 6n lrorul [a ce nprreMe
Karo orrrer sa HeftHoro [oBceMecrHo r{ eAnoBpeMenuo (!) [p[KrroqBaHe.
ras
Barnes 1982, p. 198.
rae
flpegcraneHara re3a e pa3B[ra u n: Top6aros 2000, c. 30; HauocneA.bK HflKoa or pa3-
KorlBaqrrre na Tponeyrr.r Tpaauu ctuqo or6elq3Bar, rre BaflpeKr.r cbAtpxaHrrero Ha
KoMeHTIrpaHna nagnrzc $opru$r,rraqnoHHoro crpoureJrcrBo raM He rrpuKrroqrlro B
316 r., a rpontJlxr{rro r{ rpe3 crreABau{rrre Aecerr4Jrerrrr: Bogdan Citiniciu 1995-
1996, p.207.
B egrau [o-KBceH MoMeHT, KcM rpaAcKara Kpelocrlra creua ua Tponeyvr
Tpaxuu 6ur upucrpoeH or lorou3ToK yKperleH aHerc c rpalelloBuAeH [JraH v pa3-
ruepu 95 x 75 r*1. Bts srHlrHr{Te 'brJrr,r rr rro cpe[ara Ha Ioro[3TorIHIrt 3tU Ha nocr-
poftrara rrlr{ar ocraHKHTe or 3 xynulsO. Pesyntau{Te or [poBegeHure ryK [pe3
30-re roguupl na XX B. apxeoJrorlrqecK[ npoyqBaHl,r.fl He ca lr3Becrnra. CnoMeuaea
ce caMo, qe coHgaxHo 6uro npocJreAeHo rpacero Ha oKoJroBptcrHlls 3LIAls1.[ttro
BpeMe yKperreHrrrr aHeKc ce rrHTepnperlrpame Karo "BogeH pe3epBoap". flouacro-
flrr{eM Ta3[r Te3a ce oTxB'bpJrfl. ur ce AorrycKa, qe ToBa e Tepr{Topl4aJrHo pa3IuI,IpeHI{e
Ha rpa[a, nafi-nepoxrHo or BTopara [oJIoBI{Ha na IV B., [po[I4KTyBaHo or Hapacr-
BaHe Ha HaceJreHueTo r4r oT neo6xogrzuocTTa [a My ce [peAocTaBII esraxacna 3alqu-
ra1s2. CnopeA MeH, B cryqafl craBa AyMa 3a BoeHHo yKpeIIJreHI{e (castellum), ilpeA-
Ha3HaqeHo 3a HacTaHrBaHeTo B Hero Ha KoHTI{HreHT OT C'bCTaBa Ha UO6UnrUare qacTl{
(comitatenses). B [ocJre[HraTe roArrH[r 3a[orrHa c[creMno apxeororuqecKo tlpoyt{-
Tponeylr Tpaxuu, Ho Bce oule He ca ny6ruryBaHlr AaH-
BaHe Ha yKperreHl,Ir aHeKc n
nu, cuoco6crByBarru 3ay3floaflBaHero Ha HeroBara ctlqHocr r'r xponolornxls3.
Brg ocnosa Ha MoHera Ha vMneparop TeogocIlfi II, uauepeHa cpeg rIJIacr or
xopocaH B Helocpe[crBeHa 6rrzsosr [o I'I3ToqHara KpelocrHa creHa, [GpBI,ITe ap-
XEOJIOTITIECKI{ PEIIICTPI,IPAI{rI IIOIIPABKII HA IIACTU OT YKPENI,ITEJIHATA CI{CTEMA HA
Tponeyrra Tpatau ce Aarlrpar n (nrpna:ra V r.1sa Cnopeg upeAJroxe-
rIoJroBLIHa ua)
rrara HoBa r{HTepfiperarlrlxlss Ha HaA[rrca B'bpxy 6nor or B'bHIuHara o6rurqoaxa na
roro3arragHara Kpe[octua crena156, MHoro e Bepoqruo'roft ga ce HaMrIpa B [pflKa
Bp'b3Ka I4MeHHO C Ta3[I peMOHTHO-B'b3CTaHOBI{TeJIHa KaMfIaHI4fl, rIpUqIiIHI,ITe 3a npe[-
[prreMaHeTo Ha KogTo cJreABa Aa ce T'bpcflT B roTcKI{Te I,I XyHCKLI HalaAeIII{f, OT
Kpar Ha IV u utpeara [oJroBI{Ha na V B. I{, eBeHTyaJrHo, B HaHeceHI4Te or rflx [opa-
x(eHufl. Marap 3a roBa Aa HflMa r43pl,IrrHr4 yKa3aHuq, [IHTeH3I{BHara c'rpoLITeJIHo-
peKoHcrpyKrlr,roHHa geftnocr or Kpaq na V qo K'bM cpelara na VI 8., 3acBI{AereJIcr-
ByBaHa rroBceMecrHo B rreprure Ha rpaAa, ule Aa e o6xsaHara rr HeroBI{Te or:6paura-
TeJrHrr c'bopt)KeHrrx. B oSnquaJIHIiITe AoKyMeHTIa ot VI a. Tponeyrnl Tpa*ru e or-
6e.nssaH cpe[ rpaAoBerel5T r{ elrrcKoncKrrre ce[aJrl{qa158 r [poBI{HII[, Crurvx. Tori
r5o
Barnea etal. 1979,p.59.
r5r lbidem, p. 27 (pa:xonrr na fI. Hraropecry).
r52
Barnea l99la, p.202.
153
flpoy.rena e ceBeporr3ToqHara'brroBa Kyna, Kosro rlMa KptruJt ruan. YcrasoBeH]t ca I{
xrrJrr{ulHrr HuBa oT paHHopLrMcKaTa eloxa, flpeflruecTByBaulrl Lr3Al.{laHeTo Ea yKpefl-
rreHr4ero: Barnea 1993, p. 397; Barnea 1994, p.3','5
154
Barnea etal. 1979,p.59.
r55
B>r.: fnara I.2.
156
Barnea 1977, p. 278 ; Barnea et al. 1979, p. 7 1.
r57
Hier. Synecd. 637, 8 (ed. Parthey).
r58
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 651).
ceprro3Ho [ocTpaAaJr IIo BpeMe Ha KyTpr{rypcKoTo HarrrecTBrle oT 559 r., [opaAr4r
Koero He +r4rypupa B crruc'bKa Ha flpoKonrarl B HeroBr4fl TpaKTar "3a crpoexure",
Ho lrlerr{re 6unlr 6'rpao JrrtKalaavpanlrl5g. Cnopeg cBeAenuero Ha Teo$unarr Cu-
MoKaral60, ltorB'bpAeHo r{ or apxeororulrecKrrre [aHHrr, rpaA'br 6ra.n npesser I{ ono-
xapeH r.r no BpeMe Ha roJrqMoro aBapcKo HauecrBr{e or 585 r.161 HyurasMarr4lrHrrrr
uarepraall62 u uo-Hogure upoyqBa:ntufl, odaue, cr4rypHo cBrzgereJrcrByBar, r{e )KrrBo-
Trb" [poALJr)KLrJr rr cJreA ToBa. Crparurpa$cKrr e ycraHoBeHo Harrzr{r,rero r{a KyJrry-
peH flJracr c [Be orqerruu:r, x.urprrrlHrr Hr{Ba, Aarprparq or Kpafl na VI }r n'bpBr4Te
Aecerr{Jrerr.rs na VII s.163 O6[raBaHero flpuKrroqr.rro 6es nlrgraurr cJre[rr or Hacr{-
Jrr{e, Karo Tponeyrra Tpatlau 3ala3r{Jr rpalcKr.r, cu o6nur, a BepoflTHo - r.r xapaKTepa
Ha yKpeneH qeHT'bp, qaK [o oKoHr{aTeJrHoro My a3ocTaB.flHe oT HeroBrlTe IIocJreEHu
o6r,rrarem,r HrrK'bAe npes VII r.1e
17. Crpaxa
(s. Straja; com. Cumpdna; jud. Constan{a)
rse
flo rogr B:brrpoc sx.: Irara I.1.
160
Theoph. Sim. Hist. I, 8 (ed. de Boor).
161
[a:rrponxara e cropeA xpouoJrorusra ua B. floon: Pohl 1988, S. 82 sqq.; B pyrrmcrara
Ecrop[qecKa u apxeoJror[qecKa flr,rreparypa c'buloro cr6nrre ce Aarr{pa n 586/7 r.
B npxra Bpb3Ka c rpar[qu[Te flocJreArrrlrr or roBa HaurecrBrle ce HaMr,rpa MoHerHo-
To c'bKpoBr{u{e or 3JrarHr,r rr MeAHn HoM[HaJrr{ or VI n., orKpr{To rrplr pasKorrKrrre
npes 1908 r.: Ocheqeanu 1995, p. 163 sqq.
162
Poenaru/Bordea 1968, p. 409 sqq.; Yertan/Custurea 1982, p.281 (nr. 513) (nonoeun
$onuc Ha r{Mneparop Oora or 608/609 r. - ToBa e uafi-x, cuara [3BecrHa Aocera
MoHera or Tpoueyr"l Tpaanu or pa3rJrexAanux nepuog).
163
Scorpan 1972,p.349 sqq.; Scorpan 1974,p.339 sqq.; Scorpan 1980,47-49.
rs Scorpan 1980, p. 49 (anropr:r flprreMa, qe xnBorbr [peKBcBa oKoJro 614 r., Ho Ee [ocoqBa
HI{KaKBI{ apryrtrentra).
165
Tocilescu 1900, 218-219.
166
HA BAH, $. 165x, ou. 1, a.e. 605 (Parner 19826, c.204).
167
TIR L35, p. 69.
168
Mitrea 1985,p. 172.
YT{BAHU' I4 KAKBI{TO II [A 6UNO KOHKPETHI'I AAHHI4, OIIPEAENflHETO HA QYHKIII{OHAJI-
HOTO rrpe[Ha3Har{eHr4e Ha yKpe[JIeHI{eTo e [paKTurIecKIr HeBB3MoxHo.
r6e
CIL, III, 144372 (rraecronarralrpaHero Ha HaArr{ca He e c'bBceM cl.{rypHo, sx.: Pirvan 19L2,
p. 579, n. 3; Suceveanu 1977, p. 7 4).
r70
Vulpe 1938, p. 166, 1t 3; Vulpe/Barnea 1968, p.164; Gajewska 1974,103-104,122,147
Be.nror 1984a, c. 138, 146; Suceveanu 1991, p.54.
r?l Aricescu 1970,p.303 sqq.; Aricescu 1972,p.331 sqq.; Aricescu 1977,p.152 sqq.; Aricescu
1980, p. 83 sqq.
t72
Torbatov 2000b, p. 59.
r73
Tocilescu 1903 (nx. rprrJroxeHara Kapra "La Dacie romaine"); Illxopuua 1905a, c.492;
Kalinka 1906,351-352 (Fig. 152);Weiss 1911, S.80.
17a
[annu 3a nnaHa Ha yKperureHr{ero ce ctp6p)<ar r ueny6ruryBan p'bKorrllc ua fI. flolonur.
Te ca6umt [poBepeHr,r Ha repeHa rl yrorrHeHr,r or X. latiencKa, B)K.: Gajewska L974,
103-104, 147.fTpw6trrt3llTerrHa cxeMa Ha o6exra, 6azvrpawa Ha aepo$orocHllMKa, e
ny6nuryrana n: Rada et al.1988, p.200,fig.7.
17s
Weiss 1911, S. 80.
HyM r{ npeAlIoJraraT TflcHa $ynxqnouaJrHa Bp'b3Ka c opraHrBar{rurTa Ha rrBTHtr r Tpa-
Sr"''u. fl. Bafic Aopr.r r.r3puqHo ro KBaJrr4$raqupa xaro praesidium, ttaflnsraitxn Ha
3Har{eHrrero My 3a oxpaHara Ha rrlsrs.l11. B'snpexlr roBa, Karo ce EMa rrpe[BrrA He3-
Har{I4TeJIHoro My orcroflHr,re (ua no or. 10-12 rr"r) o'r c'bce[Hr,rre roJreM]r rpa4cKr{
IIeHrpoBe 3argana u Tponeyu TpaxHu, Ha yKpe[JreHrrero xpaft tlera"r eABa Jrr4
cJreABa Aa ce rrprrnucBar HqKaKBrz oco6enu BoeHHo-rroJruqeficrur Qyr*qr" rro ocury-
pflBaHe Ha BtTperunara 6eeouacHocr n pafioHa. Illupoxaxr xpoHoirofl{qecxu o6x-
BaT Ha HyMl{3MaTr.rqHr,rfl MaTepLIaJI OT O6erra CBrI[eTenCTByBa 3a rrpO[bJDKr,ITeJrHa
loceJr,rrr{Ha Tpa[uqIrfl Ha ToBa ]\4f,cTo, KoeTo AaBa ocHoBaHI{e Aa ce npeA[oJloxr{, qe
B Crya{as cTaBa 4yiraa nafi-nepoqTHo sa rpanc$opMar[,rq npe3 K'bcHaTa arrTtrqHocr
Ha eAHo no-llaHHo HeyKpeleHo B yKpeneuo cenurqelT8.
19. Il"nonenu
(s. Plopeni llvrarueCavaclarl; com. Chirnogeni; jud. Constanla)
176
Ocneu Ilr{Tr{pauara B rpeAxoAHrrre [Be 6ere><xu Jlr{Teparypa, Bx. oqe: Pirvan 1912, p.
579;Vulpe 1938, p. 166, 188; Be.nron 1984a, c. 138, 146.
r77
Weiss 1911, S. 80.
r78
B egna pa6ora, B Koflro ce KoMeHrr4pa aepo$orocHrrMKa na o6exra (Rada et al. 1988,
202-203), B'brpocHoro yKperrreHrre rpaf, t{erarx e ora)KAecrBeno c rercKrr yKpe-
rreH rIeHT'bpor K-bcHoxeJrq3Hara efloxa. Tona'rerpgeurre ce HaM[pa B oqeBugno
[poTuBopeq[e c [prrBeAeHr.rTe Ilo-tope apxeonoruqecKlt lI HyMH3MaTErrH[ Aa lHI1t,
MaKap, pas1wpa c9, cl,qecrByBaHero HsKora Ha ccu1oro Mrcro Ha Apyro yKpelrJre-
HIIe Aa e HaIIT,JIHO BT,3MOX(HO.
I7e
Pirvan 1912,p.579 (n. 1,7).
t8o
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
l8t lbidem, loc. cit. (n.5).
O6p. 81. Katurras,[uurtrporo. Touorpa$cro loJloixeune Ha Kccuoill{'r.uquo'rr)
yKpelurel{nc. / Fig. 81. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Topographic situation of the Late Romatr
fortification.
Tr.rre o'r [poyqraur{rlTa ca o6HapognaHr{ no[ $opxrara Ha KpatbK orqer (6es Hr.I-
KaKurr r{.il}ocrpauHu!) 183, a ce c'b1}pxar H B Apyrt{ ny6rnxagu}I or Haqa.[oro Ha
XX e.isa Oco6eso rIoHHn 3r1 rr3rrcHrBaHe Ha [oKJIi]uBaHrITe srrTyarlrtr I{ 3a [pasl{ilrra
ruH'iepnlleraur{rt Ha ocTaHxttre ce ,BflBar Oe,rexxlrre na K. Illxopnn;t, xoiiro noce-
TU.,l Or*exrt1 HACKOpO CJre[ flpEriirror{BaHero Ha ptl3Koflxn're (nsxrEe r nepuoga I 9l 6-
l9lti r.) 1r npeqn3no onlrca.ff ri KaprlrpaJr Bce ou{e Mnoro go6pe 3anaieHr.rre Ha repe-
rra pa3Kprrrr,r rpagexulss (O0p. 82). npes 80-re roguur 6e nscJIeEBaIro u [oKyh{ex-
Tr'rpai{o eAHo cJroxH0ycTpoeHo Bo,[Ho cT)opcxeHHe I{a TepuTop}IrTa rla yKpefine-
Hflero ls6, a npe3 I 993 r. 6rxa upegupuerr{ apxeoJromqecKu pa3KoIrK}I, rIeJIfiIrIu yrotl-
HflB31ie XpOHOJTOTUf,Ta Ha C6eXra r.r AOlpoyrIBaHe Ha HflKoI{ OT per}rcTpllpaHl4Te OIqe
iipe: 1915 r. noctpofrrul8T.
O6p. 83. Kaurran finlrrpono. U-nuqua ryna (HA EAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.428, n 4l). I
Fig. 83. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The U-shaped tower (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. I, a.e. 428, *
4l).
r88
Ouucasnero ce ocHoBaBa uraBHo HagauHlrre na K. Ilkopnnl.
O6p. 84. Kannrau [uuzrpono. rleurpurr-rnHara KyJra Ha ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa rr
rracr or npoyqeHr{Te rpaAexr.r B'bB BtTperunocrra Ha yKpeuJreHr.reto (HA BAH,
$. 165r,
on. 1, a.e. 419, t. l). / Fig. 84. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The quadrangular tower on the northern
precinct wall and part of the excavated inner structures (HA BAH, S. 165r, on. 1,
a.e.419, r. l).
rrlecrBrBan [pe3 eAHa nopra rr eAHa rrorepHa. Iloprara e 6wta c MHoro [pocro
ycrpofictno u e [peAcraBJlsBaJra o6[KHoBeH orBop B KpenocrHvrs, gutq,,pa3floJroxeu
Ha72lr or 3alaAH[nxpail Ha ceBepHara KperrocrHa creHa. Ilpu6lusureJruo B cpe-
Aara Ha ctrrlara creHa e 6ywru perurcrpr,rpaHa MaJrKa norepHa, rlog Koqro B crptM-
HI{fl cKaJrl{cr cKJroH 6ulwuscerteHl{ crbnaJralSg. Yxpenr,rreJlHr{Te c'bopBxeur{fl ca
l8e
Teodorescu 1915, 207-208.
6unra $yngvpaur B'bpxy 3ApaBa cKaJrHa [o!IBa. flpunoxenara B rpa[exa I4M crpo-
I{TeJIHa rexrllrKa ce olpeqeJrfl Karo opus incertumlgo. Or6e.IIr3Ba ce, Bce rIaK, qe
MaKap u uego6pe o6pa6orenu, KaM'bHr{Te 6unn uonaraHl{ c floAr{epraH crpeMe)K
K'bM crra3BaHe Ha pegoB a zuyaputlgl . B orqera 3a pa3Ko[KI4Te [pe3 1915 r. ce rB'bp-
Arr, qe oKoJroBptcrnwflT 3u1rrMaJr eAHaKra ge6eruua or oKoJIo 1,20 u no l{qroro cu
lporex(eHlre192. flone B lorou3TonHara lIacr Ha yKperrJreHl{ero, o6ave, sugrt e 6un
no-ge6en [r e Aocrr{raa 1,56-1,50 u193. PerucrplrpaHoro flprr ocraHKI{Te or U-sug-
Hara KyJra [pr{JroxeHr4e Ha ABa pa3ir}rqHr{ Br4[a xopocaH ce [pl{eMa Karo yKa3aHLIe
3a HaJrlrrrr4ero Ha o6oco6esu KoHcrpyKTrrnnr.r $aar.r, [pLI [o-paHHa?a or KoI4To e
6ur lrsnorgyBaH xopocaH c rlplrMec or eAplr ryxJIeHI,I uapuenqalga. Apxeonorzrrec-
Kr4Te flpo1r.{r,auurs, npe: 1993 r. y6equrenHo 3acBprAereJrcrByBaxa Haruillrero Ha Bropa
KoHcrpyKTr.rsna $asa rrpra yKpe[[TeJruara crlcreMa, B paMKure Ha KoflTo qacr or
ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa e 6uta npel{3rpaAeHa nor{TIII rag ofirosN195.
flp ousxoxgax{Lrqr or o 6erra lrs o 6ureH apxeororuq e cKu rr HyMI{3MarI{qeH
Marepr.raJr cnoco6croyBa 3a pa3rpaHlrr{aBaHero Ha ABa ocHoBHIr nepnoAa s o6ura-
BaHero Ha Mflcroro rrpe3 K'bcHara aHTr{qHocr196" flrpnuqr or rsx e cB'bp3aH c B'bs-
HIrKBaHero Ha yKpellJleHrrero r{ ce flocraBtr B xpoHoJroruqecKl4Te paMKI,I upu6nrara-
TeJIHo or HarraJloro na IV Ao K'bM fl'bpBlrre Aecerr.rJrerrrg ua V n.197, roraro B pe3yJl-
TaT Ha HqKOe OT XyHCKI,TTe Ha[aAeHr,Is yKpelJTeHr,reTo rIyBCTBrrTeJrHo rlocTpaAaJro I{
xrrBorbr B Hero ceKHaJr ga 6nuso eAIrH BeK. To 6uro B'b3craHoBeno Nroxe 6rz s
HalraJroro na VI e. ,r flpoctrqecrByBaJro [o nocJreAHr{Te Aecerl{Jrervs.Ha c'6LIII4fl BeK,
Koraro oKoHr{areJrHo 3arr{HaJro. Oarrrr, -{e Haft-r'bcHl4Te I{3BecrHI{ [oceta MoHe-
Tr{ or roBa Mncro Aarr.rpar or BpeMero Ha lrMrleparop Octua II, qana ocHoBaHI4e
rra6enra Ha yKpenJreHrrero Aa ce cB'bpxe c HflKoe or Iro-paHHI,ITe aBapcKu trlrrl cfia-
98.
BgHcKr,r nauagenuxl
Oule n'rpnnre r.r3cJre[Baqu oKarrecrBflBar yKpelJreHlrero xpart Kauuran [r,r-
MrrrpoBo xaro castellumvrur3T\KBar BoeHHI4rI My xapaKTeplgg. Toua e Han'bJIHo [pr{-
eMJrItBo 3a rrbpBr.rf nep]IoA B HeroBoTo c'blr{ecrByBane. BrgnraKBaHero Ha yKpenJle-
leo
Ibidem, p.201 .
ler HA EAH, +. 165x, on. l, a.e.428, 1.39.
1e2
Teodorescu 1.915, p.2.07.
te3
HA 6AH, O. 165r, on. l, a.e.428, n 41.
re4
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 428, t. 39.
1e5
llta.rrrr,l Ha6Jr]oAeHru Ea aBTopa rrpt,r [oceuleHr{e na o6erra no BpeMe Ha apxeoJlorl{qecKara
KaMraHr{fl npes 1993 r.
te6
Atanasov 1997, l2'7 -128.
re7
B qutupaHoro 6enexxa c'brrrlneHlte ce rrocoqBa Harraroro na V n., uo K.
B rrpeAr,rrrruara
' Illxoplr{Jr crroMeuaBa 3a HaMepeua ryK 3JrarHa MoHera Ira LlMleparop Teogocufi II:
HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1,a.e.428,n.39.
1e8
Atanasov 1997, p. 128.
lee
Teodores cu 1915, pas si m.
HIaeTo orreBuAHo cJIeABa Aa ce oTAaAe Ha C'bo6paxeHr4s oT BoeHHo-cTpaTerrdqecKo
ecrecrBo. To 6uno LI3rpaAeHo HelocpeAcrBeHo Kpaft Tpacero Ha eAHo or t43ToqHr4-
Te oTKJIoHeHWI or pI,IMcKuq nrr fiypocropyM-Mapqr{aHorroJrr{c, 3anorrBau{o or rrbr-
Hara craHqlrrl B oKoJlHocrrrre Ha ceralrruoro ceJro Bofinoso r4 BoAerrlo Kru 3anga-
rra, a orraM - Ha I{3ToK, K'bM MopcKl,r.fl 6pxr200. Tosu crparu.IqeH [.br Moxe Aa e
c'brrlecrByBaJr B HflKaK'bB Br,u oqe B rrpeAxoAHara efloxa, no 6laroycrporBaHero ]ra
HeroBoro rpace rr Ir3ALIraHero Ha 3Har{eHr4ero My c'bBceM orrpeAeJreHo rpx6na ga ce
nocraBl{ 868 Bp'bgKa c ocHoBaBaHero (?) rr r,r3rpaxqaHero rr3 ocHoBrr Ha otpoMHrzs
K'bcHoaHTI{r{eH rpaA 3arqana201. flpra rona rroJroxel{I{e, B'b3HI{KBaHero Ha KacreJla
npra Kauratan fluuurpoBo r.r3urexga uali-oeposrHo rpe3 BTopara r{erB'bpr Ha IV s.
Mecrononox<eHraero My IIo[cKa3Ba, qe HacraHeHrrrrr B Hero rapHlr3oH e 6Lln naro-
BapeH c rr3n'bJrHeHue Ha BoeHHo-[oJruqericxu $ynrquu, r,rcpa3-f,Ba[{rr ce ruraBHo B
KoHTpoJr Ha TTBTHI{x rpaSlm u oxpaHa Ha eglrH or nafi-nesparrr,rrrH[Te rryHKToBe
no rpacero Ha rbu or 3algana rru flypocropyM - To3rr, rrpu npeMr,rHaBaHero Ha
KaHboHa ua Cyxa pera. Harranpaixv ce rpafi BaxHa KoMyHr4Kaqr.roHHa aprepr4q c
HaroBapeH (?) rpaQur, flprr roBa - Ha caMara rpaHr,rqa Me)<gy npoBr,rHrluure Cxra-
rux ra Btopa Mrasur, KacreJrbr rrpr Kanuran firarraurporo c roJrsMa yBepeHocr cJreABa
Aa ce orcxnecrBl,I u Karo IyHKT sa cr6upane Ha A'bpx<aBHr,r u npoBr4Hrlr,raJrHr4 TaKcr{
[I MI{Ta. Cneg ntscrarroBrBaHero My B HaqaJroro na VI B. r,r Ao KpaJr Ha HeroBoro
c'bulecrByBaHe, HrlKorarlrul{rrr KacreJr uarl-repoxrHo ilMaJr o6nla na o6[rnoseHo
yKpeneHo ceJrr,rqe.
21. fa6ep
(o6q. Kpyurapu; fio6pr,ruxa o6nacr)
2oo
Torbatov 2000b, p. 70.
20r
Top6aron 2000. Bx. carqo [aparpaSa sa 3a;r4ana B rr3JroxeHr4ero rro-AoJry.
202
lllxopuun.l905a, c. 498.
203
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358.
0 50 r00 150
l4Ju
O6p. 85. la6ep. Tonorpa$ua rr yKperr.rrerrHa cr{creMa. / Fig. 85. Gaber. Topography and
defence system.
O6p. 86. la6ep. Ocranru or KperocrHara creHa. / Fig. 86. Gaber. Remains of the
precinct wall.
204
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 428, tr.3l-32.
Ha cera BBB BI4A Ha BI4coK MorllJroo6pa3eH HacI{[. IO>xHnq:r yqacrtK or Kpe[ocTHEq
3I'IA e ALTOBI4IHO I{3BIIT Ha IOI-IOrO3ana[ pI Ce CGCTOI4 OT 3 [paBOrUHerUHfl OTcerIKr{
c ABJI)KIIHI{ oT 3a[aA K'bM I43T0K c'boTBeTHo: oKoJIo 40,25 lr 50 rra. C Esx.luo.{eHr{e Ha
KYJIATA IIPII EAI4HCTBCHATA TIOPTA, IIO IIflJIOTO TPACE HA KPEIOCTHATA CTEHA HflMA
HIIKaKBI4 TepeHHI{ IoAaTKI.'I 3a c'bII{ecTByBaHeTO Ha ApyIII KyJIH. OT BBHrrrHaTa cTpaHa
Ha 3fiAa e 6ur [poKonaH oKoJloBp'bcreH poB, rrr4rrro r[[pr,rHa floHacrosrqeM Bapr.rpa
or 3 [o 5 rrl, a A'br6oqrHara My Aocrr4ra go 1-1,50 u.
r{arara repr{Toprr.fl Ha yKpe[JreHrrero e.bcro o6pama c'c crapa ropa, Ko-
ero e AoBeJIo go HarpynBaHeTo na ge6en xyMyceH cnorl r,r Her{MoBepHo MHoro 3ar-
pyAHrBa repeHHoro r,r3cJreABaHe. fIOHaCrOsqeM He Morar cr4rypHo Aa ce r,rAeHTr,r-
Qnqupar ocraHKu or clpaAr,r. Kepauravnu $parrr,reuru flo roB.bpxHocrra c.brrlo He
ce cpeqar. Mnoxecrsoro crapl{ r,IMaHflpcKrr rr3Korrr.r rroKa3Bar, ve nafr-ropnr.HT KyJr-
TypeH nJracr Jrexr{ Ha q'sn6our.rua noBeqe or 0,5 rra. CtulenpeMeHHo, HaMepeHoro B
eAI4H or I{3KolIiITe rBtpAe xapaKTepuo r{3Brirro x(eJrfl3Ho Hoxqe r:pa6na Aa ce rrp1ae-
Me Karo cBI{AereJrcTBo, qe repeH'br e 6ut o6uTasaH orrle npe3 KGcHoxeJrr3HaTa
eloxa. flo ceeqenrne, B MuHaJIoro ryK 6lrrun gauxpauu "puucKvr vt Bilga:nTt4ircKpr"
uoHerr4205, "or uu[eparop Koncrantun I Ao HoBo rpeMe"206.
flpegrug orctcrBl{ero Ha KareropurrHr4 crparurpa$cKo-xpoHoJrorrrrecKr{
pelepv, Aarr,rpoBKara Ha yKperrJreHrrero npn la6ep He Moxe Aa ce o[peAeJrr{ cac
crlrypHocr. To ce orHac, uafi-o6qo KGM K'bCHara aHTrlrtrHocr r.r ce onpe[eJu Karo
yKpeneHo ceJrI4IrIe. Cnopeg HyMLr3MarI,ItIHI,Iq Marepr4aJr, B'b3Hr{KBaHero My rr3rJlex-
Aa Han'bJIHo BeposTHo olqe npe3 IV n. Orc'rcTBl{ero Ha qcHu cJreArr or B'bTperrrHo
3acrpoflBaHe, o6aqe, KaKTo I4 TBBpAe eJreMeHTapHrasr o6nr,rx Ha yKpenllTeJrHara
cI4CTeMa, AaBar ocHoBaHr{e Aa ce AonycHe, qe B cryrrafl HrrMaMe pa6ora c yKpeleHo
ceJrHrrre, a c K'bcHoaHrr.rqHa rpenocr-y6exuu{e (refugium), o6clpxnala oKoJrHoro
HaceJreHl{e B [eploAr{ Ha onacHocT.
205
lllxopnun 1905a, c.498.
206
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358.
207
lllropnnl 1905a, c.493.
208
Kalinka 1906, CoL.349.
2oe
Bo6.rena 6.r., c. 19.
rr CeBepo3ana[ OT g'u6Ora AOJII,IHa, a OT ]OrO3a[aA II 3ana[ - OT K'bC CTpaHurIeH
[oJr, BJrHBax{ ce B c'bnlaTa AoJII,IHa. Ot rOr Ha ceBepo3a[aA, ceBep I{ ceBepol{3ToK
TepeH'br nocrelleHHo ce cHI{IrraBa, KaTo AeHIrBeJrarIruTa AocTlrra 45 u. flo-roJrfMa-
Ta loxHa rracr Ha [oJryocTpoBa e 3Har{ureJrHo [o-[II{poKa Ir IrMa x'bJrMoo6pa3eH
o6Jlur, AoKaro ceBepHara [peAcraBJrrBa cpaBHpITeJrHo paBHa nJraroBlrlHa repaca c
[pr,r6Jrpr3r{TeJrHo IrpaBo'brbJrHlr oqepTaH[-fl. Yrpeneua e 6wn caMo roxHara rlacr,
Orononp'rC'rHaTa Kpe[ocTHa CTeHa 3arpuK[a IIJIoIq or 25 xa, c KoeTo rpaA[II{eTo
ce Hape>r(Aa Ha ficpBo MrcTo cpeA yKpeneHl{Te ItreHTpoBe B'bB B'bTpeuI}IocTTa Ha AH.
[o6pypKa. Karro noKa3Bar aeposorocHr{MKrrre I{ TepeHHI{re Ha6JrIoleHI,Is, yKpe-
[eHara reprrroprrr e 6uta rbcro 3acrpoeHa. Mecrononoxeul{ero r4 nJIaHcr Ha pe-
Ar,rqa cIpaA[I oTqeTJIr{Bo ce pa3no3HaBaT B HeraTI{B no poBoBeTe, ocTaHaJrI{ cJIeA
orpa6raneto Ha crpor,rrerrnrrs. MareplraJr. B unoxcecrBoro c'bBpeMeHHrr IrMaHflpcKI{
u3KO[r4, OCesJIr{ TepeHa, ce perugrpupa MorIIeH ropflJl IJIaCT, 3arleqaTaH oT IIa[]Ia-
Jrara rroKpr4BHa KoHcrpyKrlrrfl Ha crp a[rrre. Muoro6po filr^rtsr rIoAeMeH apxeoJrorl4-
r{ecKu Marepr{aJr Aarlrpa I{3KrroqureJrHo or K'bcHara aHT[tIHocr. Marap B'bpxy ce-
BepHaTa r{acT OT rroJlyocTpoBa Aa He Jlr{qaT cJreAII ot noctpOfiKll, HaxoAKrrTe KaTe-
ropl,tr{Ho cBr{AereJrcrByBar, qe rr rfl e 6wra o6[tasaHa npe3 cbulara enoxa. Tosa
AaBa oCHoBaHr4e TyK [a ce nocTaBrr eAIIH oT KBapTaJII,ITe extra muros Ha ceJrl{qeTo.
flolo6es craryr rrle [a ca*ruarwr r{ KoHcrarlrpaHl,rre 3oHI{ Ha o6rar:asaHe upes IV-
VI n., pasnoJro)Keur4 B AoJrr{Hara Helocpe[crBeHo Ia3ToqHo rr 3alaAHo or yKperleHa-
Ta repr.rTop[rr.
Berua.{ecrseHrrre uaula6N Ha ceJrrrqero I4 MoHyMeHTaJTHI{flT xapaKTep Ha
pa3KprrltrrTe TyK rrpr{ apxeororuqecKr,r pa3KonKI4 rpaAe)KII He OCTaBST HI4KaKBO C.6M-
HeHlre,qe'ro rpx6na ga 6rge npuqracreHo rr,u uaft-roJreMure I{ 3HarrI4TeJrHIr K'bcHo-
aHTrrrrHtr rpaAcKr{ qeHTpoBe B Ta3rr qacT Ha Eanrancruq [oJryocTpoB. B'ss ocHosa
Ha rrpeAnoJro)KeHrr.f,Ta Ha K. IIIxopilI,IJI2l0, 6lugo noJroBI4H BeK rpaAlalrlero xpafi ce-
lo A6pnr ce oT'rx[ecTBflBaIIIe c aHTI{r{H[, rpag A6praryc. BuocleAcTBI{e, cJre[
raro A6putyc 6e c'bc clrypHocr JroKaJlrr3rrpaH xpafi Pasrpap21r,P. By:rue cB'bp3a
ocraHKrrre c eHr,rrMarrrrrHuq rpaA 3angana (Zaldapa, Zeldepa, Zeldipas, Zatdapa,
Zandapa,Zelpa)zrz, r'bpceH [ororaBa Ha peAIIIIa Mecra B flHeruHa Cerepousrouna
Etarapux2l3 ra r gpyru pafionu na [o6pypxa2i4. Malxo [o-KbcHo c'blrloro MHeHI{e
Mor[IBrrpa r,rB. Eeuresil:aerzls. flpegnug pasuoo6pasHl,Ire apryMeHrfi, Ir3Ka3aHI{ B
2to
Ilkopnra;r 1898, c. 4.
21rI{sauor 1955, c. 175 uctt.; lleaHos 1956,79-91.
2r2
Vulpe 1955, p. 939; Vulpe 1970, p. 33 sqq.;Vulpe 1972,p.205 sqq.
"'flp, flnncra (Jirecek 1886, S. 196); npu Pu;rqu, cera KBaprarl na [,o5pau (Tomaschek
c.
1898, S. 77; Detschew 1957, S. 173); npu c. I{apeuer1, fl,o6puuxo (Pirvan 1924b,p'
129; Vulpe L938, p. 344); npw c. fhaurgon, flo6pruxo (Weiss L911, S' 79; Popa-
Lisseanu 1914, 80-85).
"o flp,
rapa Mrpux Bogr, orptr Koucrauqa (Tocilescu 1900, p. 151,177).
21 5
Eerueuu es 1962, 2-4.
uerlna flolKpela, Ta3r{ JroKaJril3ar\vs ce yrB'bpArr B c'bBpeMeHuara r.rcropr{qecKa
xtilorcrraua2l6, npr Bce r{e 3acera He pa3rroJraraMe c nertno enurpaQcro norB'bpx([e-
HI4E.
3argaua ce [oqBflBa KtcHo B rrrlcMeHr{Te ia3BopLI Lr ce cnoMeHaBa Bce BGB
Bp'b3Ka c'sc cl6urufl., vtlr.altpt Mrcro npes VI s. Karo Har?-paHno rr3Becrr4e 3a rpaAa
ce [ppleMa eAI,IH 3a[a3eH orK'bc sa kloart AnruoxurlcKr3l7. B'rs ocHosa Ha ro3r{
TeKCr Ce rB'bpAr.r, ve 3a;rgana 6ura pognoro Mrcro sa BraramaaH - [peABoAr{TeJr Ha
r43BeCTHr4rr 6ynr cperqy r,rMneparop AHacraclrrTr, npepacHaJr s 5-rograruna fpaxqaH-
cxa sofiHa218. C'rg'rpxaqoro ce ri rercra yKa3aHr{e, o6ave, He e Aocrar.br{Ho rcHo
ut HflKovr r{3cJreAoBareJrpr fo r.rHTeplperr4par Karo Kacaeqo ilo-cKopo po[Horo Mrc-
To He Ha Braraluau, a ua 6auqa rtay flarpuxrroJr, 3aeMaJr HrKora Br,rcoKara AJrb)KHocr
comes foederatorum2l9 . flo-saxHoro B cJrf{afl e, qe qrrrlrp a:aurs' orK'bc crroMeHaBa
ne 3alqana - eAr.rH or 15-re rpaAa Ha npoBr.rHrlua Cxutvt B Har{aJroro Ha VI s. cno-
peq "flTreBogurer"-fl ua Xueporbnr2z0, a 3algasa (Zaldava) - "MarKo rpagrre B
Mu3ttfl". flpegnng KareroprrrrHocrra na QopvrynupoBKara, r{3Becrr4ero sa I4oau
Anunoxprricrr{ cJreABa Aa ortra[He, cnopeg MeH, or rpylara r.r3BopoBr{ cBuAereJrcr-
Ba, cB'bp3aHlr, c Ltcropttflra na 3anqana.
Tlueto Ha rpaAa Surypupa n n rparino o6rpxanrax cflrrcbK Ha o6HoseHr,rre
rro BpeMero Ha LlMleparop IoctraHuau I yxpenreHur, pa3rroJro)KeHr{ B rrpoBr,rHrlr4r4Te
Btopa Mrasr.rfl u cxnrus221. 3angaua 6vtau qeHT'bp Ha eflapxur, yuriro elrrcKorr
6lrn uog.runeH Ha MrrrpoloJrrrra sToMfi222. rpagrr ce cloMeHaBa HeKoJrKoKparHo
B'bB Bp'b3Ka c BoeHHr{Te geficraut Mexny B[saHTr.rs fi aBapure no BpeMe Ha ylpaB-
JreHr4ero Ha r,rMleparop Manpuruit2z3, xaro naft-x'scnoro r43Becrr{e ce c'bA'bpxa B
"klcropt4kt"-Te Ha Teo$nnaxr Cuuoxara x Aarrapa or 594 r.22a
Cera 3angana BfleqarJlsna narl-se.{e c BHyrur,rreJrHr{Te ocraHKr{ or yKpelu-
reJrHara ir cracrelraa. Hartge B repploga Me)KAy 1973 u 1915 r., re ca 6utrw o6err na
HapoarH[ flpoyrrBaHzrr oT cTpaHa Ha pwLHcKr,r apxeoJrou{qecKrr eKrrn rroA p.bKo-
BoAcrBoro ua [x. Mareecry. 3a pesynrarr{Te or [poyrrBanr.rlra, o6aue, Jru[cBar
gauua225. flonacroxlqeM pa3[oiraraMe c [Be orrucaHyrfl Ha yKperrr.rreJrHr{Te c6opt-
216
llcropux na Et.nrapu tl, passim; Ilcropua Ha fio6pyqxal, passim;Vulpe/Barnea 1968,
Suceveanu/B arnea 1991., p as s im.
pas sim;
217Ioan. Antioch. De insid. fr. 103 (ed. de Boor).
2r8
Barnea 1968, 412-414.
21e
Weiss 1911, S. 79; Popa-Lisseanu 1914, p. 81.
220
Hier. Synecd. 637,7 (ed,. Parthey).
22r
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
222
Darrouzes 1981, p. 242 (Notitia 3, 652).
223
Theoph. Conf. Chron. a.M.6079 (ed. de Boor); Theoph. Sim. Hist. I, 8; II, l0; VII, 1 (ed. de
Boor).
224,[aruponrara rra ct6lrruero e cropeA: Poht 1988, S. 141 sqq.
22s
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
ie
'fuffi*ffi
um
-
\ri
\\ \E
r'\t\ ffi
ili
ABRITTVS
O6p. 87. 3AIAAIIA (ZALDAPA). Tonorpa$zx r{ rJraH Ha yKperrrrreJrHara cracreMa rro
K. Ilkopnur (Ilhopnur 1905a, Ta6n. CXI, c, l). /Fig. 87. ZALDAPA. Topography and
layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil (Illxopnu.t 1905 , Ta6r. CXI, c, 1).
...2.. -
\
1 ll
"t
J/1 /t
/ -z
oo, //
t,,1
\.N
\\r\
Ila +;
'}r+
r\---:-._
-rz---:-
//=.---
N ((
oL===:=+...E==:LEJ
100 200 M
226
Popa-Liss eana 19L4, 67 -7 9.
227
Kalinka 1906, 349-358.
228
Illropnr.ur 1905a, 493-499.
22e
Otryr HacerHe, BcI{rrKIr [o3oBaBaurlg B lr3JloxeHrrero ca B'b3 ocHoBa na npepa6oreuNx
urau (Onr. 88).
2
4 5
c r$r
t{
6 v
O6p. 89. 3AJiAAIA (ZALDAPA). [e'rarirra or r.rrrr,r cB'],p3aHr4 c yKpen[ITerrHara o.rcreMa Ha rpaAa
(cnopeg ueny6llrrynaHu cKur{r4 ua K. lllropnur): l. I.pagex Ha B'L,HUrHoro Jrr4ue Ha 3anaAHara
creHa Ha Kyra 3 (yKa3aHn"e pa3Mepu ca B caHTr{Merpra); 2. lHesgo 3a r\reraJrHa cro6a s KaMeHeH
6nox oT npaAexa ua Ceaepua'ra nopra (yxaaauure pa3Mepr4 ca B caHTlrMerpu); 3. Kyna I -
[peA[oJranaeM nras; 4. Kyna I - no-K'bcHo npeycrpor?crno npr4 cnaAKara Ha KyJrara c Kyprr.rHa "r"
(yxasaulrre pa3Mepu ca B caHTlrMerpu); 5. I0ronsrorrrrara nopra (II); 6. Kopuu:osu KaMr,HH or
cBoAoBa KoHcrpyKrlrfl, orKpr,rrr{ cpeA pa3Baar.{Hr{Te Ha Cenepuara nopra (l); 7. lprqrra HaAnHc rrpu
CenepHa'ra nopra (l) (yxaraunre pa3l{epu ca B caHruMerpu). / Fig. 89. ZALDAPA. Details of the
defence system (according to unpublished sketches of K. Skorpil): l. Stlucture of the outer facing of
the western wall of Tower 3 (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 2. Socket for a metal
clamp cut into an ashlar stone fiom the structure of the Northern Gate (the indicated measurements are
in centimetres); 3. Tower 1 - hypothetical plan; 4. Tower 1 - a later repair at the joint between the
tower and curtain "r" (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 5. The South-Eastern Gate (ll);
6. Cornice stones from a vault construction found in the ruins of the Northern Gate; 7. A Greek
inscription at the Northern Gate (I) (the indicated measurements are in centimetres).
pa6or[ ilo 6peroBere r{ Ar{rr.ITe Ha crrcreMara or q3oBupl4, I43rpaAeHLI npe3 50-re ra
60-'re rogranrr B [oJTuHara 3arraAHo or rpaAlru{ero. flonacror{qeM Tpacero Ha Kpe-
nocTHaTa cTeHa fcHo ce npocJre[flBa Ha repeHa. Mnoro pflAKo Ts e [peAcraBeHa
caMo B HerarlrB. flo no-ronqMara qacr.or [pore)KeHr4ero i, eMnJreKToH'br ce no-
Ka3Ba Ha rroB'bpxHocrra, ouepranafixfi.I{BIIIIa c mupI,IHa go 1,50 M, or ABere crpaHLI
Ha KO,TO Jrrrqar poBoBe, cBr4AeTeJrcTByBarq[ sa orpa6nanero Ha [rIraHI4Te 6rorose
or B'bHrrrHara r4 B'brperuna o6luqonxa.
KpenocrHara crexa e 6v.na r{3rpaAeHa B opus implectum. JL.rqara ca 6utu
oSopueuu c [peqr.r3Ho o6pa6oreurr KBa[pu, rocraBeHr{ B xopll3olrraJrHlr pegoBe c
pa3r[qHa Brrcotrr.rHa. fioxonroto Mo)Ke Aa ce c6AIr no e[Ha cKI,Iqa na K. IIIxop-
wur230, Ha Mecra e 6urra npl{JroxeHa cl{creMara "Binder-Ldufer" (O6p. 89/1). B or-
AeJrHra CJryrrar{, Beporruo B AoJrHIrre pe[oBe, 6norosere 6unr,r cn'rpsaHl4 [oMe)KAy
cv qpe3 MeraJrHr4 cro6n rr4[ "rrcroB[qa orlarrrKa"z3r (Odp. 8912). B orpoMHoro clr
MHO3I4HCTBO, KBaApr4rTe 6l1rrtr]dpyc'-tnqplpaHlr, KaTo Te3r{ oT B'bHIrrHoTo JIIrqe ce oTJII{-
[o-roJreMu pa3Mepr.I, orKoJrKoro no B'brpemnoro. 3a uo-no6po cqenJre-
rraBaJrr{ c
Hr{e c eMrrJreKToHa, Tt4lr*ara raM qacr 6rana cxoceua. fie6emrHara Ha srzga ne 6ura
eAHaKBa. IIpu cenepnara flopra rfl B'b3Jrr{3a ta sa 3,40-3 ,46 w232, a B yrracrbKa oKo-
Jro ro)KHara flopra - Aopu na 3,80 lrerpa233. Orxru [o-TpyAHoAocrt[Hara 3alaAHa
crpaHa KpelocrHara creHa 6ula gocra no-T'bHKa. Ox<no or Kyla 28 (ryprana "m")
ge6etwuarai6*ma egva2,20 u, uo 6e3 orpa6enara KBaApoBa o6mzqoera Ha B'bHIIr-
noro ruqe234. EunrerroH'br e or gpe6nu rIoMeHu KaM'bHrr, o6unno 3aJIerIl c MHoro
TB'bpA 6an xopocaH, c'b[tpxaq caMo ryK-TaM gpe6nu napqeHlla crpol{TeJlHa Ke-
paMr,rKa. Ha uegra (npu Kyna 22, rtanpuwrep) r c'rctaBa Ha eMnJIeKToHa ce cpeqar
14 Aocra roJreMr{ $parrrlenru or ryxJrlt. flpegrug orHocIlTeJIHo nJII{TKoro pa3[oJlo-
230
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 493, n 13.
23r
lbldem.
232
lhldem.
233
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. l, a.e. 493, t.20;Illxopnur 1905a, c.495.
234
HA EAH, $. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, tr.25.
0,10 r'r. Harope rr3Konrare ca 6uttt 3a['bJrHeHr4 c 6roKax or uo-gpe6Hr.r KaMBHr4,
o6u:rno [pI,IMeceHI{ c xopocaH, LIAeHT[rreH rro c'bcraB Ha ormcalanl, eMrrJreKToH. flpo-
I{ec'br Ha I{3JII4BaHe Ha ocHoBl{re 6nl c'blpoBogeH c flep[oAr4r{un tparra6onaulrx.
flo npore>reHl4e Ha oKoJroBp'r,crHara KpenocrHa creHa ce ga6e:rsssar oc-
TaHKI{Te or 32 uzgmto I4I3HeceHI{ HaB'bH KyJrrr, rrrecr or KoI4To rrJrbrHo Qlanrupat
TpLI or rroprr,rre Ha rpaAa. Kynure ca rr3tpaAeHr.r Ha pa3rraqHo pa3croflHrre e[Ha or
Apyra. Oco6euo Harbcro ca pa3[oJro)KeHrr re s Hafi-recHo AocrcnHr.rre kryfl3auuvt
yr{actblll4 or or6panrargJrHara Jrvnvtfl.. Ty* - orK'bM Ior r4 rorol{3ToK - pa3croflHr.,re-
ro Mexgy rqx Bapr.,rpa or oKoJro 20,00 go rtrra 35,00 rr.r. Hag crptMHr,rre 3arra[Hr{
CKJIOITOBe KyJrr,rTe Ca rmrpaAeHr{ MHoro no-HapflAKo, KaTo pa3cTosHr{fTa Me)KAy TflX
Aocrlrrar Aopr4 [o 135,001r (r"ae;xgy Kynu 28 a29). Bcuqru KyJrz ca 6urua roncr-
pyKTI,IBHO CBBp3aHrr C KpelOCTHaTa CTeHa r.,r Ca pa3rroJroxeHil nO [paBrrJro nepneH-
AI,IKyJrflpHo Ha KyprrrHr,rre, K'bM Kor4To ce orHacflT. Kyntt 11, 29,30 u32, ozuaueau
Ha rIJIaHa ua K. IIIxopnI{Jr Karo rrronr4235, [pr{Ha[Jrexar r gerlcru4TeJrHocr Ha Kyp-
TI{HIrre "e" (11), "o" (29 u30) u"q" (32). }IsKmo.reHr,rq or roBa [paBr,rJro ce ria6nro-
AaBar caMo B Tpr4 cJryr{ar - ilpu Ky;ru 1, 5 u22. Te rauarbrJroBo pa3loJroxeHr.re,
Koero e o6ycnorralo lr cnequ$vKara Ha rexHr4fl nnau. Kyna 22 ce orila'taBa c roJre-
MI{Te cI{ pa3Mepu - Ts ce I43[aBa Ha rroBeqe or 15,00 M npeg KpenocrHara crena. flo
nJIaH e nogrosoo6pa3Ha, Karo crpaHr{r{Hr4Te i:ugore ca [epneHAr.rKyrqpHr,r Ha nprr-
JIexaIqI,ITe KypTLIHI,I. Kyra 5 ce HaMr{pa B ceBeporr3TorrHr4, LrbJr. flonacroxrqerr.l
rreJloro iI e paspyureuo, Ho rro ocrprrr :srtJr cKJrIoqeH or crpaHr{rrHrrre i ctenr.r ra no
MaJrKrrr[ $parueur or eAHa nJIaBHa r43Br4BKa, 3arroqBarrla or 3anaAHara i crega Ha
ceBepoLI3ToK, Mo)Ke c rorsMa yBepeHocr Aa ce rBEpAr{, qe ra3rr KyJra c'brrlo e 6vtta
noqxoaoo6pa3Ha. flaanrr: ua Kyna 1 e neqceH. Kapen Ilkopnur AorrycKa B'b3Mo)K-
Hocrra rs Aa e 6nna c rr3AaAeH ocrbp pr6236.Cuunenlrxra My HaMr.rpar r.r3pa3 r,r B
eAHa cKrlIIa, 3a[a3eHa B HeroBI4, apxue237, K'bAero rr e rrpegcraBeHa Karo [eHTaro-
HaJIHa, Ho c rD/HKTI,rp - Karo U-o6pasna (O6p. 89/3). Cera Kyna 1 e roqrr,r Han'brrHo
yHI4IrIoxeHa. Bce rIaK, 3alageHr{Te He3HarrureJIHLr ocraHKlr or Haqaroro Ha crpa-
HEIIHI,ITe i crenu [oKa3Bar, qe re He ca 6unu yclope[Hrr (rarro ca flpegcraBeHr{ Ha
BtlpocHara crzqa), a ca cKJrrolrBaJrrr ocrbp BrbJr rroMexqy cu. flpr roaa noJroxe-
HI{e, JIorI{qHo e [a ce [pelnoJro)Kr{, r{e Kyna 1 c'brrlo e rrMaJIa nogrouoo6pa3eH
ulas. Bax<so e Aa ce or6erex<I,I, qe, cnopeg eAHa [pyra pwcyuxaz3g, Ta3r..r KyJra pr3r-
Jrexga e 6nna o6exr Ha HrKaKBo npeycrporicrBo, [pr.r Koero B'bHrrrHara o6nuqooxa
oT pycTl{Ilr4paHr,r KBa[pr.r Ha npr.rJrex(arqaTa oT ror KypTr{Ha ce e oKa3aJra npnloKpr.r-
Ta or AoJrereH Ao Hefl Ha Syra HoBora3rpaAeu (urul cauo yge6elen?) sug Ha KyJrara
23s
lllxopnr.rn 1905a, Ta6n. CXI, c, 1 (ruupocur{re KyJrrlr r{Mar, c'borBerHo, cneAHr,rre HoMepa:
XVI, XXV, XXVI u XXVIID.
236
lllxopnu.t 1905a, c. 495.
237
HA EAH, S. 165x, on. l, a.e.493, t.15.
238
Ibidem.
(O6p. 89/4). flpe4ruq ra3rl KoHcrarallufl, He e I{3KJrrorreHo B il'bpBoHarraJrHufl rJrau
na Kyla 1 u ga ca 6nnu BHeceHr{ HrKaKBr{ rro-K'bcHlr [poMeHr{.
flo qanoro flporexeHl{e Ha Kpe[ocrHara crer{a xa 3angana, caMo Kyna 17
r{Ma c'bc clarypHocr rrerr.rpf'brbJreu rrJraH. Ees nnqenara KBaApoBa o6lraqonxa, rx
ce e H3IaBana ua 10,40 M HaB'bH or 3rqa, a urrlpr{Ha'ra i no $poxr a e 6wna 13 ,60 p?39 .
Maxap u or6enxsaHa Karo rrerupu'brb JtHa240, Kyna 31 r,rMa Kareroprrr{Ho U-o6pa-
gen nlau241.
C usglrIxen U-o6paseH [JraH ca v Bcrrr{Krl ocraHaJrr{ KyJrra, MaKap re 3Har{u-
TeJIHO Aa Ce pa3JruqaBaT nOMeXAy Cr4 rro pa3Meprr r{ flponopq[pr: AoKaTo Te3r{ no
r43Tor{Hara Kpe[ocrHa creHa ca 6vrw npra6ruarrareJrHo eAHaKBvt w He Ha[xB'bpJrflJlr.r
Ha rrJr,rplrHa 8,00 lr, r:o Kyna 20, uanput"tep, e 6ur.a uupoKa 14,00 r*r (upra rona, 6es
KBaApoBara o6nnqonxa!242). Tn'rpgeHrrero na K. Ilkopnr{r, r{e B [pr.r3eMrlrrra Ha
KyJrraTe 6una oSopMeHr{ [paBo'brbJrHr4, lr3rlqro orBopeHr,r K'bM BtTperxHocrra rro-
uerqenua243, He orronapfl Ha rrcrlrHa:ra. OctanKIETe flcHo cBrrAereJrcrByBar, r{e [ra-
H'br r{M rroBTapfl B'bHIIrHrrre oqepraHru na xynrare244 , Lr ye B 3aAnara cI{ qacr re He
ca6utur{3rlsJro orBopeHr{, a raM e 6zn usrpageH no eArrH TeceH nxog. IllupuHara Ha
Te3rr [oMerr{eHlr, ctlrlo se e 6ur.a e[HaKBa, a BGB BceKrr KoHKpereH cnyvafi e 3aBu-
ceJra or pa3Meprrre na ryr,araz4s.
O6uxrioeeHo ce or6ens3Ba, qe 3angana e r{MaJra rprr rJraBHlr noprra2a6. Cuo-
peg MecronoJroxeHr{ero r4M, Te cJreABa Aa ce o3Harrar Karo ceBepHa (I), roronsrou-
ua (II) z roro3arraAna (III). Bcsxa or rflx e SrauxupaHa or ro gne 6nnsro pa3roJro-
)KeHr,r eAHa [o Apyra U-o6paeuz ryrz.
Hanpaerexrrero Ha u4enruSuqupaHr,rre Ha repeHa KoJroBo3rl ("ynraqu") e
AaJro ocHoBaHr{e, fro rpaceTo Ha 3aIIaAHara KpelrocTHa cTeHa [peAloJio)KureJrHo Aa
23e
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 493, t.20.
2ao
llkopnun 1905a, c.495.
2ar
B rona, BlpoqeM, K. Ilkopnrn caM ce e y6e4un BrrocJregcrBrre r{ e HaHec'bJr KopeKqr{r B
cBox rJraH, sx.: HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. l, a.e.493, x. 19.
242
YIA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 493, n.20.
243
IIIropuRn 1905a, c.494,495.
2aa
I4grnto.reHue, Moxe 6u, e npe4craBJrflBaJra cauo Kyla 18. flonac'rofluleM ocraHKvre i ca
cr{JIHo o6eslrra.renlr, Karo Aopl,r eMrrJreKToHT,T IIa 3r.rAoBere e [oqrlr HarrbnHo orpa-
6en. Poaosere Ha floB'r,pxHocrra orrepraBar egrrH [paBobrtJrHrrK c npu6rusnrennn
pa3Meprr 3,00 x 6,00 M, Koero cJreABa Aa ce rlrrKyBa Karo yKa3anrre sa $opuara ua
[pI{3eM}IOTO IOMeII{OHIIO B'bB Ba,TpeuHOCTTa Ha KyJIaTa.
2as
K. Illxopur{Jr rrparn o6o6u{enr.rero, qe rrpr,r Bcr{qKrr U-o6pasun KyJITI rurepr{Hara Ha rlpn-
3eMHoro roMerr{eur{e e 6wa 3,20 t"t (nx. 6en. 36). Tora, o6ave, rporr4Bopequ [oplr
Ha AarrHr.rre or HeroBr{Te co6crseHu [3MepBaHlr.f,: npra Kyna 18, Haupurr,rep, uupr{Ha-
ra e 6ura 3,50 r'r (H.A EA[I, $. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 493, tr.20), a npu Kyna 21 - 3,60 u
(HA 6AH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, n22).
246
lllxopuua 1905a, c.495.
ce olpe[eJrr.I MecrofloJroxeHr{ero Ha oule [Be rro-MaJrKrr noprr.r - "E" r,t "D" cnopeq
o3HaqeHr4ero Ha K. Ilkopnun2aT. CtrqecrryBaHero Ha loxHara or r.flx ("E"), o6a-
qe, cJreABa Aa ce nocraBr{ noA roJrflMo c'bMHeHrre. Orneg'rt Ha repeHa, KaKTo h aa*-
HI{Te Ha aeposorocH[rMKr{Te, cBrrAereJrcrByBar 3a HelpeK'bcHaTocT Ha KpenocrHru
3I4A Ha roBa Mflcro. OcseH roea, S-o6pa3Hara rpaeKToprrfl Ha Bo[eulara KBM T.
Hap. [opra "E" "yrr.rqa" lr ocrpuxr'],r'bJr, nog xoftro u npeMrrHaBa [pe3 Kpenocr-
HaTa cTeHa, AaBaT ocHoBaHLIe [a ce [peAloJIo)KrI, r{e B clyr{afl ce Kacae [o-cKopo 3a
KOJTOBO3 Ha KOJrapCKr4 n'bT C HOB npOr{3XO[.
[pyrara or [peAloJraraeMrrre MaJrKr{ floprr{ ("D") crulo He e ocraBr{Jra cJre-
Ar{ Ha noBtpxnocrra. I[pu rce rona, ronSvrypa\fiflTa Ha repeHa cBzgereJrcrByBa B
noJr3a sa nefiuoro c'brrlecrByBaHe. To.rHo ryK B Tpacero Ha 3anannara Kpe[ocrHa
creHa ce na6nrogaBa eArra cneqra$uuna qyrrKa HaB'brpe, c qeJr Aa ce KoMrreHcr{pa
oTtracrr4 AeHr4BeJrarlurra IIo npeoAorqBaHero Ha e[prH AOJr c'bc cJreAr{ oT cTap KoJro-
Bo3 no HeroBoro ['bHo. flparorunefisocrra r4 [raBHr{.flT HaKJroH Ha ro3r{ AoJr, 3a-
rloqBaul oT IIeHTpaJrHaTa rlacT Ha aHTIITIHI{q rpaA B ceBepo3arraAHa nocoKa, AaBaT
ceprro3Hrr ocHoBaHr{fl 3a Hero Aa ce npe[noJrara r,r3KycrBeH [por43xo[ u rort ga ce
IlHTeprrperr{pa Karo yJrr{rla, Korro e ocbulecrBflBar,a yAo6na }r nprKa KoMyHrrKarlr4t
c AoJIIaHara r{ pa3[oJrox<eHraTe raM BoAor{3ToqHr4rIE rr KBapraJr extra muros. flpra
ToBa IroJro>KeHue, T. Hap. MaJrKa nopra "D" cregBa Aa ce npI{rII,IcJrrr K:r,M TJIaBHI{Te
rroprr4 na rpaga248 v Ea ce o3Haqrr xaro "cenepo3aflagHa" (N). flo r,rAeHTr{rreH Ha-
r{r4H, B orclbn HaB'brpe Ha Kpe[ocrHl{Te creHlr, ca 6uru LI3rpaAeHI,I HrKoI{ or [op-
TIIITe I{ Ha[pyru KGcHoaHTr{ErHrr yKpelJreHfifl.rt yKpeneHlr IIeHTpoBe: flrpyczag, A6-
puryc2so, KacreJrr,T npu Hr.monoJrr.rc aA klcrpyvtzsr.Irlxoxqafiru or nocoqeHr.rre na-
paJreJrr{, Mo)Ke Aa ce upeAloJrara, rre ceBepo3alaAHara nopra na 3argana e npeAc-
TaBJrsBaJra pa3HoBLrAHocr Ha r. Hap. TI,I[ "4r6"*u"1r'r252.
3a ycrporlcrBoro Ha loro3anaAHara nopra (III) se pa3[oJraraMe c roqpo6-
Hocrlr. Ts ce e HaMr4paJra B 3arraAHr4rr rpafi na KyprprHa "1" 14 e 6ura oxpanflBaHa or
U-o6pa:nure KynrE 25 n 26. Or ceneposaraAHr.r-f, 'brbJr Ha Kym 26 e 3aroqBaJra B
[ocoKa ceBep-ceBepo3anag K;,prr,rHa "m".
IOror,rgro.rHara ropra na 3anqana (II) e 6r.rra ro-cJro)KHo r{3rpa[eHa. flp"u-
craBa ga sertuoro ycrpoftmno AaBa eAHa cKrrr{a xa K. IIIxoprturPs3 (O6p. 89i5). B'ru-
peKrl tre Bcpxy He, ocrar{Kr,rre ca uao6paeenu [polopru4oHaJrHo, npr4BeAeHr{Te pa3-
Meprr ca o3HaqeHr.r ry B Merpr{, Ty B KpaqKrE. Marap Aa He Mo)Ke Aa ce crrr4Ta npu
2ai
lbidem.
248
Taxa e, Harpr4Mep, e: Kalinka 1906, Col. 351.
2ae
Ivanov 1966,34-37.
250
llrauos 1980, 100-108.
251
Ibidem, c. 196, o6p.220.
252
Petrikovits 1971, p. 200; Johnson 1983, p. 46 sqq.
2s3
HA 6AH, O. 165r, on. l, a.e. 493, t. 20.
(
o2468 I
u
TOBa IIOJIOXeHAe gA rIJraH, Ta3rr cK]IrIa npeAnara Ba)KHI'I (n OtUaCtra TorrHI'I!) AaHHI{,
AaBarqu B'b3MoxHocr 3a r,r3f,clrflBaHe ycrpolicrBoro Ha rorol{3ToqHara nopra. flpnn-
parHrrre U-o6pasuu Kylu 18 u 19 ca r4MaJrrr ilpu6nrtlIreJlHo eAHaKBIT pa3Meprr.
Kyna l8 ce e usganaJra Ha oKoJro 9 rra npeg or6panurelHara JII{H}II. Irlsrpagenoro n
nppr3eMl{eTo il nolrleuleur,re e 6ulo rurlpoKo 3,50 u u no BcqKa BepoflTHocT e ,IMaJro
rrpaBo'blbJleu nnaH254. florolxoto Moxe Aa ce qbAr{ no cKullara, crpaH}IIIIrre Ha
Bxoga ca 6ula o$oprtrenu oT ABa cuMeTpurlHrl fi34aT'r.Ka Ha KpelocTHaTa cTeHa
MexAy ABeTe xyrur. 3a TI,Ina Ha 3arBaptqaTa BpaTa HsMa HIIKaKBII AaHHL'I. Or s'br-
pernHara crpaHa Ha noprara r{ cera f,cHo ce sa6ersssar Ha repeHa ocraHKr{Te or
gne upu6m,r3rrreJruo eAHaKBr,r no pa3Mepl,r rr TIJIaH MacI4BHLI npaBo'brbJluu nomporit-
rra. Te ca6ntu[pflcrpoeHr,r KtM Kpe[ocrHara creHa I,I oqeBuAHo ca6utucB'bp3aHl{
c ot6panara Ha [OpTaTa. flo BcrIKa BepOrTHocT, Ha BI{cOIII{HaTa Ha BTCpUTI eTax,
Te3r,I rrocrporlrr.r ca cBcraBJIrBaJI]I eAHo qtno. O6pa3yBaHI'IflT MexAy rsx B [pu3e-
254
lllxopuun 1905a, c.494,495.
Ml{ero (:aceogen?) KoplAop, AcJI.E'r oKoJro 18,00 rra, ocHoBareJrHo Mo)r(e [a ce orb)K-
[ecrBrr c propugnaculumz1s. Cnopeg K. IllxopnrJr, rororr3TorrHara rropra Ha 3anqa-
na e 6uta yKpaceHa c [ocraBeHr{ B'bpxy nr4eAecraJrlr KoJroHr{. Tofi gopu nprrBex[a
pa3Mep[rTe Ha eArrH oT [BaTa rrue[ecTaJra, 3a Kor4rTo TB6p[II, ue 6WtU HaMepeHII
cpeA pyI,IHL{Te Ha floprara256. B AeftcrnureJrHocr, o6a.{e, BBIIpocHrrre rrraeAecraJrrr
ca 6unu BI4[flHIr I{ orrl{caHlt s c. floJrroenrax [axoeo2s7. Marap Aa rr4 cr{ura sa 6esc-
rlopHo [peueceHrr or pyr,rHr{Te Ha aHTr{rrHr.rs rpag, E. Kanunra e [o-[pe[na3Jrr4B
OTHOCHO TqXHOTO [BpBOHaqaJrHO MeCTOCTOeHe, AOlyCKafirU rarO OT BT,3MO)KHOC-
Trrre re Havrc'r tna Aa rrpor{3xox[ar or HqKos or tpaAcKr{Te [oprr.r. Eqran ruuoro
6nrastx rro pa3Mepl4 Ir o$oplaaeHl4e BapoBr{KoB flr4eAecrar 6e sa6erqsaH [pe3 rrpo-
Jrerra na 1987 r. cpe4 pa3BaJrr4Hr{Te Ha crapara AxaMrrq n c. A6pu:r2s8, pego, c
HrIKoJrKo aHTLrqH[ rorolur259. flpeguaanaqeHr,rero Ha [r{egecraJrr{Te or ro3r{ Br4uz60
e 6rano nogqepraHo [eKoparr.rBHo - [pr4 $acaquoro o$oprunenue Ha crpa[]r, [prr
[3rpuKgaHero Ha floprr,rrlrr rr r.H. flpegnr,rg rutrpoKara uu ynorpe6a B aHrrquara
apxrzreKTypa, orHacrHero rrM K6M KoHKperHa rrocrpofira e B'b3Mo)KHo caMo rrprr
r{aMr4paHero rau in situ.
C uose.{e nogpo6nocrr.r pa3[oJraraMe 3a ycrpoficrnoro Ha ceBepr{ara rropra
na 3angana. EgIEn pa6oren qepre)K, 3ala3eH B apxrrBa na K. Ilkoprrr{Jr, flpegcraBfl
serinoro ctcrorHr{e K'bM Meceq rr.raft 1918 r.261 1O6p. 90). He e rrcuo AaJrrr ocraHKr{-
Te oT nopTaTa ca cTaHaJrr4 Br4Ar{Mr4 rro ToBa BpeMe B.?e3yJrTaT oT HanpelHairoTo
orpa6nane Ha crpoilTeJrHr4rfl Marepvrail, ilrn ceBepHara [opra Ha aHTrrrrHr4r rpaA e
6una o6err Ha r{acrlltrlHo fipoyrrBaHe or crpaHa Ha pyM'],HcKrz, apxeoJrorrlqecK[
eKrrfl rrog p'bKoBogcrBoro Ha [x. MareecKy262.
fine:re KyJrpr Ha noprara ca ycrropeqHpr noMexgy orcrorr sa 5,90 M eAHa
crir pr
or Apyra. Cauzsr BxoA EMa n.:'zrpr4Ha oKoJro 3,70 ira. Toft e o$oprraer Mexly ABa
KOHCTpyKTI4BHO CBCp3aHU C KyJII,rTe rrr.rJracTpa, OT KOI4TO IIpIA 3aCHeMaHeTO Ha OC-
TaHKr{Te 6ur sanaseH caMo I{3Totrnlrxr. Cuqurrrr ce r{3[aBa na 1,08 lavruwarlupr,rHa
1,49la. B nero e raspa6oreH BeprrrKaJren xne6 3a rJrb3rarr{a ce Bpara (cataracta).
Orxputrre cpe4 pyrruure cJroxHonpo $r,rruparur KopHr,r3 oBrr KaM'bHr4, H.sKorr or Ko -
r4To - or cBoAoBa KoucrpyKrl[s, Mox(e 6u upousxoxAar or o$opunenuero Ha [po-
xoga B'bB Bucoquua r,r or rrJracrlrtrHara AeKopar{r{fl Ha noprara (O6p. 89/6). He e
Ilt3KJIrOrreHO, paZ1npa Ce, Te Aa ca [pencTaBJrxBEurr,r I,I npeyiloTpe6enra B rpaAe)Ka
255
Veget. Epit. rei milit. IV, 4 (ed. Lang).
256
lllxopnu;r 1905a, c. 495.
2s7
Kalinka 1906, 356-357.
258
Cera [[eAecraJrbr ce HaMr4pa B Jra[r,rAapr,ryua ua I4croprqecKn r,ayseft - [o6puu.
2te
f{oror lg8g,52-53.
%0
Bc'r,u1uocr, ToBa ca 6asu 3a KoJIoHr{, xapaKTepr.r3r,rpau$ ce c r,r3g'bJrxeHn BaB Bucorrr,tua
rporopqrru: Barnea et al. 1979, p. 134.
261
HA EAH, +. 165x, on. l, a.e.493,1. 13.
262
Vulpe 1938, p. 336.
cnoJII{u. Or sanagnara rprrBparHa KyJra (Kyra 2) npes 1918 r. rr,rr{arr.r Ha rroB6px-
Hocrra calro gertnara rI4JIHa rracr c BxoAa B [pr.I3eMHoro rroMerrlenvrc fi r{acr or
npano;runerlHufl yr{actbK Ha Il3Toqua:ra ir cTeHa. flnan:st i e npeguoJloxlrTeJrHo
Bt3craHoBen or K. Ilkopnxx, qpe3 MexaHr4r{Ho penpogyrlrpaHe Ha pa3Meprare Ha
Apyrara xyna, S;ranKlrparla cr,rrlara rropra. ftrone qo ce orHacfl Ao r[[pr.rHara Ha
Kyta2, o6aue, To3rr rrJraH oqeBr.{AHo He orroBapx na geficraraTeJrHocrra, rrrt raro
clopeA Hero r{3Jrr43a, qe 3arragHara creHa Ha KyJrara rpr6aa [a e rrMaJra ge6ealrrra
egna 0,80 M(!). Bxogrr B npr.r3eMHoro rroMerrleHr4e na Kyra 2 e ruupor 1,45 u u
npecuqa KpenocrHara creHa, Korro rrMa B To3r.{ yqac"'rr ge5enraua3,46 M. I4gro.{-
Hara rrpr.rBparHa KyJra (3) 6uxa Muoro uo-go5pe 3arra3eHa. I-Ipes 1918 r. Tfl Bce oqe
ce r{3Br4cflBaJra Ha noBeqe or 3,00 M Ha[ auTur{Huq repeH" 3a nusoro Ha rrocJregHl,r,
crrrypHo yKasarrr4e AaBa qacrr{rrHo npocJreAeFrutflT orroqeH KaHaJI c ruupl{Ha 0,35 u,
roriro Mr{HaBaJr rrpe3 [poxoAa Ha noprara. Tori r4MaJr flocoKa ror-ceBep u e 6wt
noKprrr c roJreMrr KaMeHHr{ rtroqu. Cyuepmpyrt\uflTa ua Kyna 3 6wru orgeJreHa or
cy6crpyxqusra ilocpeAcrBoM crbrraJroBraAex 6anrer, AoJIHara ruI{p}IHa na rofiro e
0,29 tr, a ropHara - 0,16 rta. Kynara ce u3[aBa Ha oKoJro 12,00 u or KpenocrHara
creHa fi vrua rrrrrpr.rHa 8,00 rtl. 3a noueuleHrrero B'bB B'brpeuHocrra i Hqrvra AaHHr{.
Or srnlrHara KBaApoBa o6mrqorxa Ha 3ana[Hata ir creua 6rnnr,r sana:eHr{ rrer pega
c Brrcor{r{Ha Ha rroflcure or 0,45 go 0,50 u (O6p. 89/1). IIo c'lorr\krs, Haqr{H 6ut o6nn-
IIoBaH 6anrerrr u ropHrrrrr (uagsevren) peA or cy6crpyrqr,rxra.
Cuopeg npegJro)r(eHoro oflficaHrre, yKpenureJrHara cr{creMa na 3angana ge-
MoHcrprrpa rB'bpAe xoMoreHeu o6nux, roftro cJreABa Aa ce rbJrKyBa Karo yKa3a-
Hne, qe r,r3rpzDKAanero i e 6uro ocrulecrBeHo B paMKrlTe Ha egHa-eArrHcrBena, rrpr{
ToBa, BeporrHo, cpaBHrITeJrHo rparrotpaftHa crpolrreJrHa KaMnaHraq. Kaxro se.{e
6e or6enxgaHo, oKoJroBp'bcrlrara KpelocrHa creHa ce c'bcrorr or MHoxecrBo crpo-
ro rlpaBoJrr,rneftnr,r orceqKr,r. Tona egna Jrrr ce A'bJDKra caMo Ha xapaKTeprrcrr.rKara Ha
TepeHa: [pr,r roqHo crra3BaHe na ronQnrypaqurrra, rpacero 6u [o6uro ro-cKopo
BrrA Ha 3arBopeHa Kpr.rBa :luuyrs,. O6scnenprero cJreABa Aa ce tbpcrr, crropeg MeH, B
eAHoBpeMeHHara pa6ora Ha [oBeire crporrreJrHr.r eKvffiur, c BceKr,r or Korrro e 6nno
KoHTpaKTr,rpaHo r{3BtprrrBaHero Ha o[peAeJren o6eu pa6ota, Ir3pa3flBarqa ce B r.r3r-
piDKAaHeTO Ha OTAeJTeH yqaCT'bK OT KpenOCTHaTa CTeHa, C pa3rrOJrOXeHr{Te nO HerO
KyJrrl r,r Apyru c'bop'bxeur.rr c or6paurareJreH xapaKTep. ?Iueuno rro ro3r{ HaqrrH Mo-
x<e 3a[oBoJr[TeJrHo ga ce o6xcrn raor6erqg aHLtflT neue $axr, qe Kyr[Te rro [paB]I-
Jro [pr{HagJre)r(ar K'bM HrKofl or orceqKllTe, Karo I{3KJrroqeHlirq ce Ha6JrroAaBar ca-
MO B TpI{ CIyrIarI.
O6rurrr Ha yKpenrareJrHara cr{creMa ua 3angana KareroputlHo cBLIAereJrc-
TByBa 3a K'bcHopr,rMcKr,rr i
upolrxog. Pa:rneganu uoorAeJlHo, neltnrate eJreMeHTlr
(uoprlr, KyJrrr, ryprnnu) HaMlrpar MHoxecrBo napaJreJrr,r B pa3r[rrHu rracrl,r na Puvr-
cKara rrMnepus. trI:qxno r{3HeceHure npeq or6paHr,rreJrrrara :nnrne, U-o6pasnu ry-
rr{ ce [orBqBar B prrMcKara $oprnSr{Kar[{Jr npe3 Tperara rrerBtpr Ha III r. Hafi-pan-
HI,Irr cllrypHo Aarr{paH nprrMep [porr3xoxAa or Hrareg, K'bAero [perr3rpaxgaHero
Ha yKpe[r,ITeJrHara crrcreMa afundamentis 6uro 3aBcprueHo rrpu rrMleparop Klar-
rr3I'brlx(eH nran, U-o6pa3Hr.rre KyJrr{ ce cr{I4Tar 3a e[Ha or nafi-xapaKTepHr4Te rrep-
TI,I Ha yKpenureJrHoro crpor4TeJrcrBo or Kpaq na III u HaqaJroro na IV e. B AoJrHoAy-
HaBcKI4Te upoBI4HIIHI4 na Purracxarau*rnepux264, KaKTo rz sa cneqlr$raqeg 6erer na
[o-rolreMrlr']re yKpenJreHr{fl, r{3ArrrHaTr4 npe3 To3r.r [epuog n Apa6ux, Cwpug. a Eru-
ter265. B unanosara cxeMa U-o6pasuure KyJrrr 3aeMar o6[xnoseHo Me)KArlHrro rro-
JroxeHlae r.rnu Snanrupar floprlr. Har?-qecro re ce na6ruoAaBar B c'br{eraHrre c'br-
JroBIz Berpr..rJroo6pa3Hr.{ xytu266- B nqrorrro yKpelJreHr{s or 3eMrrre no fionnux [y-
nan, o6aue, [pr{ 'brJrr{Te, aunpv qyrrKra rro rpacero Ha KperrocrHara creHa, ce cpe-
qar rr nogxonoo6pa3Hr,r xytu267. Te ce xaparrepr{sr{par c ocrprrfl ErbJr, cKrror{eH
Me)Iqy cTpaHr4rrHuTe r{M cTeHI4, r4 c rrJraBeH flpexoA MexAy Te3rr cTeHr4 r,r npeAHaTa
3aKp'brJreHa lracT"
Or r:regna roirKa Ha rlrJrocrHara KoMrro3nqux,uafi.-go6pu napaleJrr,r Ha yK-
penr.{TeJrHara cr{creMa Ha 3argaua [pe[Jrarar cl.,ce1rt:utflT rpag Tpoueyvr Tpaaur268
I{ KacreJrbr flrpyc B [poBEHIII,Ix Bropa Mwzttt269, rro rrI{I{To Kpe[ocrHr.r creHr4 ce
ua6nrogana 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHoro n n 3angana c'btreraHrre or U-o6pa3Hrr r.r rrog-
ronoo6pasnkrKy:nkr. Te'spge cxogur,r rro [JraH z ycrpoficrBo ca r{ HrKorr or rexHr4Te
noprr.I. Oco6eso rpx6na [a ce floAqeprae roJrrMara npr{JrrrKa B rrpt4JroxeHara crpo-
r4TeJrHa rexHr{Ka. II{o ce orHac.rr go Tponeyru Tpaxnu r 3an4ana, To cxogcrBoro e
HalpaBo [opa3raTeJrHo: ra3rpa[eHvrre B opus implectum KpelocrHr.r 3r4[oBe ca c Heo-
6rnrnoneno rorqMa ge6etuua270; u nrnurrara r{ B'brperrrHara rau o6rurqoBKa e or
[ocraBeHr4 B rrpaBlrJrHr{ pegoBe, [peqr{3Ho o6pa6oreuu cpeAHoroJreMr{ r{r roJreMr{
KBaAprI; B OTpOMHOTO Crr MHO3TTHCTBO Te3r{ KBaAprr Ca pyCTr{rIlrpAHV, A KaMeHOAeJTC-
KaTa I4M o6pa6orra - rr3HeHaABarrlo eAHaKBa; HarrbJrHo r{[eHTI{r{eH Ha rroBceMecr-
Ho perr4crpr4pannflT n Tponeyr'r Tpaauu rr Muoro xapaKTepeH B'bHrrreH crrlaJroBr4-
gen 6amer, pa3geJrflrrl cy6- or cylepcrpyK\prflTa, e 3acBr{AereJrcrByBaH rr npr,r ce-
BepHara [opra na 3anqaua - eAr,rHcrBeHr.rrr yrracrtK, Kt[ero yKpelr,rreJrurare i
c'bop'b)KeHr{s ca 6anu BuNflHr4 r{ AoKyMeHTfipanri Ha Hr.rBoro Ha aHTVtrHwr :repen!
YxpenrarerHara cr{creMavrlaa rpr,rre o6erra ce xapaKTepv3vpa oqe c BKJrroqBaHe-
To B He-fl Ha caMo rro eAHa rrerr,rpr4'brBJrHa KyJra, Karo re3ra r Tponeyu Tpaxnu x
.fltpyc ce orr[rraBar c no-r.r3A'bJrxeHure cr.r flportopqfifi il sma.ufiTeJrHo rro-roJreMr{
263
Schneider/Karnapp 1938, S. 36 sqq.
Lander 1984, 218-223.
264
265Ibidem, 223-226"
266Ibidem, p.246 sqq.
267
lbidem, p.228. Trft rato fio]IflKora EBara rlrrra ca Aocra 6lugrz rro rrJrau, orAeJrurr aBToprr
[ocraBrr MexAy rflx 3HaK Ha paBeHcrBo, Bx(.: Biernacka-Lubanska 1982, p. 153.
268
PIrvan 1911, p. 163 sqq.; Barnea etal.1979.
26e
Iyanov 1966,23-56.
210
\eler,uuara Ha Kperrocrnr{, sug r Tponeyu Tpaxnlr Baprrpa o"r 2,60 Ro 4,15 r'r (npu
r.r3rorrHara nopra), s>r.: Scorpan 1980, p. 44.
pa3Mepr{. Harz.ruero Ha noAo6Hrr KyJrI{, o3HarraBaur,r B Jlr4Teparypara Karo
phrouriazlt, e 3acBr4AereJrcrByBaHo Aocera caMo rrprr oqe qerupu K'bcHopr{McKr.r yK-
perrJreHr,rfl: A6pr.myc, Kanragara, Tpesrnruc ("Irl3ror") nLl6vqa. feorpa$cxara rpy-
[rrpaHocT I{ roJrflMoTo cxoAcTBo B [JraHoBr4Te cxeMr{ Ha rlrecTTe u:6poenu r{eHTBpa
ca AaJrr4 ocHoBaHr{e rflxHoro r.r3rpaxAaHe Aa ce pa3rJre)KAa B paMKr.{Te Ha HflKaKBa
crrerdrlaJrHa perraoHaJrHa crpor.rreJrHa flporpaMa, o6xsaHara [poBI4HIILII{re Bropa Mu-
sufl. u Cxu'nax. flporpaMara ce flpr4rrracBa Ha r.{Mneparop fiuorreu{aH, Iro BpeMe Ha
\rr4ero yrrpaBJreHr4e ce [pr{eMa, qe e 3aflorrHano u neflnoro oc'blrlecrsgsattezT2.
B geftcrrureJrHocr, KoHKperHr.rre cBr{AereJrcrBa or orAeJrHure o6erru asr-
Jre)KAar Aareq He roJrKoBa cr.rrypHr,r. YrpeuurenHara clrcreMa Ha l46uga, Halpu-
Mep, HrrKora He e 6r,rna o6err Ha apxeoJrorr{qecKo npoyurane273. Xaorra*rHr4Te pa3-
KorrKr{ or BTopara noJroBrrHa na XIX I{ Har{aJloro Ira XX a. a Tpeelunc ("Llzrov"127+
c Hrrrqo He ca [olp[HecJII{ 3a ycTaHoBrBaHe ToqHaTa xpoHoJlotvs. Ha yKperII{TeJIHt4 -
Te My ccop'b)KeHr.{fr.Lrrrt r.{3flcuflBaHe crparwpa$vrraHa KyJrrypHIlTe HaIUIacrqBa-
Hrlr raM. Bruperu A'bJrroroAr.rruHraTe crrcreMurr apxeoJrorl{rrecKlr npoyuranar r Ka-
lr{AaBa ra A6puryc, r{ or ABara o6exra Aocera He pa3rroJraraMe c rolrHrr AaHHr.,r or-
HocHo BpeMero Ha rr3rpax[aHe Ha KtcHopr{McKrrre I{M Kpe[ocrHrr creHl{, flpeusr-
pDKAaHero na Kanugaya a fundamentis ce orHac, KGM Kpat sa IlVsaqaJroro Ha
IV e. eguncrBeHo B'b3 ocHoBa [arr4poBKara Ha cJreABauI]Is crpoI,ITeJreH fleplroA,
terminus post quemsa roftro ce flBflBaeAHa MoHera na Koncranqufi II or cJreA 337 r.275
Il{o'ce oruac, Ao yKpe[rrreJrHara crrcreMa na A6prryc, ueftnata [arLIpoBKa B'bB
BTopara rroJroBr{Ha ua III 8.276 He e Morr,rBrrpaHa or HflKaKBIT KoHKpgTHId crparlr-
paScrra ua6mogenus, a or cpaBHrrreJrHo-apxureKTypuvrfl aHaJru3 ua or:genurare ir
KOMTTOHeHTVL V HA CXeMaTa KarO rlrno.
Hanocaeg'rK, Aarr{poBKara Ha KacreJra frpyc, xofiro ce cqlrralue AocKopo
sa ,[r,roxneu{aHoB rpaye>xz]7,6e nocraeeHa Ha cep}Io3Ha npeol{eHra. Cera [I3AIlra-
Hero My ce [ocraB, Beqe B ox.320 r.278, a roBa o[peAeJleHo ro cB'bp3Ba c yKperrlr-
TeJrHara gerinocr no BpeMero na Koncranrus I n llu4urruit I r qonno4yHaBcKlrre
npoBrrHr{rrrl. Cnopeg o6crorino apryMeHTrrparrara no-rope B [I3Jro)KeHI{ero re3a,
crporrreJrHr.rrr HaAlr.rc or 3 15-3 16 r. or Tponeyu Tpaxnn cJIe[Ba [a 6tAe cB'bp3BaH
He c Kpafl, a c HaqaJloro Ha [ogerara raM crpolrreJlHa gefinocr, KoflTo MHoro cKopo
6ula nperpareHa. flognonxeaHero Ha pa6orr,rre r4 3aBT,plrrBauero Ha rpagcKara
27'
Ibidem, passim; Lander 1984, p.218 sqq.
272
Lander 1984, p.218.
273
YxpennreJruara crrcreMa Ha rpaAa e [3cJreABaHa caMo B'b3 ocnoBa na aepo$orocult] LKI{:
27e
Ibidem, S. 13.
280
Scorpan 1980, p. 52.
281
Foss/Winfield 1986, p. 9.
282
Karnapp 1976, S. 28 sqq.
283
Ibidem, 51-53.
28a
Harrison et al. 1991, p.221.
285
llarrison 1988, p. 175.
poeHo lro-K'bcHo, HO BeporTHo cpaBHI4TeJrHO K'bCO BpeMe CJreA r43AlrfaHeTo rra Kpe-
[ocrHr4Te creHr4286.
flna npranrepa ce orKpr,rBar r{ Ha repr4Topr{sra Ha npoBrautlus Cxutux. Exu-
Hr{flT or rsx e cBt,p3aH c [peycrportcrsoro nper VI s. (s nepraoga Anacracr.rfi -
trOcrusnas I) ua usrourrara rropra Ha KacreJra Cat1wgaza2g7, Koraro npeg $poura
Ha Snaurrapaqr.rre s r{erllpubrbJrrrrr rynr 6uno I43[prrHaro eAHo, :aavrcrfiHa,
lo-cJro)KHo rro rrJraH, Ho I{AeHTlrqHo or QymqraonaJrHa rJreAHa rorrKa [peAABepI,Ie.
Bropuxr flpraMep or [poBr4r{rl ws. Cxuuts. flporr3xoxAa or orpoMHara p aHHo-
srasaHTlllfcxa Kperrocr r ra. Xoplr3oHT Ha rp. Ea.rrvur (Eanurax-Xopu:our). Brs-
Hl{KtsaHero Ha yKperureHrrero ce orHacq KtM Kpafl na V urn B Haqaroro na VI n.,
Karo rro KperrocrHr4Te creHr{ ca ycraHoBeHrr peAr,rqa [o-K'bcHLr npeycr:poficrsa288. B
paMKr{Te Ha eAHo or rf,x, orHeceHo nali-o6rqo rrr'r VI B., rrpeA ceBepHara nopra
6uno rasrpaEeHo npeAABepr{e. {enara ua $naurupaulr,rre floprara npv6nuauremro
KBaAparHL.I KyJrr4, r43[aBarrlrr ce sa 12,85 M [peA KpelocrHrr.f, 3vA, lLrtkr cB'bp3aHr4
nocpegcrBoM Hanper{eH srag. Haq o$oprraenul B cpe[ara My rrpoxog c ruuprrra 3,00 rr.r
6rana r.r:rpageHa rr MaJrKa trer[pr4trbJrHa Ha4Bparna ryxa289.
flopa:rate;rHoro cxoAcrBo B [arr.rpoBKr,rre Ha rrpegcraBeHr4Te flapaJreJrr,r Aa-
Ba ocHoBaHr,re KoHcrarrrpaHoro rrprE ceBepHara nopra na 3angana npeympoficrro
yBepeHo Aa ce oTHece KLM ncpBaTa [oJroBrrHa na vI B", a ToBa, oT CBO' CTpaHa,
Mo)Ke Aa ce flppreMe 3a HeABycMr4cJreHo norBtp)Klemvre Ha cBegeHrrero na flpoxo-
n 1,290 3a peMoHTr{lme pa6orra rro yKpelrdreJrHara crrcreMa Ha rpaAa, rrpeAnpr{errr
rro BpeMero Ha r{Mrreparop Iocrunuan I. Mnoro e BeporrHo K'bM c'brrlara crpolr-
TeJrHa KaMlaHr4fl [a ce oTHacr{ u ycTaHoBeHaTa nollpaBlKa yrJrvt rLrrJIocTHo rrpel,r3t-
paxqaHe ua Kyna 1 - oco6eno, aKo u gertcrenre.nHo e flprrgo6rana cneg roBa [eH-
TaroHaJIeH rrJraH29l. O6srpsnanero Ha oc'brr{ecrBeHr{Te B 3angana upes VI B. rrpe-
ycrpoficrea c rl{qHocrra u geftnocrra Ha rrMrreparop trOcrr4Hv.aul, o6ave, cJreABa Aa
ce flpueMa Aocra ycJroBHo: KaKTo e r{3BecrHo, sa ga 6'rge npuq[creHo [aAeHo yK-
pelJreul,re x.ru trOcrraslraHoBoro crporrreJrcrBo, 3a flporonnri e 6u.no Baxrro He Ko-
ra e 3aloqHaJr HeroBrrsr crpoex (upu Anacracrafi, trOcrlrn I ranra Iocrranr,ran I), a
Kora e san'rpuren292, Karo trOcrwnraan I ce upeguraB, or er,rsaHTlrrlcxurl aBTop 3a
$axtuvecrll pbKoBoAIrreJr Ha Bcr{rrKra [eJra B LrMnepuJ{Ta orqe or caubro HaqaJro Ha
yflpaBJreurrero Ha I0crun I 293.
286
Karnapp 1976,51-53; Harrison et al. 1993, p. 151.
287
Scorpan 1980, p.51 sqq.
288
finuurpos 1990, c. 30 cn.
28e
flranurpon 1988, c. 73.
2e0
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
2et
3a garrnpoBKara Ha rosrr rr{[ Kyrrr{ sx<.: 6o6qer 196La, c. 103 cn.; Oruapor 1982, c.46
cr.; Pringle 1981., p. 157 sqq.; FossAilinfield 1986, p. 30 sqq.
2e2
Howard-Johnston 1989, p. 217 .
2e3
Proc. De aed. I,3 (ed. Dewing).
XpononoruuecKo yKa3aHLIe 3a re3r{ K'bcHr4 [peycrporlcrBa rro yKpenr,rreJr-
HaTa cI{cTeMa Ha 3argana [pelocTaBs il e\uH qacTLIqHo 3ana3eH tp'br{Krr HaArrr{c,
BI.rlqH r,r AoKyMeHTr,rpaH or K. Ilkopuut in situ, B npeA[Beprrero Ha ceBepHara rrop-
ra29a. Hagnuc'sr 6wlt pa3noJloxeu Ha Blrrcor{I{Ha oKoJro 2,00 *t or aHTI{r{HI{g repeH,
B'bpxy nBa c'bcegHu 6loxa or rperrrfl peA Ha KBaApoBara o6nlrqonxa Ha 3ana[Ha?a
creHa na Kyna 3, rovno npu Harraroro Ha rreJrHara ir usrusra (O6p. 89/7). Marap
6yrrnre Aa [peAcraBJrflBar a6pesuarypa or HflKaKB axpucrkrfl:a-
/ia ne e I{3KrIor{eHo
cxa $oprtlyJla, MecroloJloxeHl{ero My cBrrAereJrcrByBa [o-cKopo 3a crporrreJreH
xapaKTep. flo $opvrara ua pasqr$HaJw$, Kpbcr B Harraroro Ha reKcra rraAlr4c6T
cJreABa na ce orHece uarl-o6qo xtrnl V-VI e.
flpu rrncara Ha cepuo3Hr,r apxeoJroruqecKu npoyrrBaHr,u, B'bnpocGT, AaJrrr
HJrK'bAe noA pyr{Hr{Te Ha rpaAa HsMa ocTaHKr.r oT [o-paHHo ceJrr.rqe, He Moxe Aa ce
cr{}ITa 3a oKoHqareJrHo pe[reH. Or ronorpa$cra rrefiHa roqKa, ToBa e rBtpAe MaJr-
KoBeporrHo. Cenr,rrqara or fipeAxoAHrr.fl [epuoA, a r{ qaK Ao Kpafl na IV/na.raroro
na V n. Ha repr.rropvtsffa Ha gH. fio6pytr <a, ca ro rpaBr.rJro HeyKperreHu. Pasnoro-
x<eHI{ ca Ha orHocI{TeJIHo paBHI{HeH TepeH, xpart ruxrE I{a MecrHocrra, eAHocrpaH-
HO r4JIId AByCTpaHHO nO nOJIeraTr{Te CKJTOHOBe K'bM CyXOAOJTT,UI r.rJrr{ peqHr.r AOJrr{Hrr.
flpogrmrynaHo B MHo3LIHcrBoro or cryqar.rre or MecrorroJro)KeHr{ero Ha ecrecrBe-
HLr Bogor,r3Tor{Ht4rlr{, uogo6no craTyr,rpaHe e cnoco6crnyBaJro r.r3rpaxAaHero r{ Ha r{3-
KycTBeHIA TaKLIBa, C'rUIeCTBeHO yJrecHsrBar?rU pOCmna AO rrOA3eMHrrTe BoAoHocHrr
[JracroBe. Or neuanoBilKrro 3HaqeHr{e, c:lulo raKa, rqe ga e 6a:r.a I{ orHocr{TeJrHara
3arIILlTerIOCT Ha Te3V TepeHr,r OT XapaKTepHI,ITe 3a pelrroHa Cr{JrHI4 U CTyleHr{ CeBep-
Hu I,r ceBeporr3TorrHr{ aerpore29s. TonorpaQnara na 3argana B Hacroarqlu ir nng
orpa3flBa flyxa Ha c'bB'bprueHo Apyra efioxa. EcrecreeHo 3arqr,rreHfiflT TepeH r,r no-
JryocTpoBHoTo pa3noJroxeHue ce HaMr4paT B rrGJrHo c'r,oTBeTcTBrre c [pe[opGKr.rTe
rr HopMrITe Ha K'bcHoaHTI{lIHoro rpaAoycrporicrso r{ yKperrrrreJrHo crpor4Tencrso296.
fier:afiruurar aHaJrr.r3 Ha Harrrrrrnara un$oprtraqr, rro3BoJru r,r3rpax<[aHero Ha qr-
rrocrHara rpa[cKa un$pacrpyKTypa (yrpeuurenHa cr,rcreMa, uoqocna64anaue, o6-
IrIecrBeHIr nocrportxra) Aa ce onpeAeJrr{ Karo eArrH rpaHgr{o3eH no lrarqa6n aKT Ha
crpolrreJrcrvo a fundamentis, u:autlanapan nari-nepoflTHo or r.rMneparop Koncrau-
run I r,r oc'brr{ecrBeH rrpe3 BTopara qerBT,pr na IV s. TIMero Ha rpaAa, T'bJrKyBaHo
Karo ")K'brra BoAa" I,uII,I "crygelnd Boga"297, o6errusHo orpa3flBa nsodwiluero Ha
Bo[oI43Tor{HIrIIu B HelocpegcrBeHara oKoJrHocr u ne rpx6na HelpeMeHHo Aa ce cB'bp-
3Ba c HsKaKBo [o-paHHo ceirr4rrle, c'brqecrByBaJro Ha roBa Mflcro. flpousxoqtT Ha
I{Mero ce HaMr,rpa B ['bJrHo c'borBercrBile c apxeoJroruqecKr.r u ennrpa$cKrr 3acBr4-
AereJIcrByBaHIafl IrperrMyrrlecrBeHo rpaxrartcxu erHr4rrecKu o6mrx na pernoHa2gS -
2ea
Hagnlrcrr 6e o6ctofiuo KoMenrr4paH s faasa I.2.
2e5
Top6aron 19936.
2e6
Onvapon 1974, c.226 w c,lt.
2e7
Tomaschek 1898, S. 77.
2e8
flo resn Btrpoclr nx<.: Torbatov 1997c, p. 507 sqq.
KaKTO npeArr [orBaTa Ha rpaAa, TaKa BepofTHo Ir qaK Ao HacTbrII,IJIIrre B Kparl Ha
IV/Ha.iaroro na V B. KopeHHr,r npol,reuu299. OcnosasaHero Ha eAI{H HoB rpa[cKr.r
qeHT'bp B rox<Hara rracr Ha flpoBr,rHrlrlfl Crurut, cpeg paftou c erHl{qecKlr xoMoreH-
HO HaceJreHr,re u [oArrepTaHo arpapeH xapaKTep, cJre[Ba Aa ce uHTeprlperlrpa Karo
perrrr4TeJrHo I{ oKoHrrareJrHo cK'bcBaHe c AororaBatuHlrTe coquaJrHl4, [IKoHoMI,IqecKI{
r{ a[MrrHrrcrparrrBHr.r cTpyKTypr4.
Cnopeg apxeoJror[qecKure rr r{yMrr3MaruqH[ AaHHI,I, 3angana npe)KlrBtJra
Kpr,r3ara npes V e. Hos noAeM B pa3Br{Trrero ir nacrruuJl HflK'bAe B nBpBara rIoJIo-
BrrHa Ha VI s. Or ro3r{ [epuoA [arrlpa rpofleHara xpucrusHcKa 6agsnura B ]oro-
3arra4uara lracr Ha rpaAa, KaKTo Ir perl4crplrpaHl,Ire npeympoftcrBa no yKpelIlTeJI-
HaTa cucTeMa.
lonqMoro aBapcKo HarrrecrBrre or 585 r. nocraBlrJro HaqaJroro Ha Kpas Ha
3angana. flouacroarqeM He e flcHo KaKBrr rotrHo rlopaxeHl{, ca 6nln HaHeceHI{ Ha
rpaAcKara lrr$pacrpyKTypa B pe3yJrrar or roBa HaraAeHlle. He e usxrroqeHo Ha-
MepeHoTo rrpeAr,r roArrHr.r cpeA pyrrHuTe Ha eAHa crpaAa 3JraTHC MoHeTHo c'bKpoBu-
rqe c nafi-x's cuu elrtkrc:,;rfr. or BpeMero Ha flMneparop MarpuxufrtTu6epufit Aa ca cB'bp-
3aHrr uMerrHo c roBa 6egcrnne300. flucueHnre u3Bopu, a a HyMLI3MarvtsuuflMarepu-
ar, o6aue, cBulereJrcrByBar, qe x<uBorBT TyK npoA'bJDKIrJr noHe olqe eAHo Aecerlr-
Jrerrre. flocnegnoro cnoMeHaBaHe Ha 3angana e B'bB Bp'b3Ka c.rc c.s6ratnfl, pa3rlr-
paJrr,r ce npes 594 r. Creg oKoHrrareJrHara ru6en Ha lpaga HflKtAe K6M Kpa, Ha
VI s., Ha roBa Mrrcro He ca ycraHoBeHu Hr{KaKBrr cJre[u or o6utaeaHe npe3 Kosro tI
ga 6ruo or cJreABaulure rrcropl4qecKl{ erroxtr.
2ee
Top6aror 1993a, 38-40.
3m
Top6aror 1998, 64-69 ; Top6aron 2000, 7 4-7 6.
30t
lllxopnrur/I[KoprrrrJr 1892a, c.78; 3a roea yKpelreHue cloMeHaBa flo-rccno u E. Karr,rrr a:
Kalinka 1906, Col. 337.
302
ClL,lll,7587; IGBulg. 12, l-3.
303
IIA BAH, Q. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 428, n.8; a.e. 543, n.3-4.
*dfr , 7
-\ >-,
304
Ibidem, a.e. 428,1. 7-8, 10; a.e. 543,1.3-4; a.e.588, n. 56-57.
ijiiit iiitiii;iii ri- q 1.8
305
lbidem, a.e.543, * 4; a.e.588, n. 62.
306ltin. Ant. Aug.227,4-228,2 (ed. Cuntz).
307
Ctrponurqero ce e cbgrorJro or oKoJro 1000 uponuHrllraJllr[ 6ponsorn ruonerr or uaft-ro-
JrflM HoMlrnan (E). B I4cropuvecxu uyrefi-fio6puq ca [ocr]rII{JILr cauo 80 eKseM[-
.rrapa (unn. Ne I3940). Hart-rtcnrare cpeA Tflx ca or BpeMero Ha l{Mleparop @unun
Apa6.
ffi'qa:i
.1l\,'r:. ,,r
24.IJoro Eoreno
(o6q. [o6ptru; [o6Puvra o6nact)
rog
B nyuualrarr{qHara KoJreKqr{, na l,lcroplrvecxu rrrysefi-flo6puv ce c'bxpaHqBar 3 uonetu
or Trtp[uqa, Aarr{pauE or vI s. (r,rno. N I3941-3943). Hali-rlcuara or rflx e Ha
LlMreparop trOctuuuan I.
3')e
lllxopnnr 1905a, c.501.
I
tl
I
I
\,
3r0
HA BAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 428, * 4,6.
KpaqKu, K. IllxopuuJr AonycKa, qe e 6r.ur [BoeH, cHa6[eH or B:r,HrrrHara crpaHa c
poB.
Cpaunenuero Ha rrpeACTaBeHr{Te cBeAeHr{fl c ocraHKlrre HaJrarar BrracflHero
Ha pe[rrqa BilKHr{ KopeKrlrru a yror{HeHu"3ll. 11u rrbpBo Mflcro cJreABa ga ce or:6ere-
x<lr, qe B'brrpeKrr cr4creMarrrqnoro orpa6BaHe Ha KaMeHHrlfl crpor{TeJreH MarepldaJl
or KpenocrHlrre cTeHIr B Mr{HaJroro, Te Bce olde rl4qar MHolo go6pe Ha TepeHa.
Haft-nocrpaAaJr e loror{3TorrHl{qr }rBJr Ha yKpe[JreHr{ero, KtAero rpacero rra ro)K-
HeraTI{B, rIO pOBOBeTe, OCTaHaJII{ CJIeA I{3BII4-
HI4fl I4 II3TOT{H}Ifl 3LIA Ce [pOCJIeAflBaT B
r{aHeTo Ha KaMBHr4Te OT fpaAexa. Tyr rcHo ce pa3no3HaBa I4 Mscroro Ha eAHa a3-
AaBaqa ce Ha lor r{eTl{pr4'bf'bJrHa KyJra, oxpaHflBaJra rofor43Tor{Hllfl'br'},Jr. Mecrouo-
JroxeHr.reTo ila [pyrlrTe [Be KyJrr{, 3acBrrAeTeJIcTByBaHI4 rIO TpaCeTO Ha IO)KHaTa Kpe-
rrocrHa creria, orroBapr Ha Aar{Hrrre na K. Ilkopnzn. II{o ce orHacfl Ao rexHI{rI IJIaH,
rort ne Mo)Ke Aa ce oflpeAeJrrr c'bc cr4rypHocr [prr c'bBpeMeHHoro rrM cEcroflHrre.
Tpacero Ha 3rrga, o6a.re, He e rrpaBoJrr{HelfHo, a A'broBIrAIro I{3BI4To Ir ce c'bcrol4 or
TpI{ upaBoJlmrueft:aw orcer{Krr, cpegHara or Kolrro e c narl-ronrMa AIJDKLIHa. lnas-
Hara nopra ce e HaMr.rpaJra [pu eAHa or qyrrKr4Te, Ha oKoJro 15 rr,r or 3anaqHr{rr $nanr
Ha 3rrAa. Tr:spgenraero 3a c'brrlecrByBar{ero Ha ABoeH KpelocreH poB or ro)KHara
cTpaHa Ha yKpenJreHplero He orroBapfl Ha vcrvtlF.ara. BnuuareJrHrrsr ofJre[ Ha oc-
TaHKrirre ycraHoB[r HaJrr{lurero ryK Ha upotefixnalrra, I{3rpaAeHa Ha oKoJro 15 u npeg
ocHoBHr4rr arg. Tx roqHo [oBTap, HeroBara ron$rrypapfl. u orcrol4 Ira 5-6 u or
rreJrara Ha KyJrr{Te. Bp'ssrar:a Me)KAy ABara 3rr[a e nocpeAcrBoM K'bc HalperleH 3I4[
3r3
B nyunsuaruqHara KoJreKrIr{, ua l4cropnvecxlr r,ryreli-fio6pnv ce ctxpaHrrBa caMo eAHa
MoHera Ha r{Mneparop Teogocrfi II: mtn. Ns I 3924.
3ra
Kacrefi'u rpar:r Hoao Eoreso e eAHoro or ca]yro ABere 3acera yKpenJleHr{tr Ha replrropu-
flra Ha rrpoBr,rHrlurr Cxurus (gpyroro e AOPO[]I3UOH), rpr,r Kor{ro cr,rrypHo e
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHo HaJr[rq[ero ua nporefixueua. Bpeiuero na nelinoro r{3rpaxAa-
He, o6ave, He Moxe Aa ce olpeAeJra npu ctBpeMeHHoro cacrorHrre Ha flpoyqBaHur-
Ta.
r{eHI4eTO Ha Ba)KeH CTpaTerI4MeCKIa oIIOpeH nyHKT B IOrO3alaAH[Te npeAeJIII Ha IIpO-
BIIHqIIfl Crr,rruI, I{aK Ao cBofTa rII6eJI K.bM KPA,{ HA VI IIJTU B HAqAJIOTO TTA VII S.
25. [e6pene-I
(o6ry. [o6puv; flo6puvra o6:ram)
315
Eo6qena 6.r., c.34.
316
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. l, a.e. 413, x 4-6.
3r7
Mup.rerflrrMrrrpoB 1958-60, r. 18-19.
3'8 Top6aron/TlapyrreB 1990, 78-80; Top6aron/TlapyrreB 1991, I l0-l l.
3'e froron 1gg2,l4l-144; lloron 1993,123-129.
0r02030
#B
(^-\-J.r
\ : */
:N
f,1)
lr r lr lta-lz
O6p. 96. [e6peue-I. Tonorpa$ux rr yKperr.rreJrua cr,rcreMa. Jlereuga: l. Ilpoyvenu
ocraHKI,I; 2. Ilpe4nonaraeMo rpace . I Fig.96. Debrene-I. Topography and defence system.
Legend: l. Excavated remains; 2. Hypothetical course of the wall.
320
PrIIIttel 1988, 357-363.
32rMup'ren/,(I{MrrrpoB 1958-60,
n. l8-19.; Cenurqero e MHoroKparno o6xoxgano or aBTopa
no BpeMe Ha apxeoJrorlqecKrlTe pa3KolKr{ nper 1989 u 1990 r.
322
B uylrnsuarr'IyHara Konexrlux na I,IcropzqecKr{ Mysefi - fio6puq ce cbxpaHqsar 70 N{oHer[,
IIpoIrI3xox<AauIlI oT roBa ceJILIuIe: uun. Nb I554,3154-3222.
ztt 0r02030
HT
(^r\ )t
;l- .
v
".:)i
"&l$
';.!
'.i:4
,Llli!::{ ;+J
#iw
mr w *";
aa:."lJ.1i'::l::a:a.::);
32a
I4cropnuecru nysefi -,[o6pr,r.r, unr. Ns I3885, 3887, 3889-3891, 3895-3896,390-',3907-
3909.
325
?Icropn.recrn rrrysefr- [o6puu, uun. N! 13250-3255,3270.
326
Proc. De aed. IY,2 (ed. Dewing).
327
lllc. optuecru nyseft - [o6puv, uus. Ni I 3906, 3910.
27. Ilpuren
(o6q. [o6pu.r;,[o6puura o6ract)
328
HA BAH, Q. 165r, ou. 1, a.e. 413, n.5, 7-8.
32e
MupuenfilrMnrpoB 1958-60, 14-15.
330
C yvacrr,reto ua rlyaefiHil c[eIII{aJIIrcrI.r or l{ctopnuecxr.r uysefi-fio6puv.
O6p. 99. flprmeu. TouorpaQua unpultruzwreJreH rJraH Ha yKperrr,rreJrHara cr,rcreua. / Fig.
99. Prilep. Topography and approximate layout of the defence system.
O6p. 100. flplrnen. Ocranxlr or 3arraArrara KperocrHa creHa. / Fig. 100. Prilep. Remains of
the western precinct wall.
33r
flo-ronsuara qacr or roxHara My crpaHa He e 6v.na I{3KycrBelro yKpeleHa, [opaglr Harlu-
q1aero ryK Ha orBeceH cKaJreH cKJtoH. flo qemaa flepllMerbp Ha 3aluuruara rurtlfr
HqMa H[KaKBrr trogarKr4 3a cr,ulecrByBaHero Ha KyJIIl. Cupeueuuoro c'r,crotrHlre Ha
ocTaHKlTe Ee AaBa B63MOXTTOCT C[rypHo Aa ce C6AII 3a [pI{JIOXeHaTa CTpOKTeJIHa
TexHI{Ka, Ho MHoro e BepotrTHo B cnyYatr e'bo6qe Aa He CTaBa AyMa 3a "rpenocren
sug", a sa o6urHoneu KaMeIIHo-3eMreH BaJI.
99). klzrpa4eHo e 6ulo n'rpxy caMl{fl Kpari Ha [JraroBragHo 3apaBHeuoro 6rano na
[oJlyocTpoBa, r{ul,iTo cKJIoHoBe B Ta3I{ qacT Ca AOCTa CTp'bMHr{, HO He r{ HeAOCT'bnHLr.
Bluperra c'bBceM KareropurlHr..Iq xapaKTep Ha cBeAeHrrero 3a HaJrlrrrr/rero Ha "Kp.Lr-
JII4 B'brpeuHl{ KyJrI4" IIo rpacero Ha 3a[aAHara KpelocrHa creHa, ocraHKI{Te He Aa-
Bar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce roBop[ 3a KaKBr{To u ga 6uto xylra. flonacrosqeM Kpeflocr-
HI4Te 3LIEoBe flcHo JII{qar B'bB BIr[ Ha xoMoreHHrr KaMeHHr{ rpaMagr.r c ruupltra go 7-
8 M ra szco.rr.rHa Ao 1,50rta (O6p. 100), Cpeg KaMBHr.rre ue ce aa6elfl3Ba HlrKaK.bB
xopocaH, Koero [oAxpaHBa flpe[floJro)KeHrrero, qe rpa4exGT Moxe 6n gelicrnra-
TeJrHo e 6r,rn Ha KaJrHa cnorira. Ha orono l0 rtr rpeg Spoura Ha 3anaAHara Kpenoc-
THa creHa e 6uta I,I3rpa[eHa cr{creMa or BbHrrrHrr yKpe[r.rreJrHrr c'bop'bxeuvrfl,, c-bc-
Torrqa ce or ABa yc[ope[Hrr poBa, orcro.flrrlrr Ha oKoJro 5 nr egran or Apyr, r,r Harpy-
naH Me)KAy rflx KaMeHHo-3eMJreH rar. I{xnara reprrrop[fl Ha yKpemreHr{ero e oce-
flHa c ocraHKrr or Hartcro pa3[oJro)Kenu uoctporfKrr, npaBo'brtJrHrrflT nJraH Ha no-
Beqero or Kolrro cGBceM flcHo ce pa3no3HaBa Ha repeHa. flpr,r o6xo;xAaHero Ha
cKJroHa rrog loxnara Kpe[ocrHa creHa 6e nauepena [r eAHa MoHera - crrJrHo r,r3Tpr,rr
Ia HelIerJrr{B [pe6eH HoM[rHaJr or IV s.
Bre ocHona Ha rlpe4craBeHrrre [aHHrlr, il3ToqHoro yKpelJreHr,re B MecrHocr-
'ra "Karero" rpalt flpulen cJreABa ga 6'rge olpeAeJreHo Hafi-nepoxrHo Karo yKpe-
rleHo ceJrr.Irle, rtrlero B'b3HrrKBaHe LI c'bulecrByBaHe Moxe Aa ce nocrarz narl-o6rqo
B rreprroga IV-VI s.
28.Oqrpqu
(o6q. [o6puu; fio6puvxa o6racr)
::z fi4 BAH, S. 165x, a.e. 413, t.2-3; Ilkopnrrr 1905r, 375-376: Illxopuun 190Sn, c. 561.
333
Muprer/.(rrMrrrpoB 1958-60.
Ia Top6aron 19936.
c'l,c 3apaBHeHo 61410, oSopMeH BBB Br{coKr.Ifl I4 CTp'bMeH I()XeH CKJTOH Ha AO6py-
Ax(aHcKoTo [JraTo oT [Ba cTpaHutlHu AOJIa. CJIeA HqKoJIKO noAloTBI{TeJIHII cOHAa-
xa, oc'bulecrBeHr{ npe3 BTopara noJroBrrHa Ha 60-Te roArIHE, npea 1971 r. tyx 6e
nocTaBeHo Har{aroro Ha clrcreMHr.{ apxeoJror[qecK[ pa3KonKu. 3auo.rsaru rato
c'bBMecreH 6urapo-noJrcKr.r npoeKT, Te npo['bJrxlrxa ao 1990 r. Or 1980 r. 6rn-
rapcKktrr err,rn pa6orn caMocroflTeJlHo u o6xsaHa HrIKoIr HenpoyrreHu yvacrsqd or
rroJrcKr,r.fl (sanageu) ceKTop na o6erra.
HanpaneHrare coHqarKrr per[crpr,rpaxa xr{Bor Ha x'bJrMa rrpe3 K'bcrlara 6pon-
3OBa, paHHO- I{ K'bCHOXeJIr3HaTa errOXII, K'bCHaTa aHTI{IIHOCT (XlCnOpUrtlCKa tr paH-
nosugaHrr.rricra enoxrn) r4 npe3 6urapcroro paHHo cpegHoBeKorue. flpee re3tr [Ba-
Aecer roAr,rHlr apxeororuqecKrr pa3Korrxu 6nxa pa3Kpr{TI{ 3r{arrureJrlrfl llacrl[ or yK-
penr.rreJrHara clrcreMa r{ BBTperIrHr,rre nocrporfrra na KBcHoprrMcKo yKpemenue,
npeo6pasyBaJro ce rpe3 paHHosugaurultcxara eroxa B yKpe[euo celulqe. Oule
[o-['bJrHo e [poyr{eHo BB3HT4KHaJTOTO B'bpxy HerOBr{Te pyuIELs. erapo6rnrapcKo ce-
Jrr.rule335, K'bM Koero ce orHacflT 117 xunuqa-noJry3eMJrrlrKu, BKorranr g'rn6oxo n
KLCHOAHTI4IIHI,,IS KYTTYPEH IIJIACT, A HA MECTA - II IIOI TTETO. OTTPU?I{TE NOBEI{E OT
100 rpo6a, pa3pyrxaBalqu 6'strapcKoro ceJrl{qe, oilpe[eJrrr 30-te140-te ronurm Ha
XI e. raro ropHa rpaHurla na o6urasaHero Ha x'bJIMa "Karero"336. Cuopagrwro
HaMr.rpaHr,rre Ha pa3Jrl{una gtn6oulitHa ocMaHcKI4 MoHerIr I( rJrtrHeHI{ JTyJIU cBtrne-
TeJrcrByBar 3a cllcreMarr4rrHoro orpa6eane Ha crporrreJrH[f, Marepl,Iiu, npoA'bJr-
x(r{Jro Ao HaqaJroro na XX sex.
OctuqecrneHr4re [pe3 1988 a 1989 r. coHA:DKrr B lleHrpaJrHara.racr Ha o6erra
r o6rqu Jrvtnkrur florBapgr,rxa ycraHoBeHara or rIoJrcKIrrI eKrlrl B 3ana[Htrfl ceKTop
crparnrpaQan33l . C-saleBpeMeHHo, Te BHecoxa Ir H.aKoE Hroaucu, xapaKTepu3upa-
rqr o6n:ranaHero Ha x'bJrMa "Karero" [pe3 K'bcHara aHTI{vHocr. B :rosrr xpoHo]ro-
u{qecKu orpfl3'bK ce o6oco6sBar rpll [eprro[a, ['bpBI,IrIT or KotrTo ce orHacq K'bM
K'bcHoprrMcKara, a ApyrI,ITe ABa - K6M panHoBlr3aHr:uficrata e[oxa. HaA uows
roprJr cnort or: Kpas Ha IV unu ['bpBL{Te [ecerlrJrerl,rfl ua V n., pem[crplrpaH rloBce-
MecrHo e o6xsaHarara or Kpenocrul4Te creHla teprropru338 ll uaprupalq Kpafi Ha
n'bpBr.rs rreprroA, 6e xonctarupaH flcHo Lr3pa3eH MexAIrHeH KyJrrypeH [Jracr, [pen-
xoxAan{ [ocJre[Horo [per,r3rpa)KAaHe npe3 K'bcHara aHT[ItIHocr. flnacryrt cBqe-
TeJrcrByBa, qe cJre[ [pexl{BsHoto 6egcrrlre (ce'spsauo BepotrHo c HrIKoe rorcKo
r.rJrr.r xyHcKo nanagenlre) xrrBolbr B ceJrr{r{ero 6'speo ce BB3craHoBIrJr u - }raKap
33e
YrpeuureJrHara clrcreMa e orqacrlr KoMeHTrrpaHa B HayqHara KHIIDKHLIHa: Muxafi.lon u
gp. 1975, c.62 ctr.; Michailov et al. 1980, p. 119 sqq.
3ao
Mupuenfi r,rMrrrpoB 1958-60.
341
Top6aror 1993a, c. 38 cn.
rffis
z EJo
o 20 40
M
O6p. 101. Ogtpun. flnan na yKperr.rreJrHara cr{creMa. / Fig. 101. Odartsi. Layout of the
defence system.
ls:$:i
3a2
Mouerure or pa3KorrKr4Te Ha 6urapcxm eKurr ce cbxpaHrBar n llctopnuecru uysefi -
[o6puu. flpousxoxgaqrlTe or uoJIcK[If, ceKTop MoHerIr ca uy6luxynaHu:
Krzyzanowska 1983, p. 179 sqq.
343
Petrikovits 1971, p. 200; Johnson 1983, p. 46 sqq.
3aa
Bersu L945.
345
Gilles 1976,5.447.
346
Dymaczewska/Dymaczewski 1980, p. 152.
Kym 2 Moxe [a ce pa3rJrex(Aa Karo [pord3xoxgarr{a or rrrrra Ha [oJryKp'brJrrrre
rynu, Kru c'brru4fl apxerr4[ cJre[Ba [a 6r,IIe orHeceHa r{ noJr[4roHaJrHara Kyna 6,
LI3[IarHara B ro)KHu-fl rparl ua rorol/t3TorlHara KpenocrHa creHa. Tr, o6aue, e [oJryK-
ptrJra orBcrpe, a I{3HeceHara it.racr e qerrrpucrenna. IIpou3xo[BT Ha [oJlr{roHaJr-
HrrTe KyJII{ C OCHOBaHT{e Ce ll3BeXAa OT Te3r4 C Kp'brBJr rrJraH, 3a KOeTO HepflAKO
cBrr[ereJrcrByBa r,r3rpax[aHe Ha rexur,rre cy6crpyxqura347. B'rnpexlr
r4 Haqr4HBT Ha
r{3BecrHoro B'},HIrrHo cxo[crBo, re ue :rpa6Ba Aa ce cMecBar c KyJrr{Te c r43AaAeH
ocrbp p'b6348, Kor4To [pr,rua[Jrexar K'r,M rrpr.rHrlrrlHo pa3Jrr4rreu run. PenecaHc'br B
KccHopr.rMcrara Sopru$rraqrzx Ha no3Harr{Te or no-paHo [oJrrzroHaJrHr,r KyJrrr ce
orAaBa o6rarHoseHo Ha MoAa, HaJro)KeHa or r43rpaAeHlrfl B oKoJrHocrrrre sa Salonae
B rrpoBraHr{r,rq fiaruaqnx yKpe[eH flBopeq Ha r.{Mneparop finox;rertta*34e. flpu nce
ToBa, pa3[pocrparreHrrero rzM e rB'bpqe orpaHr,rr{eHo. Tosa ce o6xcHssa c rro-cKopo
rrpeAcraBIaTeJIHLIfl XapaKTep Ha [oJrr,rroHaJrHraTe ry.nrE350, [pe[Br4A c'bMHr{TeJrHrITe
rar\r SynrqraoHaJrHr{ r4 TaKTuqecKr,r nperrMyndecrBa. C eAHo r{3HeHa[Baqo r,r3Krroqe-
nr.re s Cesepua A$prara (no or 3Haq[TerHo [o-KbcHo apeue)351, Te He ca 3acBrr[e-
TeJrcrByBaHu B'bH or [pegeJrr{re na Erpona352. MnoguHcrBoro or Aa:rrrpaHr{Te rrpu-
MepI{ ce orHacrr K'bM rrtpBara [oJroBr{Ha ua IV B., Karo oKTaroHaJrHI.,ITe Kyirr,r no
Teogocraenara creHa s KoHcraHrranonor353 (or.413 r.) ca cpeg uafi-xrcnrare rpe4-
craBr{TeJrrl Ha rufira. Ieorpa$cx u :r.afi- 6 :l.uzKrrrr Ao O4rpqu npr,rMep 3 a r.{3[oJr3yB a-
He Ha [oJrrrroHaJrHrr KyJrrl [por.r3xo>rqa or K'bcHoaHTrrrrHoro yKpe[JreHr,re rpaft c.
Kpaueeo, o6rq. Ean.rur3s4. To e 6uno rr3rpaAeHo xpari rvropcrut 6ptt B ceBepor,r3-
ToqHlrrrbrbJr Ha rrpoBr,rHrlr.rfl Bropa Mn3lrx, Helocpegcrneuo rpafi rpaur,rqara i c
npoBlrHrlrrx Crwrvs.. Pasrpurara npes 1951 r. rcro3analua'bruroBa KyJra Ha yKpen-
JreHr{ero e Kp'bnra orBBTpe, a r,r3gaBarr{ara i ce lracr e cegMocreHHa355. EnrEsrr,r
flapaJreirr{ Ha noJruroHaJrHrrre KyJrrr B Ogrpqu [peAJrarar HrrKoJrKo KtcHoprrMcKr{
yKpelJreHr.r, B flpoBflHqru Epuranzs..Taxa Hanpr,rMep, Kylr.a2 AeMoHcrpr{pa roJu-
Mo cxoncrBo c KyJrure rro oKoJroBp'beruara Kpe[ocrHa creHa na Cardiff. 3a yxpen-
JleHr{ero s Cardiff ce [prreMa, qe e BB3HuKHaJro He ro-paHo or Kpa, Ha III s., Ho
B'blpocHr,rre KyJrrr [pr,rHagJrexar Bepo.srHo Ha [o-K'bceH crporrreJreu uepzog3s6 Nalr
rroHe Ha c'brr{ecrBeHa flpoMflHa Ha n'bpBoHaqaJrHlrfl ITJIaH B caledmfl. xoA Ha crpor4TeJr-
347
Arasacosal9T4, c. 338 cn.
348
Eo6qen 1961a,c. 103 cn.; Onvapor 1982,c.46ctr.; Pringle 1981, p. 157 sqq.; FossAtrinfield
1986, p. 30 sqq.
3ae
Wilkes 1986, p. 21 sqq.
3so
Lander 1984, p.244.
35rPringle 1981, p. 158,246-248.
3s2
Lander 1984, p.244.
353
Miiller-Wiener 1977, S. 286; Tsangadas 1980, p. 9 sqq.
354
Ton.resa 1953, c. 81 cn.; Bournaxop 1977, c.9A.
35s
flpoyunaxvara ca Ha cr.H.c. lopana Tonuera, Ha KotrTo 6narogapx 3a rrpegocraBeHara
MIr IIeHHa neny6aKynana tn$oprr,raqux.
356
Johnson 1979,p. 136.
crBoro357. flogo6uu rro rrJraH :rlytu 6utrut AorrbJrHI4TeJIHo flplrcrpoeHu K'bM Kpeloc-
rHrrTe cTeHIr na Cirencester xtu 333 r. ra ua Caerwent Me>Iqy 33A u 350 r.3s8 Bls
ocHoBa Ha npeAcTaBeHrrre aHaJrorrrr4, AarrrpoBKara Ha [oJII4roHaJrHIrre KyJII4 B Og'bp-
rlrl rr3rJle>I([a uarl-eeporrua B'bB BTopara r{erB"bpr na fV s.
Kyla 4 n Oq'spqra ce HaMnpa B rr3To!{Hrrfl ceKTop Ha ceBepHara Kpelocrlra
creHa. B nayuuara KHr4rxHrrHa rq o6urHoseHo ce npeAcraBx Karo pa3HoBI4AHocr Ha
U-o6pasnnre xynu359. Xaparrepuara ii pasuruprBatqa ce OcHoBa, O6aqe, KaKTS I{
cKtceHrrre flporropquu, qyBcrBlrrerHo fl orrl{rraBar or KracflqecKnx npotorun. Aro
ce a6crpax[paMe OT ABycTpaHHoTO I{M pa3[OJIoxeHI{e crrpfMo KpenocTHaTa CTeHa,
Ky.na IV n Ogtpqu e MHoro cxoAHa no rrJraH c qlcr or KyJIIrre Ha K'bcHopI4McKrITe
yKperlrleHrrrl Burg bei Stein (nponun\kt . Peqng)360 ra Lindenhof in Zuerich (nponuu-
qua fopna leprnrauua)361, KaKTo r4 c re3r4 or BTopI{fl crpolrreJreH [ep]IoA na Castra
ad Herculem (npoeuuqua flauonr.ra)362. flauapoerara IrM Jrexl4 B lIrI{poKIr xpoHoJro-
rrrqecKr4 rpaHr{rlu: or Kpas na III s. Ao ylpaBJreHllero Ha }IMrleparop Balenturutan
| (364-375). To.reH rrapaJreJr na Kyna 4 r Og'rpqu npeArrara yKpeulrreJrHara clrcre-
Ma Ha K'bcHoaHTr{rrHm rpaA Constantia rpart ga" Craueonorrpaq (npouunqux Xeura-
uonr)363. I4aclegnaufiTe fl, Aartrpar nafi-o6u1o B nBpBaTa noJIoBI4Ha na IV s., xaro
B.b3Hr4KBaHero Ha rpa[a cBtbp3Bar c rrMero u geftnocrra Ha I4Mnepalrop Koucran-
364.
rus I
Kopenaquara Ha AaHHrrrre or apxr{TeKTypHo-xpoHoJrorr{rrecKlrrl aHaJrI{3 Ha
3s7
Lander 1984, p. 178,244-245.
358
Ibidem, p.245.
35e
MuxafinoB rI Ap. 1975, c.66; llranos 1980, c. 201.
360
Lander 1984, p. 185,211.
361
lbidem, p.204,211.
362
lbidem, p. 188, 211.
363
3a roranLr3a\urrTa Ha rpaAa nx.: Gjuzelev 1969,156-157.
36a
A.nagx<or 1981., c. 253 ctt.; Anagxon 1985, c. 15 cl'
365
Dymaczewska/Dymaczewski 1980, p. 149.
flpeqnsHlaxr rpa4ex rroKa3Ba, rre
crpoureJrcrBoro e 6nno oc'brqecrBeHo 6es
r{3Jrrrrrruo 6rpsane, or{eBulHo B ycJroBr.rrra Ha eAHa M[pHa o6craHosra. Apxeono-
fI,IqecKI{Te AaHHr.r He no3BoJrrBaT cr.rfypHoTo oTHacflHe Ha BB3Hr{KBaHeTO Ha yKpen-
JreHLIero rpaft Og'rpqr,r KbM KoHKperHa crpor{TeJrHa [porpaMa r,r3Mex[y 3acBr.rAe-
TeJrcrByBaHr,rre (r,rnr,r [ocryJrrrpaHlr) sa repuropr,rrra Ha flpoBr4Hrtrus. C:ruT ux366. He-
3aBHcIlMo goxonro36T r,r [aJrrr nro6u1e368 npoBr4Hrlr.rrta e 6urra 3ecerHara or soriHa-
Ta c roTI{Te ot 331-332 r., B pe3yJrTaT oT ycrrerunus3a Prarvr naxog oT Ta3r.r eor?na,
Tepuropr{flra na Crrarvfl npileila qacr or rrpeceJreHrrre B npeAeJrr,rre Ha nMflepwrrra
roJIeMI4 Macr{ orB'b[AyHaBcKo HaceJreur{e or pa3rurreH erH[qecKrr npor.rsxo4369. Bcraq-
Ko roBa HeI,rs6exno rrocraBr{Jro c HoBa cflJra B'Lnpoca sa Heo6xogrrMocrra or no-Ha-
TatblrrHo pa3Brrrr,re Ha crrcreMara 3a B'brperrrHa cr,rrypHocr: - oco6eHo B orAarer{e-
Hrrre or rJraBurrre [6Tr,rrqa rr or BoeuHrrre r{eHTpoBe Ha rrpoBrrHr{r,rrra pafiouu.
flpegnrag rr3TBKHarr{Te apryMeHTrr or trcropr{qecKo ecrecrBo r{ B c'brJracrde
c [pr.rBeAeHr,rTe apxeoJrorflqecKu AaHHr4, r43rpaxAaHeTo Ha K'bcHopr.rMcKoTo yKpe[-
JreHue rpafi Ogrpqrr r,r3rJrexqa nari-nepoxrHo rrpe3 30-re lrmn B Har{aroro na 40-re
ro[[IHIr na IV s. flpu nuucara Ha u3puqHrr rrrlcMeHr4 r,rJrr4 e[ulpa$crr cnugereJrcr-
Ba, HeroBara rr,rrroJroruqecKara c'brr{Hocr Moxe caMo Aa ce [peAfioJrara. Pagnono-
xeno g'sn6oKo B'bB B'brperrrHocrra Ha flpoBr.rHqr{r{ Cruru.a, BcrpaHr.r or ocHoBHr{Te
KoMyHr.rKaqEoHHtr Jrr{HErr, B rbcro 3aceJreH ueyp6anusupan parion, Qynrquure Ha
yKperJreHr,reto rpafi Ogrpqu cJreABa Aa ce onpegeJrflr Karo uonqepraHo nonuqer?c-
ru. CpaanrareJrHo roJreMlrre pa3Mepr.r onpeneJrflT T[IroJlorlrqecKara My ta[eHTr,rq-
Hocr Karo castellum, Ho B'bB $ynxqnonanHo orHorrrenue nar?-npargouogo6uo u3r-
Jrexqa orbxgecrBflBaHero vty c praesidium31o.3a crcr:asa r4 trrrcJreHocrra Ha rap-
Hrr3oHa HrrMa Hr{KaKBrr AaHHrr. Mox<e Aa ce [pegnoJrara, ue npo$ecuoHaJrHlrre Bo-
eHHII I{ A'bpxaBHure qr,rHoBHrrqrr ca ctcraBrflBarru caMo KoMaH[Hr.r, c'rcraB. Oc-
HoBHr.rrIT KoHTI{HreHT IrIe [a e 6un or ot6urarqn BoeHHa [oBI{HHocr ceJrcKlr xI{TeJrr{
or rrrna Ha r. Hap. burgarii3Tr. Hapeg c na6nrogeru{ero [r KoHTpoJra Ha[ flprrJrexa-
Irlara repr,rropvrflu ocurypflBaHero npu neo6xogmnrocr Ha BoeHHa 3arr$,rra Ha oKoJr-
HOTO HaCeJIeHIre 3aA KpenOCTHr{]le CTeHU, BaX(HO MTICTO CpeA 3aAaqr{Te Ha rapHL{3O-
366
Scorpan 1980, p. 120 sqq.; Zahariade 1988, p. 144 sqq.
367
I{scnegraq[Te rpaA[r.rroHHo flpr{eMar, rre repuropr.rrra Ha [poBrrHrlr4rr Crurus e 6nta
3aceruara or nofinar:a c rorr{Te or 331-332 r., Karo HarrocJreA'bK Aopr.r ce AonycKa,
qe roBa e 6sro 3Haqr,rrerHo [o-qycrB[renno (Barnea l99la,p. 161), orKoJrKoro ce
cqr,rrarile npegra (Barnea1968, p.389; Scorpan 1980, p. 121).
368
Anarugrr Ha rrlrcMeur.rre n3Bopr.r y6egurelHo cBr{AereJrcrByBa, qe cB'bp3aHr.rre c ra3u
roftna c's6urus ce pa3rlrpartt,t n3BtH rrpegeJrnre Ha Pravrcxara uMflepr{r u Aareq or
Tepr.rroprrflTa Ha rpoBr{HrlrrsCxvrus. - HxK'bAe n 6acerlsa Ha p. Tnca: Wolfram 1979,
64-65.
36e
Anonym. Yales. 6,32(ed. Mommsen); Yelkov L987,p.14.
370
Bx. fnasa II.1: PRAESIDIUM.
rTrIGBulg. III, 1690;IGLR, 172.
na'rpx6ea Aa e 3aeMaJro cr6upauero, TpaHcrroprrrparrero, a Moxe 6uu crxpautza-
Hero372 Ha HarypaJrHr{.fl 3'bpueH HaJror (annona militaris)373. 3a rona cBr{AereJrcrBy-
Ba caMurr ns6op Ha Mflcroro, K'blero 6rano nsglrrHaro yKpe[reHr{ero - cpeg o6-
ur.rpeH parion c noArrepraHo arpapeH o6nrm r,r B Henocpe[crBeHa 6nusocr Ao Aeftc-
rByBarrlo IIo ToBa BpeMe perr{oHaJrHo [epEoAr.rqHo Tbpxr,rrqe c TpaArrquu otlle or
K'bcHoxeJr.f,3Hara enoxa374. Karto e LI3BecrHo, BKrrorreHu nrr $ucxarHara cr{cre-
Ma Ha Praucxara uurrepufl, nogo6nra lbpxr{rqa c ycnex u3['bJrHrBaJru u $yurqNrra
Ha nyHKToBe sa c'r6zpaHe Ha ['bpxaBHrrre ganrqu375. Cnopeq gaHrrr.rre Ha HyMr,r3-
Marrrqur{, MareprraJr or reprrropvflTaHatbpxflqero, octlr{ecrBeHara rpafi gneru-
Horo c. Ogrpqu [pe3 K:bcHopr,rMcKara eloxa cnequ$uuna cuNr6rnosa "nepuogravno
Ttpxrur{e - praesidiutn" [\e [a e npoc'blr{ecrByBaJra Ao KBM HarlaJroro ua V e., ro-
raTo HeyKperreHr4Te arpapHrr [oceJreHr4, Ha npaKTr,rKa rr3qe3Hzuru oT [oceJrr{rrlHaTa
HoMeHKJrarypa Ha rrpoBIrHIdIrJI CxurusS7 6 .
Bropraxr K'bcHoaHTrrqeH neprdog, apxeororflrrecK[I 3acBrrAereJrcrByBaH Ha
x'bJrMa "Karero" xpair c. Og'rpqu, Aarrrpa or: V s. u e cB'bp3aH c oKoHqareJlnara
rpanc$opr"ra\vs.Ha flpelurrrHrrJr praesidium B ]'KpeneHo ceJr[Iqe. Hsrvra AaHHfi AaJrr4
rr AoKoJrKo yKpelr4TeJrHaTa cr4cTeMa e rrocTpaAaJla B pe3yJITaT oT rrpex<rrB.r{HoTo rrpe3
['bpBara [oJroBrrHa na V ser. o[ycrorrrrrreJrHo Harrageuue. XapaKTep'br Ha KoHcra-
TrrpaHr{Te IIo KpelocTHr{Te cTeHr{ [onpaBKpr, cEc cr,rrypHocT oTHacflrrlu ce KBM cTpo-
wrerrnutfl. fleplrog or V 8., AaBar ocHoBaHrre Aa ce Aolycxa, qe re ca 6uttw [poBoKrr-
panlr no-cKopo or [p]rpo4Ho 6egcruue - BeporrHo, cI4JreH 3eMerp'bc. flponagane
Ha IO)KHr{' CeKTOp OT 3alaAHaTa KpenOCTHa CTeHa HaJTOXLIJIO HeIOBOTO B'b3CTaHO-
BrBaHe. lpagex.rr, o6ave, KopeHHo ce orJrprtraBa or rrpeAprlrrHufl. Irlgurnnen e n
opus incertum, or cpaBHr.rreJrno gpe6nu JroMeHr{ KaM'bHr4 Ha KaJrHa cnoftxa (O6p.
i03). 9yecrBlrreJrHo [ocrpaAaJrara KyJra Ao ceBepo3ailailrrnfl. 'brbJr Ha yKpenJreHrre-
ro (Kyna l) 6uta HarbJrHo r{3ocraBeHa. Ocramure i 6nnu cpr,rHarrl Ao HrrBoro Ha
372
Ha xur"ra "Karero" rpafi Ogrpqu 6xxa pas.rncreul{ ABe BKolaHIr B cKaJrHara floqBa rtMrl
c KpyruoBngua $opr"la rr MHoro rorqMa BMecrr,lMocr. fiarrapoarara uM e He{cna, Ho
Te cr,c cflrypHocr ce or'],x,qecrBqr c'r]c 3tpHoxpaHl,Innula (slrusl). B peguqa or crpa-
Ar,rre rrpr{HagJrexaqrr K}M rrbpBr.rfl KT,cHoaHT[qeH rrepfio[ ca6vnu o6oco6enr cne-
rlr4turHrr cKJIaAoBrr rroMerr,(eHr.rf, c BKolaHr{ B [oAa IrM uo HrrKoJrKo AorrrryMr4. Hanu-
Ho o3aAaqaBallu. o6ave, ca AecerKr4Te BKo[aHIl B peAuuLI AoJrIryMr{, oTKpLITL{ [peA
$ponra Ha ceBepHara Kperocrua creua (ue;rgy Kyna I u uoprara). Ctpa'rurpa$c-
xure na6moAeHrrs [o3Bo-]rrBar cB'r,p3BaHero rrM c KyJrrypHlrfl tlJracr ot VI r., Ho rf,x-
HOTO npeAHa3HaqeHne e HeflcHo.
373
3a opraur.r3aur{flTa Ha annona militaris npe3 K'},cHara aHTr{rrnocr, nx.: Rickmanl9Tl,p.
278 sqq.
374
Top6aroa 19936.
3'5
Jones 1964 (II), p. 855; Mac Mullen 1970, p.333; Shaw 1979, p. 105 sqq.; de Ligt/de
Neeve 1988, p. 407 sqq.
376
Torbatov \gg7a,p. 78 sqq.
::;#
il:lii.fr)i:iir
ili{*ji
O6p. 103. Og'rpqr. flonpanrlr rro rpacero Ha 3arraAHara Kperrocrua crena ('rexuura na
rpage>x). / Fig. 103. Odartsi. Repairs of the western precinct wall (style of construction).
377
Muxafiron n Ap. 1975,63-64.
378
lbidem, c. 69.
O6p. 104. Og'rpqr.r. Yge6eltxeane Ha rlenrpaJrurrf, ceKTop Ha ceBepHara KpelocrHa creHa.
/ Fig. 104. Odartsi. A later thickening of the central sector of the northern precinct wall.
3ie
lbidem, c. 66.
---{- a7.a
,t .)
O6p. 105. Xpa6pono. TonorpaQua u yKperr{reJrHa cr{creMa. / Fig. 105. Hrabrovo. Topog-
raphy anC defence system.
JIe[eH 3I,IA c Ae6eJrI,rHa 1,60 lr, xortro o6xnaulal rr rplrre creHr.r Ha Kyra 3 (O6p.
104). fpagextT e rBKJIIoqIarenHo rrpeqrr3eH. 3ldAar e Syqupau na gu6o.uana
IIoBeqe or 2,00 M or roraBaruHoro Hr,rBo Ha repeHa. CyuepcrpyngnflTafiBlt[r4MrrflT
HrKora HaA TepeHa rrBpBr{ peA or cy6crpyKrlr,rqra ca rr3rpaleHrr or cpelHrr no roJre-
MrrHa, cTapaTeJrHo ooopMerll,I KaMeHHfi 6roKoBe, cB6p3aHr,r c'6c 3ApaB 6ar xopocau
(opus vittatum).l4uairctnpegBr.rg apxeoJrorrrqecKufl KoHreKcr r{ B'b3 ocuoBa na MHo-
xecrBoro Ao6pe Aarr,rpaHrr [apaJreJrr(380, yAe6enrsaHero Ha KpenocrHara creHa B
OA'rpryr, a pecneKTI,rBHo - BTopara crporrreJrHa $asa npes rperlu K'bcHoaHTrlrrreH
[eprroA, rpx6na yBepeHo Aa ce cBapxe c yKperr[TeJrHara gefinoct Ha r,rMrreparop
3t0lIBaHoB 1973a,c.24 cn; Orrapon 1982, c. 60; WhitBy 1984, p. 177 sqq.; Whitby 1986b, p.
737 sqq.
To My ynpaBJreHrre e HeBB3Moxr{a. flpu rona noJroxeHlre, IrbpBara crpoureJrHa
$asa clegr a aa ce orHece nafi-neporrHo K'bM HaqaJloro na VI n., T.e. KtM BpeMero
Ha r,rMneparop Anacracuti.
Crraxufinuqr no)Kap rr Mor{erHr{Te HaxoAKr{, narf-rccnnre cpeA Kouro ca or
y[paBJreHrrero Ha rlMneparop @oxa (602-610 r.)381, cBrrgereJrcrByBar sa ru6erra
Ha paHHoBrrsaHr[ficroro yKpeneHo ceJrr{qe rpafi Og'rpqfi B n'bpBlrre AecerrlJrerlls
na VII s.
29. Xpa6pono
(o6q. Eanvrr; fio6pnura o6lacr)
38r
fly6ruxynauara [o-paHo un$opuaqr,ra (MuxafrroB Ir Ap. 1975,c.70) sa uauepeua Mouera
Ha r{Mneparop Ooxa (602-610) ce oKa3a HeBspHa.
382,[pencnsora 1966, c. 34 (Nh 78); Ep6sena 6.r., c. 68.
383
lbidem.
384
Bo6sera 6.r., c. 68.
O6p. 106. Xpa6pono. Ocranxlr or KperrocrHara crena. / Fig. 106. Hrabrovo. Remains of
the precinct wall.
oefi-[o6plru385, caMo rpr4 claAar K'bM MoHerocerreHero ilpe3 111386 rr eAHa - K'bM
ToBa [pe3 y1 Bcu.rx[ ocraHaJrrr MoHerrr Aarr,rpar or HaqaJroro Ha IV Ao K6M
u.387
HalraJroro Ha V B., raro nar?-rtcHr{Te cpeA Tflx ca or BpeMero Ha rrMleparoprrre
Apragufi u Xonopufi388. Cnegure or o6r.rraBaHe Ha repr,rropr,r-trTa Ha rroJryocrpoBa
"Otry 6ypyn" [pe3 K'bcHop:avcKkrs. [eprrog HecBMHeHo rpa6na Aa ce nocraBqr B'bB
Bp'b3Ka c roBa ceJrr,rrqe. Tn'rpge oflpocreHara [rHxeHepHa KoHr{enqflfl u upr{Mr,rrr.rB-
Ho crpollTeJrHo pelreHr{e Ha r.r3rpaAeHoro ryK yKpelJreuue y6eqlrreJrHo cBr,rqereJrc-
TByBar 3a HeroBr{, "u3a'bHpeqen" xapaxrep. Or $ynrqrroHaJrHa rJIe[Ha roqKa, To c
roJrflMa yBepeHocr Moxe Aa 6'sge oupegeJreHo Karo Kperrocr-y6exuqe (refugium),
ua6'spso r{3rpa[eHa or MecrHoro HaceJreHr{e np}r Bb3Hr{KBaHero Ha HqKaKBa Kpr4-
385
Mone'rnte [porr3xox[ar or repl{Toprrfra KaKTo Ha ceJrrrulero ,TaKa t Ha yKpelJleurrero:
Ilcropr.ruecrn r',ryseft-[o6pr{}r, orAerr "Hyur.rsuar:lrKa", rlHB. }& I 3103-3112,3394-
3610,3762.
387
I,Inn.NilI3604.
388
I,IHS. Nb I 3106-3108, 3484.
O6p. 108. O6po'nrute. Tonorpa$cxo noJro>reHue Ha KtcHoaflTrqnoro yxperuler*re. /'
Fig. 108. Obrochishte. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
30. Odpo.nlule
(o6rq. Baruux; fio6puuxa o6nacr:)
38e
Bx. ctorBerHrrr naparpaS B l{3JroxeHllero tro-rope,
3m
fipeucu:ora 1966, c. 22; Bodqena 6.r., 50-5 l.
KI{TC HA MECT-
HOCTTa I{ OKOJIHITI-
TE B'b3BIIIIIEIIVTfl.
I{srpageno e 6u-
Jro B'bpxy MaJraK,
II3ABJDKeH OT Ce-
Bepol,I3roK Ha
roro3arla[ fioJry-
ocTpoB, c nJraTo-
BTTAHO 3apaBHeHo
6ulo u crptMlrrr
cKrroHoBe (O6p. 5
108). Beve npea
s s
BTOpaTa IloiroBrl-
ua ua 60-re ro[ra- $ s
Hrr Ha XX r. yr-
peunenueto 6uno
s
crIJrHo o6esruqe-
HO, rropaApl crlcTe-
MATIIIIHOTO OT- tS otora
pa6rane Ha crpo- l-l-J I
NB.
rrreJrHr{rl Marepl{-
ar. flpll Bce roBa,
O6p. 109. O6povnule. flpu6rusuteJleH IUraH Ha yKpenlrreJlHara
u3cneABatMTe ca cr.rcreMa (uo: MupvenfiuMtrrpoB 1958'60, rt.9). lFig. 109.
pa3rro3HaJllr OC- Obrochishte. Sketch-map of the defence system (after Mupven,
TaHKr{Te OT eAHa fluuutpon 1958-60, r. 9).
(rprrra?) KyJIa,
6es [a ot6enss-
sar HerlHoro MecrotloJroxenr,re39l. flouactoxlqeM, rro [o-roJltMara rlacr or rlpore-
xeHlrero i, rpenocrnara creHa IrMa BI,IA Ha Hrtc'bK KaMeI{Ho-3e}vf,IIeH BaJr, tto rIoBLp-
xrrocTTa na roftto TyK-TaM ce cpeIIIaT KbcoBe xopocaH. Ha uecta (n cenepoaanag-
Hrrfl .br6Jr, uanpuuep), Tpacero il ce npocregf,Ba B Herarlre, no poBoBere, ocraHaJlr{
cJIeA r,r3BJII,IqaHeTo Ha KaMeHHIiIq MaTepI,IaI oT rpaAexa. YrpeuenaTa TepIIToplIs,
r{3fJrexAa, e 6uta rbcro 3acrpoeua.
Baxurn noApo6Hocrr{ orHocHo o6rura rr crpol,ITeJxnrte oco6enocrl{ Ha yK-
penJreuuero ce orKpr,rBar n neny6rurKyBaulrre 6elexrra Ha BapHeHcKtrTe apxecJlo-
su M. Mupuen u [. finuurpon, Korrro rrocerIIJIIr o6er<ta npes 1958 r. I{ ro 3aBapl{Jrrr
B 3HaqrrreJlro no-go6po or cerarrrHoro ctcromme. Orurcannero IIM e rlpl{ApyxeHo
oT oKoMepHa cKr{qa Ha ocTaHKr,rTe, [pecG3AaBaIrIa upu6mlsureJlHl,Ifl rlnau Ha yK-
3erlbidem.
penJreHllero, Bcpxy Kosro ca orpa3eHr4 r4 HeroBr4Te pa3weprf92. B nora.lrsara rorro-
Huuug. o6eKT'br 6r.rn ragsecreH rroA r{Mero "Yenuur l{eaHonoro KaJIe". Buperlr
MaJrKr{Te cr{ pa3Mepr,r (urorq oKoJro 0,2 xa), yKpenJreHr{ero ce orruqaBaJro c MHoro
3ApaBa KoHcrpyKrlr4fl.3arqureuo 6prno c r{3rpaAeHa B opus implectum oKoJroBp'bcr-
Ha KpelocrHa creHa, quflTo ge6emana B'b3Jrr43aJra Ha oKoJro 2,50 yt. ?Isnonsynanr.rar
xopocaH c'bA'bpx(aJr eApu flapqera crporrreJrHa KepaMr,rra. fhasrr Ha yKpelJreHra-
ero ce A'bJDKaJr na ocoSenocrurre na pere$a vuuarr euq npra6nu3r{TeJrHo Ha rpa-
[eq, c rpeqyreHa rrog rbrbrbr rorqMa ocHoBa. Hafi-xl,ca (32w) 6una rorosanag-
rrara KpenocrHa creHa, pa3[oJroxeHa rrpu B'],pxa Ha loJryocrpona. Crenr{Te rra[
ceBepo3arrap.Hvtfl, ur loror{3Tor{Hlrr cKJroH 6vtu gtr'ru c'borBerHo 46 u 42,70 rvr. flop-
TaTa ce HaMLIpaJIa Ha K)roI{3TOqHaTa KpelocTHa cTeHa, JIeKo I{3MeCTeHa Ha ror OT
cpeAara i.
Oco6eno coJrr,rAHo 6aro yrpenxBaHero orKBM rrJraroro. Cenepousrou-
Hara Kpe[ocrHa crerra ce c'bcrora or ABe upaeonunefiHll orceuKrl, cKJrroirBarqt ilo-
Mex[y crr rbn 'brbJr. Cenepuara e ['bJrra 30 u, a ro)KHara - 36,40. flo rpacero na
zuya 6utu xyru c Heyror{HeH rrJrau: rro eIHa B 'brJrrrre, a rperara - npfi
r{3rpaAeHrr 3
qyrtKara B cpeAara. flpeg SpoHTa Ha ceBepor3TorrHara KpenocrHa creHa 6un npo-
KonaH U'broBlrAeH poB c AIJDKUHa oKoJro 100 rtr, xofito upecuqaJr [oJryocrpoBa or
cKJIoH Ao cKJroH. Posrr 6u:r rur.rpox 13 u u gu6ox go 1,40 rrr I{ orcroflJr sa9-12,60 tvt
or 3r4Aa (O6p. i09).
B'ss ocHosa Ha KoHcrpyKTlrBHrrre oco6enocrz LI Ha [por43xo)KAarqru or re-
peHa KepaMYtseHaIrylr{LBMaTlIqeH MaTepI4aJI, I43rpax<AaHeTO Ha yKpeIIJIenuerO rpaft
O6povr.rule eAtrHoAyrnHo ce orHacfl or rr3cJreABaqrrre KtM Kacuopt4McKuq [epr4-
og393. ConraAHo r{3rpaAeHara $oprzSurarlraoHHa cr{creMa r,r BepoqrHara My [arlr-
poBKa Karo rre Jrr.r [peAloJrarar BoeHeH rrporr3xoA. Tosa, o6a.re e rBBpAe MaJrKoBe-
po.rITHO, IIpeABLIA cKpi,IToTo MeCTOIIOJIOX(eHIIe I{ OTAaIeqeHocTTa Ha yKpelJIeHI(eTO
or rJraBHr4Te rrbrnrr aprepr,ru n pafiona npe3 auTr,rqHocrra. flone sa HarraJrHr4f, nepr4-
oA or HeroBoro c'bulecrByBaHe, orbxAecrBrBauero na o6erra c yKperreHo ceJrr,r-
rqe394 cuqo rl3rJrex(Aa Herrpr{eMJrr4no. Trrpge cKpoMnlrre pa3Mep[ Ha yrpe[JreHra-
ero rr curypHo 3acBrrgereJrcrByBaHoro cnHxponno o6IErasaue npe3 K'bcHopl{McKr{fl
nepr{og na o6runpru{ TepeHrr ceBepor,r3ToqHo or Hero AaBar ocuoBaHr{e Aa ce [peA-
rroJrox<rl, qe yKpenreHr{ero narf-nepoarHo B'b3HrrKHaJro Karo I{I,ITaAeJra Ha pa3BrrJro-
To ce Ha ryK roJrrMo aHTuqHo ceJrr{rrle, KoflTo flpe[ocraBflra y6e;xluqe Ha MecrHoro
HaceJreHr{e n cly.rafi Ha onacHocr. Cneq BapBapcKrrre HarrrecrBrrrr or Kpaq na IV u
3e2
MupuenfiuMrrrpoB 1958-60, n. 9-10.
3e3
B uyrnrusuar[rrHara KoJreKr{urr }ra llctopnuecxu rr,rysefi-fio6puq ce cbxpaHsBar ABe MoHerI4
or yKperrrreHnero rpafi O6povuqe, Karo rr ABere Aarrrpat or IV B.: r{HB. Nb I 2094,
3379.ll'nprara or r{x e He.rerJrHB eK3eMrrJrflp, a BTopara [prlHaAJrexrr K'bM
MoHerocerreHero Ha r.rM[eparop Banenc.
3ea
Tara s: Eo6seua 6.r., c. 51.
Harlaroro Ha V B. o6u[pHoro rreyKpeleHo ceirrru{e [pecraHaJro Aa c6rr{ecrByBa, a
xrIBoT'bT ce cBcpeAoTorrr,ur B r{epTr.rTe Ha HsKorauHaTa rlr,rTaAeJra, KoflTo rrpe3
y1 u.395 [pr,rAo6r.rJra Beqe o6rr.rKa Ha yKpeleHo ceJrr4rr{e.
3es
oT yKpeIIneHr{ero rrporr3xoxAar MHoxecrBo MoHerr,r or VI 8., Korrro ce HaMrrpar
IloHacTorrqeM B rracTHr.r KoJieKuI{Ir.
I.INCERTA
B peguqa no-crapu r4 no-rroBrr ny6ruraquu ce orKpr,rBar c[opaAuqnfiuqec-
TO C'bBCeM CyMapHU CIIOMeHaBaHII[ V 3A Apyru yKpelJreHI{rI B npeAeJrrrre Ha [pO-
Br,rHrlrrr Cxanut, Korlrro o6urcrogeHo ce onpeAeJUIT B Haf{Hara KHr,rx(Hr,IHa Karo "pI,IM-
cKrr" Lrlru "puMo-Bu3aHTyfrcKtr",6es sa roBa Aa IlMa HflKaKBrr ceprlo3Hu ocHoBaHI{rL
Cauoro c'brr{ecrByBaHe Ha HqKou or rf,x He caMo He ce florB'bpxgaBa, Ho rr ce orx-
B'bpJrfl B cBerJrr{Hara Ha rro-HoBr,rre npoyrrBaHr{rr. II{o ce orHac, Ao ocraHaJII{Te, To
TrxHara AarrrpoBKa r,rJrrr e TB'bpAe Hecr{rypHa, wrn peurlrTeJrHo He ce BrIIrcBa B xpo-
HOJIOTF;IECKtrTE PAMKE HA HACTO,flUIOTO II3CJIEABAHE, ONPEAEJIEHtr OT C'bIIIECTBYBA-
Hero Ha rrpoBrrHrlurr Cxurus.. flopann re3u flpu.mnIr, [oHe sacera(!) or cIrIrcBKa Ha
o6exrure, c'bcraBJrflBarrI, yKperurreJrHara unQpacrpyrrypa Ha [poBI,IHru{.f,Ta, cJIeABa
Aa oTnaAHar:
Cnnoe (s. Sinoe /6rsue Casapchioi/, com. Mihai Viteazu, jud. Constanla)
- Eo-CTapII uy6maraqllu ce c[OMeHaBa
- B nsrou 3a "pI,IMcKo yKpeIIJIeHrIe" u'rpxy
eAHor,rMeHH[rr rroJryogrpoB Ha 5,0 xu u3TorrHo or ceroto16. Ocrrqecraeulrre B lroc-
JTeAHO BpeMe CI/ICTeMaTIIqHI,I TepeHHU npoyqBaHu, perl,IcTpllpaxa Ha ToBa MqcTo
o6nupHo ceJrrrrqe or KracuqecKara v errrautrcrvlqecKara erloxlr, 3alr{rlTerro or co-
JTnAHOU3rpaAeH 3eMJreH BaJr, HO He OTKpr,rXa HTTKaKBII CJIeAII OT pIIMCKa ITJIII K'bCHO-
prrMcKa Soprnsux aqual7 .
7
Jlnreparypara uo ro3u B'brlpoc e cr6paua s: Suceveanu 1992, S' 200 (Anm. 53-55).
8
TIR L35, p. 69.
eWeiss 1911, S.57;Pirvan 1916,p.581;Litzica 1926-21,p.80;Barnea 1968, p.421;Belevliev
1970, S. 148; Wolfram 1979,p. 42-143; Be.rrxos 19846,c.172; Barnea 1991a, p. 166.
r0
Itin. Ant. Lug.221,1 (ed. Cuntz).
rr Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XXXI,7, 5 (ed. Clark).
12
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
13
B>x. fJrasa II.2.B (11), Kagero 6e npegtoxena t.t o6oorosaua JloKiulrr3aqu.sra ua Ad Salices/
SaliceslTzasklis npu rfuuypnua 4e Xoc.
t4
TIR L35, p. 69; Suceveanu 1992, S. 203; Opai! et al.l992a, S. 109.
15
MInucu-Adame gteanu/Poenaru/Bo r dea 1992-1993, p. 125, 129 .
16
Pirvan 1915d, 257-258.
17
Avram et al. 1985, ll9-120.
(com. D6eni, jud. Tulcea) - B'rs ocHoBa na ueuy6nr'rKyBalrr apxr'IB-
-,fiteuuor Haqaroro
Hrr MareprraJr[ ua XX B. TyK ce JIoKaJrrI3Epa pIrMcKo yxpennenraelS.
flo-nosure repenHrr npoyqBaHur B 3eMJrprnlero Ha ceJroro ycraHoB[Ixa ugo6r,Innr,r
cJreAlr or xrrJrflAoJrerHa rroceJrrrrrlua rpaglrqux r pafiona, Ho HI{K'b[e He 3acBl{AereJr-
crByBaxa ocraHKrr or yKpe[IrreJrHfi cbop'b;xeHu.a19.
Cary Hoy (s. Satu Nou, com. Mihai Bravu, jud. Tulcea) - B'rs ocHoBa Ha
-
eAHa cepfiq or aepo$orocHrrMKrr, noxparinuru,I Ha ceJloro npe[-
B ceBepo3anaAHl,ITe
[oJro)K]rreJrHo e rrAeHTu$nqupano roJrrMo yKpe[JreHrle. To e pa3[oJro)KeHo Ha pa-
BeH TgpeH, nprr croKa Ha ABe MaJrKlr pern. I4ua npu6nusr.rreJlHo KBaApareH [JraH, c
AtJDKr,rHa Ha cTpaHr{Te no OKOJIO 250u, npI,I KOeTo [JIoIIITa My HaAxB'bptts,6 xa.
fionycra ce, qe B GrJrrrre My uMaJro KpbrJrrl rynn. BtupocHoro yKpelJreHrle e or-
18
TIR L35, p. 37; Suceveanu 1991, p. 71.
le Comqa 1959,p.764.
20
Suceveanu 1991, p. 70, 80.
2r
Comqa 1953, p. 752; TIR L35, p.77 .
22
0pai1 etal.l992a, S. 109.
23
TIR L35, p. 68.
2a
Scorpan 1980, p. 6.
25
TIR L35, p. 31.
HeceHo K'bM pr.IMcKaTa enoxa26, Ho Aocera HpITo HeroBoTo c'brrlecTByBaHe, HI4To npeA-
JroxeHaTa AaTrrpoBKa ca flonKpeleHr.r c KoHKpeTHrr TepeHHr.r apxeo.]rorurrecKr4 AaHHr{.
26
Rada et al. 1988, p.202.
27
Rada et al. 1988, 197-202.
28
Plrvan 1912, p.582; Vulpe 1938, p. 195,200,209; TIR L35, p. 65; Suceveanu 1991, p. 69;
Suceveanu 1992, 210-211.
2e
Rada et al. 1988, p.203.
30
flpegnoloxeHr.rero e ua fI. Huropecxy (nx.: Suceveanu 1992, S. 218).
3rPopescu 1965, p. 251 sqq.; TIR L35, p.48.
32
TIR L35, p. 77.
3eMJIeH BaJr rr Aarr.rpa or enoxara Ha 6'bJrrapcKoro paHHo cpeAHoBeKonue (repoxr-
Ho HarraJroro na IX n.)33.
(D'rxaua (s. Ficlia /6mrue Filcrial, com. Saligny, jud. Constantra) - "Pr.rMc-
-
Koro" yKpenJreulre c qerr,rp['brtJreH nlau rpafi @rxrut34 cJIeABa ga ce ugeutusu-
qfipa c eIHo or ABere JroKaJrr,r3r,rpaHr{ B 3eMJrurllero Ha ceJroro yKpe[JreH[rx. kT gae-
Te, o6aqe, Aarrrpar or e[oxara Ha cpegHoBeKoBr{ero: Jlarep 28 or Fonerr.rr4r 3e}r,JreH
sar35 r.rrr,r Jlarep XXII or Kauennus.sar36.
33
Pamen 19826, c. 77, 83 123.
3a
TIR L35, p. 41.
35
Schuchardt 1918, S. 4 I ; Paruen 19826, c. 89 .
36
Schuchardt 1918, S.55; Pauren 19826, c. 165.
37
Aricescu 1970,307-308; Aricescu 1972,339-340; Aricescu 1917, p. 119; Barnea/gtefan
1974, p.17; Irimia 1968, p. 379 sqq.; Polonic 1935, p. 19; Scorpan 1980, p. 5; TIR
L35, p. 22; Vulpe 1970, p.42; Yulpe 1972,218-220; Zahariade 1988, p. 119.
38
Torbatov 2000b, p. 73.
3e
Polonic 1935, p. 20; TIR L35, p. 78;Yulpe 1970, p. 42; Barnea/$tefinl974,p.17.
a0
Illxopnh.n 19056, c. 519; Illxopnun 1940,531-532.
4' TIR L35, p. 34;Zahariadel996,p.224 (Fig.l).
a2
Diaconu 1975, p. 203; Florescu 1986, p.173.
Ha c.Lopt)Kenuero43. Irlsrpagena e B'bpxy ocraHKlrre or 3a[aAHI{x $nanronu Jlarep
35 or loneMprfl 3eMJIeH rarep4.
IlxrpaPogrue (d. Piatra Rogie, com. Cerna, jud. Tulcea) - B'rpxy B'b3BrI-
-
rrreHrreTo flarpa Pouu,Ie, 3a[a4Ho or r{epna, ce clo6ulana 3a 3eMJIeH Jlarep c pa3-
rtaepra 350 x 300 u, rofiro ce olpegeJlt KaTO "p[McKI,I", 6eS
ga ToBa Aa ce nocor{BaT
firngtpeq
- (s. Ghind[reqti, com. Hirgova, jud. Constanla) - B'rpxy eglln
-
rpafigyuancru x.bJrM loxHo or ceJroro ca 6anw perlrcrplrpaHlr ocraHKlr or crapI,IH-
HO yKpenJieHIIe, KOeTO TpaAUrInoHHo ce oTHac{ B pyMBHCKaTa HayrIHa KHIDKHIIHa
K.bM pr.rMcKara enoxa47. Tepennure flpo1rtrBaHns na K. Ilkopnun yctanoruxa, o6a-
qe, qe craBa AyMa 3a toJrsM oKo[oB Jrarep, Ha['bJrHo r,IneHTfiqeH no ro[orpaScxr n
KoHcrpyKTrrnnr,r 6enegu Ha MHoxecrBoro 3eMJIeHLr yKpeflJreHrlfl or enoxara Ira fl'rp-
soro 6rrrapcKo I{apcrBo no [ecHI{x 6pw na p. [ynasa8.
a3
Paures 19826, c.169
a Pauren 1g826,c. 89,91.
a5
lonescu-Dobrogeanu 1904, p. 108; TIR L35' p. 58.
a6
Paruer 19826, c. l7 c:l,.,109 cr.
a7
Polonic 1935, p. 22;T[RL35, p.43;Scorpan 1980, p.6.
a8
lllxopnu.n 1940, c. 530.
4e
TIR L35, p,27; Barnea L99la,p.192; Suceveanu 1992,5.204.
50
Moisil 191.0a, p. 33; Nicorescu 1934, p. 221 sqq.
5'Vulpe 1938, p. 301.
BaAy (com. vadu l6usrue caraharman/, jud. constan{a) - Apxeororr{qec-
-
KI'ITe pa3KorrKrr or 1987 r. Kareropr4r{ecKr{ olpoBepraxa yrB'bpAeHoro B HayrrHara
KHrIxHr{Ha MHeHue 3a K'bcHoplrMcKr4f, npor.r3xoA Ha 3acBr,r[ereJrcrByBaHoro rpari ce-
Jroro yKpe[nenue52: oKa3a ce, qe craBa AyMa 3a MaJrKa rypcKa KaMeHHa Kpenocr or
['bpBara rroJroB]rHa na XVII e.s3
52
Yulpe 1935, p. 185; TIR L35, p.76; Suceveanu 1991, p.70; Suceveanu 1992, S.209.
53
Baraschi 1988-89, p.282 (n.19).
sa
Bo6qesa 6.r., c. 20;Paruer 19826, c. l8S (N 279).
55
flo-nogpo6no ga roBa ceJrr{rrle (c nrmra 6u6nuorpa$ux sa uero) n: Top6arou 2000, c. 80.
56
6o6'resa 6.r., c. 30; Paurer 19826, c. 188 (N! 282); onwcaurre r rJraH Ha yKperJreHr{ero -
n ueuy6luryBaHr,rre 6elexxu na K. Ilkopnun: HA BAH, S. 165r, on. l, a.e.428, tt.
t1-12.
s7
flpoyvraru{r Ha c[erlr{aJrrrcrr{Te or }Icropuvecxr.r uysefi-fio6puv, c aKTr{BHo yrracrr.re Ha
aBropa, sx.: Pauen 1995, c.174 (N 129).
58
lllxopnnn 1905a, c.501; Eo6sesa 6.r., c. 35.
5e
Paruen 19826, c. 145,201 (Nb 735); Pauren 1995, c. 203 (N! 323).
@
flpes [ocJIeAHI,ITe roAtrHI{ n llcropr.ruecrr.r r"ryseft-flo6puu uocrrnr,rxa HeMiurKo apxeoJro-
ruqeer<ra Marep]Iaru ot tosu o6err, Aar[pa[+r 6eg r,rsKrro.reHl,Ifl or enoxara na 6l;t-
rapcKoTo parrHo cpeAHoBeKoBr{e.
6r
Eo6qena 6.r., c. 5l; Paruen 19826, c. 188 (N! 293).
Orpaxgen gerlcrnr,rrerso e 6r.no perrrcrprdpaHo craprrHHo yKpe[JreHr(e, Ho ocraH-
Krrre My orr{e KtM Kpafl Ha XIX n ca lurtlorrrr{ HafrbJrHo yHrru{o)KeHu62. flonacro-
qIrIeM or Hero He rrlqrl Hrrrrlo, a replrroprrrra My e 3aera or ceJrcKr{ gaopone. Mec-
TOITOJIO)KeHI,IerO My 6e yCranOreHo eABa HeOTAaBHa, r{pe3 CbnOCTaBKa Ha KpaTKr,rTe
6enex<ru sa K. Ilkop[rrJr c [perdr{3Ha egpouaqa6Ha ronorpaQcra crrar'l a Ha pa-
liosa or Harraroro Ha 70-re rognHu63. Yrpenneuuero e 6uno 3eMreHo r,r c roJrflMa
yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce fipr,rqucJrlr K'bM crapo6'urapcKrrre oKo[oBr{ Kperrocr}r or
eloxara na fl'rpaoro 6'urapcro qapcroo64.
62
HA BAH, $. 165x, ou, 1, a.e. 428, t. 15.
63
flpoyvraru{f, Ha aBTopa.
e Yrpeuneurrero e flpeA[oJroxrrrerxo np[qtrcJreHo KEM ctapo6nrrapcKr{Te [aMerHI{rII{ B:
Paruen 1995, c.240 (N 694).
65
Eo6qena 6.r., c. 61; Pauren 19E26, c. 188 (N 299).
66
Kalinka 1906, Col. 358; Eo6sena 6-r., c.32.
6?
Skorpil 1894, S. 208; Crosxon 1899, 45-46;Weiss 1911, S.79; Popa-Lisseanu 1914, p. 80,
86; Bo6uera 6.r., c.54; Parues 19826, c. 188 (NU 296).
68
Bo6qera 6.r., c.34.
6e
Crosson 1899,43-45; Ilkopnnn 1905a, c.499.
ll:nopono (o6q. Ieuepan Toureno, ,[o6plluxa o6nacr) - Mnororparuu-
-
Te repeHHr.r o6xo>rgaurafl r,r flpoBegeHure npes 1995 r. coHAaxHr4 apxeoJrorr{rrecKr.r
lpoyqBaHl,rrT0 rar:eropurrHo ycraHoBuxa, qe cqrlTaHoro 3a "aHTI4qHo" yxpennenue
rpari cenoro7l garupa, BctrrtrHocr, or BpeMero na fl'rpnoto 6urapcxo qapcrnoT2.
+++
B xroroanrlrqHrrre rrrrcMeuu rr3Bopr4 ce cpeular qrJra [opeArrrla ronoHuMtr
orHacsrqu ce Ao yKpeuenu o6exu,r B ceBepolr3ToqHrrre npeAeJrrr na Sarxancrr,rg
rroJryocrpoB, ToqHoro MecroloJroxeHrre Ha Kor{To e Her{3BecrHo. Maxap 3a aAMn-
HrrcTpaTlrBHaTa rrM [pr,rHaAJrexHocT [a HsMa HrrKaKBIr c[rypHrr AaHHIr, MHoro oT
Tflx ce cB'bp3Bar B AocerauHu ny6rlmaquu c yKpelr{TeJrHara un$pampyKTypa Ha
Tepr,rroprarra Ha [poBrruqur Crurlrx. 3a qacr or re3r{ ToloHr{MLr ca rr3Ka3aHrr Aopr,r
70
flpoyunaruluHa H.c. Banepu llo:ron.
7t Kalinka 1906, Col. 358 ; HA EAH, S. 165x, ou. l, a.e.428, * 16.
72
Pauren 1995, c. 212 (Nb 407).
73
Jln.rxu ua6lroqexr,u Ha aBTopa.
?a
Illxopnu;r 1905a, c. 501; HA EAH, $. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 428, n l7-19.
75
HA EAH, $. 165r, ou. l, a.e. 428, n 19.
76
Eo6.resa 6.r., c. 48.
rr xI4noTe3IiI, oTbxAecTBrBarqu rI1I c KoHKpeTHI4 apxeoJrofr{lrecKr{ ocTaHKr{. or 6'r,-
AerrlrrTe npoyrrBaHru Moxe Aa ce oqaKBa Aa BHecaT IIoBeqe flcHora orHocHo JroKa-
r\v3a\vflTa rn geficrnureJrHara [poBrrHrlrrarua arpn6y\kts.Ha B'brIpocHrITe yKperrJle-
nraq. 3acera o6aqe, cqr{TaM 3a [o-[paBoMepuo Aa ocraHar s py6purara"Incerta"
no orHorrreHr,re yKpenureJrHara cr{creMa Ha rrpotsIrHllus. Cxnras. cJre[Hlrre o6erru:
77
Barnea 1991a, p.257.
78
Eongapr 1973, c.144 cn.
7e
Proc. De bell. VII, 14, 32 (ed. Haury).
80
Bolgacov-Ghimpu 1969, p. 686 sqq.
8r Theoph.
Sim. Hist. V[, 1 (ed. de Boor).
82
fiatr,rponrara Ha c'r6urueto e cropeg: Pohl 1988, S. 141 sqq.
83
Eeruenauet 1962, c.4.
8a
3a rosa nx<.: Yno4.2.
85
Schreiner 1986, S. 30.
AJITI,IHA (ALTINA) - YrpenneHr.rero e 3acBr{nereJrcrByBaHo y flporo-
nufi86
-B'bpxy ryxJIeHlI
I4 rreqarl/t or fiunoreqrrfl or BpeMero Ha raMfleparop Anacra-
cufrt87 . Mectonoro)KeHl{ero I,I npoBr,rHrll,IaJrHara My [pr,rHaAJre)KHocr ca neugsecrHz88.
86
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
87
Popescu 1976,Ns246.
88
flogpo6xo 3a roBa n: Yoog.2.
8e
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (e,1. Dewing).
eo
TIR L35,p.23.
er Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
e2
Tomaschek 1898, S. 58; Detschew 1957, S. 44.
e3
Be5evliev 1970, S. 143.
ea
Barnea 1968, p. 421; TIR L35, p. 26; Aricescu 1977,p. 175.
e5
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
e6
Belevliev 1970, S. 144.
e7
Barnea 1968, p.421;Aricescu1977,p. 175.
e8
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
ee
TIR L35, p.78.
- EI{CMA@A/BI4CMAOA (BISMAPHA/VISMAPHA) - YrperJreHrre,
cnoMeHaro caMo or flporonuftl00. flpeguoraraeMara My [pIIHaAJre)cIocr KcM [po-
Br{HrIr{s Crurr,rslol e HecrrrypHa.
ro8
Velkov 1961, S. 57.
roe
3a roga s)K. Inara I.L.
tlo Zahariade 1988, p. 185.
lr1 flogo6Ho MHeHrre e r{3Ka3aHo or O. 3eex: Seeck 1919, S. 90.
tr2 Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
1r3
Belevliev 1970, S. 146.
rra B>r.: firana ll.2.L (27,29).
lrs flucueuute u enurpa$cKrr r{3Bop[ 3a rasr,r gefiaocr ca flocoqgnll rI KoMeHT[panr,r n fnara
t.t-2.
r16
Weiss 1911, S. 59; Vulpe 1938, p. 312.
rri Velkov 1961, S. 57.
(sperraenxo?) rasnuaane or crpofl K'bM Aarara Ha oKoHqareJrHoro pe[aKTr,rparre Ha
AanHr,rre 3a flpoBaurlus, Crurus s Notitia Dignitatum. flopagn roBa, rrpr{qr{cJlrBaHe-
ro na BaneHTr{Hr{aHa K'bM yKpe[Jrelrt:aflTa rro AyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa He caMo ne rpx6-
Ba Aa ce r{3KJrrorrBa, Ho II Ilt3rJlexga uafi-nepo.f,THo, KaTo ce B3eMaT [peABr.rA rIeJrIrTe
pr repr{Topuall.uvfl. o6xsar Ha oc'brr{ecrBeHara or rrMneparop Barenc BoeuHo-crpo-
rrreJrHa nporpaMa B 3eMrrre uo fionuru flyuan. Ecrecrneno, BceKIit onllT 3a KoHK-
perHa lrgenrrr$raxa\fifl.Ha Banenrunuasa 6u 6r,rn crnceu [pou3BoJIeH rlpr,r cerarfl-
Horo c'bcroflrrueHanpoyrrBaH[rra, Ho rro [yHaBcKw,6pxr Ha [poBr,IHllus,Crutut ca
perlcrpl{par{r{ HeMaJrKo 6eauuennrE K'bcHoaHTurIHI,I yKpenreHl{rl, KoI{To ce gB.f,Bar
8.
Ha['bJrHo rroflxoAflrr{rr raxguqatul 1
118
Oco6eno [pnMaMJrr{Ba rr3rJre)KAa rrepcrreKTr{Bara Baaeurr.rsuana 4a 6rge ortxAecrBeHa
c yKpe[JreHrlero rrpu Tpaxn, Koero, ocBeH qe pa3Kpr{Ba roJrf,Ma rIJraHoBa 6rusoct c
yKperJreHr.re'ro npu flyuaB]qy Ae Cyc (o'rs:xgecrBeHo c fPAI{I'IAHA e frasa II.2.A
27), cbc cr.rypnoc'r e 6uno r{3roJr3yBaHo I{ rpe3 VI n. (nx. f;rara ll.z,L - l2).
tre Proc.-De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
r2o
Beqevliev 1970, S. 145.
121TIR L35, p. 26;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r22
Detschew 1957, S. 48. flogo6no MHeHI{e u n: BeSevliev 1970, S. 145.
r23
Proe. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
124
TIR L35, p.44;Barnea 1968, p.421;Arlcescu 1977,p.175.
t2s
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
'26 Be3evliev 1970, 5. 144.
tz1
Leo Diac. Hist. 139,2(ed. Bonnae).
t28
TIR L35, p. 38;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
To npu Bofinoga (o6ur. Hoer nasap)i2e, r.e. n.rn Bropa Musuq. HauoclegrK r{neH-
ru$uraquara \urtet rBtpAe ocHoBareJruo ce rroAJrara Ha c'bMHe-
Ha firanracKapra c
nue13o.
i2e
Beruenrnes!962, c. 13 cn.; Be5evliev 1970, S. 144.
r3o
Paruen 1988, 120-122.
r31
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
t32
TIR 135,p.47.
t33
Proc. De aed. IV, 1l (ed. Dewing).
r34
TIR L35, p. 30.
135
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
136
Be5evliev 1970, S. 148.
r37
Steph. Byz. 368, 11.
r3e
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r4o
TIR L35, p. 35.
ral Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
ra2
Barnea 1968, p. 421;TIR L35, p. 50; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
143
Be3evliev 1970, S. 145;Perrin.Henry 1981, 103-104.
MOHTEPEIHIIE (MONTE REGINAE) - Yxpenneurre, crroMeHaro ca-
-
Mo or flpoxonufil44. Hgror,r aBTopE ro flocraBrr B rrpoBrrH4al. Crurw.145, Ho c[o-
pe4 Apyru ro ce e HaMrrpaJro rrn Br:opa Mu3wx, HrK'bAe a paftona Mexly fiyuana u
Ba.rrana146. Btoporo [peAnoJro)KeHr,re 3acJryxaBa oflpeleJreHo npeA[oquraHr4e. Ka-
To ce lIMa [peABr,rA otreBrrAuara uu $oHerra.rHa 6n[gocr, TonourrMtr Monre Perl,r-
He c roJrflMa yBepeHocT Moxe Aa ce oTBxAecTBrr c m,rcMeHo 3acBr,rAereJrcrByBaHr.rf
npez 294 r. ToroHr{M Perruacyc/PerrrHacyM (Reginassus/Reginassum)147 - cerzqe
u (eneuryanna?) n'brna craHrlr{s Ha rr6rs or MapquaHo[oJrrrc sa [ypocropyM148.
IIPEI{IVICfiIPE,3VIIIIO (PRAE(s)IDI(i)S/PRAESIDIO)
- B sarrro.rr-
-
TerHr{.fl crrrc'bK ua IV KHrrra or rpaKTara na flpoxottuit"3a crpoex<r{Te" Qrnrypn-
par rorroHr,ruure flpeugnc u flpesu[uo168, 3a Kor{To cbBpeMeHHI,ITe l(3cJregBar{u eAI.r-
HogyrrrHo upueuarl69, qe ce orHacsr [o eAHo rr c'brrlo yKpenJreHI,Ie. Taft Karo r4 B
ABara cryr{a, yKpenJreHrrero crorr B crruc'bKa He[ocpeAcrBeHo rrpeAr,r Aprarrryu (c.s-
qo perurcrprrpaH B ABe pa3ruqnu $ouerzvnu Soprr,rrE), rpl,rHagJrexHocrra My K'bM
r58
Belevliev 1970, S. 143.
rse
Proc. De aed. IV, l l (ed. Dewing).
160
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p. 57; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
16r
Proc. De aed. IV, I I (ed. Dewing).
162
TIR L35, p. 56.
163
Theoph. Sim. Hist. VII, I (ed. de Boor).
r6a
Schreiner 1986, 29 -30.
165
Eeuremuen1962, c.4; Belevliev 1969, S. 493.
166
Beurenrner 1962, c.4.
167
Barnea l99la,p. 199.
168
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r6e
Be5evliev 1970, 147 -148.
npoBr{Hrlrrfl Cxurlar.l70 e rB'bp[e BepoflTHa rr ro, r{3rJlexga, tpx6ea Aa ce tbpclt HJI-
K'bAe B CeBeporr3ToarHrrTe npeAeJlrr Ha npoBI4HIIrIflTa.
r70
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p.59;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r7r Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
r72
Barnea 1968, p. 421; TIR L35, p. 60.
r73
Aricescu 1977, p. 175; Barnea 1991,a, p. 193.
r?a
Proc. De aed. lV, I I (ed. Dewing).
r75
I)etschew 1957, S. 136.
176
Barnea 1968, p.421;TIR L35, p.61;Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r77
Proc. De aed. IV, l1 (ed. Dewing).
r78
TIR L35, p. 62; Aricescu 1977,p.175.
r7e
BeSevliev 1970, S. 144.
180
Theoph. Sim. Hist. V[, 1 (ed. de Boor).
181
Beruesrren 1962, c. 4; Be5evliev 1969, S. 493.
r82
Eerueslnes 1962, c. 4.
r83
,(nunrpos 1989, c. 52.
Hepa3pem[M flpn ceraruHoTo c'bcToflHue Ha fipoyrrBalJnflTa, npu Bce qe nptrHaA-
JrexHocrra Ha roBa (yxpeneno?) cenr,rqe K'bM rrpoBr,rnqur Cxr,rrr,rr enBa Jru [oAJre-
XI,I HA C'bMHEHIIE.
r8a
Proc. De aed. IV, 11 (ed. Dewing).
r8s
Haup.: Litzica 1926-27, p.77 .
186
3a roralu3a\uarasa Tunnruon, n>r.: Torbatov 2000b, p. 67.
187
TIR L35,p.71.
mmaDA mffiffi
Paswrrrre Ha
CIICTEMATA
1. KJTACI,IOIIKAUnfl HA yKPEfIEHIITE
OEEKTI4
YcnosHocrra B ylorpe6ara na Sopru$uxaqrrouHara repMlrHoJrorln B urirc-
MeHlITe tr3BopI,I n r enrrpa$cKure naMerur,rqrr fr :l'vrrcara na oSuquaJrHa craH[ap-
TI{3aLIIIJI B TOBa OTHOTITeHI{e [pe3 KbCHOaHTT{qHaTa enoxa OTe>KHTIBaT TB'bpAe MHO-
ro xracu$llKaIII,IJITa Ha yKpeneHr.rre o6erru B rrpoBr,rHr{r,I;r Cxwrws,. [ontnnr,rrenull
3arpy[Herrurr u Hecr,rrypHocr rropiDKgar rr penruIa Apyrr o6exrrasHr,r Sarropu, cB'bp-
3aHrr c rl{tlororuqecKara ugenruSnxar\wffa Ha KoHKpernure o6exrtr, Korrro 3ac-
JryxaBar cneqlraJreH r{ MaJrKo no-o6croen xoueurap.
flrpauxr B'bnpoc, xoriro rpx6na [a 6tAe u3rcHeH, Kacae Kprrreprrlrre 3a
pa3rpanlrqaBaHe Ha BoeHHr{Te rr Boeuuo-nonuqer?cru yKpenJreHr,rrr or rlr,rBrlJrHr.rre
yKpe[eHrr o6exru.
ApxeononrqecKrlTe AaHHI,I cor{ar, r{e oltle Kt,M Haqzuloro r{ He rlo-K'bcHo or
cpelara na V s. HeyKpeneHr,rre ceJrrrrla npaKTr,rqecKtr r{3!re3Bar or floceJrrrrrlHara
HoMeHKJrarypa Ha [poBr.rHr{r{rr CxuT us.. Or rogr MoMeHT HacerHe x<rdBorcr ce c'bc-
pegoroqaBa B orpaHr,rqeu 6pofi Beqe c'brlecrByBarqu rrJrr{ HoBor,r3rpaAeHr,r yKpetreuu
IIeHTpOBe, KOr{TO Ce npeBp'bulaT B ecTecTBeH KOJTeKTOp Ha Cr,urHo opeAsJroTo [opa-
nI,IrorcKI,ITe I,rxyucKr.r HaruecrBr{fl rrpoBr,rHqr,raJrHo HaceJreurael. CrrqenpeMeHHo, [pe-
T'bprqHara or prrMcKara apMru raracrpo$a s forcxara soriHa ot 376-378 r. ce
7
Oco6euocu,rre Ha K'bcuoaHTr{rruoro SopruQrrKaIII{oHHo I{3KycrBo ca [peAMer Ha MHoxec-
TBo MoHorpaSur,t u orAeJrHr{ ny6nnraqru.Cpex pa6otute c o6o6rqrreneu xapaK-
rep Morar Aa ce rocoqar Harp.: Schleiermacher 1943-50; Schiinberger 1969;
Petrikovits 1971; Oruapor 1974; Soproni 1978; Scorpan 1980; llranon 1980;
Or.rapon 1982; Biernacka-Lubanska 1982; Johnson 1983; Lander 1984; Foss/
. Winlield 1986.
TI'I[ororI{qecKI,I Kplrrepurl, no cBIrIo raKa r{ Karo orHocrrreJreH xpoHororuqecKl,r
rrHAr,rKarop. 3a soeHHr,rq r,rJrr{ BoeHHo-nonlrqeftcxu xapaKTep Ha AaAeHO yKpelJreHr.re
cBl'rAereJrcrByBa olqe u us6oplr Ha HeroBoro MecronoJroxeHr4e or rJreAHa rorrKa
Ha oneparLIBHo-TaKTI{qecKI{Te rrper,rMyrrlecrBa r4Jrr{ crparerr,rqecKa rleJrec'bo6pas-
Hocr, KaKTo I,I pa3rJreqaH B KoHTeKcra Ha c'b-rqecrByBarrlara n pafioua c.ro6uluren-
Ha Mpe)Ka.
[pyr nynxr, xofiro u3pr,rrrHo rpx6sa [a ce noAqeprae, e, qe rcHa pa3rpagr{-
lII4TeJrHa rrprnuq. Mexny uonnqeficxn r.r BoeHHr,r yKperrJreHurr B npoBr.rHrlr4Jr Crzflns He
Mox<e Ea ce flpoKapa. Tona ce ['bJrxr,r Ha c'b3AaAeHr4, B Kpa, na III u npe3 r.bpBr4Te
AecerrrJrernq Ha fV B. HoB MoAeJI Ha BoeHHa opraHr,r3arlr,rJr na Prlrcxara uvruepnaS n
Ha orpeAeHara or reorpaQcxoto i uonoxeHr,re cfleqr{Quvua poJUr Ha npoBr,rHr{r,rrr
Cxrrlls Karo npegelr [ocr rz 6actr,ros B 3arrlurara na 6anraHcKrrre r,rMlepcKr{
BJIaAeHl4rr.
B'rg ocHosa Ha orAeJrHLI eulrrpa$crrt yKasantrfl or pa3rr,rqHrr Mecra s Cr14-
rIaq9 Moxe Aa ce AonycHe [ocroruHoro rr oce3aeMo nprlcBcrBrre ryK rra BoeHHr,r
Jrlrqa u llacrla or sacer comitatus u roBa e Ha[BJrHo o6lcnr,rivro, Karo ce rrMa npeABI,IA
orpoMHoro i soeHHo 3HaqeHI4e n o6uqouunepcKara cr{creMa 3a cr,rrypHocr. Ha ro-
3Ir erarl or flpoyrlBamvrflTa, o6ave, B'bllpoc'br orHocHo rfxHoro MecroJlarepyBaHe B
npoBrrHrlr,rrra He Moxe Aa ce pa3perura c a6colrorHa crurypnocr. c.rrqecrByBar ce-
pl{o3Hrr [olarKl4, '{e 6ofiHu eII,IHIrqu or comitatenses uryr rexHrr noApa3geJreqilfl. ca
6ranu pasnoJro>r(eHu Ha rapgrr3oH B HflKor{ or 3analuouosrraficxr,rre rpagorel0. cr-
Ir{oro Moxe Aa ce AoIIycHe u 3a pa3noJrox(eHuTe BcB BbTpelrHocTTa Ha [poBrrHrlr,r-
fra no-3HaqrirreJrHt4 rlr.rBr{JrHr,r yKpeneHr.r qeurponell. Irluenno B.bB Bp.b3Ka C pe3r,rArr-
paHero Ir I,I3rI'bJIHeHIlero Ha cn5me6nr,rre 3aAGJDKeHr,rJr or crpaHa Ha Ar,rcJroqupaHrr-
Te B KarrecrBoro Ha 6oen peoeps comitatenss cJreABa Aa ce nocraBsr rI MHo3r{Hcr-
Boro or yKpe[eHI,ITe o6erru BBB B'brpeuHocrra ]r IIo MopcKw 6pxr Ha flpoBr{Hr{r.ur
Cxulws, qurro rIr4BuJrHa ugeurusrx arryrr, e He[p]reMJrr,rna. cnopeg Karerop[rrHi{Te
CBIIAeTeJICTBa Ha apxeoJlorl{llecKl{Te AaHHr4, rIaCT OT Te3I,I yKpe[JIeHr,L oKoHrIaTeJr-
no ra 6egs'b3Bparuo 3arl{Bar rlplr BapBapcKr{Te HaruecrBrrfl or flocJregHara trerB'bpr
na IV rr fl'bpBara noJroBr{Ha Ha V s. 3a gpyru rr.bK e ycraHoBeHo, rre [po[cr)KaBar
cBrqecrByBar{ero cr,r u [o-K'bcHo, qaK [o K'bM Kpar Ha vvsaqalor:o ua vII B., Ho
lperaprurBarixra ropenua QyuxrtruoHaJrHa rpancsoprvra\us, kt c BpeMeHHo crupaHe
LrJrI,I 3arI{XBaHe I,IHTeH3I{BHOCTTa Ha )KrrBOTa B TrX nO BpeMe Ha Kpr,r3ara or V sex.
Karo ce IrMa npeABtrA, qe B MLIpHoBpeMeHHr,r ycJroBr,rs ruo6prnnure sofrcxont4-\eauuu-
IIrr rr3fi'bJrHflBaJIil urr4poKa raMa or 3aAaqu IIo ocurypsBaHe Ha B.brpe[Hr,rfl peA rr
8
B>x. yaognara uraBa.
e
CIL, ilI, 12444; Popescu 1976, Nb 30,4l,ll},206,2ll,ZjZ.
r0
Toua: Zosim. Hist. nova, IV, 40 (ed. Bonnae); Popescu 1976, N! 30; Llcrput: popescu
1976, Nb 41.
rr Zahariade 1988, p.49.
IIoAIIoMafaHe Ha IIM[epcKI4fl AGpXaBer{ aflapaT, B'blpocHr4Te yKpenJreHr,rfl ocHoBa-
TeJIHo cJreABa [a ce onpe[eJrflT Karo 6uQyuxqr,roHaJrHrr: or eAHa crpaHa, re 6unu
flpflKo cBBp3aHI,I C BOeHHaTa OpraHrr3arlr4' Ha [pOBr,rHrIUtrTan npeAcTaBJrflBaJrrr Mup-
HoBpeMeHHlI BoeHHI{ Jrarepu 3a oleparrrBH[Te soficrosu noApa31eJremns Lt BoeH-
HoBpeMeHHra cua6qrareJrHo-peKpearrrBHr.r 6ass n y6ex<zqa sa geficrryuarlara ap-
Apyra, B nepIIOArITe Ha OTC'bCTBr{e
ltrlutfl., A OT Ha [psKa B'bHrrrHa 3arrJraxa spKo r43-
['bKBaJr rexlrl4flT nonzrleficxu xapaKTep. flprasnuvanero Ha pr.rMcKara apurrfl.3a rr3-
IBJIHeHIIe na uonuqericrn Syuxquu 6nno HopMaJrHo flBJreur,re orr1e rrpe3 erroxara
Ha ilplrHllurtaralz, Ho npe3 K'bcnara aHTrrqHocr ra3rr npaKTrrKa r{3rJre)Kga rroryqr,r-
na oco6eno ror.flMo pa3Burwe. Tara nanpuMep, KtM Kpas Ha III n. urr.rneparop [u-
oKJIeTIIaH IIpeMaXHaJI C[eqI{aJIIA3}IpaHaTa B TOBa OTHOTTTeHI{e I/.IICTttTyt\ilA Ha
fruntentarii-:,e13. C'rsgaAen[qr na serino Mrrcro B HaqaJroro na IV s. r4 opraHr,r3r{paH
no BoeHeH o6paseq Kop[yc or agentes in rebus (curagendarii, curiosi), o6aue, ce
HaMr{paJr Ha rIeHTpaJrHo nogquHemile u 6ur npegua3HaqeH caMo 3a crreqr,rit.trnr{ rro-
pruenual4. 3a urxpoxo sacBrrAereJrcrByBaxara rrpe3 erroxara na flpranq[[ara cuc-
TeMa Ha npr,IHygr{TeJuro na6upane Ha rIrIB[rJrHo HaceJreHr,re 3a yrlacrrne B III3EbJrHeHIr-
ero Ha paanoo6pa3Hr 3aAarru or nonr,rqeficKo ecrecrBo (synteleia tironon) ce [pue-
Ma, tre [poA'bJDKr{Jra ga geficrnyBa r{ rpe3 IV s.1s Or repuropr{rra Ha flpoBr,rHrlra,
-
Cxvrus, pa3[oJraraMe caMo c eAHo rr3Becr[re B Ta3rr HacoKa HaAlr,rc or Tpoueyr'l
Tpaxnra or rpas Ha IlVna.rzuroro Ha IV n., s xofiro ce c[oMeHaBa egrrH (ex) burgariusr6.
B sarou Ha r,rMreparop Xonopuli or 398 r.r7 burgarii-re ca npuqucreHv KtM Jrr,rqa-
ta c naft-nuc'bK coqrraJleH craryc r.r B ropr.rgr4rrecKo orHolrreHlre re ce HaMr,IpaJrr,r B
rroJro)KeHrre, paBHo3HaqHo rrJru 6nr.rgro Ao roBa ua o6rqecraeHrrre po6ul8. flosce-
MecrHo pa3npocrpaHeHara s Pur{cxara r,rMrrepuq [paKT[Ka Ha BpeMeHHa "rpax-
AaHcKa uo6r,rnusaqur" Hec'bMHeHo e [rMaJra Mrrcro r B npoBr,rnqua Cxrnrrr, Ho Ha
yracrr,rero Ira pa3HI{Te Kareropru,I "uo6unr,l3rapaHo" HaceJIeHEe B oprauftsaquxra
Ha upoB[rr{r{valtlIaTa cr,rcTeMa 3a BBTperrrHa cErypHocT eABa Jrrr Moxe Aa ce oTAaBa
HrKaKBo oco6eno 3HatreHrre. OurosHoro 6perrre na nonr.rqeficKara cnyx<6a oqeBug-
Ho e rraAaJro BBpxy apuwrra n c oco6ena cvra - Bcpxy HacraHeHr,rre ryK qacru or
comitatenses -
12
3a opraulr3arltrflra na nonuqericxara cryx6a s Purvrcra:ra r{M[ep[, s)K.: Hirschfeld 1891,
845-8'77; Rostovtzeff L918,26-33; Dayies 1968, 700-707; Hopwood 1983,173-187;
Hopwood 1986,343-356; Isaac 1991,458-461; Mirkovii 1991,255-256; Schallmayer
199t,400-406.
13
Aurel. Vict. De caes. XXXIX,44-45 (ed. Pihlmayer).
ra
Grosse 1920, 104-1A6.
15
Rostovtzeff 1918, p. 27 ,33.
16
Popescu 1976, Ne 172.
17
Cod. Theod. VII, 14 (ed. Mommsen - Meyer).
18
Seeck 1899, 1066-1067; Grosse 1920, S.67.
+++
YxpenurerHara cr4creMa Ha [poBr.rH qua Cxuran npeAcraBrqB a c'bBKynHocr
or BcI{qKr{ cr.rHxpoHHo ctrrlecrByBarrlr{ Ha sefiuar:a repr,rropr{r yKperreHu o6errr,
pa3rJleAaHr,r B TrxHoro egr,rHcrBo r.r B3auMogeficr:s[e. Hesasr,IcuMo or npor,r3xoAa r4
KoHKperHIrre Qynrquu Ha BcflKo nefino c'bcraBHo 3BeHo, yKperrr,rreJrHara cr4creMa
e BaxeH r{ oTHocr{TeJIHo caMocTorTeJIeH KoMIIoHeHT Ha rIrJrocTHaTa OpraHr.r3at\ng,
Ha rrpoBuHrlr{aJrnara repr.rropraaJrna or:6pana rr 3au{r{Ta Ha MecrHoro HaceJreHr4e.
Oco6euocu,rre B r{cropr.rqecKara crg6a rr c'brr{ecrBeHr,rre rrpoMeHr{ BBB BarperrrHo-
To pa3Brrrrre Ha orgeJrHr{Te yKpenenrn o6exru npaBra HeBB3MoxHa rflxHara Syn*-
rlr,roHaJrHa rnacr,r$uraqr,rfl B paMKr{Te Ha egna o6o6qeHa cxeMa, o6xnarqaqa rleJr[q
nepuog or c'brqecrByBanero Ha npoBr.rHrlua Cxvrua. O6crofinprsr rrH[rrBrrAyaJreH
aHzulr,r3 rI [prrBeAeHr,rTe B rr3Jro)KeHr4eTo Aocera MHoroqIIcJIeHIa AonBJrHHTeJrHpr IIo-
*.c:aeHug, u yrorrHeHur, o6aue, [pegcraBsr Karo HarrbJrHo nplleMJrr{Ba u Mero[oJro-
rlrtrecKrr r.r3A'bpxaHa oT HreAHa ToqKa Ha [cTop[qecKr4Te r4 apxeoJrorr4trecKr{ peaJr-
Hocrrr xraclr$uxaq[rrra Ha B'brrpocHr,rre yKpenenrn o6exru B ABe orAeJrur,r, xpoHo-
roruqecKrr o6oco6enrE rracuSuraqrroHHr{ cxeMlr, orpa3rBarrlu c'bcro.flHl4ero I4
crpyKTypara Ha yKpelureJrHara cr{creMa Ha flpoBrrHrlus, Cxurvs, c'borBerHo 3a rre-
pr4oAa or Kpiu na III go K'bM cpeAara na V B. r{ or KGM BTopara rroJroBr,rHa na V n. qo
Kpafl Ha K'bcHaTa aHTr{rrHocT.
te
AKCHOIOJII4C, KAPCHyM, EII4COC, eBeHryarrHo n TI,IEHCKA.
C'bOp'r,)KeHI{rI nO TOBa BpeMe Ce nOgB.flBaT CaMO OKOJIO Hafi-gHa.{UteJIHrrTe CeJrr{IIa,
HflKOLI OT KOI{TO 6UtU tpUeVtHrIrIrI U npOA'bJIX}ITeJrr{ Ha BeKOBHa IIOCeJrr.rUIHa Tpa-
Aprr\Lrs. Brgnr,rrcranlrre BepoqrHo rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBr,rHa Ha IV s. yrpeutenr.rx rpafi
O6po.rurqe u A<DPO[I43I4OH, oKarrecrBeHrd B rr3Jro)KeHr{ero no-rope Karo "ce-
JIITTTIHI{ qriITaAeJIr{", 3aeMar Mex(Ar,IHHo rroJroxeHl4e Mexny yKpeleHI,ITe ceJrI,IuIa u
Kpenocrl{Te-y6exrnrqa. flo xoncrpyKTrrBHo-crpor{reJrHu xapaKTeprrcrrarra Ha Sop-
ruQmaqroHHara crrcreMa yKpeneH[Te ceJrr{qa He AeMoHcrprrpar Hr,rKaKBr,r c'brrlec-
TBeHr pa3fiurrr.I' clpflMo rpaAoBeTe, a yKpeleHaTa lrM [Jrorq e He caMo HarrbJrHo
c'br,r3MeplrMa c rrxHara, Ho [oHrrKora (nanp. I4EI,I[A-II) Ropn 3HaqrrreJrHo , HaA-
BI{IrraBa. Hsxolr or B'b3Hr{KHaJr}ITe npeo fV B. yKperreHr.r ceJrl,rlqa rr3rJrexla 3arr,rHa-
Jru oqe KGM Kpa, Ha c'brrlur uJrE B Haqaroro Ha V n. (uaup. Xoplra), Ho Mno3trHcr-
BOTO OT TEX [pOA'bJDKtrJrlr Aa CbrrIeCTByBaT rraK AO Kparr Ha KBCHaTa aHTUTTHOCT.
A3r. YBEX(I4trIA (REFUGIA). nog a'regericrrue Ha 3acr,rJrBarrlara ce Bap-
BapcKa 3arrJraxa, rrpe3 BTopara [oJroBrrna ua fV B. B 3eMrrre Ha flpoBuHrlux Cxtttux
ce B'b3po[]rna uoaa6paBeHara crapoAaBua rpagrrrtru, Ha r,r3rpaxAaHe Ha Kpeflocrr,r-
y6ex<urqa (refugia). Tpu or perrrcrpr.rpaHlrre [ocera K'bcHoaHTHHr,r yKpenJreHru B
npoBuHqrrrra cnaAar KbM Ta3r4 KareropI,r, [pe3 pa3rJrex(Aanilflrreprrog: Ia6ep, [e6-
peHe-I u Xpa6pono. Te ne 6luu npegua3HarreHr{ 3a rrocrosHno o6firasaHe, a 3a
BpeMeHHo yKpvrve Ha r{rrBrrJrHoro HaceJreHr{e or oKoJrHocrra rrpra orracHocr. I,Isr-
paAeHI,I 6rnnz s 6rusocr Ao roJreMrr HeyKpe[eHrl ceJrrrrrrla, Ha ecrecrBeHo 3arqr.rreH r{
B ABa or cJryqar.rre (fa6ep u [e6pene-I) -
cxpur repeH. Cnonyvnuao nog6panure
Mecra c [oJryocrpoaua ron$Hrypaqu, cBexAaJrr,r neo6xograrr,roro crporrreJrcrBo [o
nperpilKAaHe Ha lracrlr or floryocrpoBr,rre flocpeAcrBoM tr3Ar,rraHe Ha IIo enr{H Harr-
peqeH 3a!\Ltturan(?) r4 rpoKoraBaHe Ha poB rpeA HeroBr,rrr Qpour. Eneuenrapnara
3
YxpenxnaHero Ha rpaga Tpesultc rpe3 II-III n. ce AonycKa, Ho He e cruypHo, Bx. [o-rope B
rr3 oxeEr.rero, f raBa 11.2. A (l 4 : TPE3MTIC-3 auag).
Jr
a
Tac. Hist. [Y,23; Dexip. Scyth. fr. 25,29 (ed. Jacoby); Zosim. Hist. nova, I,2 (ed. Bonnae);
Amm. Marcell. Rer. gest. XV, l5; XVII, 6;XXXI,5, 16; XXXI,6,3 (ed. Clark).
s
flo roglr B'bnpoc sx<.: frasa II.2.B (5: I,4CTPI4fl).
O6p. 110. Crcrosnu, Ha yKperlureJrHara cr{creMa B flpeAeJrrrre na HoBoyqpeAeuara
rpoBrrurlr.rr 1. CAI{ZIABA; 2. AKCI4OilOJIIIC; 3.
Crurrq (80-re rogunu na III r.):
KAIIIEABA; 4. KAPCI,IYM; 5. UI4YC; 6. EEPOE; 7. TPE3MI4C; 8. APYEI,IYM; 9.
HOBIIOIyHYM; 10. ErI4CyC; 11. CAIICOBI4fl;12. XAJIMI{Ptr{C; 13. TPOIIEYM
TPAflHI4; 14.I{CTPl4fl; 15. TOMtr{; 16. KAnATI{C; 17. T(u)PI{CA; 18.
AI4OHI4COIOIII4C. / Fig. 110. Condition of the defence system within the limits of the
newly established province of Scythia (the 80s of the 3rd century): l. SACIDAVA; 2.
AXIOPOLIS; 3. CAPIDAVA; 4. CARSIUM; 5. CIUS; 6. BEROE; 7. TROESMIS; 8.
ARRUBIUM;9. NOVIODUNUM; 10. AEGISSUS; 11. SALSOVIA; 12. HALMYRIS; 13.
TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 14. HISTRIA; 15;TOMIS; 16. CALLATIS; 17. T(i)RISSA;
18. DIONYSOPOLIS.
[peAeJrI{Te na Prucrara rrMrlep}r, [opDKAar MHoro BBnpocIaTeJIHrr I{ He Morar Aa
ce cqurar 3a oKoHr{arerHo yror{Henu6. B'rs ocHoBa [peAuMHo Ha MoHergrrre Ha-
XOIKII Ce [pl4eMa, qe pa3IuqHI{ qacTl{ oT Tepl4TopvflTa HA 6lgerqata npoBuHl{n-f,
Cxurus 6ulu sacerHarl{ flpl{ roxo[I{Te rtpez 253,258,267 u269 r.7 Bcra'{xu c'bBpe-
MeHHu u3creABar{H, o6aqe, or6eJrg3Bar [pacrl4qHara ltpoMfHa B TaKTIrKara E reor-
pa$crara oprreHTarl[fl Ha HalaAenvrsra, Kor{To or 255 r. HacerHe upugo6nnu xa-
paKTep Berle npeuMyIIIecTBeHO Ha MSpCKI,I oflepaquu. Hecsuneno, Baxua rlpe[-
locTaBKa 3a ToBa ce ,BIIJIO ycTaHoBsBaHeTo Ha a6conrolrna roTcKa xereMoHl'Iq rlo
ceBepHoro [r ceBepo3arraAHo uonruficro Kpafi6pexue I,I 3aBJraAsBaHero Ha +rora-
Ta Ha [pecraHaJloro Aa c'blrlecTByna EocnopcKo IlapcrBo8, xoeTo AaJrO B'b3Mo>r-
HOCT rra roTIITe r{ TexHr{Te c'bro3Hl,Iqu Aa OTIIpaBgT B3Op K'bM HeAOCT'bIIHrrTe IIO-pa-
Ho 3a rsx rrpomepl4palqn u 6oratn lpagoBe B MaIa As$r'Lrno ereficxoTo Kpall6pe-
xrne. flpuuuHl{Te 3a I,I3T'bKHarara npoMrHa Hec'bMHeHo ca no-grnSoKllg. CreA olyc-
Torrr[TeJrHr{Te pefiAoBe r fionua Muzyts,uTpaKfiA rlpe3 npe[urrrHnre roAI{HI'I, Te3Ir
[poBlrHqrrr4 rr3tJrexAa rrocreleHHo 3ary6r4rr,r npl{TerareJlHara cLI cnlra 3a BapBaplr-
Te, T'bIl KaTo IIpeAJIarlxr cpaBHIaTeJIHO 6egua Ia TBBpAe HecIIIypHa nflflr{Ka. OcseH
ToBa, Heo6xogr{Mocrra rrpr{ BcrKo HoBo HaxJryBaHe Aa ce npeo[oJrana o6urupHa 30-
Ha, pa3opeHa oT caMpITe Tflx, c'b3AaBaJra roJleMrr 3aTpy[HeHLI{ 3a HaIIaAaTeIl,ITe V
o6puuana [oxoArrTe I{M Ha rparrorpafiHocT, rropa[ra Sarta, qe Te He pa3llonaraJlrt
c'bc clrcreMa 3a [poAoBoJrcrBeHo cua6gxnane, a ce flpelruraBaJru 3a cMerKa Ha oKoJI-
HocTTa. Hrarax ue tpx6ra [a Ce IIoAItreHflBa, o6aqe, u rrpoTllBoAerfcrsraeto oT cTpa-
na na Pr,rucKaTa HMnepr,rs. Oarrute cBuAeTeJrcTByBaT, rle oqe rrplr [peKI{Te npl4eM-
Hrrrlrr Ha r4Mneparop Tpaxn flequfi npoBr{Hrlr,raJrHara aplr.Ul. B AoJrHoAyHaBcKI4Te 3e-
Mr,r[peMrrHaJra KLM oSan:rnna, upenacrrtrra 6ofilroro IroJre B barbaricumlo. Peopra-
:gl43a\uflTaHa apMrrflTail u arrl,IsHr,rre geftcrrus Ha [M[eparop faJrueH rlo uplrBex-
[aHe B pen Ha rr.brHara r4 yKpenrrreJrHara cucreMa B rIpoBI{HII[I{Te IIo fiolult flyuan
rpe3 Bropara [oJroBr,rHa na 50-re r4 rrpe3 60-re ro4uuu na III B. c'blrlecrBelro Aonpu-
HecJrr.r 3a ra3ArrraHe or6paHtrTeJruara crloco6nocr B Ta3Ir qacr Ha Puucxata I{MrIe-
pua12. Cneg nraroll4llpaHeTo Ha roTcKaTa oracHocr upr Klasgufi II lorcru, uplE
Anpenuan 6ulo npegupllero eBaKyldpaHeTo Ha Tpaanorata [poBI,IHIInx \axut..
6
Bx. Haup.: Wolfram 1979, S.46; fkcuenure cBeAeHr{r 3a re3l{ HaIuecrBI,L ca nogpo6uo
aHaJIIr3I{paI{u g: PeMeun[xot L954, pas s i m.
7
Scorpan 1980, 118-120; Hqxor r{3cJreABayrr [prreMar, qe u3Becrl,Iqra 3a HalrrecrBwlTa rpe3
267 vt269 r. ce orHacflT Ao eAHo rr c'brrlo c's6urue. Tona cranosrlqe e 3acr6[eHo lr B:
llcropux na Etnrapusl, c.298; llcropux ua [o6pygxa 1, c. 133. 3a grcrycr,rata
ro ro3lr B'brpoc, sx.: Gerov 1980, 393-395 (B)r. c'rrqo: Top6aron 1990, 51-53)'
8
Lfreraera 1979,20-21; Wolfram 1979, S.48.
e
Wolfram 1979,46-4'7.
to
lbidem, S. 48.
rr Grosse 1.920, 1-18.
t2
Barbu 1978, p. 143 sqq.
CupenplqaHero Ha p. [yHaB orHoBo B r.rM[epcKa rpaHr,rqa 6unusgeru cflerrrHr.r
MepKI4 IIO 3a3ApaBrBaHe Ha rpaHurrHara 3arr{[rTa, KoeTo B 3Haqr.rTerHa cre[eH ce
I,r3pa3rBiuro B no[paBKa Ha c'brrlecrByBautrr,rre r4 B crpoex Ha HoBIr yKpenJreHr,rJr. @op-
ru$uxaquoHHara I4 B'b3craHoBI,ITeJrHa gefinocr: npes 70-re roAr.,rHrr na III s. (Aape-
maan-flpo6) e go6pe 3acBilAereJrcrByBaHa He caMo no AyHaBcKvrfl., Ho r,r ro MopcKr.rs
6pxrna 6r4eulararpoBuHrlr,rq crnrus: u GAIII,IIABA, xAJlMr4pvlc,r4crpr4fl,
TOMI'I, KATIATI{C, T(u)PI4cA(?)13. cne4 no6egara (uarsge r paltoHa Me)KAy
Kapcnylr u cyrugana) na nrrrueparop AnperraH HaA Kapnlrre s 272r., rr3Bopr.me
3ala3Bar nEJIHo M'brqaHtre 3a KaKBprro u 4a 6rro BapBapcKr,r HaxJryBaHlr{ B 3eMr4rre
Ha Ior or AoJrHoro reqeHl,Ie na p. fiynan qaK Ao 295 r. flpogtn:xureJrHoro 3arrrrrrrre
eABa Jrtr ce e A'bJrxaJro caMo Ha rr3TorrlaBaHe Ha 6uonorra.{Hrdrr noreHrluaJr Ha Bap-
BapcKoro o6xp'rxeuue: Baxeu npr,IHoc 3a roBa HecBMHeHo e r,rMaJra u eQerrunna-
Ta oxpaHa u or6paua Ha rlM[epcKara rpaHr,rqa, Koero 6u 6ulo HeMrrcJrr,rMo 6es Ha-
Jrr{rrr.rero Ha ra3rrpaBua r,r synrqraoHr.rpaqa yKpe[ureJrHa rE cto6rqureJrHa uuspacr:-
pyKTypa no nerfnoro nporex<eHr,re.
NbPBI4 IIEP?IOI:
OOPMI{PAHE HA K'bCHOPUMCKATA YKPEIIUTEJIHA CI,ICTE.
MA B IPOBI,IHUILfl CKnTWfl
GUOKJIETIIAH - BAJIEHC)
t3
I'lsrpaxqaHero Ha cpeAHara ot6panu'reln a ilt4ur4s, Ha Hoc Kalraaxpa B [bpBogayanuns ir
BI{A Il3rJIexAa nafi-nepoxrHo I{MeHHo rro roBa BpeMe, Bx. ro-rope f.nana II.2.B (19:
T(u)PI4CA/AKPE).
peopraHl{3a\r4fl.Ha Praucrara LIM[epIl, Ia c 6ypnar:a noJrurr{qecKavcroputflHa 3eMr4-
re ro [oJrHoro reqeHr{e Ha p. flynae or Kpafl ua III qo rperara qerB.bpr xa IV s.
Ia
Aricescu 197 7, I 60 - I 69 ; Zahariade 1988, I 44- 1 53.
r5 flo-npegra3Jrr.rBr.rre
aBTopr{ flpeAfloqrlTar Heoflpe[eJrenara SopuynupoBKa "Kpaf,
na IlUna.rafioro ua IV e."
16
Lander 1984,p. 757.
17lbidem, p. 168, 181.
t8 Berchem 1954, p.265; Grenier 1931., p.518,588; Petrikovits L971, p. 187, 199,203;
Johnson 1983, p. 47,50,260.
c apxeoJlorl{arecKl4Te Qarur, cBr4rAeTeJrcTByBarrlr{, qe cxeMaTa He caMo llpo[aJrx<r.rJra
ga 6'sge B'b3npor,r3Be)KAaHa c HeorcJra6Barqa rrHTeH3r{BHocr rr rro-K'bcHo upes IV r.19,
Ho r{e rlpu r4Mleparop Iocrururau I rx upe;xrnnqna csoeo6pa3eH peHecaHc, Karo ta3-
rpa)KAaHero Ha KBagpu6ypru n Cerepna A$puxa u no Cpegnnx u ,[onen fiyHar
ot6ensgaro rrcrrrHcKr{ 6yru n 30-re - 50-:re rograHr{ Ha VI s.20 Bce srs Bp'b3Ka c
yKpenrrreJrHoro crpoureJrcrBo rro BpeMe na flrpnara rerpapxrrfl cJre[Ba Aa ce or-
6ele>rz oqe eAHa napanoKcaJrHa KoHcrara\ktfl, BJtkt3arrla B rrporr,rBopeque c rB:bp-
AeHrrsra Ha aHTr{qHure aBTopr,r: Karo ce r{3KJrroqar yKpelJreHr,rrra Burg bei Stein w
Oberwinterthur, orK'bgero flpor,r3xox[ar crpor4TeJrHu Hagnr{cr or Kpar ua III n., no
rlsJroro [porexeHrre Ha pr,rMcKara rpaHrrlla no p. Pefrn ce orKprrBar yqyABarr{o Mar-
Ko [oAarKrl 3a [peA[pueMaHero Ha KaKBoro u ga 6uro Apyru Qoprn$maquoHHl,I
urnun\flarvlr;ll or crpaua ua ,[uoxneruar u HeroBlare c'bBJraAereJrn. 3a cuerKa Ha
TOBa, apxeoJlorulrecKl{Te AaHHpI HeABycMIrcJreHo cBI{AeTeJrcTByBaT, rle roJIflMaTa r{acT
or HoBoro KBcHoptrMcKo crpor.meJrcrBo B To3r{ pafion e 6uno oc'bnlecrBeHo B ro[rl-
Hr{Te Ha yrrpaBJreHr{ero Ha r{Mleparop Konctanrun I21.
leLander 1984,p.206.
20
Pringle 1981, p. 144; Miloseviil 1996, p.249 sqq. (nx. u rocoqerrara rau nureparypa).
:rJohnson 1.983, p. I66.
Kpaq Ha III go rocJreAHara qerBtpr Ha IV B., [oHacroflrrleM e HeB'b3Mo)KHo. Or
cBor crpaHa, 6erfl3anure or ycJroBHocr xpoHoJrornqecKrr py6pnrlr, rroA Kor{To no
Herag6exuocr ce rpynupar re3rl o6eKTLt, npaBqr npaKTurrecKr,r HeorrpeAeJrr{Mr{ pe-
aJrHrrre r.r3MepeHr,rf, Ha orAeJrHr,rre crpoureJrHr4 flporpauu. Taxa nanprzuep, 3 yx-
pe[reHlrq ca orHeceHrr KtM BTopara r.rJrr,r rperara rrerB'bpr ua IV n. (Pacora
(FLAVIANA?); HyQ'spy; I,lmanuu ge Xoc), 5 - xru Bropara noJroBr.rHa Ha fV e.
(I,I:noapene; rprrcrpoeHr{rr KtM rpaAcKara KpenocrHa creHa sa TPOfIEyM TPA-
fHI4 xacre.n; fa6ep; [e6peue-I; Xpa6poro), a 9 - safi-o6rqo rsu W a. (Bnrue
(HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); Tonary; fleuenxra; Tpaau; Jlyrxarnqa; Pareny; Xoprax;
Crpa;xa; O6po.rurqe) (O6p. 111).
Oco6erio BaxHo 3a rleJrlrre Ha Hacrorrqoro [r3cJre[BaHe e pa3rpaHr,rrraBaHe-
To Ha r43B'bprrreuoro rro BpeMe Ha rrbpBraTe goe $asra or yKpenlIreJrHoro crpor{TeJr-
crBo [pe3 Ar{cKyrr4paHr.r{ [epr{oA. Tona, o6ave, e rBtp[e npo6neuatuutto, trti xa-
ro 6poxr Ha yKpeneuur:e o6errra c HeorrpeAeneua (u naft-qesro - cBBceM Xl{rrore:
ruvHa!) [arr4poBKa B "Kpar na III rrru Har{aroro Ha fV B." B'b3JrIl3a ua qetru 2l:
KAPCI4yM, Wy C, EEPOE, ApyEI4yM, II,IHO| Er\Vrfl , Ef I4CyC(I), CAJI-
COBI4fl., XAIIMI4PLIC, Enracana-Il, AP|AMYM, Osuquy-I, Ilanaay Mape, Kou-
cranqa -Terrrrrrrr, CTP AT O HVIC, ilI4O}I?I C O fI O JI I4 C, r{ ep n a, A g>rurr or
(VALLIS DOMITIANA?), rlxuypnrsl-pie Xoc (AD SALICES?), Mnpvx Bo4r, Myp-
Qarnap, TI4MOfUqkIfl.. Or rf,x K'bM BpeMero na fl'rpeara rerpapxrar{ u3cJre[Ba-
qr{Te Aocra y6egeuo orHacrr r,r3rpilKAaHero na,[unoreq[, ra llflJrocrHoro nper,r3r-
pDKAaHe na Xanurapuc, trpvr Bce qe Harr{rrHr,ITe AaHHIT 3a roBa eABa JrLr Morar Aa ce
crrrlTar 3a Aocrarbr{Ho Kareropr,rrrHra. Hapeq c [oBbprrrrrrenuure(?) pa6oru Ho Ho-
Bara KpelocrHa creHa xa Touu, K'bM curypHr,rre rerpapxr{qecKr,r rpagexr.{ B npo-
BrrHrIr,H Crutns cnaAa rr3[rrrauero na 6ypra npu Cefirtlesn. flo BcflKa BepoflrHocr
BEB BpG3Ka c rr3qrrraHero Ha [pyr nogo6eH 6ypr nxrr4e a pariona Ha AyHaBcKara
AeJrra cJreABa [a ce [ocraru z SparueHTrrpaHr{rrr rr npel{3noJl3yBaH Karo crpor,rre-
JreH MarepraaJr B rrocrporku or no-K'bcHo BpeMe rerpapxuqecKr,r Hagrrrrc, orKpr4T
lprr pa3KolKr{Te Ha Xanuupnc. C nari-upasgono4o6na [arilpoBKa B'bB BpeMero Ha
flrpnara rerpapxrrfl ca u 6yprure npu Cnana Pyc.r u Xuxrnna. Cqrra ce, qe crr{-
MyJr 3a prHTeH3ram{ara crpor{Temra gertHocr, KoflTo BKrroqBara n enurpaScru go6-
pe 3acBr,rAeTeJrcTByBaHaTa [olpaBKa Ha ['bTHaTa crlcTeMa, AaJIo eAHo BapBapcKo
(rorn? xapuu? 6acrapnr?) HarraAeHlre oKoJro 295 r., Koero HaHecJro rexKl{ Iropa-
xeHrrfl Ha pegmla ceJrirrqa B [poBrrHqr4 sra22. 3acera, o6ave, JrlrrlcBar AaHHLT ro Aa e
3acerHaJro c'brrlecrByBaulara yKpenr{TeJrna un$pacrpyKTypa. Marap [3creABar{u-
Te rpaAr.rq[oHHo Aa rrpu[lrcBar na SopruQr{KarlrrouHara gerinocr na,[uorneruan
rr HeroBr{r c'bynpaBr,rren faneprari npecrpoflBaruero a fundamentis Ha BoeHHlITe JIa-
repfi no AyHaBCKr.r, 6pxr na npoBl,IHrIIls Cxvrw., [peBptlllaHero Ha rIo-3HarrHTeJr-
Hr.rTe ceJrl,rrqa BT>B B'l,TperrrHocTTa ir n yrpeneuu IIeHTpoBe I,I I,I3rpiDKlaHeTo Ha cl{c-
22
Barnea 1968, p. 374 sqq.; Suceyeanu 1969, p.364; Scorpan 1980, p. 120.
Hitrr$u
,JO: *
'*l\*-. 3Sx
q
39b !
t
*
e
e
d,
4'.1
0rGl0
L;;rrlq-*.txrs@[ 11U
O6p. 1 1 I . KrcuopurucKara yKperurerrrra cucreMa Ha rrpoBr4Hrlr4s. Crururr (cpegara
ua 70-re roAuulr ua IV n.): 1. Burue (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. CAI{I{[ABA; 3. Pacona
(FLAVIANA?); 4. AKCI,IOfIOIII4C; 5. Celiueuu; 6. KAIII4IABA; 7. Tonary; 8.
KAPCIIyM;9.|\ilYC;10. 6EPOE; 11. fle.reusra;12.Tpazu; 13. TPE3MYIC-Vlzrox;14.
TPE3MI4C-3auag; 15. APyEI4yM; 16. Xuxu.na; 17. AI,IHO|EIIVIfl,;18. Eap6ou.tu; 19.
Jlyuranuqa; 20. Pareay;21. HOBI4OAYHYM; 22.Ell4CyC;23. HyQrpy;24.Llwauuvp.e
Xoc; 25. CAJICOBI4fl; 26. XAJIMI'IPI4C; 27. fiyuamqy se Cyc (GRATIANA?); 28.
[ynan'rqy ge )Koc (AD STOMA'!);29.B*rvcana-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 30. Ettucara-Il; 31.
APIAMyM; 32. VlCTPI4fl.; 33. Osuauy-I;34. flanasy Mape; 35. Marvrax; 36. TOMVI;37.
Koucr aHq a-Te Jr nr,rrr ; 3 8. CTPATO HLIC ; 39 . KA JI ATPI C ; 40. K APl4fl ; 4 I . T (u)PYIC A; 42.
AOP O[I,13 I,I OH; 43. AI4OHI4COfIOJII,IC; 44. Hra&on ; 45. 9epua; 46. Agxurron (VALLIS
DOMITIANA''!); 47 . Xopux; 48. Vlznoaper'q, 49. Muxaft Epauy; 50. Ba6agar-Tonpafirrori;
51. Ea6agar (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Cilasa Pyc.r; 53. VIBkTA,A;54. Yxnypnr.ra Re Xoc (AD
SALICES?); 55. flasterr{Mogyrr ge Xoc; 56. yJIMETYM; 57. Mnpua Bour (TRES
PROTOMAE?);58. Myp$arrrap;59. TPOIEyMTPA.flHI4;60. Crpaxa;61. t{erars (CIVI-
TAS AUSDECENSIUM?); 62. flnonenu; 63. Kanuran [rErunrposo; 64. Ia6ep; 65.
3AJI[A[A;66, TI4MOfYII\Ylfl;67. Hoeo EoT eso;68. [e6peue-I;69. flpraneu;70. Ostpqu;
71 . Xpa6pono; 72. O6povvtge. / Fig. I 1 1 . The Late Roman defence system of the province of
Scythia (the mid-70s of the 4th century): 1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?);2. SACIDAVA;3.
Rasova (FLAVIANA?);4. AXIOPOLIS;5. Seimeni; 6. CAPIDAVA;7. Topalu; 8. CARSIUM;
9. CIUS; 10. BEROE; 11. Peceneaga; 12.Traian;13. TROESMIS-EasI; 14. TROESMIS-West;
15. ARRUBIUM; 16. Jijila; 17. DINOGETIA; 18. Barboli; 19. Luncavi\a;20. Rachelu; 21.
NOVIODUNUM;22. AEGISSUS; 23. Nufiru; 24.Ilganii de Jos; 25. SALSOVIA;26.
HALMYRIS;27.Dunavdlu de Sus (GRATIANA?); 28. Dunav6lu de Jos (AD STOMA?); 29.
Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?);30. Enisala-Il;31. ARGAMUM;32. HISTRIA;33. Ovidiu-I;
34. Palau Mare; 35. Mamaia; 36. TOMIS; 37. Constanla-Telpiq; 38. STRATONIS; 39.
CALLATIS;40. CARIA;41. T(i)RISSA;42. APHRODISION;43. DIONYSOPOLIS;44. Nifon;
45. Cerna; 46. Agighiol (VALLIS DOMITIANA?);47.Hoia;48. Izvoarele; 49. Mihai Bravu;
50. Babadag-Topraichioi; 51. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Slava Rusi; 53. IBIDA; 54.
Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SAL,ICES?); 55. Pantelimonul de Jos; 56. ULMETUM; 57. Mircea VodI
(TRES PROTOMAE?) ; 58. Murfatlar ; 59. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 60. Straja; 6 1. Cetatea (CIVI-
TAS AUSDECENSIUM?);62. Plopeni;63. Kapitan Dimitrovo;64. Gaber; 65. ZALDAPA;66.
TIMOGITTIA; 67. Novo Botevo; 68. Debrene-I; 69. Prilep; 70. Odartsi; 71. Hrabrovo;72.
Obrochishte.
TeMa or Kpalilll'brHl.{ yKpenJIeHI{fl IIo rpacerara Ha ocHoBHr.rre c'bo6lqr{TeJrHr{ It r]Flrrv:
B [poBLrHI{I{xta, $axrure B 3HaqLITeJrHa crerren o6escr,rucJrrr roBa rntpqenue. [o-
prl [a ce [pl4eMe, qe Kacrerbr fuHorequfl B'b3HI{KHar, a XarMrapuc 6ul rlflJrocr- -
HO [per.rsrpaAeH r.rMeHHo IIo BpeMe Ha fl'spnaTa TeTpapxr4r, ToBa He rrle Aa e 6l{no
[paBI4JIoro, a no-cKopo - [3Krroileuue. HanporlrB, tlocoqeHr4Te [o-rope npr.rMepl,r
rloKa3Bar, ue Soprrn$IrKal{I4oHHoro crporrreJrcrBo rd3rJrexAa e 6zlo HacorreHo [pe-
AI,IMHO KbM r{34l{raHero Ha MaJrKIa cnoMarareJlul{ BoeHHr{ r4 BoeHHo-floluqeficxz
yKpenJreHr.rx (burgi w turres), yrrJrtTuflBau1u tpaHurrHara 3arrlr{Ta r.{ ocuryp{Barrlu
KOHTpoJIa Ha KoMyHLIKaI{IToHHLITe Jrrrnvl:a. B'rnpern qe I,I3Bopr,ITe M'bJrqaT 3a HOBr{
BapBapcKLI HarraAeHlr-s B AoJIHoAyHaBcKr{Te rrpoBr.{Hrlr,ru sa Purrlcxara r4Mflepr,rr [pe3
cJIeABaIr{I4Te 6ruso 20 rogurrw, floJloxeHlrero [o rpaHr4rlara eABa Jrrr e 6rlo cno-
rofino23. flopeguqara or noqrll e)KerogHrr rr4"r.nfi Carpicus maximus u Germanicus
maximus, rrpr,rc'bAeHrl Ha r.{M[eparop lanepnft B Kpa{ na III u Haqaroro na IV r.24,
rreABycMrrcJreHo cBr.rAereJrcrByBar 3a oxecroqena 6op6a c BapBapcKoro o6rpure-
lllae, yr ro - r{MeHHo no Sponra Ha AyHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa Ha flpoBrlHr{us, Cxvtrvfl.
IIpu resu o6crosrelcrBa, flpeAlonaraeMoro [peA[prreMaHe roqHo rro roBa BpeMe
Ha Macl,rpaHa KaMTIaHI{t rro peKoHcTpyKrir{s a fundamenlls na soeHuure larepu (ne-
us6exHo cB'bpsaHa c rsxuoro rrpr.rHyflrrreJrHo r.r [poAtJr)KrrreJrr{o (?) ussa;xgaue or
cTpo.f,, a pecleKTI4BHo - c qacTr.IqHa I4JIr4 rrGJrHa Ae3opraHrr3arurr Ha rpaHuqHa:ra
or6panr,rrenHa cl,IcreMa) usrnexga HarrBJrHo HerrpaB[ofloqo6no. II{o ce orr{acs Ao
I{I{BIZIJIHoTo $opru+uraql{oHHo crpol{TeJlcrBo B [poBr{Hqr4rrra [o BpeMe na flrp-
Bara rerpapxl{fl, 3a Hero 3acera (c r,rsrnroueHl{e Ha Touu!) He pa3[oJrataMe c Hr{-
KaKBI{ CI,IrypHr{ AaHHr.r.
23
B ragu Bp63Ka, nx<.: Lact. De mort. pers. 18,6 (ed. Brandt - Laubmann).
2a
Kienast 1996, S. 285.
rlrraH fiur"rurpono, 3AJIAAfIA, Hono Eorero, Ogtpqu. Morre 6u rauenno npu
I{Mrleparop Koncranruu I (aro He [o-K'bcHo rrpr4 Banenc) B'b3Hr4KHaJrrr KacreJrbr
npu Pacona (FLAVIANA?) v yKperrrreHurrra rrprr Hy$rpy uYltralawlr, ge Xoc. C
peAKIa Ia3KJIrorreHIrr, ilplrnagJre)KHocrra Ha orAeJrHr4re o6exna KtM KoHKperlra crpo-
I{TeJIHa nporpaMa He Moxe Aa ce onpegeJrr.,r 3aAoBoJrr{TeJrHo. floue upu qacr or
yKpelJIeHI,IfiTa OrreBr.r[HO CTaBa AyMa 3a rrpeJrr.{BaHe Ha eAHa rrporpaMa B Apyra.
Ilo6egonocHlrqr 3aB'bprrreK r{a soriHara na Jluqunuri (cuuecrso c Konc-
raHTr{H I? 2s) cpeqy rorr{Te s 314 vnu 315 r.26 3a ['bJrro BpeMe Jrr.rKBr,rAr.rparr BapBap-
cKara 3arrJraxa tro AoJrHoAyHaBcKara rpar{rlr{a na PlrucraraLru[repve,. I4urepnpera-
\rrflTa Ha crpor4rerHras HaArr4c or Tpoueylt Tpaxuu or 315-316 r. AaBa ocHoBaur{e
yBepeHo [a ce rB'bpqr{, qe cJreq no6e4a:ra InMrreparoptT rrprrcrbflr,rJr K'bM oc'brrlecr-
BqBaHero Ha mIapoKouarqa6na BoeHHo-crpo]rreJrHa [porpaMa B [ogBJracrrrr{Te My
rpoBr.rHrlr,rr4 no flomur flyuar r.{ KoHKperr{o - s Crul]u.s, rlerqrqa }r3gr.rrane ot6panu-
TeJIHara cuoco6uoct Ha rpaHl,Irrxara gorra Karo I1flJIo Ir no BcflKa BeporrHocr [peA-
Br.D{qaqa roraJrHo [per.r3rpilKflaHe rroHe Ha qacr ot SzsuuecKr.r r.r MopaJruo ocra-
peJll,rre KoMrroHeHTr.r Ha [poBr4HrlraaJrHara yKperrr,rreJrHa cr{creMa. Me;xgyoco6nara
soI;IHa ot 316-317 r. rl [pe[r.r3BrrKaurrre or Heq rexKr{ @unaucouo-crolaHcKr{ c'br-
peceul4s Hec:bMHeHo BHecJrra KopeKrIr.M s ua6enssaHara [porpaMa, ualararixfi npeK-
parsBaHe na pa6orure rro HrrKorll or 3alorrHarplTe crpoexld, KaK'bBTo, rr3rJrexfia, e
cryalaqr c Tpoueyu Tpaxnu. flponorupaHoro or "3aHeMaprBaHero ua rpauuqure"
HaxJIyBaHe Ha rorr4Te s Musuq u Tpaxux npez 323 r., Koero HaJro)Kr{Jro r,r3B'bHpeA-
Hara B'bopG)KeHa HaMeca Ha rrMleparop KoncraHTr{H I 27, noixe 6u ce xsgsa csoe-
o6pa:uo yKa3ar{}re 3a 3aloqHaroro or llutlurtuit, Ho raKa rr ocraHaJro rregoBtprue-
Ho IlpeIr3rpax(AaHe afundamentis na nqxor4 or BoeHHr{Te Jrarep[ rro AyHaBcKua6pxr.
flo Bcr{rrKo nrrvu, o6ave, qe ocHoBrrara 3acJryra sa npeo6pa3flBaHe Ha yKpe-
llrreJlHara cucreMa Ha [poBr{Hrlvts.Cxurilfl,rpx6ra Aa ce or4aAe Ha r4Mleparop Kou-
craHTrrH I. Pearu:upauoro or Hero uteg 324 r. rrHTeH3raBuo $opruSrrKarlr{oHrro
crpoI,ITeJIcrBo BTpBrJro p'bKa 3a pGKa r.r B 3HaqrrreJrHa crerreu 6uno o6ycnoBeHo or
ycTaHoBsBaHeTO Ha KBCHOpI,TMCKT{fl MO[eJr Ha BOeHHa Oprarrr43aqlrfl B rrp0Br{Hrlrr_gTa.
3a 6eeupenflTcrBeuoro ilporr,rrraHe Ha rrpoqeca cnoco6crnyBaJro [poA'bJr)Kr{TeJrHo-
ro cnoxoficrBrae, ycrar{oBr{Jlo ce rro [oJrHoAyHaBcKara rpaH]II{a sa Puucrata rrMne-
pux. B'ssuon:ynarlxu ce or Me)KAyoco6uqure cpeA BapBapcKoro o6rptxeHr.re, I4rr.r-
rIepI4JITa rIpeMHHaJra rrrrl o$anslrBHa BLHrrrHa [oJrraTrrKa r{ - B [poTlIBopeque c Tpa-
25
flo.{erHara rllrna Gothicus maximus na Koncrasruu I or 315 r. (Kienast1996, S. 302) ne
Mox<e Aa ce cqlrra 3a crrrypHo yKa3arrue, qe rori ce e aHraxlrpaJr c ra3l{ BoeHHa KaM-
[aHI4r, rrfi raro, cl,rllacHo KoJIeu{aJIHr4{ lprrurlnn Ha yflpaBJrenue, LIAeHTI{uHI Tur-
IU NONYITABAJI}T BCI{T{KII C'bBJIAAETEJII4, HE3ABIICI.IMO TOfi Ot tgX 6TTT I{3BOIOBAJI KOHK-
perHara uo6ega, sx.: Barnes 1982,p.27 sqq.,81 (n. 145);Kienast 1996,42-44.
26
fiarrEpoaxara e cropeA: Barnes 1982, p.82.
27
Anonym. Vales.5,21 (ed. Mommsen).
AuqLroHHlrTe crr [przHr{r{[r{ - He [ponycKana B'b3Mo)KHocTTa oTKpr{To Aa ce HaMecr,r
c Btopr,xeHa cllJra n rouSlurrr.rre orB'r,[ cBor{Te rpaHr.rrlr{, neqenertxra BilKrrr{ Bo-
eHHO-IOJII{TIqeCKI,I AI4Br4[eHTr.r, OT OCO6eHO TOJIqMO 3HaqeHr{e CpeA KOr,rrO e CKJTTO-
ireHr{flT c rorr{Te foedus [pe3 332 r.28 ]Igrrxnarr{Te no-rope B rl3Jrox(eHrrero MHo-
ro6pofinra fipeKr,r r{ KocBeHrr apryMeHTr{ or apxeoJrorr{rrecKo, I,rcropr,rtlecKo, errr{r-
paQcro n apxr,rreKTypuo ecrecrBo cBuAereJlcrByBar, rle Aop[ I{HI4IqrIarI{Bara I4 [oA-
roTBrlmeJrHr.rre pa6orn no [pel{3rpaxAaHe r{3 ocHoBI{ Ha H,KOI{ oT BoeHHI{Te Jrarep[
rro AyHaBcKara rpaHr,rqa Ha rrpoBrrnqur Crurrlx (KA[I?1[ABA?; TPE3MLIC-LIz-
ror?) npeg[oJroxr{rerHo Aa Morar Aa ce rpl,rnfirrrar Ha LlMneparop Jllrqrantlft, oc'r-
ulecrBqBaHero Ha TflxHaTa peKoHcrpyKlJrrfl, a BeporrHo L{ Ha MHO3I{HCTBOTO OT OC-
TaHaJIIITe JIarepU, CJreABa Aa Ce OTHeCe fiMeHHO KGM BpeMeTO Ha CaMOCTOSTeTHOTO
y[paBJreHr.re ua Koncranrrn I. C pasgerxHero r{a BoeHHIrrI e$errun na Pulrcxar:a
rrMflep]rJr u o6oco6ssaHero Ha [oJreBara aputlfl,3a Hy)Knlrre Ha HacraHenute e CrE-
T[rr [oApa3AeJreHr.rJr comitatenses, a Ir B'bB Bp'b3Ka c oxpaHara Ha B'brperrrnlrfi peg B
[poBrrHIII{gra,6uta rr3rpa4eHa qqra c[creMa or Jrarepu r{ [o-MaJrKI{ BoeHHo-rIoJrIr-
qeftcrul yKpeflJreHrrfl, ctltyr4pamu c orJreA Ha crparerr{qecKara LrM I{ TaKTLIqecKa IIe-
recro6pasnocr:: Hu$ox, Mraxart Epany, KAPkIfl,,I4EVI[,A (D, yIIMETYM, Ka-
[r{TaH flurr.rurpono, Hono Eorero, Ogrpqu. Cneqnaluo BIrI{MaHue 6nlo orgereuo
Ha yKperrsBaHero I{ Ha [o-3Haqr,rrerHl,ITe rlrrBrrJrHr{ ceJI}Iqa, Kolrro 6urra n'renpue-
MaHI{ Karo [o['bJIHr{TeJrHa o[opa r,r pe3epB r{a [poBrrHIII{aJIHara or6paxurerHa cl{c-
rervra: TPE3MIIC-3anag,\4CTPLIfl,, T(u)PI,ICA (gontnnenraq KGM Bropara o16-
paHrrrerrHa rrurut?),I4BWY\A (II), TPOIIEyM TPAfl}{Vl,3AnAAnA, a Moxe
6u u E:aucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?).
CrpouremruflT r^aprkrc or Kapraruy or 337-340 r. ra oco6eHo ro3l{ or Tr-
prrca or 341-342 r. cBrr[ereJrcrByBar, qe oqe B Harraroro Ha ynpaBJleHlrero Ha I{M-
neparop Koncrauqrul II npouunqna Crurux ornoBo ce oKa3aJIa BKJIIoqeHa B paM-
Kr{Te Ha uarqa6na BoeHHo-crpor{TeJrHa rrporpaMa, KoopAI{HaIIvIsrav KoHTpoJIBT rlo
r{r.{ero u3rrtJrHeHr{e 6wnm rroBepeHrr Ha ep,lauvtfl. or ABaMara magistri militum
praesentalis. KonxperHoro ct[Bpx<aHr{e Ha ra3lil [porpaMa Ha [poBLIHrIIraJrHo Ha-
Bo floHacroflrrleM rre Mo)Ke Aa ce oflpegeJlu, Ho Hapeg c AoBcp[MTeJIHI{Te pa6oru
tro HflKor.r or 3arroqnarl{Te or Koncranr:un I crpoex<r{, T, oueBI{AHo BKrror{Bara
Bt3craHoBr{reJrHr{ Meplflpuqrl{fl rro 3aBapeHara yKpenl,IreJlna uuSpacrpyKrypa,
KaKTo r,r [peAlpueMaHoro Ha Ia3r{sro uoeo $opru$uraquonrio crpolrreJrcrBo.
28
Wolfram 1979,63-65.
ro BeposrHo qaK cJreA HertHoro [prrKJrroqBaue. Hapeg c florqraHero Ha ['brHara
Mpe)Ka, peMoHTHr.{ pa6orlr rro HsKor{ or c'brqecrByBalrllrre yKpe[enlr o6errr.r n go-
r,r3rpaxAaHeTo Ha unQpacrpyKTypara or BoeHHo-noluqeficxu yKperleurq 3a BGr-
peruHa cr.{rypHocr (Ba6agar-Tonpalirsorf; KacreJl'br, nprcrpoeH K'bM rpaAcKara Kpe-
rocTHa cTeHa Ha TPOfIEyM TPAfl}Il4?),6llno npegnpreTo cTpoIIreJIcrBo a
fundamenti,s r4 Ha BoeHHr4 o6eKTu rro caMara AyHaBcKa rpaHI{IIa Ha rIpoBI,IHIIkrflTa -
III4yC (no-xrcruxr KaMeHeH KacreJI), |PAIII4AHA (flyHanlqy ge Cyc?). Marap
MecrorroJro)KeHrrero sa BAJIEHTI4fl.u BAJIEHT?IHITIAHA, qlrero B'b3HlIKBaHe
B'bB BpeMeTo na Balenc ue 6ygu HI{KaKBo c'bMHeHI{e, Aa He Mo)Ke Aa ce onpeAeJII'I
c.bc cr4rypHocT, Mr{oro e BeposrHo Te c'bu{o Aa ca ce HaMIrpaJrI4 Ira AyHaBcKnn6pxr29.
Hsxou aBTopI{ [orycKar, qe KacreI'br OJIABI,IAHA (Pacona?) r'aoxe 6u clqo
lpr.rHagJre)K[ K'bM rpaAexr.{Te Ha r,rMrreparop Banenc, Koero I.{3rJIe)KAa B.s3Mo){G{o
r{ sa crrcTeMaTa or yKpeIIJIeHIIs npu Hy$'rpy uYlt:'raantu ge Xoc. C upeguolarae-
Mara crr AarrrpoBKa s'bs BareHcoBo BpeMe, BpeMeHHI{rr BoeHeH Jlarep npu flanre-
Jrr.rMoHyJr qe X(oc ce flBflr,a eAr{H or peAKI,ITe rlaMerHlrqrl Ha K'bcHopI.IMcKara 3eMJre-
ua Qopru$lrKarlr{oHHa apx[:reKrypa. HapacteaHero Ha BapBapcKara 3arlJlaxa B I{a-
Ber{epflero na Bropara rorcKa BoriHa na BareHc u ApaMarrrtlnute ct6nrvfl., cB-bp-
3aHr{ c'bc caMr/rfi xo4 Ha Boril{ara, rr3rJlexAar nafi-nepoxrHara [peA[ocraBKa 3a B'b3-
HrrKBaHeTo ua cnequ$uqHaTa KaTeropl{fl "Kpeuocttl-y6exuutra": Llsnoapele, la-
6ep, [e6pene-I, Xpa6poso. Or crrrloro BpeMe, Mo)Ke 6u, nogxr Hailaroro cI{ yKpe-
neHoro ceJrlaue rpuZlcrpux rr III4TaAeJIara na A@PO[I'13I'IOH.
B pesylrar Ha rrpeAlpueToTo oT Kpas ua [II Ro K.bM [OCJreAHaTa rreTB'bpT
na IV n. $opru$rrKarlrroHHo crpor.rreJrcrBo, Teplrropllsra Ha rIpoBIrHI{I4JI Cxprrus
ce oKa3aJra rroKpr{Ta oT rrcra Mpexa oT yKpeneHl{ o6eKTLr. Maxap TB'bpAe pa3l{o-
poAHrr [o [porr3xo[ rr [peAHa3HaqeHrre, Bcr{lrKu Te cJIeABa Aa ce pa3fJlexnaT KaTo
CGCTABH}I I{ACTU HA EAI4HHA IIO XAPAKTEP K'bCHOPI{MCKA IPOBI'IHIII{AJIHA YKPEII,ITEJI-
Ha cr,rcTeMa, rIeJIfIqa Aa oclaryprl Ba3MoxHo naft-e$uracHa 3aIrII,rTa Ha A'bp)KaBHI'Ifl
cyBepeulrrer, B'brpellrHr4fl. pe1 ra 6egonacHocrra Ha l{aceJleHuero B Ta3Ir llacr Ha
Puucrara rlMnepur{.
BTOPI4 IIEPI,IOI:
ollr,rrlr 3A IIOAA]P)I(AHE I{ TIOCTEIEHHA IE3I,IHTEI PA.III{fl
HA KbCHOPTIMCKATA YKPETIIITEJIHA C}ICTEMA
(TEOAOCI/ifiLt - TEOAOCUI{ II)
2e
flo-rope B r43rroxeHrrero (f.rrana II.2.D, BAIIEHTI4HI4AHA c.sBceM xunoretrlHo 6e
orbxAecrBeua c yKperJlenlrero Irpu Tpaxu (sa nero sr<. firana II.2.A).
qecKIlITe AaHHI4 CBI,IAeTeJICTByBaT, qe CIeA B3eMaHeTO Ha HSKOr,r IJailva.IuBlF,Lr MepKr{,
Ilerqlllu BpeMeHHo 3aKperrBaHe Ha [oJro)KeHr,rero (Haup. r8rpaxlaHero r{a 6ypryca
BEpxy pyrrHr.{re Ha Karacrpo$anno nocrpaAaJrara [I4HOfElJl4fl), K.bM Kpas Ha
IV/Ha'raroto na V B. ce [prIclbrII{JIo K'r,M MauIa6Hr{ B:63craHoBr4TeJrrrr{ pa6oru B
or ro-BaxHr,rre yKperenr o6ercu: KAIII4IABA, [I4HOrEIJVIfl, EfI4-
peAr.rrla
CyC, XAIIMI4 PI4C, AP|AMyM, I4CTPI4fl, TPOilEyM TPA flHUt. flo ecqra
BepoflTHocT TO3II npoqec Ce pa3rbpHaJr c rrBJrHa cvrra eABa cJreA oMr,rpoTBopflBaHe-
To Ha o6cranosrara, Hacrbrrl{Jlo c r{3TerJr-flHero Ha BLI3I{rorr.{Te Ha Anapux or 6an-
KaHCK[Te [peAeJIIr na Puucxara IrMneplrf, rrrrl I4rallrs s 401 r. 3acera, o6ave, or
TeplaTopr.rqra Ha [poBr.trqur cxurus JrrrrrcBar cr,rrypHrl [o[arKr4 3a [peA[pueMaHe-
To rro roBa BpeMe na $optu$rrKaqr4oHHo crpor.rreJrcrao a fundamentis3l. Haupo-
TLrB, cIIopeA HarI{qHaTa LfirSoprr,raqus, B'b3craHoBflBaHe Ha rracr or 3acerHarr.rTe yK-
peIIeHl4 o6errra raKa I{ se 6rano [peAlpuero r{ HrKorr or rsx 3aBr{Harr4 npecraHaJrr.r
Aa c'bu{ecrBynar. Oco6eHo [oKa3areJlHa B ToBa orHorrreHr{e e c'brrocraBKara Ha ap-
xeolor[qecKl4Te AaHHI{ C rII{CMeHI{Te CBeAeHr4g 3a rrpoBr.rHrltlflTa, c't['bpxarq]r ce B
Notitia Dignitatum.3a uoceereHr{fl Ha Cxurns pa3[eJr B [oKyMeHTa rouacroqqeM
ce [pr{eMa, qe orpa3gBa c'bcraBa rr Ar4cJroKal{ufrTaraa rpaHr.rqHr4Te sortcru B [poBL{H-
\wfl"ra oKoJIo 378 r. Karo equncrBeHa no-K'bcHa 4o6anra ce r43TEKBa B[r{cBaHero
HA CLneus equitum Arcadum, Koero ce [ocraBfl BLB Bp63Ka C OKOHqareJrHoro pe-
AaKTI{paHe Ha pars Orientis or AoKyMer{ra31. Bpelrero Ha ra3r{ peAaKrlr4fl o6uxnore-
Ho ce oruacf, KGM Kpafl Ha IV n. (394-395 r.), Ho ctrrrecrByBa r.r MHeHr,re, tre rfl Aarrrr-
pa or [o-K'LcHo - oKoJro 408 r.32 Maxap Aa He [peAcraBrJra geficrnr.rrelHr{s cacraB
na solicrara, HaMlrpaulara ce noA Har{aJrcrBoro Ha AyKca na Cxrarus rro roBa Bpe-
lnae33, Notitia Dignitatum, Id3ulexAa, crBceM TorrHo [peca3[aBara c'bcroqHr4ero r{a
yKpelLITeJIHaTa CIICTeMa [O [yHaBcKaTa rpaHr.{r{a Ha rIpoBrIHr{rIsTa r/rMer{Ho K'bM Kpa{
sa IV/saqaJroro Ha V n., roero prlBa Aa rroKaxe, qe peAaKr{r.rrra Ha c.borBerHr,rs
pa3AeJI B AoKyMeHTa e 6vuta 3HaqI{TeJII{o [o-cep[o3Ha, orKoJrKoro o6rarnoseHo ce
npeArroJlara. O6aopsr Ha apxeoJlorl{vecKllTe cBr{AereJlcrBa [oKa3Ba, qe, ocBeH crro-
MeHarlare s Notitia Dignitatum, ro AyHaBcKut 6prt:. Ha [poBr4Hrlras Crurus ce Halvrln-
par ocraHKI{Te or oIrle 7 roJreMrr yKpelJreHr.rfl, rroHe 5 or roraro (Tonaly, IIe.reHq-
ra, Tpaxu, Pareny u fiynantqy 4e Xoc) ccc curypHocr ce or.bxgecrBf,r c K:bcHo-
pHMcKr4 BoeHHr{ Jrarepr4 or IV 8., a c'brrloro e rB.bpAe Bepo.f,Trro rr 3a Apyrr.rre ABe
(Buzne lr Jlynxanuqa). trlenecrru4{T flocera [oAeMeH apxeoJrorr4rrecKrr Marepr{an or
3 or rsx - Tonary, Parery r fiynanrqy qe Xoc (AD STOMA?) - y6equrerrHo cBr{-
30
He tpx6ea Aa ce l43KnroqBa B'b3Mo)Krrocrra I4MeHHo Kl,M Kparr ua IV unu B Haqaroro Ha
V r. pa ca 6ntu I43rpaqeHrr yKperleHoro cenuule xpafi. Llcrpus r4 rlr{TaAeJrara Ha
AOPO[r43r4OH.
3' Zahariade 1988, 21-31, I 81-185
32
Soustal 1991, S. 66 (rx. qr.rrr4panara rau n 6e.r. 56 nr.meparypa).
33
Motunr.rre 3a roBa ca cbBceM 3agoBoJrrrrenno o6qcHeHr.{ e: Zahariade 1988,91-99, 185.
AereJIcrByBa, lle re 3aBr{Harr{ [peKparrrJrrr c'brrlecrByBauero cr{ K'bM Kpa.f, Ha IV llnu
B HaqaJroro Ha V B. Marap 3a [pyrr,rre 4 yrpenlenwfl Aa rwrtcaar KoHKperHr{ xpo-
HoJIorI{iIscKvryKa3aun[ Han'bJrHo rrpaBAoloAo6no r.rsrre)KAa re c'brrlo BpeMeHHo(?)
Aa ca ra3Jle3Jrr{ or crpo.fl lro roBa rpeue34.
Oqe npes fl]pBoro AecerI4JIerI{e na V B. fleprroA'br r{a orHocr{TeJrHo 3arr{-
[rtze [o AyHaBcKara rpaurrrla sa Puncxara r4vrfiepvs,6un uapyureu or [opeluqa
XyHCKLI HalaAeHI{[, IpOABJIXLIJII{ C HapaCTBaIIIa I{HTOH3I/IBHOCT AO K'bM CpeAaTa Ha
sera35. flone HrrKor4 or rsx rryBcrBLITerHo 3acerHaJrr.{ rr repr,rropr4graHa[poBr,rHqr{s
Cxurun, xaro oco6eHo onycrorrrraTeJrHr{, r{3rJrexAa, 6wureswe 434 u447 r. Hose-
JrIaTe Ha l{Mneparop Teogocuri II or 412 v 443 r. cBr,r4ereJrcrByBar 3a HeceKBarrloro
BHI{MaHI{e, GTAeJrsHo or crpaua Ha r{euTpaJrHara BJracr xru npo6reMrrre Ha 3arrl[-
Tara Ha r.{MrrepcKara rpaHr,rqa [o lpore)KeHr{ero ua p. flynan. flpu nce roBa, cBoeB-
peMeHHoTo oTcTpaHsBaHe Ha rropa)KeHr4rrTa, [epr4oAr4rrecKr{ HaHacflHr,I Ha yKpeIIu-
TeJrHara IauQpampyKTypa B flpoBr.rHqrrfl. CKurrwfl., ce oKa3aJro r{eflocr{JrHa 3aAarra 3a
Pr.r\acrara r,rMrrepr.rfl. 3anoqHaroro orle K'bM Kpafl na 70-re r{ B Haqaroro na 80-re
roAr{Ht4 ua IV B. pa3[aAaHe Ha K"bcHopvrMcKvrs. MoAeJr Ha BoeHHa opraHu3arg, [pe-
[onpeqeJrr,rJro rtporr.rr{aHero Ha rrpoqec Ha flocrerrenua rpanc$opMarlr4q Ha HrrKo-
raIrrHI,ITe BoeHHr{ Jrarep[ t4r^flKott or BoeHHo-fiomaqerfcrure yKpelJreHuq s o6[xHo-
BeHr,r yKpe[eHr{ ceJrr.rqa. CruleapeMeuHo, rro pa3rr4rrHo BpeMe or Kpaq sa 70-re
sa IV Ao K'bM cpeAaTa xa V s., 3aBrrHarr{ [pecTaHaJrr{ [a c'brrlecTByBaT Ae-
ToAI4IHI{
cerKrr yKpeleHrr o6errra36, a peArrrla \pyrpf7 re)KKo [ocrpaAaJrr.r u c:oc cr,rrypHocr
I{II{ C IOJI-SMa BepOflTHOCT CTIIIO BpeMeHHO II3JIe3JII4 OT Crpos K'LM Kpaq Ha IIepI/IO-
ga. Ero 3arrlo, cpeAara na V s. yBepeHo Mo)Ke [a ce rrocoqr{ Karo npeAeJreH cpoK Ha
oKoHqaTeIHaTa Ae3r{HTerpaq[q Ha KccHopr{McKaTa yKpelr,rTeJrHa crzcTeMa B [po-
BrHrryfl. Cxurvs*
3a
3a yrpenaeHr.{ero npu lleveuxraJr}rrlcBar KaKBrrro lr pa 6luro xpoHoflou{rrecKr4 AaHHr4, a
SynrquouupaHero Ha re3r.r rprr Bunne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), Tpaxu u Jlynxanu-
qa e 3acBr4AerencrByBaHo u npes VI n.
35
3a xpouonorrrrra Ha xyucKrre Harrageur{fl, sx.: Miteva 1989, S. 143 sqq.
36
CeftneHu, Tonany, APyBI,IyM(?), Xroruana, Parely, fiyHar:oqy ge Xoc (AD STOMA?),
E a6agar-Tonpar?xrori, Enucana-Il, Myp@arnap, Onrguy-I, flaraay Mape,
KoHcrauqa-Te;rnuur, CTPATOHI'IC(?), KAPI'I.f,, HuQon, 9epua, Aq><uruon
(VALLIS DOMITIANA?), Xopux, Mraxaii Epany, Ea6apar-Tonpafirsofi, IMrnpux
Bog'r, Crpaxa, [e6pene-I, Xpa6pono.
37 Bnune (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?), KAII,UABA, Tpaxn, Jlyuxanuqa, E|I,ICyC,
XAIIMI4PII C, VIBVII.A, yJIMETyM, Kauurau [nuurpono, Ogrprlr.r.
TPETI4 rIEPrrO[:
PE O P f AHTI3 AIIIIfl HA fIP O B I{HIII,IAJIHATA YK PEI}ITE JIHA
CI4CTEMA IIPII I4MIIBPATOP AHACTACI,IU
38
Cod. Iust.I, 3, 35 (ed. Knger).
3e
flo-pa:mvHo o6sorenne Ha r43Krrorreur{ero s: Suceveanu/Barnea 1993,p. 175 sqq.
a0
Bx. naup.: Wolfram 1979, S. 335 sqq.
4l Stein 1949,89-90.
a2
Barnea 1960, p. 363 sqq.; Barnea 1967a,355-356.
qaa3. Herqo rroBer{e, c u3qe3BaHero orqe K'bM cpe[ara ua v B. Ha HeyKpe[eHrrre
$oprlau Ha IroceJII4IrIeH xuBor s Cxvtua, peopraHra3r4paHara K'bM HaqaJroro na VI s.
[poBI4HqLraJIHa yKperI[TeJIHa cI{cTeMa [paKT[rrecKr.r ce npeBpBrrla B oJrxrleTBope-
Hr{e Ha rroceJrrrrrlHara crpyKTypa B [poBr.rHr{r.rflTa. @op:rusrrar{r4oHHara geftnocr
Ha lrMleparop Auactacufi,s Cxurufl BKrrorrBara cepvs. or peMoHTHrr t4 KoHcoJrr4ga-
qrrorrHr{ pa6oru no or6pannreJrHr{Te c}op'b)KeHr4x na syurqrroHr.rpaqu IIo roBa
BpeMe yKpereHr.r o6erru (CAIII4AABA; KAfIZIABA; AI4HO|EIIVII; XAII-
MI4PI4C), Ho I,I cneIIIlanHLI MepKI{ 3a Bt3craHoBfiBaHe r.r B'b3Bp'r,ulaHe KtM xilrBor r4
Ha IrflKoI4I OT Te3I{, KoI{To 6Iaru rexro nocTpaAaJrr{ IIpu roTcKLrTe r,I xyHcKr,r HarlrecT-
AeCeTI4IeTI{q JIe)KaJII{ B pyIIHI4 IIJIII BOAeJIIII XaJIKO C'bIIIeCTByBanre (Karu-
BI,,fl. PI OT
ran fiuuurpoBo; Ogtpq[). Hapeg ccc 3a3gpaBrBaHero r{a yKpereHure o6exru uo
lyHaBcKara rpaHlrqa I4 BBB Blrperunocrra44, I{3HeHaABaIrIo roJrflMa crpor.rreJlHa aK-
TLIBHocT B'bB BpeMero Ha LrMrreparop Anacracuit ce xa6.nrogana no uopcrux 6pxr
Ha [poBlaHqIa-f,ta. Oceen enurpa$cKlr Lr apxeoJrorr{qecKr{ crrrypHo 3acBr.rAereJrcrBy-
BaHIiITe peMorrrHr,r pa6oru a I4CTPylfl, cto6pa:no Harr.rqHara rnnQoprr,raqufl r{MeH-
HO K'bM Kpaq Ha v u s Haqaroro na vI B. cJre[Ba Aa ce orHece rl3rpaxAa:Flero a
fundamenti.s Ha Mou{Hr.rre yKpe[r4reJrHr{ c'bop.b)KeHr,rrr ua TZMYM, Kaueu 6pxr-
flhnara, Cneru Hvrola, BITI3OHE, Ealqur-Xopu3ouT, a rB.bp[e BeposrHo - ilrla
flrpnara or6panrreJrHa Jrr{Hr,rrr na AKPE, KaKro r{ Ha yKpereHoro ceJrrrqe(?) I,Icr-
pllfl.
PeopranuarapaHara I{ ocHoBHo peKor{crpyr4paHa rro r.rrr{rlr{aruBa r4 c ocury-
peHrrre or IrMnepatop Auacracufi cpe4crBa yKpelr,rreJrHa cr{creMa B rrpoBr{Hrlr{r{
Crurms. no3BorIIrJIa na 6ynroeuura BuranuaH Aa ce qyBCTByBa ryK B [poA'bJDKeHr.re
Ha roAIlHI{ (var go Kpa.fl Ha 6ynra rtry n 518 r.) nparruvecKr.{ HeAoceraeM 3a r{eHr-
paJlHara nract45. Cucteuara c qecr r.r3A'bpxaJra u upoA'bJrxurre.nnyrfl.rrepuon Ha He-
crlrypHocr r,r r{aKbpHeH A'bpxaBeH cyBepeHr.{Ter no fioluu fiynan u rto6qe s 6ar-
KaHcKI4Te npeleJrl{ ua lluueplrqra or cpeAara ua 30-re Ao Harraroro na 50-re rogll-
Hra Ha VI s.
a3
Cauo 6 yxpenneuuf, or BpeMero sa Auacracnri u nacerne Morar Aa ce olpeAeJrrr Karo
"BoeHHLI", npLI ToBa - Ir3rJrexAa caMo B HarraJrHug ltepl{oA or r{xuoro cailIecrByBa-
ue (rx. faana III.l.El).
aa
ctscer\4 He e r.r3KJrroqeuo yKpeleHr,rre ceJrr.rrla npu Maua.a, Ea6agar, Yerars n fkouesu
(tt flpr,rnen?) ga ca B63Hr4KHaJru eABa KIM Kpa.f, Ha V/Ha.raroto Ha VI n., T.e. BIB
BpeMero sa Asacracnri.
a5
3a 6yu:ra na Bn'ranuau: Barnea 1968,412-414.
TIETBbPTZ IIEPI,IOI:
YKPETTI,ITBJIHOTO CTP OI,ITEJICTB O HA I4MfIEPATO P IO CTI4-
HI{AH I
a6
Patoura-Hatzopoulos 1980, p. 96.
ai
fiyrirer 1943. c.252.
a8
3a nolo>reHuero B [poBxurlr4r Crr,rrux npu uM[eparop Ocruuuau I, Bx. rrocneguo: Barnea
1997, S. 40 sqq.; Torbatov 1997a, p. 78 sqq.
ae
Gordon 1959,23-30.
s0
l{saHoe 1983,27-28; I4nauon 1984, c.36.
5t Howard-Johnston 1989, 219 -220.
peAa I{ cnororlcrnlte:ro s 6arraHcKr{Te [peAeJrrr na Puucraranvtrrepvfl cJreABa Aa ce
rJIeAa Karo Ha a6colroruo neo6xoquua [peA[ocraBKa.
Boesnnre o[epaqu]r cpeqy rrepcr{, BaHAaJIT{, ocrrorr{ I{ Becrrorlr, xapaKTe-
pll3lrpaqla yrrpaBJleHrlero Ha trOcr+rlras I, ce otpasrarlr rparino Herarr{BHo Ha 3a-
Irllrrara Ha AyHaBcKara rpaHr{r{a ua I4nneplrxra. flpegBuA qyBcrBraTeJrHo HaMaJre-
JII{g BoeHeH rloreHr{r{afl Ha I{Mleprrflra52, SopurEpaHero na ueo6xogr{}vrr4Te [oJIeBII
eKCIIeAIIIII{OHHI{ Koprrycr4 Ce r.r3B'bprXBaro arpe3 ApacTraqHr4 c'bKparrleHr{s
apI[,{ITvr LI
Ha pa3[oJroxeHr{Te B [poBr.rHrlnr{Te BoeHHr{ \racru comitatenses. Btnperu pegyrlu-
palars. cI{ r{IrcJIeH c'bcraB, ocraBeHr.rre B AoJrHoAyHaBcKr{Te rrpoBr.ruttrLlra roricril ycnx-
BaJlr{ Ha II'bpBo BpeMe Aa y[BpxaT TpaHcrpaHr.{rrHr4rr HaTr{cK r.r Aa ce c[paBsT c [po-
Hr{KHaJrr{Te B rlMlep}r{Ta BapBapcKr.r rpyfiu. B naqaloro sa 30-re ro4rrurr ua VI s.
I,Iunepr,rxra Aopr.{ ce oKa3aJra B c:bcroqHl,re [a npelnpueue o$an3r{Ba cpeqy cr,aBfl.-
HHTe B To3I{ ceKTop or rpaHr{r{aravrp.a [peHece BoeHH]rre gerfcrnux r{a Heflpr.rf,TeJr-
cKa repl4Topus53. Tosa craHaJro B'b3rto)KHo, Bepoqruo, c [pr,rBJlrrr{aHero Ha Ao['bJr-
flepCul Uper 532 r.54
HIIITeJIHI{ BOeHHrlr KOHTr4HreHTr.r CJre[ CKJrrOr{BaHeTO Ha Mr.{pa C
flo6egure na rparuficxut magister militum Xunnyglrfi ce cqr.rrar o6zxnoseHo sa
ocHoBaHl{ero IrMfleparop locruuraaH [a [pr.rKaqr{ K'bM Tr.{TyJrarypara cil kr errr{Tera
Anticusss. Cneg 533 r., o6aqe, o6cranosrara [o AyHaBCKara rpaurrr{a Ha Ar4orle3a
Tpaxut KopeHHo ce rpoMeurrna. flo BpeMe Ha eAHa aK\krs, orB:b[ flyriana Xunny-
guft. saruwan, a roficxara My 6una yuuuqo)KeHa. "Creg roBa BapBaprrre MorJrr,r Aa
[peMI4HaBaT peKaTa Br4Haru, KoraTo [oxeJraeJrr4, rr prrMcKr{Te BJraAeHr,rrr cTarraJrr4
JrecHo Aocrbrrr{I4 3a HanaAeHut"S'.flpuueleulrflT I{vrar B HTIKaK'bB clyuaft He e Jrrr-
reparypHo rpeyBerrqenue. flocreAur4f,T ycrex ga 6'rge or6r.rto HalaleHr,re s 6rr.{-
3ocr Ao rpaurlrlara Aarr4pa or 535 r.57 MnoxecrBoro cBe[eHr{s 3a BapBapcKr,r olyc-
TorIreHI4rI s Tparux Epe3 c.rre[Barrtrr,rre roArrHuss cnugereJrcrByBar 3a roraJrrroro 6eg-
cvilae Ha MecTHaTa BJracT [a clpe B'bHtrrHr{rr HaTr{cK, a B peArrrla cJlyqal4 - r.I Aa oKa-
xe KaKBoro r.r qa 6lrno nporlmogericrBr{e Ha HarrrecrBeHrrqr.rre. floragarenHo e, qe
BoeHHara cnpr6a B pa3[oJro)KeHrare rpafi p. fiynan 3eMr{ ce cqr{TaJra or c'bBpeMeH-
HI4I{I4Te 3a HaKa3aHr.re59.Pa:rnreprr na 6egcrBr{ero, o6xsaHaro Bropa Musul-u Cru-
Trrs., Irrrqv rr or flpegocraBeHoro upes538 t. Ha peKTopa na Mu:r.rs, a [pe3 544 r. w
Ha ll'bpKBr.rre s Torrrr u Ogecoc, [paBo Aa orqyxlaBar HeABrlDKr.rMr4 rI'bpKoBHr{ rrMo-
TI,I 3a orKynyBaue Ha [JreHHr{r{u60. floclequqlrre sa ot6pauara Ha rpaKr4ricrara gy-
52
Agath. Hist. V, 13 (ed. Dindor$.
53
Proc. De bell. VU, 14, 1-5 (ed. Haury).
54.[yfiuer 1943, c.247.
55
RIIIsch 1978, S. 102.
56
Proc. De bell. VII, 14, 6 (ed. Haury).
57
Marc. Com. ad a.535,3 (ed. Mommsen).
58
Benxos 1959,47-48.
5e
Ed. XIII (= Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, p. 785) (ed. Scholl - Kroll).
60
Nov. LXV; CXX (= Corpus Iuris Civilis, III, p. 399, 588) (ed. Scholl - Kroll).
HaBCKa rpaHr.rqa or c[oJrerf,Jrara [pe3 533 r. Xunnyguft H HeroBara apMlwfl. Karacr-
po$a [GpBoHaqaJtHo 6r,rnra, rasrre)KAa, Hegoor{eHeHrr or r{euTpaJrHara BJracr. Bnoc-
JIeAcTBI{e, Koraro c'b3AaJlara ce Kpr4Tr,rqHa curya\vfl.6rara octsHSTB, rIpiIBr{TOJrcr:
BOTO Ce OKa3aJrO C BBp3aHr{ pBr{e, rrfi xaro He pa3[oJraraJro c BoeHeH pesepn. flo
ToBa BpeMe tr4utepvtnra 6lIna seqe gu6oro B'bBJreqeHa n au6uqnosHr4re Haqr4Ha-
}J.v:fl, Ha 3anag. Bogeu or crpeMe)Ka crr Na B'b3craHoBrr Puucrara vrvrnept4s, B HrrKo-
ralrrHrrre i rpanuqu, Ioctmrnas orAaBaJr Ha 3ana[Hara noJrr4TrlKa [p[opr.rrerHo 3Ha-
r{eHile. Karo ne MoxeJra Aa pa3rrr,rra Ha Hr{KaKBa e$exrusna BoeHHa [oAKpe[a 3a
3a3ApaBqBaue xa ot6paHara ro fioluu fiynan npeAr{ Kparr Ha Wranuircrara KaMra-
Hlrfl61, KoncranruuofloJlcKara agMr.rHr{crpar{r4fl ce BraAflJra [pr4HyAeHa ga npw6erne
lo rIaJrr{arIrBHI{ MepKI,I, qerqrqrr uo6urusaq[q Ha co6crBeHr{Te cvrJruu pecypcra Ha
3aceruarr{Te [poBr,rHqr.{r.r 3a or[op Ha HarrrecrBeHr4r{r,rre. B rosu KoHTeKcr rpx6aa
Aa ce pa3rrexAa KoHr{eHTpar{rrJ{Ta Ha BJracrra HaA Ar.rorle3a Tparlrx B p'brlere Ha
eAHa rl,rqHoc'r
- praetor lustinianus Thraciae. Cr:qananero caMo e[Ha roArlHa [o-K.bc-
Ho Ha quaestura exercitus, o6a.re, ce flBflBa o$rquanuo [pr,r3HaHrae na 6egcrrenoro
rroJro)KeHrre, CB3AaJIO Ce S "O6e3[OKOflBaHrrre OT BapBapr,rre"62 rpaHnrIHra [poBr,rH-
qzz. To 6escnrvero Aa ce peIIIu BBIIpoca aa qra6gxnaHero c flpoAo-
r.rJrrocrpr4pa
BoJrcrBI,Ie Ha pa3rloJroxeHr{Te raM soricrIa r,I Boel{r.r3r.rpaHo HaceJreHl,re Aoplr c o6e4u-
HeHIlme SunaHcoau ycplrurs. Ha rleJrr.rs quoqe:63. Jluucara na e$emueHa BoeHHa 3a-
IrIIlTa Bce rroBeqe 3arBapflJra )Kr.IBora 3aA creHLITe Ha yKpeneHure o6errra, Kor{To ce
[peBpculaJrr.r B rIeHTpoBe C [oAqepraHo KoHcyMarrrBeH xapaKTep, a 6enexxara ua
Ararrft 3a 3arrycrflJlocrra Ha 3eMr4Te nrn Bropa Mrrsr.rfl u Cxwwtq64 oqeBra4Ho or-
pa3sBa e[Ha c'bBceM o6exrzsHa peaJlHocr. Macupanrare cJraBqHcKrzr Hala[eHr4q npe3
549 u 550-551 r.65 [eMoHcrpI{paJIIr LI3KJIIoqI{reJrHo MHoro HapacHaJrr{re BoeHHr.r yMe-
HIlt I, MOIII lI CaMOqyBCTBI{e Ha HaIII9CTBeHIIIII{TO, KaKTO LI OTKpI,ITLITO I,IM [peTeHqI{}I
sa tparfno HacraHsBaHe B 3eMlrre Ha ror or p. fynar. Pealuure r,r3MepeHr4, Ha HaA-
BI4cHaJIaTa 3alJraxa cI{JIHo o6esnoxolaru upaBr{TeJrcTBoTo s KoHcraHruuonol. Oax-
T'br, qe cpeqy cJIaB.f,HI/me upes 551 r. geficrnynaJla Berre "Ts'rpge snaqfirenna soric-
Ka", I,I3[pareHa or I4M[eparopa66, cruqereJrcrByBa 3a peurrreJrHa npoMsHa B uM-
lepcKara [oJIIarIrKa c[pqMo 6arxancrnre i nlageuua: Wt'r,rrepuara [peMr{HaJra B
6r
KaMnanrlqra ue 6una AoBeAeHa go rpari, rrri raro upes 540 r. flepcua lpoBoK[parra r.r3-
6yxranero Ha HoBa soliHa Ha r{3ToK. C lrsnecrHr.r [peK6cBaHus, T, npoAbnxfiJra Ao
557 r., Koraro 6uno nognrcano 5-roguruHo flprrMr.rpr4e. Oxon.rareJreu Mr.rpeu Aoro-
aop 6ul rroAlr4caH uper 562 roAtrHa.
62
Nov. L, Praef. (= Corpus Iuris Civilis,III,p.262) (ed. Schotl - Kroll).
63
Ctulnocr:ra Ir MexaHu3Mure aa ger)icr:Brle Ha rrncrr{Tyqrr{Ta quaestura exercitus ca o6cr:ofiso
aHaJrr,r3rrpanrrn : Torbatov 1997 a.
6a
Agath. Hist. V, 11 (ed. Dindorf).
65
Proc. De bell. VII, 38, l-23;40, l-4;40,3l-45 (ed. Haury).
66
Proc. De bell. VII, 40, 34 (ed. Haury).
KoHTpao+aH3r{Ba, HacoqeHa KGM rrbJrHo B'},3craHoBflBaHe Ha pa3KJIareHI{a ir cyne-
peHr.rrer. OQanaurara rpe3 npoJrerra na 551 r. cpeqy rpe3lrMyBaJllrre B flpeAeJrrl-
Te Ha Ylutepmxra cJraBxHr{ 6una nocreABaHa or c[eIrrHI{ MepKIr ilo 3arfltaHe Ha
or6panar:a tro AyHaBcKara rpaHr{ua, Karo 3a roBa, BepoqrHo, 6urx upurnealeHl4 [o-
tI'bJrHr{TeJrHr4 BoeHHr{ KoHTI{HreHTu. Perucrpupanrrre [o-K'bcHo rlpe3 c'bulara roAI{-
6lrrn ocuqecrBeul,I [pe3 BJIa[e:ri:.zt:ITauIc
Ha HaxJryBalavrfl-HaKyrpr.rrypr.{ wc,;ltass:au6T
loMorrlTa Ha relr{[rrre, r'rit Karo "p[MrflHvrre [a3eJrlr 6gratenno Aa He ce MLrHaBa
npe3 peKar aVlcrt p zVlnupvtxu r rpaxnftcKl,ITe 3eMI,I"68. Tosa cro6ulenue orpa3q-
Ba eAHa KarrecrBeHo nosa o6craHoBKa [o [yHaBcKara rpaHl4qa. ZsnopNre He c'b-
A'bpxar Hr{KaKBr{ cBeAeHr{fl 3a BapBapcKr{ HarrrecrBl{s s 6amaHcrl,ITe [peAeJIIr Ha
Zuuepuxra [pe3 cJreflBarrlrrre 7 rogunrE. IlpNuranure 3a BpeMeHuor:o orcra6saHe
Ha HarlrcKa o6urnoseHo ce rbpcsr s re6yxnall,ITe MexAyoco6uqu cpeA c'bce[HI'ITe
Ha rrMlepr4rrra BapBapcKrr [JreMeHa, yMeJro [oAKJraxAaHI4 or s[:aHtl,Ifrcrara [I4[-
.nouaqux69. Crrlecrnen [pr.rHoc 3a roBa, o6aqe, qe Aa ca I{MaJII{ I{ B3erI{Te MepKIr
rro yKpe[Bane or6pauara Ha AyHaBcKa'I]a rpaHl{qa70. flpegcraBel{I{Te Saxru r pa3-
c'b)KAeHr{fi [aBaT ocHoBaHI{e oc'brrlecTBflBaHeTo, aKo He Ha qgJIaTa 6alrancra soeH-
Ho-crporaTeJrua rrporpaua na trOcrraHriraH, To rroHe Ha qacrTa i racaelqa AyHaBcK]ITe
rrpoBr.{Hr{uu, qa 6roge orHeceHo uMeHHo K:bM [epl4oAa cJIe[ npoJlerra na 551 r.
flpuuururre 3a aHoMaJrr{r{Te B rrpeAaBauero ua ruQopualll4trTa orHocHo npo-
Crrarax n flpoxonueBl{q rpaKTar
Br{Hr{r/rg "3a crpoexl,ITe" 6flxa ee'{e o6crot?so ro-
MeHTr,rpaHI{ r{ 3aAoBoJII{TeJrHo o6gcnenra. flo-rorsuara qacr or peaJIHo oclblrlecr-
BeHoro or r{Mleparop Iocrunuau I yrpenrareJrHo crpoureJlcrBo B [poBLIHIII{flTa, 3a
Koero craBa AyMa B c'birr.rHeHl{erall ntru. r{Ma KoHKperHL{ apxeoJlorl{qecKu AaHHI{,
rr3tJre)KAa rpx6ea Aa ce orHece KGM flepuo[a or rlpoJlerra na 551 Ao Haqaroro Ha
559 r. Hapeg c HrrKor.{ no-gpe6uu peMoHrHL{ pa6oru u qacrllrrull upeyctpoftcrna (n:
AKCI4O IIOI?I C ; TPE3 MI4 C? ; HO B I{ O IYHYM ; TPAUI4AHA? ; APIAMYM ;
TOMI4; KAJIATI4C; AKPE; EI,I3OHE; Ear.rnr-Xopnsonr; Enucana-I
(CONSTANTIANA?); A[ CAII{UEC?; 3AJIAAIA; [e6peHe-II; Os'spqu), no
ToBa BpeMe rrle Aa ca 6ulu rrpe[rrplaerrr u uarqa6nure KaMlaHI{I{ rro B63craHoBrBa-
He Ha yKperrr{rerrHr{re cBop'b)KeHLIx na XA|LIOC KI4PI4IIOC (Bnule?), YJIME-
TYM u [4EI4AA, KaKro I{ I{3rpDKAaHero Ha rpaAcKara KperocrHa creHa sa KAP-
CI4yM. Haft-sne.rarJrsBarrlara ctcraBKa na trOcrunnaHoBoro SoptuSuraquolrgo
67
Proc. De bell. VlI, 18, 5-7;25,1-6 (ed. Haury).
68
lbidem, VIII, 18, 6.
6e
B>x. naup.: Soustal 1991, S.71.
io Ensslin 1927, Col.700.
7r
He rpx6ea Aa ce r43KJrroqBa Bt3Moxnocrra qacr or c[oMeHarI,ITe o6er, n ga ca 6rnu upr-
rrr{caHt,r or flpoxonufi ua rrrlneparop Ocruuuan I, 6es flocreA[I,tsr Aa e uuail Hf,KaK-
BI{ ocHoBareJrHr{ 3acJlyru 3a roBa (nx. f.rlana I.1).
crpor2rreJrcrso s cxurl{f,, o6a.re, e occulecrBeHara r4MeHHo B CpeAara na vI e. e
Iorol{3TotlHara llacr cler{r{$uvna
Ha [poBrrHrlrr{Ta Mr{Kpoperr4oHaJrHa BoeHHo-crpo-
I{TeJIHa [porpaMa, Lr3pa3qBa[{a ce B r.r3rpaKAaHeTo Ha Cr4CTeMa OT CXOlHrr IIO [JraH
r.r pa3Mepr.r BoeHr{rl yKpe[JreHu_rr no [porexer{r{ero Ha cauurs. MopcKr.r 6pxr: onuguy-
IrETTr rrEPrro[:
II o c JI EAH]I O O pTI{ O I{KAUI,I O HHI,I MB pO fI pH fTVIfl
(IO CTI,IH II - MAB p WKttfi TI4EE PI4I,I)
72
CtrqHocrra Ha ra3I,I clrcreMa uqe 6rge KoMeHTr4paHa [o-noJry B r43Jro)KeHrrero, r fnana
tY.2.
or flporr{BoranalepraftcKr4 3eMJreHr{ yKpelHTeJIHr{ c'bopt)Kerurr (narone r4 poBoBe),
oxpaHflBarr{rl no[cr'],rrraTe KrsM HrrKorr or nafi-roreMr{Te Ir BDKHIT IIeHTpoBe - TPE3-
MI,IC, HOBUOAyHyM, XAJIMI4PI4C, VICTPI/'f,. Hanuso cxolgr.{ no $ynr-
\uw ca I{ r{3HeceHr4Te c'brrlo Aarer{ IIpe[ KaMeHHrrre 3r{[oBe, Ho no-flpocrr{ IIo ycr-
poftcreo 3eMJreHr{ or6panurerHv!, rrvrnt4lr n CAI{ZIABA, IILIyC, BEPOE u AP-
fAMyM, rl,vflTo Aarr{poBKa e Her{3BecrHa, Ho Haft-BepoqrHo e cl,rHxpoHua c ra3lr Ha
locorreHr{Te [o-rope. flogvepraurrflT aHTflKasarepurtcru xapaKTep Ha oflr{caHr{Te
c'bop'bxeHprfl cEBceM rcHo orrepraBa HenpuqreJr{, 3a nporrasogeftcrBr4e Ha Kororo
te 6nttn fipegr{asHarreHrr: oqeBlaluo roBa 6unu aeapvre.
OronqarerHrrrrr pa3rraA Ha yKpelI{TeJIHara clrcreMa B [poBLIHIILIr. Crur$fl,
3aloqHar c v,acvpannTe aBapo-cJraBflHcKr{ HarraAeHr{fl npes 80-re roAr{HI{ Ha VI s.
Koranctr Ha [poBr4urlrraJrHr{Te BoeHHo-aAMIaHI{crparIrBI{L{ pIHcrI{TyqIau o6ycloslra
rrpeBp'bulaHero Ha rrpe)Kr4BeJrr{Te II'bpBlrre yAapfi yKpeneHll IIeHTpoBe B [paKTLr-
qecKr{ HarrBJrrro cauoctolinu o6rqecrneuo-[oJrr{Tr.rrrecrn cy6errN. Marap aAMI{Hr,rc-
Tpar{r.rflTa e KoHcraHTr{HorroJr [a [poA'bJrxilila Aa [oJrara I{3BecrHI4 TpIDKI,I :a o6-
reKr{aBaHe Ha ocrpr,rJr [pogoBoJrcrren ge$uqut, $zsuuecKoro oIIeJIqBaHe ce [pe-
B:bpHaJro floBetre r4Jrr4 flo-MaJrco r npo6leM Ha caMr{Te rpaKAaHcKIr KoJIeKTI{su. Or-
cBcrBr{ero n pafiona Ha [ocrorHnogeficrnynauqa 6oecnoco6na BoeHHa ctlJra, KoflTo
Aa npeceqe rpaHcrpaur.rlrHrrre Ha6esv u unSrtrrtpalq:z,lzkr ga o6egruu ycprrylfr'ra sa
opraHrr3rlpau orrrop cpeqy HarrrecrBeul{qure, o6perJlo yKpeleHuTe qeHTpoBe B rrpo-
Br4HrILrg Cxurwg, Ha cr4rypHa ru6eil, Karo MHo3r{HcrBoro or rsx [pecraHaJll4 Aa c'b-
rqecrByBar orr{e K'L,M Kpas Ha VI unu B Haqaroro na VII e.73 llo-guro [poA'bJIxI4-
ra aroHu.f,Ta Ha pa3rroJro)KeHr{Te uo nonrraficxo:ro rpaft6pe)Klre u 6pera ua p. flyuan
IIeHTpoBe: pl3rpa4eHara Ha ocHoBara na a6colrorHa MopcKa xereMoHl{fl crrcreMa 3a
npoAoBoJrcrreno cna6gsBaHe AaJra BG3Mo)KHocr na Bllsaurl4s Aa rroAA]p){<a cBoq
cyBepeHr{rer HaA HrKor{ or rrx (KAPCI4yM?; E|I4CYC?; YICTPI4fl?; TOMI,I?;
KAIIATI4C?; Ean.{ux-Xoplrsonr?) BeporrHo rraK Ao c'b3gaBaHero na 6'slrapcra-
Ta A'bp)Ba Ha ror or fiyuara.
73
Madgearu 1998, 221-228.
432 Vrcpenumeauama cucmeJila Ha npoeuHtlua Crcumua
lli! rrrss
6:
:
#
7* il
-
6
&
I d,
gtsa0
hffiffiftrml xlt
O6p. 112. YrpenureJrrrara cr{creMa Ha rrpoBr{Hrlus Cruurg B cpeAara ua VI rex: 1.
Bunne (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. CAUI,IIABA; 3. Pacora (FLAVIANA?); 4.
AKCI4OIO ilYtC; 5 . KAilI4IABA; 6. KAPCI,IYM; 7 . IILIYC; 8. EEPOE; 9. TPE3MI'IC-
Ilsror; 10. TPE3MZC-3anas; 11. APyBI,ilrM; D. \I4HO|EIIU.fl; 13. Ilyuraruqa; 14.
HOBI4OAYHYM; 15. EII4CYC; 16. Hy$rpy; 17. CAIICOBYIfl.;18. XAJIMI4PkIC;19.
,[yuanrrly 4e Cyc (GRATIANA?);20. Enucana-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 21. APfAMyM
(ARGAMUM); 22. Vlqpux 23. LICTPVIfl.; 24. Onusuy-Il; 25. Mavas.; 26. TOMYI; 21.
KAJIATI4C; 28. KAPEfl/K(a)PEAC; 29. Kauen 1prr-flfirara; 30. Kauen 6par-Toupar
rane;31. Cserr Huxo,ra; 32. AKPE; 33. TI4MyM; 34. TI4MYM-3anag; 35. EI43OHE; 36.
AOPOIZ3I,IOH; 37. Banqur-Ty3Jrara; 38. AI4OHI4COIOJII4C; 39. Ean.rux-Xopusour;
40. llsnoapene 41. Ba6aqar (VICUS NOVUS?); 42. VIBVII\A; 43. Yxrraypnua ge Xoc (AD
SALICES?); 44. YJIMETYM; 45. TPOIIEyM TPA{HI,]; 46.9era'rs (CIVITAS
AUSDECENSIUM?); 47. flnonenr.r; 48. Kanr.rran fl;,rurarpono;49. fa6ep; 50. 3AJIIAIIA;
51. TI4MOIVIUVIfl,;52. Hono Eoreno; 53. [e6peue-Il; 54. flpunen; 55. Ot'rpqu; 56.
O6pouraule. / Fig. 1 12.The defence system of the province of Scythia in the mid-6th century: 1.
Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova (FLAVIANA?);4. AXIOPOLIS;5.
CAPIDAVA; 6. CARSIUM; 7. CIUS; 8. BEROE; 9. TROESMIS-EasI; 10. TROESMIS-WesI;
11. ARRUBIUM; 12. DINOGETIA; 13. Luncavita; 14. NOVIODUNUM; 15. AEGISSUS; 16.
NufEru; 17. SALSOVIA; 18. HALMYRIS; 19. DunavSlu de Sus (GRATIANA?); 20. Enisala-I
(CONSTANTIANA?);21. ARGAMUM;22.Istria;23. HISTRIA;24. Ovidiu-Il;25. Mamaia;
26. TOMIS; 27. CN-LATIS; 28. CAREA/C(a)REAS; 29. Kamen brjag-Jaylata; 30. Kamen
brjag-Toprakkale;31. Sveti Nikola; 32. ACRES; 33. TIMUM; 34. TIMUM-West; 35. BIZONE;
36. APHRODISION; 37. Balchik-Ttzlata;38. DIONYSOPOLIS; 39. Balchik-Horizont; 40.
Izvoarele; 41. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 42.LBIDA;43. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SALICES?);
44. ULMETUM; 45. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 46. Cetatea (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?);
47. Plopeni;48. Kapitan Dimitrovo;49. Gaber; 50. ZALDAPA; 51. TIMOGITTIA; 52. Novo
Botevo; 53. Debrene-Il; 54. Prilep; 55. Odartsi; 56. Obrochishte.
MMABA ffiV
CucreMaTa B
AeHCTBHe
2
Ibidem, p.132 sqq.; Mayerson 1989, p. 287 sqq.; Isaac 1990, p. 161,409-
3
Prlngle1981, p.97 .
a
I,In$oprraaqr4sra e nogpo6no KoMeHTI{paHa n Yrog.3.
5
CIL, ilI, 13734 (= Popescu 1976, N! 170).
6
Luttwak 1976.
ynorpe6xnaHara r4 no-paHo or HflKorr aBTopr{7 TepMr.rHoJroruqHa Sopuy.nraponxa
"o:r6paua n gsr6ouuHa". flpexoA'br K'bM "or6paua r gtn6ovuHa" ce or6ersesa
KaTO BDKeH [OBpaT B pr,rMCKaTa BOeHHa gOKTpprHa,qBrBarrI Ce 3aKOHOMepeH pe3yJr-
Tar or Hacrbll{Jrl{Te c'brr{ecrBeHla npoMeHI{ B reo-ltoJrr{TurlecKlrre peannocu,r. C'rr-
JracHo npeAJroxeHara o6croriHa reoperr{qna o6ocHoBKa, pa3KJrareHa r43 ocHoBlr or
sceo6xearHara Kpr.r3a or cpeAara na III s. pr rrJrbrHo o6rprxena or MHoroqucJreHpr
I,I Ber{e AOCTaTbTIHO CIIJTHI{, t*rO6n.nnn Z gO6pe OpraHn3I4paHI,I Herrpr,rflTe.nu, Pralrlcra-
Ta I,IMrreplrfl, ce Blz\fflra npr.rHy[eHa Aa ce orKaxe or cr{creMara Ha "uenpenaprarqa
curypnoct", r,r3pa3flBarqa ce B rrpeBaHTr,rBHu oQansumru nericruna orB'bfl r,rMnepc-
Kr4Te rpaHr,rr{r{, u Aa [peMr,rHe K'bM nacr.rBHa or6paunreJrHa AoKTpuua. Ctrquocrra
Ha Hap. "or6paua n grn6ovuna", KoflTo He caMo AonycKaJla, Ho I,I [peABrDKAaJra
r.
[peBp'brrlaHero orlracrra Ha rpaHarrur4Te rrpoBr,rHrlur,r B oleparr{BHo-TaKTra.{ecxo 6ofi-
Ho noJre, ce o6gcHgea Karo rou6unaqufl or errreJloHl{paHo pa3nonoxeHr{ caMo-
3aIqI,ITaBarr{u ce yKpenJre*tlsu pa3[p6cHarrr Me)KAy rxx (nnu ctcpegororreHrr B Tr{-
ra uu) rvro6ungu softcxos[.{acrr,r8. @ynrqzute Ha BKJrK)rIeHVTe B Ta3r,r cncreMa yK-
pertreHrl-fl ce pasure)Knar MHoroacneKTHo, raro: $usuqecKr.r flpeflflTcrBr4, cpeu{y
HelpuflTeirr; npoAoBoJrcrBeHo-cHa6qurelHra cKJraAoBe; pa3y3HaBareJrHo-oc[typu-
TeJTHI{ 6asu n rr{JroBara 3oHa; BpeMeuuu y6e;ruqa sa gettcreyBarr[,rre uo6unnu qac-
ru9. Karo rtpo[yKT Ha BoeHHo-[oJrlrrr{qecKa HeMorq ra 6eeu:xognqa, "or6paHara B
4'u6ovuna" seug6elxso )<eprByBaJra r{HTepecnTe Ir )KeJraHr{rrra Ha HaceJreHuero B
rpaHuqHl,rre flpoBrrHrlr{r{ B r4Mero ua o6rqara crparerr,IqecKa qeJrecto6paenocr u
cplrypHocrra na lluneprrrra Karo qrno. flopaArr roBa, Ha B'b3npr,reMaHero Ha ra3r{
or6pauureJrHa KoHuetrqlag ce rJreAaJIo Karo Ha rraJrr{arr{BHa MffpKa: cJreA Ilocrl{raHe
Ha Iqo-roAe ycrorivueo ctadunutupaHe Ha o6c'ranosrara, Tr 6'spso 6una r,rsocra-
BflHavrce [peMIrHaBaJro KtM [peAI{IIrHara cr{creMa Ha "u3npenapBalr{a curypuoct"l0.
Crsgaeanero Ha "or6pauara s gu6ouuna" o6[KHoseHo ce fipurrlEcBa Ha HMnepa-
top finorneruaHll, Ho Apyrrr aBTopr{ ro orHacf,T K'br,l BpeMero Ha KoucraHrun I,
or.{Iarafixra floAr{epraHo KoHcepBarr.rBHr.rrr xapaKTep Ha firEornerraauoBu?e BoeHHr{
pedtoprrlra r4 orc'bcrBr{ero roraBa Ha rrocrorHHo HacraHeHr,r soficrosu.<acrrr B Tr{Jra
12.
Ha r,rMnepcKrare rpanuqu
flnxrafiKil ce [poAyKT Ha c'bBpeMennu o6o6qeuua,6asupaHr,r B 3Halr[TenHa
creneH ua $usuvecKrare ocraHKrr or K'bcHoaHTr{rrua Soprra$raraqur, Teopr,rflTa 3a
7
Bx. Hanp.: Warmington 1914,p.295.
8
Luttwak 1976,p.130 sqq.
e
lbidem, 132-134.
ro
lbidem, p. 132,136.
r1
Luttwak 1976,p.193; Williams 1985,91-101.
12
Mann 1979, 180-l8l;Ferrill1986, p.45.
"or6panata r grn6our.rna" ce uocpeqa c orKplrro HeAoBepue or HqKora artopr.rl3.
Hecluneno, LlHTepnpera\usra Ha BcflKa c'bBKyrrHocr or yKperrJreHr{, Karo or6pa-
HITTJIHa cIIcTeMa e HerlpueM.lruna. OnpegerqHeTo noHacTortqeM Ha HqKoraurHoTo
$ynxquouaJrHo [peAHa3uaqeHr{e Ha KouKperen o6err lrecro e MHoro 3arpyAHr,r-
TeJrHO, a ne rpn6sa Aa ce npeHe6perna ra Sarrtr, qe, 3a BpeMero Ha r.flxHoro c.b-
ulecrByBaHe, MHOIO OT yKpeneHrate o6exrn HeeAHoKparHO Ca npoMe]frflilti.$ymqu-
oHaJrlrara cl,r c'blrlHocrla. Tnlpge noKa3areJreH B ToBa oruorrreHr{e e aHaJrrr3br Ha
lopeArrlla or MaJTKI{ K'bcIropLIMcKr.r yKpenJrenlrs e larecrr{Ha, Kor{To rpa4r.rqrroHHo
ce npueMar 3a KoM[oHeHTr{ Ha r,r3rpaAeHara n paftona "o:r6paHa B gbr6o9uua".
Clusn:rennara I{M ot6panuremra crorinocr, [peABr,rA rpafiuo Herr3ronHoro r,rM Mec-
TOrroJro)KeHue, lrcl:o cBI{[ereJIcrByBa, qe BtlpocHr,rre yKpenJreHr4llae ca 6um,l npo-
eKTUpaHI4 KaTO CaMO3aIqLITaBaIq[ Ce OlOpHr4 [yHKTOBe B eAHa erxeroHr,rpana o16-
paHlrreJrHa cl{creMa. Pagnonoxenu rpafi rrbTr,rrqa r.r BoAo[r3TorrHurlu xJrr,r B npoxoAr,r
tr recn\tukt, Te orreBaAHo rrMaJrlI uolr,rqeficxu Qyurquu n 6ulu npeAHa3HarreH]r 3a
KOHTpOJT Ha n'brHr,rrecto6rqeuux, cnyxerirr.r Karo [arpyJrun 6azu, a cBrr{eBpeMeH-
Ho - r4 Karo r{eHTpoBe Ha aAMrrHrrcrpr,rpaHe Ha flprrJrexatllure parlonul5. flpu nce
rona, xpartHo HerarI{BI,IcrI4tIHI{Te o6suHeHzt K'bM pr,IMJrflHrrre u rexHrrre r,rcropr4-
qecKr,I [pIreMHI{qu nusanrlrrtqrnre B naJrHa Jrrrflca Ha crparerr,IqecKo
Mt4cJreHe I{ nJra-
HupaHe, KaKTo 14 B orcBcrBl4e Ha rceH norJIeA Btpxy ocblr{ecrBrBaHoro n ?lunepu-
xra Qoptu$rrKar{r4roHHo crporrreJrcrBol6, B Hr{KaK'bB cnyuafi He Morar [a ce [pue-
Mar 3a ocHoBareJrHu. Mexgy yKpelrrreJrHlr crpoe)Krr rr crparerrm cbqecrByBa rrpr-
Ka Hepa3plrBHa Bp'b3Ka17, xoflTo oco6eno rpKo ltsn.bKBa B KOHTeKCTa Ha Magr4pa-
Lr
HI4Te BoeHHo-crpoHTeJrHI,I nporpaMlr. II{o ce orHacfl Ao onrrra Aa ce [peAcraBr{ B.bH-
IrIHara noJITITI{Ka na Puucrarau}.4lilepvs. elBa JrIa He Karo c}BKy[HocT oT qecTorro-
6lrnu npuyr'luqr{ Ha au6r,rqlrosnu r.rMleparoprr, MecrHr,r aAMr.rHucrparopr,r u rrGJrKo-
rogqu18, To roBa 3Byttlt, MeKo Ka3auo, HeJre[o.
Konqenqurra 3a "ot6pana n gu6oqr,rHa" 3aAoBoJrI{TenHo o6qcnqBa rB.bp-
[e rlecroro peaJrHo [oJro)<eHl{e Ha Herqara s PuMcxara r,rMfleplrq [pe3 K.]rcHara aH-
ruqnoctl9. IIpu sce roBa, aHaJrrlS'br Ha AaHHUTe OT npOBI,IHTIUA cXUr:zt HaJrafa Hr-
xor,r neo6xo[r4Mu yrorrHesus. Ha rrGpBo Mrcro rpx6na ga ce or6ele){ca, r{e Ao pa3-
naAaHeTO Ha K'bCHOpIaMCKIlttr MOAeJI Ha BOeHHa OpraHLI3aIIUr{ B npOBI,IHIIT{flTa npe3
n'bpBara [oJroBnHa na v n., TyK B Hr4KaKtr Cnyvaft He Moxe Aa ce roBopv ga HaDfil-
qrrero na "ot6pana r gu6ouaua" cflopeA cMr{c'bJra Ha craHAaprHara geeunuqua
13
Isaac 1990, p. 374 sqq.
ra
Ibidem, p. 170,409.
t5
fbidem, p. 188 sqq.
t6
Millar 1982,p.2; Isaac 1990,p.375.
17
Tara, Harp., B: Lander 1984, p. 309.
18
Isaac 1989, p.231 sqq.; Isaac 1990, p.372 sqq.
te
Ferrill 1986, p. 45.
Ha noHqTueTo - T.e. KaTo yHrrBepcaJrHa BoeHHa AoKTpnHa, cB'bp3aHa c paAr.rKaJrHo
rrpepa3rJre>r(AaHe Ha crparerur{ecKara or6panutenHa KoHltrenquq Ha Pr,rl,rcKara r{M-
[eprrfl. IrlnreHsr4sHoro yKpe[[TeJrHo crpor,rreJrcrBo, oc'blrlecrBeHo rro AyHaBcKara
rpaHr,rqa Ha [poBr.rHrlr,rrra rrpe3 To3r,r [eprrog, y6egurenHo cBI,IAereJrcrByBa, .{e I4M-
neprrrra He e r{MaJra HraKaKBo HaMepeHrre c'b3HareJrHo Aa [prreMa 6op6ara c He[pu-
flTerrfl. Ha cBoq repr,rropr,rr. HauporNn, HaJrI,Iqe ca BcvrtqKr4 ocHoBaHns Aa ce rB'bpgpr,
qe cucreMHo u rleJreHacorreHo ce e pa6oruJro no flpeBptrrlaHero Ha p. flyuan n gy-
HaBcKrr, 6par a eArrH npeAenuo eSuxaceH rr rpyAHolpeoAoJIIrM 3arrlrrreH KopAoH.
Herperrcnaroro y[JrbrHrrBaHe rrpe3 K'bcnoprrMcKr,rq nepuoA Ha yKpe[rrreJrHara r,rn-
Spampyxtypa ro Aecuur 6plr ua peKara 6r,rro c'rnpoBoAeHo ctc cnequzlJrurl Mep-
Kr{ rro oxpaua ua 6pogorere, BKJr}otrBail\vtt c'b3gaBaHero Ha yKpeneHr,r nJlaq[apMrr
Ha orB'bgHrrn 6pxt20. Mnoro aKTuBHa poJrr no o[a3Baue reprrropr,raJrHr.rrr cyBepenr{-
Ter Ha npoBrrHrlr.rflra 6una orpegeHa rr Ha AyHaBcrara $rotuJrlrfl, Korro oc'blr{ecr-
BqBara He[peK'bcHaTo cTpaTerrrqecKo naTpyJrrrpaHe rr il3[sJIHrBaJIa peAilrla o[e-
parr,rBHo-TaKT[IqecKrr r{ crroMararerHu 3aAar{u [pe3 HaBlrraquoHHr4r ce3oH Ha foAI,I-
Hara, c KoeTo qyBcrBr4TerHo Aoflpr4Hacflila 3a I,IHTerpI,ITeTa Ha fpaHI,IqHaTa 3aIrIr{Ta.
Huros rpaFrr.rqa rro Hr{Koe BpeMe, o6ave, ne e 6una rapaHTupaHa or npo6nBr{, a c
HapacrBaHero MorrITa Ha BapBapcxoro o6rp'rxeHrre BepoflTHocrra 3a roBa craHa-
Jra c'bBceM oce3aeMa. Onyctourr,rreJrHrrre [poHLrKBaHr4x grn6oxo B'bB BtTpeuHocrra
na PLurnepurra rro BpeMe Ha HarrrecrBr4rrra or cpeAara na III e. B 3Haqr,rreflHa creIIeH
ce A'bJDKeJrr4 Ha orcacrBrlero Ha aAeKBarHa c[IcreMa 3a nporr,rBogeftcrorae nplr eBeH-
TyairHo [peoAoJrrBaHe Ha rpanr{qHara 6apwepa or crpaHa Ha Ha[aAarenr. flpegn-
pr,reroro or rrocJregHrrre Aecerr{ilerufl ua III B. HacerHe MacoBo yKpemBaHe Ha
rro-3HarrlrreJrHure [oceJrr{ulHr{ r{eHTpoBe 6uro upegu Bcr,rtrKo 3aKoHoMepHa peaK-
rlr4f, 3a 3anlr{Ta Ha IrpoBr,rHqr.raJrHoro HaceJreHne, Ho - [oKoJIKoTo Moxe Aa ce c'bArr
or HaArr{ca or Tpoueyu TparHu or 315-316 r. - To 6uro cqzraHo r,r Karo oflpele-
JreH nprrHoc "3a uoquoMaraHe or:6panata Ha rpanurrHara 3oHa"2l. Bce nar, ta3u
Sopua Ha nacr{Brua or:6pana He Mox.eJra Aa AolprrHece c'brr{ecrBeuo 3a Jrr,rKBrrgr,rpa-
He Ha orracHocrra or noBTopeHrre Ha peqrrAr{Brrre or 6m.rgroro MIlHaJro: o6cros-
TeJrcrBara Hacrorl.rilso HaJraraJrl{ c'b3[aBaHero na e$eru{BHr{ MexaHusrnru sa 6'rp-
30 OrpaHlrtraBaHe HalpeABaHero r,r cBoeBpeMeHHo HeyTpaJrrr3r,rpaHe Ha [poHrrKHa-
Jrr{, B [peAeJrr.rre na Irlunepuara He[prrflTer. Or:roeop Ha usIrcKBanvtflTa Ha BpeMe-
To [aJrr,r BoeHHr{Te pe$oprrru Ha rrMrreparop Koncraurus I. I,IcropuqecKr4Te Sarm
cBl{AereJrcrByBar, o6ave, rre HacraHqBaHero ua rro6nruru soficrosu qacru r{ rr3r-
paxAaHero Ha MHoxecrBo yKpe[eHu o6exru c BoeHeH xapaKTep B'bB B'brperrrHocr-
Ta Ha npoBvtla\Lrs, Cxurux se 6utm cB'bp3aHr.r c HrrKaKBrr rrpoMeHr4 B crparerlrflTa
clpflMo BapBapcKoro o6rpureuue. flpu roBa floJroxeHrre, 3aAoBomarerso o6sc-
HeHI{e Ha rrosBara Ha "Krac[qecK[" eJreMeHTrr na "or6panara o g'ln6o.ruHa" s Cru-
20
flo'rogu B'brpoc e)K.: Brennan 1980, p. 554 sqq.
2r
B>x. no-rope 6en.4.
Tr{q Mox(e Aa ce AaAe, aKo re ce nprreMaT KaTo yKa3aHr{e 3a c63[aBaHeTo TyK Ha
cneqv$uvna cr{creMa 3a [pe3acrpaxoBKa Ha rpaHr,rt{Hara 3aIqI4Ta. Haurnpaftrlr ce B
nocToflHHa 6oerorosHocT, B Mr{pHo BpeMe rq oqeBIaAHo cBBceM n'bJrHoIIeHHo
$ynxqraonrpaJra Karo crrcreMa 3a BtTperrrHorrpoBr.rHrII{zIJIHa clrrypnour. Carrata guc-
JroKarl[s Ha HaMr{paqara ce s HerlHo pa3nopex[aHe yKperIIaTeJIHa IanSpac'rpyxry-
pa22 ce flBflBa cnoeo6paano yKa3aHr4e 3a rxIapoKara raMa 3ap.asv, or pyrlrHHo noJIIr-
qerlcro ecrecrBo, c rrr4ero I{3IrbJrHeHrre rr rr{e ga e 6una HaroBapeHa: KoHTpoJI 3a
roqrHocrra Ha MecTHoTo uI{BrrJrHo HaceJIeHIre Ir 3aceJreHl{Te B npoBI,rHIILIflTa B Ka-
qecrBoro Ha "KoJroHu" vrrv "$egepatu" napaapcxu rpym,I; 6op6a c 6angu:ru:ua;
3araBqHe na 6ersrqu; ua6nrogeulre pI oxpaHa Ha TIBTHI{, tpaQux; narpyJl[IpaHe I4
ecKopTr4paHe Ha BucoKonocTaBeHr,r A'bpxaBHlr cJry)Kr.rreJrl4 I{ ToBapu c'bc crparerlr-
qecKo [peAHa3HarIeHIIe; [prK BoeHeH KoHTpoJr Ha n'bTHI{Te B'b3.]IrI U IIpECraHI,Iqa;
yr{acrl,re a c's6upanero Ha AaH'brlrr, Mrrra I{ TaKcrr. Moxe 6u orqe [pLI B'b3Hr{KBaHe
Ha BGHrrrHa onacHocr, o6aue, a c'bc cl,IrypHocr - rrpu perlrcrplrpaHe na npo6za a
rpaHurrHara or6pauurenua Jrvrrrvrfl' clrcreMara 3a B'brperrrHorrpoBlrHqllaJlHa cllryp-
Hocr aBToMarr{rrecKla ce npeHacrpofinara Ha qr{cro BoeHHIr Har{aJra, qenerixr oue-
parr,IBHo-TaKTuqecKo lroA[oMaraHe Ha cTallr4oHapHrrre rpaHntrHu sorlcru, 6noxu-
paHe Ha ocHoBHrrre IGTHIT aprepr.rrr v [pexBaT Ha IlpoHr4KHalrfis, BaB B:brpelrrHocT-
Ta Ha [poBr,rHrlr{flTa He[pl,IfreJr. 3a rona, qe B'bflpocHara clrcreMar,e 6mta crrllTaHa
3a eJreMeHT or rpaHr.rr{Hara or6pana, a 3a o6oco6en pe3epBeH 3arrII{TeH MexaHI{-
stru, y6egrareJrHo cBu[ereJrcmyna Qaxrrr, qe re ce HaMr{paJIIr lroA pa3Jlr{uHo BoeH-
HO KOMaHABaHe - C'bOTBeTHO Ha [pOBI{Hqr{aJrHr.rr AyKc na crraTlrq I{ Ha Har{aJrHI4Ka
na softcxr,rre B Ar.,rorle3a Tpaxza.
flpes n'speara noJroBr{na sa VB. [oJro)KeHrrero B [poBuHIIus Crurua uysc-
TBr{TeJrHo ce npoMeHr.rro. I,Ig.{essaHero ua crpor?uufl K'bcHopI,IMcKIr MoAeJI Ha BoeH-
Ha opraHr,r3a\t4s,u Ae3uHTerpaqr.rflTa Ha [poBr4HqrraJrHaTa yKpelI,ITeJIHa cIlCTeMa He-
us6exHo HaJro)KTIJII{ npeMI,IHaBaHero KtM "ot6pana r grsn6ouuna" or KracuqecKlr
run. flpegnoJraraeMoro B'bBexAaHe r{MeHHo no roBa BpeMe Ha e[I,IHHo BoeHHo Ko-
MaHABaHe B [poBrrHrlr,r s, Cxurns. (dux et comes)z3 rr3rJIe)KAa c'bBceM Jrortlr{Ho Ir 3aKo-
22
Crana AyMa 3a 22yrpetenno6exta B IIpoBI{HIIII, Crutul, raacuQuqupaHl{ Karo "yrpen-
rrelvlflc rou6unnpaHr.r BoeHno-uoluqeficrr $yuxquu" (nx. fnana III.1: .A,2). flp"g-
BrrA roJreMr{Te rrM pa3Mep[, 15 or rax 6axa oupegeleHlr rrlfloJlor[qecKlr xaro castella
E [peArroJroxr{TeJrxo ugeuru$uqr,rpaHr,r c 6asonu nareplr Ha rloApasAefieHlrfl or cbc-
raBa Ha sacer comitatus (Oangury-I, KAPI4fl, HuSon, Agxurrol (VALLIS
DOMITIANA?), Mr.rxaft Epany, rk'aypnnx ge Xoc (AD SALICES?), yJIMETyM,
Mnpux B ogr (TRES PROTOMAE ?), I4EI4[A-I, rororstovH wn ap p e ndix ruu TPO-
fIEyM TPAfl HpI, Ctpaxa, Kanurau fi,uuutpoao, TI4MO| UUVlfl., HoYo,5 oreno
u Ogtpul,t). Ocranarure 7 soeuuo-noauqericru yKpe[JreHrra ca crroMarareJlHlr I,I
Notitia Dignitatums.
rSuceveanu 1974,p.217 sqq.; Suceveanu 1981, p.605 sqq.; Suceveanu 1992, S. 195 sqq.
\r.r.cr<ycwxra no upo6neMa e rpeAcraBeHa B: Suceveanu 1992, S. 196 (Anm. 8).
2
I
Stefan 1977a,p.460; $tefan 1977c,p.24;Zahariade1977,p.391;Zahariade/Gudea 1997,
36-31.
a
Forni
1959-62, p. 1084.
5
Suceveanu 1992, S. 222.
3a ocnosa Ha r.Hap. "3anaguouonrraftcru rl4Mec" ce rtpueMa yqacrGKBT Ha
Ior or Banuc fiorraraquaua or o3HaqeHyss ltinerarium Antonini Augusti xpaft6pe;xeu
rrbr or BI,rvrr,rnaquyM sa Huxol,Iegut, uuitro BoeHeH xapaKTep ce cqrlTa 3a c'bBceM
cr4rypeH. "Boexsara ctrqHocr" Ha c'bgtpxaqara ce B LlTuHepaprar unQopMallur,
o6ave, 6e se.{e apryMeHTr.rpaHo oclopeHa B I{3JIoxeHIrero no-rope6. OcneH rona,
olpeAeJreHaero Ha B'LnpocHuq rl'br Karo "rpar?6pexeH" rpx6na [a ce npl{eMa rro-
Betre r{Jrr4 no-MaJrKo ycJroBHo, rrft xato B peArrrla yqacraqll or HeroBoro llpore)Ke-
nre rori ce orgarer{asar Hd TB'bpAe 3HaqI{TeJrHo pa3crosuue ot uopcrux 6pxr.
Bcttqnocr, Tpacero Ha KoHcrpy:upalnufl. or pr,rMJrflHlrre rr'br B 3Harr[ITeJrHa creneu e
6rno npegoflpeAeJleHo ot ron$urypaqrrtra aa 6perorara lrvtr.vts, Korro npe3 aH-
TI{qHATA I4 K'bCHOAHTUIIHATA CIIOXA IIYBCTBI,ITEIHO CE E PA3II,II{ABAIA OT C.6BPEMEH-
nara. OctulecrBeHr{Te npe3 [ocJre4Hrrre Aecerr{Jrerrrn reor"rop$oJroruqecKlr Ir nog-
Bo[Hr,r apxeororrqecKr.l upoyqBaHr4lrl no'ilo6pyuxaHcKoro rpafi 6pe>xlre y6eguten-
Ho cBr.rAereJrcrByBar, are roraBarlnutr 6ptr e 6r,r.ir pa:ureHeH or MHoxecrBo Suop-
ArI I4I HqKoIKo roJIeMII, mupoKo oTBopeHI{ K'bM MopeTo I'I BAaAeHII HaBbTpe B cylla-
Ta 3aJrr{Ba - ceralrlHlare xpafiuopcrrr Jrr{MaHrrlr Ir JIaTyHHI{ esepaT. Te, xaxr:o I{ A'bJr-
6orure pr crpLMHLr cyxoAoJrr,r, B cKaJrucrara rorolil3TorrHa xpafi6pexHa r{acr Ha [H.
flo6pygxa, npeAcraBJrflBaJrr4 npaKTraqecKr{ HelrpeoAoJrrrMu wru noHe MtqHonpeo-
AoJruMrr or r{HxeHepHa rJreAHa roqKa nperrflTcrBl,rfl. Cro6paexBanero c npupoAHlr-
Te AaAeHOCTr4, CBqeTaHO CTpa[I{qUOHHIrrr B pT4MCKOTO II6THO CTpOI{TeJICTBO rlpaK-
Tr,rqrr3tM (mpeuex rtl'a us6qreaHe Ha u3JrrflrrHlrre y['bJrxaBaHlrrl Ha rpacero I{ Ha
HeonpaBAaHr,ITe pa3xoAr.r 3a lr3rpax(AaHe Ha cro)KHr4 TexH[qecKu c'roplxennx), ua-
MepI{JIr4 I,I3pa3 B "I43npaBflHero" Ha rpacero na "rparl6pexHl4g rr'br", ilpu Koero B
HeMaJrKa rracr or [pore)KeHr.{ero cr{ rofi ce oKa3aJI TB'bpAe orAaJreqeH or MopcKIrrI
6prr. flpra roBa noJroxeulre, rorl rro HrrKaK'bB HarrrrH ne 6u uor:uJr Aa ce pa3rJrexAa
Karo eJreMenr na or6paHr.rreJrHa cr{creMa, npegHa3HaqeHa 3a 6perona saqura. II{o
ce orHacs Ao Apyrr4, [oreHIIIaaJreH KaHAI,IAaT 3a ra3l{ Synrqlu - T.Hap. "3a[aqHo-
nonrr,rftcxn nar" B Tabula Peutingerian&, anarrur3uT Ha HaJrlrrrHata uu$opnaaqlrfl no-
Ka3Ba, qe B cryqax naft-neporrHo craBa AyMa 3a cyxo3eMHo raptorpa$[paHe Ha
AaHHrr, noqeplaHu or HflKaKBa aHTLIrrHa noqrEa8.
Karo nropu apryMeHT 3a c'brrlecrByBaHero Ha r.Hap. "3anaguouonturlcru
rr,rMec" ce [plaBexAa rB'bpAeHlrero 3a [ocrorHHo I{ MHoroqI4cJIeHo BoeHHo ttpuc'bc-
rBrre uo 3auagnoro rlepHouopue rpe3 enoxara na flpuuqunara. flpe4u floBeqe or
Aecerr{Jrerr4e 6e r,rsrtxHaro, o6aue, qe, ocBeH r{e HallrIqHara zu$opruaqlu [pou3-
xoxAa 6es usrrro.{eHrre or rp'brlKr{Te [oJrr{crl B To3}I pafion (Ylcrput, Toltu, Kana-
rlrc u,fl,uoHncouomlc), MHo3rrHcrBoro or cBegeuvrflTa sa gerfcteyraqll BoeHHlI JrilIIa
6
Bx. frasa I.l.
7
Bx. uanp.: Cotel 1966, p. 337 sqq.; Scarlat 1976,p.16 sqq.; Braier 1976, passim; Bounegru
1986, p. 267 sqq.; Muuren/,[urur{rpoB 197 8, c. 46 cr.; Opauen 19906, c. 32 cn.
8
Bx. Irasa I.l.
orpa3rBar rr3[BJrI{eHI{ero or rrx Ha uo.nr,rqerfcxla, a He Ha rr{rruqHl{ BoeHHr{ Qyttx-
qura. Cauuxr $axr:, qe rr3BecrHrrre or HaA[r{cr{Te Jrr{qa [plrHaAJre)Kuur[ K'bM pa3-
ILITIHIII BOeHHII qACTvt, [aBa OCHOBaHpIe Aa Ce [p9A[OJIOXI4, r{e BepOf,THO HI4TO B,
HI,ITO OKOJTO ClOMeHarr{Te rrOJrIrCr{ H[KOra npe3 enoxara na llpuruurraTa ne 6ranu
HacraHrrBaHrr rleJrr,r raKTr,rqecK[ eguuutqug. Cnoeo6paseH onrlT 3a [prrMr..rpflBaHe Ha
ABeTe nr,raMerpaJrHo [porr.rBonoJroxur{ rro3r.rqur{ e Ha[paBeH B eAHa [o-HoBa pa6o-
Ta, ArrcKyrr,rpaqa rro crt\rts. n'supocl0. B nes ca MapKr.rpaHr{ ABe or\rerJruBlr Qa:rz,
orpa3sBarq[r KopeHHa flpoMflHa B xapaKTepa Ha BoeHHoro npllc'bcrBrre rro 3anag-
noro YepHoMopr.re B nepr{oAa I-III s. flpuerrra ce, qe Ao KtM cpegara na III s. 3acBr{-
AereJrcrByBaHr{Te BoeHHr{ nraqa geficrBlrreJrHo 6unlr anraxupaHl,r Eper..rMyrr{ecrBe-
no(?) n aAManucrparr{Brro-[rKoHoMrrqecKara ll ronuqericxa c$epa, Ho c Haqaroro
Ha rorcKrrre HarraAeHrrr ra r,rsry6aaHero Ha KoHTpoJra uag Cenepnoro 9epuouopr,re
uorox<enrrero ryK pq3Ko ce npoMeHrrno. flocrynlrpaHara "vyBcrnureJrHa KoHTIeHT-
paqug Ha BoeHHa claila" rro roBa BpeMe, o6aue, e[Ba JrI{ HaMIapa HflKaKBa no[Kpefla
B HaJrrIrrHI{.fl enurpa$crrr MarepuaJr, roftro ocBeg qe B no-rorfrMara cr4 r{acr e c
Herpeqr{3lrpaHa Aarr,rpoexa s III B., Ho Ir npolr3xoxla caMo or Touull! Cnequ$u.r-
Horo floJroxeHr{e Ha Touu cpeg 3alagHofloH:rnficxrare rpagoBe ce o6ycrarx He ca-
Mo or craryra My Ha "uoHruficKa MerponoJrl{Jl" or n'bpBI,ITe Aecerl{Jrer[s na II s.
HaceTHe, Ho r4 oT TB'bple BeporTHaTa rray (npueuaHa oT noBeqeTo r4r3cJreABarrr4, Ma-
Kap ra HeAoKa3aHa:acera!) oQnquanna pe3rrAeHl{rranHa @ynxqrar rro orHorrreHze Ha
r,rMrreparopcKr{r HaMecrHr{K Ha npoBrrHrlrrfl fiomra MI,rsuq. flpu rona rroJroxeHr{e,
3acBrrAereJrcrByBaHoro orqe [pe3 I r. u npeguoJraraeMo rlocrorHHo nplrcbcrBr{e Ha
BOeHeH rapHrr3oH B fpaAa l,I3rJrex[a cGBceM HopMaJrHo, a [olcJIHI{TeJrHoTo My noA-
cr4rJrBaHe npe: nafi-xpt73uc:Ijlnfi. neprroA B rrcropr{rTa Ha flpoBlrnqux flomra MIIguq -
noBerre or 3aKoHoMepno. 3a MIrpHoBpeMeHHI4Te $ymquu Ha ro3l{ rapHI43oH ce Ao-
[ycKa, qe 6nnx [peAr,IMHo or [peAcraBr.rreJrHo ecrecrBo n rori cryxl{Jr Karo JrrirrHa
rBapAru Ha IrpoBrrHrlnarrnnfl, ynpaBr.rreJr. ,(o c'ssqasaHero 3a IIeJITa Ha cleqrraJrHara
eJrrrrHa 'racr numerus singulariumrz, 3acBrgereJlcrByBana s ToIvII,I upes II unu III
ner, SopulrpaHero Ha rapn[3oHa BeposrHo ce v3B'bpIrrBaJIo Ha nog6open flpr{Hrlr{n
I,r3Me)KAy Ir{r{HHS C'bCTaB Ha EpOBrrHIIr4IaJIHaTa apMurs,. oCSeH TOUI4I, O6aVe, Hr{K6Ae
ApyraAe no 3auagnoro 9epnouoprre [ocera HrMa I{I{To AaHHIr, HI{To [oAarKI,I 3a
'rpafinoro npe6ranaeaHe npe3 e[oxara na flpunqunara Ha BoI{HcKI{ r{acrrr IrJrI{ Tex-
Hr,r noApa3AereHaq.
C orxn'spnxHero Ha ABara apryMeuTa, cqI,ITaHLr or 6agracso 3Har{eulre npu
Sopruynupar{ero Ha re3ara 3a "3anaguononrr,rricxra.f, rI,IMec", [o-HararburH[ITe pa-
3r{cKBaHr{fl no Btnpoca 3a HeroBoro ctrrlecrByBaHe [pe3 rreprroAa I-III s. craBar
e
Sarnowski 1988,88-89, 189-191.
ro
Zahariade L994a, p. 373 sqq.
'r lbidem, p. 380 (Table 2, No 3, 4,8, 12, l3).
12
Aricescu 1977 , p. 69.
IIpaKTIrqecKra 6e:npeguernu. flpn Bce ToBa, 3a u3r{epnaTeJlHocT Ha HacToflrrlr{Te
6enex<ru e ueo6xograMo Aa ce o6tpue BHr.rMaHr{e }r Ha yKpenrrreJrHara raH$pacr-
pyKTypa, Ko.flTo MaKap r,r3pr,rr{Ho Aa ce nocoqBa KaTo BTopurreH r{ He cTpyKTypoon-
peAeJrflrr{ 6ener na xofiro u ga 6wo limes, zaevta rBGpAe oce3aeMo flpr4c'bcrBr{e B
[oBoAprTe I,r KoMeHTapa rro Te3aTa.
B uocneqnara or ny6rurxaqurlTe, B nprKa Bpc3Ka c $ynrquonrapaHero Ha
locryJrr.rpaHufl "3anaguononr:prficru JrI,IMec" ca nocraBeHu 28 yrpenenra o6exra, uu-
ero replrroplraJrHo pa3[peAeJreHr4e ce orqr4Ta Karo KpafiHo HepaBHoMepHO, Ho oIr-
pe[eJrsrqo MHoro BrlcoKa ycJroBHa [JrbrHocr ua or6panara (npu6nu3[TeJrHo no eA-
Ho yKpe[JreH]re Ha BceKlr 6 rrnr)13. I{anara Harr{rrHa un$opr',raqrar sa re3r{ o6exrn 6e
Beqe fioArrox(eHa Ha no4po6eu arraJrrr3 [o-rope B r.r3JroxeHplerol4, a o6o6uleHr,rero
Ha pe3yJrrarr{Te e HanpaBo oruarisarqo 3a nprrBtpxeHrrrlrme Ha re3ara 3a MopcKrrfl
limes: rlnro eAr4H or rpr.rre rofloHr{Ma, crA'bp)Karqr pyrgos lrrur tun'is (Ilarr oc fltop-
roc, Typrac lvlyra... lr ... fkoproc), ne e JroKaJrr,r3rrpaH, [pr{ Koero rtpuqracrqBaHero
r{M K'bM yKpe[eHr.rre o6exru (npn rona Ha MopcKI,Ifl 6par!) e qucra cIIeKyJIaIIr,rfl;
ocBeH r{e He ce HaM}rpa ua 6pera Ha Mopero, turris-m npu Koncr:anqa-Tenur,rur e c
HeqcHa (nrsuoxno K'l,cHoaHTrruna) qarupoBKa; B 6 or cryvanre [aHurr 3a c'brqecr-
ByraHero Ha yKpenJreHr{s Ha rrocoqeHr{Te Mecra Ha[paBo Jrr{rrcBar (CapznacyS, IIIace
MaprrEe, Cuuoe, Cu6uoapa, Jlasy, Capnrroft); [oBerre or npo6nervrarrrirHo e c'b-
rr{ecrByBaHero rr Ha orqe eAHo or rrpuqucreuttre KGM crrcreMara yKpenJrenua (ua o-
n flonuna) ; 4 or yKpenJreHuflTa ce HaMrrpar B'bB B'brpelrHocrra r{ HflMar Hr.rrqo
o6u1o c 6peronara 3arrlrrra (Agxnrson, Ea6agar-Toupaftrcofi, Ea6a4ar n 9xrnryp-
Jrr,rfl Ae Xoc); 8 or yxpeuJreHr{flTa cbc cr.rrypHocr Aarr,rpar rIaK or K'bcHara auTr4ar-
nocr (Aprarrayu, Enncara-I, Enucara-Il, c. Vlcrpua, Oauguy, Ilanasy Mape, Mauas
u Crparonr.rc), a gpyru 2 - or on{e ro-K'bcHo BpeMe (o-n EucepuKyrla u Bauy).
flpra orcrcrBr{ero na rparl6pexeH rr'br B rrcrrrHcKr{fl cMr{c'bJr Ha [yMara r,r Ha
rparino r4 noBceMecrHo rrpfic'bcrBkre Ha raKTr{lrecKl{ soficxogu e[rrHr{ql{, a oilIe no-
Berre - npr4 Harr.rquero Ha cauo 3(!) cr,rrypHr4 yKpereHr.r rleHT'bpa rlo r{sJroro npore-
)KeHr{e Ha MopcKr.,rt 6proi or [yHaBcKara [eJrra Ao AHerxHara 6urapo-pyM'bHcKa
rpaHr4qa (klcrput, Touu ra Kararrnc), TB'bpAeHlrero 3a c'r,qecrByBaHero ryK [pe3
pI,IMcKara eloxa Ha HflKaKBa cnequQuuna crrcreMa sa 6perora 3aqr.{Ta cJreABa [a ce
lpr43Hae 3a HarrbJrHo Jrr{ureHo or ocHoBaHru. @opruynupoBKara "3auagHononu.rfic-
Ku rfiMec" e Han'bJIHo He[prreMJrlrBa He caMo or rJre[Ha rovKa Ha rpa[ulll4oHHara,
Ho rr Ha c'bBpeMerrHara r.rHTepnperardrrs Ha rtoHqrr,rero limesl1, Koqro y6eqrzreruo
AoKa3Ba, rre or Kpa, Ha I go x'sr'a Kpar Ha III s. rosa e 6uno craH4aprHo o6osuaqe-
Hr,re 3a BcqKa cyxo3eMrra rpaur{rda sa Pzucra'ra r,rMnepur, 6es qa ce nogpas6rpa
Haruquero r{Jrr{ orcacrBr{ero Ha KaKBaro uya6utto cnequ$uvua lluQpacrpyKTypa.
13
Suceyeanu 1992, S. 222.
ra
Bx. Inana ll.Z.E vrll.z.il.
rs
Isaac 1988, p. 125 sqq.
flpeg;roxenoro BMecro "3a[anHonoarraftcrra JIr.rMec" aJrrepnarr,rBHo Ha3Ba-
lave litus Scythicus npeAcraBJrflBa oqeBHAHa uapaQpa:a na noHrrrrero litus Saxonicum,
c IIeJr HeroBara aAalrarluq KBM KoHKperHa reorpa$cxa cpeAa. fiopra ga ce ocraBr4
HacrpaHa HaIrbJIHo LIMarLrHepHara c'bu{Hocr Ha pr.rMcKara or6paur4TeJrrra crrcreMa
oa 6perona 3autrr4ra no AHeruHoro go6pyq:raHcKoro MopcKo xpafi6pexue, Hectc-
TorreJrHocrra Ha npeAJroxeHara SoprrryJrr..rpoBKa flpor,r3Tur{a or caMr{fl Sarr, ve
JIarI{HcKara gyva litus Hr{Kora He e rlMaJra caMocrorreJrHo BoeHHo-SopruQuraqu-
oHHo 3Har{enue. flonsrvero litus Saxonicum raMa Hafi-seposrHo K'bcHopr.rMcKr,r [po-
rr3xoA Ir e 3acBLIAereJIcrByBaHo B rrr4cMeHrrre r{3Bopr{ eAr,rHcrBeHo s Notitia
Dignitatuml6, xtgero c Hero e o3HaqeHa e[Ha cnequ$uuua BoeHHo-agMrrHr,rcrpa-
TIaBHa crpyKTypa 6eg ananorl{rr B ocraHaJrr4s prrMcKr.r cesr. Crana AyMa 3a MorrlHara
cl4lcreMa ea 6perora 3arqr.rra IIo ra3TorrHoro r{ ro)KHo xpafi6pexore na EpuraHus u no
qacr or arraHTrlqecroro rpall6pexue ga la:l.us, r.r Eelrrara, quero BB3HI{KBaHe
6u:ro nopogeHo or cucreMarr{qmure u go6unra 3acrparur,rreJrHr.r pa3Mepr.r npe3 BTo-
para noJIoBvna Ha III n. rnropcxv HanaAeHr{fl Ha caKcur u Spanxul7. flnanzpauero u
Havaroro na nerZnoto r,r3rpDKAaHe [oHacro.flrr{eM ce cB'bp3Bar c rrrrHocrra Ha rrM-
neparop Aspenuan znN flpo6, Ho AonGJrBaHero v yc'bBtprxeHcrByBaHero ir upo-
A:bJIxrrJIIr c neorcra6Barqr4 TeMrIoBe I{ [pe3 cJreABarrlure Aecerr{Jrerl4ql8. no cr-
IrlecrBo, Toea 6l{ra elHa rr{rrrrqHa rpaHr{r{Ha or6paHureJrHa crrcreMa, BKJrroqBarua
pa3II{TIHLI nO xapaKTep BOeHHr.r yKpenJreHr4fl r{ Bcr4rr{Kr{ xpalz6pe><HE yKpeneHr{ ce-
JILIqa. Tq 6uila npr{3BaHa Aa octrrlecrnxna eSexu,rBeH KoHTpor ra or6pana Ha flprrc-
TaHurllara Lr MopcKrrre KoMyHr,rKarIVu u Na 6:roxnpa BcrrqKr{ Bb3MoxHrr n'brrru{a 3a
HexeJraHo npoHrrKBaHe B flpeAeJrure sa Irllrneplr,rra Ha BapBapr{ or nocoKa Ha Mo-
pero. Enzret'sr Saxonicum *te e reorpa$cKo orrpeAeJ{eHr4e Ha Mesropa3noJroxe-
Hflero, a nepcouuSuqupa ocHoBHr{rr nporr.rBHrlK, cpeqy Kororo 6rara naco.reHa ra-
sn ot6panureJrHa cr,rcreMal9. Cuopeg HrKor4 E3cre4Baqn,litus Saxonicum 6ut eguu-
cTBeHaTa MOpCKa rpanrrrla sa Praucraraulufiepvfl,, B npeKr{rr cMr{c'bJI Ha [yMaTa rpa-
uuqazo. Maxap Aa ce cqura 3a npecr.rJreHo2l, e rona rBlpAeHrre oqeBuAHo rrMa rBbp-
Ae roJIqMa Ao3a I4CTI{Ha: KaTO Ce U3KITOqU KpaTKLIfl nepIIOA Ha TOTCKa XereMOHr{r B
r{epuolropuero [pe3 50re-60rc roAr4Hra na III s., Hr{K'bAe ApyraAe no nepu$epnure
Mopera - r{aK Ao c'b3AaBaHero na BangancKoro KpaJrcrBo a Cesepua A$pnxa npes
16
Not. Dign. Occ. Y,126-132; XXVII (ed. Seeck).
17
Johnson 1979,p.23 sqq.; Johnson 1983, p. 196 sqq.; Redde 1986, p. 432 sqq.; Brulet 1991,
p. 155 sqq.
r8
3a qa'rupoBKara B)K.: Johnson 1979,p.94 sqq.; Johnson 1983, p. 211.
re
Cnrp:auara c apryMeHrauu.{ra Ha ra3lr re3a Jrr.rreparypa e [ocoyena B: Redde L986,p.433
(n.412).
20
Johnson 1979,p.131.
2r
Redde 1986,p.443.
v B. - Prarrrcxara r.rMneplrf ne e 6rana r,r3npaBeHa cpeqy flpoTI{BHr,IK, pa3floJraraq c
peaJrHa $rorcxa cuna. IIopaAr4 ToBa, ruaula6noro u [JraHoMepHo yKpelrBaHe Ha
xpafiuopcxa'ra 6peronavtBvt\a, c orJre[ npeBptlrlaHero fi s HenpeoAoJrlrua 6aplrepa
3a rrABauI or Mopero HelprrflTeJr, Hr4Kora ue upugo6r.rJlo xapaKTep na o6qouMrlep-
c]|ia, utvt IIoHe - Ha A'bp)KaBHa rroJrr4Tr4Ka c [o-mrrpoKo perr{oHaJrHo [pIrJIox evue2Z.
Li t u s S axo ni c um ce flBflBa yHr.rKaJrHa Sopru$raraqrroHHa 14 B oeHHo-opraHlr3 aIIpIoH-
Ha crpyKTypa, flopogeHa or cflequ$uuHIare ycJroBla, B KoHKpereH perlroH Ir oKoH-
qaTeJrHo r4HcTr.rTyrlr4oHaJrr.r3r.rpaHa BeporTHo eABa npe3 K'bcHopLIMcrIax nepraog. Hu-
u1o nono6uo rro c'bBpeMeHHoro 4o6pygxancKo MopcKo rpafi6pexrae He e, a Ir rpocro
ne e 6raro Heo6xoqulro [a cr,rqecrByBa - Hr{To [pe3 enoxara Ha flpnrull{rrara, HI{To
npe3 K'bcHara aHTr{rrHocr! B pe:ynrar or Ka3aHoro AoryK, Sopuynuposxara litus
Scythicus cJreABa Aa 6'b[e oKaqecrBeHa Karo rB'bpAe HeIr3ABpxaH orrllr 3a c'bBpe-
MeHHO TepMprHOJIOr[rrHO TBOpTIeCTBO.
2r
lbidem.
23
Bx. f.nara II.2.B (1-26).
flepraogtr or Kpas ua V qo ruecroro [ecerr.rJrerr{e na VI B. e cBLp3aH c
I{crI4HcKI{ 6yrvr na $oprra$raxalll4oHHoro crporrreJrcrBo rro MopcKoro rpari6pexue
Ha npoBrrHrtrns, CxuT s. Hapeg c peMoHTHo-B63craHoBr{TeJrHr{Te pa6oru, IIo BpeMe-
To Ha rrMneparop Anactacufi I{ [o-K'bcHo npu Iocrr,rnuan I 6uno [peAnprrero rpaH-
AI4o3Ho crpollTeJrcrzo a fundamentis, xoero qyBcrBr{TeJrHo npoMeHuno o6luxa sa
HqKOr{ OT C'brqecrByBau{r.rre r..r AoBeJro Ao B'b3HIrKBaHero Ha pe[uqa HoBr.r yKpeneHr{
o6exrrn. C egno caMo BepoflTHo l{3Krroqeuue (Earvux-Xopusonr), AnacracpreBo-
To crpor.rreJrcrBo r{MaJro noAqepraHo r{raBr{JreH xapaKTep (Vlcr,pw, Trauyu, Kauen
6pt-flimata, CBerE Hraxora, Busone). Bcn.xu HoBorr3rpaAeHr.r yKperenrn o6exrx
2a
Onrapor 1982, c.20; ,[uunrpon 19856, c. 121;,(uunrpor 1989, c. 42,56.
2s
Oruapor 1982, c.20.
26
Ahrweiler 196( p. 7 sqq.
paHo HaceJreHr,re npe3 Kpr3ucHLrfl.3a parloHa nepuo[ or cpelara Ha qerBbproro
Ao
Har{aloTo Ha IIrecToTo IeceTEJIeTI{e Ha VI e. Or cson cTpaHa, Lr3rpaAeHaTa Ha ocHo-
Bara Ha a6corlorHa MopcKa xereMoHl4r cr{creMa 3a rrpogoBoJrcrBeHo cHa6AsBaHe
AaJra B'b3MOXHocr ua ?IunepraflTa Aa rloAA.bpxa cBor cyBepeH[Ter Ha[ orneJrHr,r
IIeHTpoBe uo qepHoMopcKoro Kpafi6pexile r{ Ha 6pera na p.
[yHaB AbJrro cJreA
Karo rf [paKTl4r{ecKunzryduna KoHTpoJIa nag 6anrancKure cr,r BJraAeHVnzl . Cnego-
BareJIHo, oIII4T'br ga ce o6auru IocrnnnaHoBoro BoeHHo crpor,rreJrcrBo no MopcKrrrr
6pxr ua npoBl{Hqlrfl Cxurus, Karo flpofiBa Ha rpla>{<a 3a 3a3ApaBsBaHe rr yrurtT}urBa-
He Ha paHHoslleaHrl,Iflcxara crlcreMa sa 6peroaa or6paua cJre[Ba peur{TeJrHo
Aa ce
orxB'6pJrla: EercrlHcxuflr flonr He caMo qe He [peAcraBJrrBaJr u3Tor{Hr,rK Ha HrKaK-
Ba peaJrHa LTJTLI noreHIII4aJrHa 3arrJraxa zaLltanepanra, Ho Harrporr,rB Mopero Bepo-
-
,THO OIqE OT BTOPATA IIOJIOBI{HA HA V S. CE IPCBGPHAJIO B MOIIIEH I,I CUTYPEH TAPAHT
H a Bil 3 aHTr{ itcxar a B JI acr B rtp oBr.rHIII,IrITa.
27
Torbatov 1997a,p. 78 sqq.
544/545 r. - BoeHHoro yKpenJreHr.re npu[o6r4Jro xapaKrep Ha yKpeneHo ceJrr{rrle,
KOETO HE E IT3KJIIOI{EHO AA E 3AIOI{HAIO [A CE OTCXAECTBqBA OT BTOPATA NOJIOBI{HA
na VI B. HacerHe c,fluoHuconornc.
fina or HoBorr3qrrrHarrrre B cpeAara na VI s. trOcrunuanoBl{ KacreJrl{ - Osu-
guy-Il u Kapex/I((a)peac - 3aMeHr{Jrrr yKperrJreHrrfl or K'bcHopr4McKvts. nepro[, Karo
B'bB BTopr.rfl or cryqaure B3arrMoBp'b3Kara c gefrcrnynalqo npucraHl,Iqe e BEH or
BcqKaKBo cBMHeHr{e, a B rltpBlaq - TB'bpAe BeporrHa. Ocrananur:e rplr KacreJla -
Kauen 6pxr-TonpaK KaJrs, Turrryu-3anag u Ea.nuur-Tysnara - B'b3HI4KHaJII4 B He-
EocpeAcrBena 6lugocr Ao Beqe ctrrlecrByBarrlu no roBa BpeMe yKperreHr4 I{eHTpoBe
(crornerno: Kaues 1p*-flfttara, Tuuylr r,r AQpogusuon), vraaro Bp63Ka c oxu-
BeH[rrr MopcKtr rpa$ur Moxe Aa ce cqnra 3a rroBeqe r4Jrr4 no-MaJrKo clrrypHa. fiucno-
KarIr{JrTa Ha BoerrHrrTe yKperrJreH[q HeABycMrrcJreHo noKa3Ba, qe upu TqxHoTo u3l-
pax(Aalre He e A'bpxaHa cMerKa 3a [poflopqrroHaJrHo pa3[peleJrflHe Ha cI(JrrITe IIo
IlrJroro fiporexeHr,re Ha MopcKr,It 6prr Ha npoBl{HlluaCxntux. Hanporne - na6nro-
AaBa ce [o$repraHa KoHrleHTpar{us na o6errure B }orollt3TorrHara rlacr or rpafi6-
pexlrero. flopaeurenHara paBHoMepHocr B pa3rrpeneJleHuero Ha KacreJruTe ryK
y6egurenuo HaJrara BfletrarreH[ero 3a [I3rpilK[aHe na cnequ$vqHa Ml,IKpoperuo-
HaJrHa crpyKTypa, orreBlrgeH rIeHTBp Ha KoflTo ce flBrBaJr npugo6anuzr BaxHo aA-
MprHr,rcrparrrBuo 3narreuue v [pexr,rBrBarq 6ypeu cronalrcKl4 noAeM Iro roBa BpeMe
rpag Axpe: u qerr,rpr,rre HoBor,r3rpageHr,r yKpe[JIeHI{t orcrosJrvr.a no orono 10 ru
eAr{H or [pyr 14 or Axpe u 6sru rpylrrpauu ABe no ABe, c'borBerHo 3alaAHo IrI ceBe-
por43Toqno or rpa[a. Tr,rnonorruecKara ra SynxquoHaJlHa c'blrlHocr na trOcrunua-
HOBr,rTe yKpenJreHr.rfl cJreABa Aa ce [prreMe Karo cl,IrypHo yKa3aHr{e 3a BoeHHut xa-
paKTep Ha ra3r crpyKTypa. flpu rce roBa, KaKTo 6e uo.scrreno no-rope, neftnoro
BB3HaKBaHe peuureJrHo He Moxe r,r ne rpa6na Aa ce flocraBq B paMKraTe Ha HflKa-
K'bB KoHKperen or6paHlrreJreH KoHTeKcr. 3a uocnegnoro y6egureJlHo cBl{AereJrcr-
ByBa rr caMara ArrcJroKar{[, Ha HoBor{3rpa[eHrrre KacreJrlr, Koqro aro6ule He ce cG-
o6pasxaara c MecrorroJroxeHprero Ha Beqe $ynrquoxupalql,ITe r pafiona MorrlHrl
yKpefieHr,r rIeHTpoBe r{ c HLrrqo He Ao[prrHacflila 3a nocrl{raHe Ha [o-paBHoMepHo
pa3rpeAeJreHr{e Ha yKpefirrreJruara lru$pacrpyKTypa rro rpore)KeHl{ero Ha ro3l{
f{acrbK or MopcKr,rs 6prr. flpll cerarrrHoro rpafino He3aAoBoJIIrreJIHo cbcrorHl,Ie
Ha npoyr{Banvrsra, [pe[Ha3Har{eHr{ero Ha [r3rpaAeHara or IrM[eparop trOcrusraan I
r4 rpynupaHa oKoJro Axpe cucreMa or rroqrr,r rrAeHTurIHu rlo B'bHIrIeH o6nur BoeHHI{
yKpenJreHr,r, He Moxe Aa ce oilpeqeJrpr c floJroxtrreJrrocr. Cnopeq MeH, B cryqat
nafi-nepoxrHo craBa AyMa 3a c'b3AaBaHero na cnequ$HqHa crpyKTypa, HaMl{paqa
ce B rrptKa Bp'b3Ka cBc crrcTeMaTa 3a [po[oBoJIcTBeHo Ir MaTepI,IaJIHO-TexHurIecKo
cna6ganane. I{enra 6nna, u3rne>rga, nogo6pqBaHe Ha opraHlr3allpltra I4 IIoBLI[raBa-
He cr,rrypHocrra Ha Synrqr,ronrapaHe Ha cr{creMara. Kacrenute Iqe Aa ca 6unlr cno-
eo6pasnu aKyMyJrarr{BHo-pa3[pe[eJrprreJrHlr 6a:Ir, xr4ero rrocrtrrBarrut14 ce c'bxpa-
HflBaJr[, ,I oT KGAeTO Ce rrcB'bpruBaJr0 [pepa3npeAeJleHlleTo K'bM B'bTpeIIIHocTTa
(npz tona, BepoflTHo, rro[ [ocrarbrrHo crrJreH BoeHeH rounofi!) Ha peaJrl,I3[IpaHlrre
IIo MopcKI,r rIGT qeHTpaJra3r,rpaHra AocTaBKr4 3a Hy)KArrre Ha npoBr4Hrlr.raJrHara Borfc-
Ka Ir qIrBIlIJrHo HaceJreHrae. Axflasu3r,rpaHero Ha Kopa6o[JraBaHero no Iororr3Tor{Ho-
To MopcKo xpafi6pexcr.re Ha rrpoBr.rHtlut Crurua [pe3 KacHara aHTr.rqHocr2S y6egu-
TeJIHO CBI4[eTeJICTByBa 3a r{yBCTBr.rTeIHo HapacTBaHe Ha 3Har{eHrIeTO Ha C'brrlecTBy-
BaJrara ryK npr,rcraHr4nlHa Mpexa. Ktu cpegara na VI r. Arpe otreBr4AHo npugo6un
n6pBeHcrByBalqo noJlox<eHl{e cpeA [pucraHr{rrlara B To3ra parlon, nopanrr Koero
TIMeHHO rOrT 6ur lrs6pau 3a rIeHT'bp Ha peopraHr,r3r,rpaHara no roBa BpeMe cr{creMa
3a [poAoBoJrcrBeHo cHa6gxnaue, Ko-sro 6rana nocraBeHa IIoA IIpsK BoeHeH KoHTpoJr
u qra6gena cbc ctorBercrpyBarqa yKperrr4TeJrHa ranSpacrpyKrypa. He e ussecruo
KOJIKO A'bJIrO B'bIIpOCHI,ITe KaCTeJII4I 3aIIa3I,IJII4 n'LpBOHarIaIIHLtfl, CV $yUrquOnalen
o6tur. Btn scer[ cnyuari, pa3KonKure Ha Hoc IIIa6na ycraHoBr,rxa, qe cJre[ Macr{B-
Ho oloxGprBaHe u 6rpso [ocJre[BaJra peKoHcrpyKqr{, flpe3 BTopara rroJroBrirHa Ha
VI n., KacreJrbr KapexlK(a)peac rplrAo6un xaparrep Ha o6uxnoseHo yKpeneHo
ceJrr.rule.
28
3a rona Moxe Aa ce c6ALI rro I,I3BaAeHrlrre or MopcKoro AbHo KorBrr r,r uso6r,ureg (bcHoarr-
TI{rreH KpaMI,IqeH MaTep}raJr IIo BpeMe Ha cr{cTeMHr.rTe npe3 [ocneAHlrTe ABe Aece-
TEJIerls [oABoAIrLt apxeonoruqecKra npoytrBanua rpafi ]Oxnogo6pygxaHcKoro Mop-
cro rpafi6pexne.
3. 3AtrII,ITATA HA fTPOBI,IHIII{AJTHOTO
HACEJIEHI,IE
Maxap HanocJreg'bK [a ce [poKapBa rrgeflTa, qe 3a[IraTara Ha npoBrrHrlr,raJr-
Horo HaceJreHr{e Hr{Kora ne 6una cpeA nprroplrrer[Te Ha pr,rMcKr{Te r,rMfleparopu u
[6pxaBHa aAMrrHprcrpaqfi, l, +aKTr{Te cBr,rAereJrcrBar no-cKopo 3a rrporr.rBHoro. B
ToBa orHorueHrre, noJroxeHtrero B flpoBuHrdr.rrr Cxuruq 6r,mo uanrnHo r,rAeHTr,rrrHo
Ha rroJrox<eHr{ero B Apyr}rre r{acrrl na Puucxara [rMlrepur.
Macupanure HarrrecrBr{tr or cpe4ara na III n. flcHo [oKa3arrvr,qe s Purvrcrara
fltoailepltfl. Beqe HrMa "6e3olacHu" u HegoceraeMll 3a BapBaprlTe rIpoBIrHIII,Iu. B or-
roBop Ha roBa, or BTopara noJroBr.rHa Ha BeKa Hacerlre rloBceMecrHo o Plmepuara
ce pa3rcpHaJro r.rHreu3ranuo SopruQuraquouHo crporrreJrcrBo. To qerano [peB-
p'brrlaHero Ha BcrKo no-3HaquMo ceJrr,rule B MorrIeH yKpeneH IIeHTBp, xofiro Aa e B
c'bcrosHr{e yc[errrHo Aa lr3A6pxll eBeHTyaJrHa o6caga, rapanrupafiKlr >K[rBora rr uMo-
Ta Ha cBor.rre o6urarenlr. B unoro or cryqaure ceJrrrqara Hr{Kora flo-pauo se 6uttu
yKpelsBaHr,r. B ocrauanrrre, 3a 4a 6'rgar c'brrlecrByBarrllrre yKpenrnreJrHr,r c6op'b-
x<eHl{s npr,rBegeHr.r B c'borBercrBrre c'bc c'bBpeMeHHI{Te Ir3[IcKBar,t4fl Ha $optuSu-
KarlrlroHHaTa apxrrreKTypa, Te un.n 6utu noAJroxeHr'r Ha ocHoBeH peMoHT rI flpeycr-
porlctso, rrJrrr HanpaBo 6utu [eMoHTr,rpaHfl r,r 3aMeHeHIr c HoBpI. B nocnegnns cJry-
.raft rvruoro qecro ce na6nrogaBaJro crecHflBaHe Ha yKpe[euara repurop[q no cpaB-
HeHr,re c npeAxo[Hfi.fi llepuo[, a HepqAKo ceJrr4rrlaTa Aopu ce [3MecTBzura Ha HoB Te-
peH, KaAero rrplrpoAHrrre AaAeHocrrr [pegJrararn uo-go6pt4ycntoBvrfl,sa sanlrEra. Yr-
perulBauero xati-nanpe4 na narf-sHa.{I{Mure ceJrrrrqa, MHo3I4HcrBoro or Korrro Berle
nprrre)KaBaJrrr, a peAr,rqa or ocraHaJr[Te BnocJreAcrBr{e npugo6unu rpagcKlr craryr,
6uno tran'uHo 3aKoHoMepeH [poqec. Or egna crpaHa, ToBa ce n'bJrxaJro na Qaxra,
r{e rpaAoBere r.r rpagcKr,rflT xr{Bor 6utn eynn or rIeHHocrI{Te Ha prrMcKara rlrrBr,rJrr.r-
3agttfl2,3a 3ana3BaHero rr pa3Brrrrrero r{a Kolrro npe3 K'bcHopr,rMcK[-s neprrog Bce
oqe ce rroJraraJrr.r cr{creMHr{ rpuxr4 Ha naft-sucoKo ABpx(aBHo HI{Bo. Or gpyra crpa-
na, nog6op'br Ha o6errure oqeBEAHo cJreABa ga ce o6xcnrr H c rB'bp[e Br4coKara
ce6ecrorlsocr ua Qopr SuraquonHoro crpor.rreJrcrBo, [opaArr Koero KtM TaKoBa
flpr.rcrbnBaJrr,r npeAr{MHJ rIeHTpoBe, pa3[oJraraulrr B HaJrrrqHocr c neo6xoguur.rre Ma-
Tepr,raJrHr,r B'b3Mo)KHocru. Maxap HopMaJIHo yKpeuqBaHero Ha qr,rBr{nnn o6erru ga
6uro upegnprreMaHo ctc c[equaJrHo r4M[eparopcKo pa3pelueHl{e, I{Mneparopr{Te
lr3rJrex<Aa caMo B peAKr,r cryrrau [oeMaJrrr npeKrr QNnaucoan aHrDrerMerrrr{ KT,M
peaJrll3arlurra Ha crpor.rreJrHr.rfl flpoqec. flouorqra Ha rIeHTpaJIHara BJracr narf-.{ec-
ro 6r,rna r,rulr.rpeKTna r,r ce [3pa3rBaJra B rleJreBu AaHGqHlr o6rex.reHafl r,r oc[rypsBa-
3
flogpo6en roMeHrap rro re3r{ B'Enpocu n: Johnson 1983, 59-64; FosVWinfield 1986, 125-129.
a
,{anuxre ca cr6paura s: Johnson 1983, p. 60; Tara Harpr{Mep, cropeA froan Manana,
Anpenr.ranoaara creHa s PuNr 6r.ura r.r3rpaAeHa ra 5 rogunu (Richmond 1930, p. 29).
I4ssecrr,rero Ha eAr{H euurpa$cxu [aMerHr{K (CIL, III,734),ue Teogocneoara creHa
s KoucraHr[HorroJr 6lua us4urnara caMo ga 60 Anr.r, c ocuoBaHr{e ce floArrara Ha
cbMHeHr.reor cr,BpeMeHurre r.r3cJreAnaur.r (Speck 1973, S. 135 sqq.; Miiller-Wiener
1977, S, 286). Or<onoBpr,cruara Kpe[ocrxa creHa Ha Bepoua, rosro 6r.ura cbrr3Me-
pI{Mr{ tto Abnxr,rua c Teo4ocueeara creHa n KoscranrnHo[oJr, 6r,rnrn uocrpoeur,r 3a
8 ruecerla (CIL, Y 3329). Eano BareHrunuaHoBo BoeHHo yKpeurenr4e B flauoHu.q
(burgus commercium) 6uno cbrpaAeHo a fundamentis sa 48 aun (CIL, III, 3653).
s
B Adraha v Cupun, Haflpr,rMep, crpor.rrencrBoro Ha rpaAcKr{Te Kpe[ocrHrr creHr{ npoAbJr-
xr{rro oKorro 15 roAuuu - or 2561260 rc 2741275 r. (Johnson 1983, p. 65).
6
T(u)PI4 CA, TPE3 MI4C, HO B I4 O[yHyM, TPOIEyM TP Afl}{V[ IdCIPVlfr , TO' IU,
KAJIATI4C v\I4OHVICOIOJII4C. Yrpeurnanero ua rpaga TpesMr.rc rpe3 II-III e.
He e crrypHo, B)K. rro-rope B rr3Jro)KeHr4ero, I.nara II.2.A (14: TPE3MHC-3anag).
?
3AJIIAIIA, I4En,qA, Enucara-I (KOHCTAHTI'IAHA?), APIAMyM, A@POAI43I,1OH,
r{epua, Xopux, I,lsroapene, O6po.rlrrqe; flpes rosu [epr{oA rrloxe 6u Bb3ur.rKHanr.r r{
yKperreurrre ceJrrula c Henpeurr3r{paHa Aarr.rposra s IV-VI o. Mauax, Ea6agar (BI,1-
KyC HOByC ? ), 9erara (III4BI{TAC AyCAEUEH3I4yM ? ), flaou enu r.r IIp ureu.
3aHI{e 3a rtxHoro suco.{ariue pa3nopexAaHe r.r c[eIIH-
BB3HrIKBaHe BcJreAcrBLre Ha
aJrHo noKpoBlrreJrcrBo. flapalenno c oroprrcr,rpanoro rr [oA[oMaraHo or BJracrr4Te
LII{BI4JIHO yKpelr,rTeJrHo CTpOTaTeJTCTBO, Bpr3r,rpailIo r43KJrrOlrr.rTeJrHO rIeHTpOBeTe C nOA-
qepraHo aAMrrHlrcrparrlBHo cronaHcKo 3HarreHrle, B flpoBraHllux CxuT un, KaKTo LI
r,I
uoBceMecrHo s Pr,rN4cxarafilanepils. ce pa3BrrBaJr r.r Apyr flpoqec, KoriTo Moxe Aa ce
xapaKTepl,r3rrpa Karo or6paruErenua caMor{Hrrrluarr,rBa Ha npoBraHqr{aJrHoro Hace-
JIeHIre8. fpauu.firara rr B'brpeurHorrpoBrrHqr,raJlHara crrcTeMr{ 3a curypHocr ce oKa-
3aJrL TB'bpAe e$uMepHa 3arqura 3a o6r.rrareJrrrre Ha uuoro6pofiHlrre HeyKpe[eHr{
noceJreHl{r, KoLITo noHactJI}I nelr:6ponrran 6egctnur,I,r MarepraJrHI,I ulerl,r rro BpeMe
Ha BapBapcKrrre Ha[Iecrslls. no-ga].{o)KHara qacr or ceJrcKoro HaceJreHr{e Beporr-
Ho rB'bpge orpaHo norbpc[Jra crraceH[e B rpaAoBere. Ocranarnre o6u'ratenfl, o6a-
ue,6unu ilpr,rHyAeHrl Aa ce rrorpfi)Kar 3a cBoqra 3aulr,rra cro6pasuo orpaHuqeHr4Te
cI{ Bt3MoxHocrr{. Egranuar or HatruHure - paguKaJreH, Ho no-crrn! - 6an cBBp3aH
c )KeprByBane na 6urosure ygo6cr:ra B rirMero Ha curypHocrra. Toli ce u3pa3rBaJr B
r{3ocraBqHe na o6rarasaHrr, [o-paHo repeH r..r npeAr.rcJroqupaHe Ha ceJrr,rrrlero Ha rpyA-
HoqoctbnHo ra ygo6uo 3a 3arrlura lvxf,cro, K'b[ero ro c M[rHrrMyM pa3xogr,r vrycrurktfr,
qa 6r4e cua6qeno c orHocrrreJrHo HaAexAHr..r yKpenr,rreJrHpr c'boptxeur,rfl. flpur',re-
pr4Te or npoBlrHq[fl Crurns. ea us6op Ha ro3rr napr,ranrg He ca npequ3rro Aarr{paHr{,
Ho He e r{3KJrrorreHo nafi-paHur{Te or rqx [a ce orHacrr orrle KtM Kpa, Ha III lllpr
HaqaJloro Ha IV s. [pyrara ilporBa Ha 3arqr{THa caMoktHrrqrraruBa Ha npoBr,rHrlr,raJr-
Horo HaceJreHr.re ce c'bcroflJra B rr3rpax[aHe r{ no[ABp)KaHe Ha yKpe[eHu y6exurqa
(refugia). Te ce naunpaJrll B HeflocpegcrseHa 6rusocr Ao ceJrr4rrla, rrr{ero o6rarasaHe
lpoAtJrxaBaJro, ra 6uru upegua3HalreHr{ 3a BpeMeHHo yKpr,rr[e Ha HaceJreHzero (c
rrpr.{HanJrexarrlara My noKtrrlHr.rna ra go6urrr) npu BB3HuKBaHe Ha onacHocrl0. Muo-
ro e BeporTHo rrflKolr oT yKpeneHlrTe ceJrlrqa na BBSHrrKHiurrr r{MeHHo Ha ocHoBaTa
Ha cGulecrByBaJru flo-pauo Ha ctrrloro Mrrcro Kpelocrr,r-y6exuqa11.
Marap HrrKoIlI or yKpeneHr,rre ceJll,rrqa Aa flpecraHatup.a c'brrlecrByBar orqe
uo BpeMe Ha rorcKrrre u xyHcKr,r HauaAeHr,rq or flocJre4nara rrerBtpr na IV rr [GpBa-
Ta rroJloBr.rHa sa v 8., aMeHHo IIo ToBa BpeMe 3aloqHaJr r, flpoqec'bT Ha HeyKJroHHa
tpaucQopuaqfiq Ha BoeHH]rre yKpenJreur{r B rpoBraHrlrs Cxrarzs s o6uxHoseH}r yK-
peleHlr ceJrr,rqa. fipacru.ruara cMrHa Ha MoAeJra Ha BoeHIIa opraHrr3arlru B npoBr,rH-
8
Bx<. nanp.: Johnson 1983,226-244; Ciglenecki 1987, S. l14 sqq.
e tlepHa, Xopux, I4snoapeae, Marvras, Ba6agar (BI4KyC HOByC?), gerats (III,IBIITAC
AyCIEUEH3IIyM?), flaonenu, flpureu.
r0
la6ep, ,{e6pene-I, Xpa6pono. C ussecrHr.r yroBopxr{ (nx. ftaaa III.1.A: A36), xrru rasu
rpyna Morar Ea 6r6ar rpurrucreHr.r oule O6povnure n AIDPO.{I43}IOH.
rr3a crulectByBaHero ua noAo6es MexaHr3bM, nx.: Ciglenecki 1987, S. 116 sqq.'r'arana
rpauc$opuaqll.fl rper]p[.EJr, r.r3rurexAa! yxpefleHr{flT o6err npu }Isnoapele. Hurar
He e [3Krrorreno u pe$yruyMar npra I'a6ep Aa ce pa3Br{Jr rro-KtcHo B [ocrorHHo
o6rnrasaHo yKperreuo cenuure.
qrrrrTa rfll/IpoKo oTBopuJra [opTI,rTe Ha HqKorarxHr{Te BoeHHV JIaTepu I{ BoeHHo-[o-
luqericxra yKpe[JreHr,rfl 3a nprrroK u 6esnpenxrcrBeHo HacraHflBaHe Ha IIITBITJTHo Ha-
ceJreHrre, TBpceqo crlrypHocr cpeqy ecKaJrl,Ipalqara BapBapcKa 3a[Jlaxa Ir noBTa-
p.su{rzre ce yHurqoxr{TeJrH[r ua6esu. Cneq oronvareJrHoro u3ue3BaHe Ha HeyKperle-
Hrrre loceJrr{rrlurr Soprnm r{ noqrr{ ToraJrHara (cauo c H.trKoJIKo Ir3KJrIoqeHlIx!) yttu-
$raraqrax Ha yKpe[eHur:e o6errr.r Ha repl,ITopwtra Ha npoBI,IHIIIrrI Cxurufl., B MHo-
3r{HCTBOTO OT Cryr{auTe CTaBa [paKTr{rrecKl4 HeB'b3MOXHO Aa Ce OlpeAeJrU AaJrI{ Aa-
geno @opruQuxaqnouHo MeponpuflTrle or Bropara roJroBIiIHa na V s. HacerHe e
6ra.no NrorrasupaHo or BoeHHo-crpareruqecru nog6ygrE I{JrIr e Bl,r3[paJro Henocpelc-
TBeHara 3arqrrra Ha [poB[rHItrL{aJIHoro HaceJreHr{e. K'ru neponplzsrtrflTa I{MeHHo c
rlr{BlrJreH xapaKTep, o6aue, c roJrflMa yBepeHocr cJreABa Aa ce orHece npeAflpr{eroro
B'bB BpeMero Ha raMrreparop Anactac;rtfiuacupaHo yKpe[tBaHe Ha ceJII,Iqa rro rIoH-
rwitcxtts 6pxr na Cruruxlz, Koero Mo)Ke 6$ ce sssr,a r{ nocJre[Horo III{BIaJrHo yKpe-
rrr{TeJIHo crpoureJrcryo a fundamentis s [poBI,IHq[IflTa.
t2
Vl,crpus., Kdrr.ren 6pxr-f fi n ara, Cn etu Hurona, TI'IMyM, E I'13 OHE.
@AffiMreWEffiffiE
_
@Mffi@Bffi ffiA
ffi@M@M@DAffiAffiA
MffiMEPAMUPA
KrrPmirrluA
Ar6yuon 1987: Ar6ynoa, M. Anrr,r.rHat noqua 9epnoro Mopr. Mocxea, 1987.
A;raqx<on 1981: Anaqxon, [. ApxeonoruqecKrr rpoyr{BaHl,Is Ha KoncraHlllr.fl
(1967-1977 r.). -Vl}lklM, 3, 1981, 253-26s.
A.ne.q*oo 1935: Alrag>r<oE, Il. CuueonoarpaA B ApeBHocrra r{ cpeAHoBeKo-
Buero. - B: KoucraHqur{. Bropa orrrerHa rq4[ep5:_nqu.fl 3a apxeororrrrecKr,rre rrpo-
yr{BaHrrfl s Cr4rtreoHoBrpa[.
yrrBaHra, Xqgxoso,
Cr,rMeoHoBrDatr. i::lryv, rgSt S-+S.
Xacroso. L-vrt J te.
FOREWORD
The monuments of Late Roman fortification in the north-eastern part of the
Balkan Peninsula (Dobroudja of today) focussed the attention of European scientific
society for the first time more than 130 years ago. They have been the subject of contin-
ued interest and serious research work ever since. Although the number of sites which
have been studied by archaeological methods is still not big, a huge amount of literature
conceming the problems of Late Roman fortification in the discussed region has accu-
mulated through the years. The available information is however rather heterogeneous
by nature and scientific merit, and moreover, it is extremely unevenly spread from
territorial point of view. The attempts at generalizing on the problems of Late Roman
military construction in the land of modem Dobroudja that have been made so far are,
in fact, based on only a cluster of sites, which can hardly be considered representative
of the whole variety attested in the region. All that renders great difficulties to build up
a realistic concept about the composition and dislocation of the defensive infrastructure
there during the Late Antiquity. Despite of their size and purpose, fortifications never
appeared at random within the limits of the Roman Empire. Neither did they function
without control. All the fortified sites in the territory of a particular province, were they
of military or civil origin and purpose, were considered and functioned as components
of an aggregate defensive complex - the defence system ofthat province. Therefore the
monuments of Late Roman military architecture in the land of modern Dobroudja must
be put to consideration in an adequate for the period tenitorial and administrative con-
text. The widespread approach to studying these monuments from the point of modern
geographic and political realities is methodologically imprecise and historically wrong.
The ambitious aim of this work is to present an overall picture of the formation
and development of the defence system of the Late Roman province of Scythia, which
once encompassed the greater part of modern Dobroudja. The expediency of such a
study evolves from the fact that no attempts have been made so far to collect, critically
analyze and systematize the abundant available information concerning in one way or
another the defensive infrastructure, which has been registered in the territory of the
province of Scythia. The need of a new thorough study is moreover pressing because of
the considerable discrepancies and factological contradictions in the publications and
the obvious unsoundness of some of the older statements and suggestions, which how-
ever have continuously been uncritically reproducad, so that they gained great popular-
ity and almost axiomatic value.
The chronological limits of this study coincide with the time of existence of the
province of Scythia as a particular administrative unit in the structure first of the united
Roman Empire, and later - of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). The lirnits span
the period from the establishing of the province in the end of the 3rd century till the
decisive falling of these land away from the Empire, which happened in A.D. 681,
when the Bulgarian Kingdom was established to the south of the Danube. Two major
periods are distinctly to be differentiated within the above-mentioned chronological
scope - Late Roman and Early Byzantine. The division of the Roman Empire into two
self-dependent parts in A.D. 395 is generally considered the formal limit between these
both periods.
A successful response to the announced research aims and purposes would no
doubt contribute to better understanding the development of the north-eastern parts of
the Balkan Peninsula in the Late Antiquity, filling an essential gap in the available
literature. The elucidation of the composition, conditions and prerequisites for setting
up, chronology of development as well as principles and mechanisms of functioning of
the defence system of the province of Scythia will throw much light on different aspects
of the political history and military and administrative organization in a region, which
turned during the Late Antiquity into a bulwark of the Roman and Byzantine Empire
against the barbarian menace on the Lower Danube.
The introductory chapter of the work goes into the prerequisites which brought
about the appearance ofthe new province of Scythia and points out the special features
in its organization and their evolution throughout the period of its existence. All this is
necessary in order to closely specify the chronological limits and territorial scope of the
study as well as to precisely define the place of defensive infrastructure in the imperial
and provincial system of rights and responsibilities. The scientific discussion and mod-
ern theses on these problems are given in three particular paragraphs. Occasionally the
author puts forward and states his own suggestions, which result from either most re-
cent research findings or reinterpretation of available information.
1. \ilritten Sources. The earliest written evidence about fortifications and for-
tifying activities in the territory of exactly the province of Scythia dates only from the
time of Emperor Valens. However, several pieces of similar information, in which the
"Danubian bank", the dioecesis of Thrace or the Roman Empire in general are men-
tioned, might well be considered indirect evidence about the large-scale fortifying ac-
tivities that had been carried into practice in the discussed region already about the turn
of the 3rd century. The Late Roman itineraries and geographic treatises also throw
certain light of indirect order on the dislocation and construction phases of some of the
fortifications in the territory of the province of Scythia. The Notitia Dignitatum and
Procopius' treatise De aedificiis are still the most valuable sources of information for
modern researchers. The careful analysis and adequate historical and archaeological
consideration of all that information make it possible to draw out a number of new
conclusions of high scientific importance concerning thE chronological stratification of
the written evidence about the defence system of the province of Scythia. That in turn
gives a good reason for rejecting many postulates, which have been repeated for de-
cades in the scientific literature.
CONCLUSIONS
The last chapter offers a brief account and systematization of the conclusions
drawn out from the research work done. Special attention is paid to the differences in
the structure of the defence system of Scythia during the Late Roman and the Early
Byzantine periods.
As far as the physical outlook of the fortifications is concerned, no drastic changes
took place during the Early Byzantine period. A gredt number of those fortifications
which had been constructed already during the first century of existence of the province
continued functioning without a break until the turn of the 6th century, and some of
them - even until the creation of the Bulgarian Kingdom south of the Danube. The
occupation of others seems to have temporarily ceased by the end of the 4th or in the 5th
century. Later they were repaired and brought again into use, but that was usually con-
nected with radical change of their former function. In both cases the fortifications
retained by and large their Late Roman outlook until the very moment of their final
destruction. The repairs and reconstructions however laid a mark on them. The more
specific Early Byzantine alterations and additions included: rebuilding of themain gates
and adding a fortified antechamber to them (Sacidava, Histria, Zaldapa, Halmyris);
blocking up of some of the gates and posterns (sacidava, ulmetum); abandoning of
badly affected towers and dismantling of their ruins to the ground level (Capidava,
Dinogetia); adding of solid projecting turrets to longer and worse defended curtain walls
(Argamum, Histria); rebuilding of certain towers after a new pattern (Capidava, Tomis,
T(i)rissa/Acres, Zaldapa, Odartsi); thickening of particular sections of the circuit wall
(T(i)rissa/Acres, Odartsi, Kapitan Dimitrovo); building of an outer precinct wall
Qtroteichisma) (Aphrodision, Novo Botevo). Similar to the above-mentioned recon-
structions have also been registered in the case of fortifications, which for sure came
into being during the Early Byzantine period (e.9. the outer defence line of T(i)rissa/
Acres, Balchik-Horizont). All of the known so far entirely new fortifications from this
period are located at the sea-shore of the province. Some of these fortifications are
remarkable for their monumental and extremely fine ashlar style of construction, as
well as for the use of one of the specific Early Byzantine innovations in the fortification
architecture in Scythia - the solid square projecting towers (Sveti Nikola, Kamen brjag-
Jaylata, Bizone). Prow-shaped towers (triangular and pentagonal), which are generally
considered emblematic of the Early Byzantine fortification, have been surely registered
in the territory of Scythia only at Balchik-Horizont so far. If the suggested 6th-century
dating of the solid trapezium-shaped towers at T(i)rissa/Acres is coffect, those might
well be interpreted as a specific contribution of the province of Scythia to the Early
Byzantine fortification architecture. Exactly the same is the situation with the sophisti-
cated systems of concentric anti-cavalry earthen defensive works around some of the
biggest and most important centres of the province (Troesmis, Noviodunum, Halmyris,
Histria), whose construction has been provisionally dated to the second half of the 6th
century.
The definitive disintegration of the defence system of Scythia began with the
large-scale Avar and Slav incursions in the 80s of the 6th century. Most of the fortified
centres probably ceased to exist already by the turn of the 6th century. Sporadic traces
of habitation in the next few decades (until about the mid-7th century) have been at-
tested at several sites, whose defences however were hardly in operation by that time.
Only a few of the fortified centres, all of them situated on the Danubian bank or at the
sea-shore of the province, kept on functioning until the Empire completely lost Scythia
in A.D.681.
List of Figures
Fig. 1. The south-western border of the Late Roman province of Scythia. Leg-
end: 1. The Roman road from Marcianopolis to Durostorum; 2. Roman and late Roman
fortified centres; 3. Hypothetical course of the border between the Late Roman prov-
inces of Moesia Secunda and Scythia (Torbatov 2000b, p.74,Fig.7)
Fig. 2. SACIDAVA. General layout based on archaeological excavations and
airphotographs (Scorpan 1980, p. 165, Pl. XX).
Fig. 3. SACIDAVA. Layout of the archaeologically studied sections of the de-
fence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 164, Pl. XIX).
Fig.4. AXOPOLIS. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudeal997,
Fig.27).
Fig. 5. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after K. Schuchardt (Schuchardt 1918, S.
57, Abb.22).
Fig. 6. AXIOPOLIS. General layout after C. Scorpan (Scorpan 1980, p. 156, Pl.
xr).
Fig. 7. CAPIDAVA. Main construction phases in the development of the de-
fence system. Legend: 1. Roman walls from Phase I; 2. Roman walls from Phase II; 3.
Roman walls from Phase III; 4. Roman walls from Phase II repaired during Phase III; 5.
Walls of the later fort - Phase IV; 6. Hypothetical course of the walls of the later fort; 7.
Course of the defence ditch of the later fort; 8. Remains of the Early Medieval fortifica-
tion; 9. Hypothetical course of the walls of the Early Medieval fortification (Condurachi
1967, S. t64,Abb.2).
Fig. 8. CARSIUM. Topography of the Roman and Late Roman settlement
(Nicolae 1993,p.217).
Fig. 9. CARSIUM. Main construction phases in the architectural development
of the military camp. Legend: 1. Walls from Period I; 2. Walls from Period II; 3. Walls
from Period III; 4. Walls in the interior of the fort; 5. Clay floors (Condurachi 1967, S.
169, Abb. 5).
Fig. 10. CruS. General layout of the two stone fortifications after Gr. Tocilescu
(Zahariade/Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Fig. 11. CruS. The outer earthen fortification after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/
Gudea 1997, Fig. 58).
Fig. 12. TROESMIS. Situation layout of the two Late Roman stone fortifica-
tions and the earthen defensive works (according to the evidence from airphotograph
surveys). Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces: I-I', II-[', [0-il'0, III-III' - Earthen
defensive works ($tefan 1974a, p. 108, Pl. l6).
Fig. 13. TROESMIS. General layout of the Late Roman military camp ("Cetatea
de Est") after A. Baudry (Scorpan 1980, p. 153, Pl. Vm).
Fig. 14. DINOGETIA. Defence system (Barnea 1966, p. 238, Fig. 1).
Fig. 15. DINOGETIA. The so-called "principia" (aburgus from the end of the
4th century) (SCIV, 2,1,l95l).
Fig. 16. DINOGETIA. Inner planning of the fortified area according to the more
recent excavations. Legend: A. The circuit wall and other buildings from the 3rd-4th
centuries; B. Buildings from the 4th-5th centuries; C. Buildings from the 5th-6th centu-
ries; D. Early Medieval structures (Barnea l99la, p. 186, Fig. 11).
Fig. 17. Barboxi. Layout of the Late Roman fortification ($tefan 1935-36, p.
342,Fi5.2).
Fig. 18. Luncaviua. General layout after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/Gudeal997,
Fie.59).
Fig. 19. NOVIODUNTIM. The northern wall of the Late Roman military camp
(Barnea/Barnea 1984, p.504, Fig. 1).
Fig. 20. NOVIODTINUM. General layout of the defence system according to
the evidence from airphotograph surveys. Legend: 1. Visible structures; 2. Traces; 3.
Hypothetical area of the city during the last phase in its existence; 0-0'. Hypothetical
course of the later circuit wall; I-I', il-II', III-III'. Earthen defensive works; t. An Otto-
man fort ($tefan 1974t, p. 108, Pl. 20).
Fig. 21. AEGYSSUS. Topography and defence system (Opait 1977,312-313).
F ig. 22. SALS OVIA. Sketch-map after Gr. Tocilescu (Zahariade/G adea 1997,
Fig.60).
Fig. 23. HALMYRIS. Layout of the defence system according to the evidence
from airphotograph surveys (gtefan 1984, p. 67 1).
Fig.24. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?). Layout according to the evidence from
airphotograph surveys (gtefan 1977a.,p.464, Fig. 5).
Fig.25. Enisala-Il. Layout according to the evidence from airphotograph sur-
veys ($tefan 1977a, p. 465, Fig. 7).
Fig.26. ARGAMUM. Defence system (Coja 1972,p.34, Fig.1).
Fig. 27. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "A"
(Dominean(u/Sion 1982, p. 380, Fig. 2).
Fig. 28. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "8"
(Dominean[u/Sion 1982, p. 383, Fig. 4).
Fig. 29. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "C"
(Dominean{u/Sion 1982, p. 386, Fig. 7).
Fig. 30. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "D"
(Dominean[u/Sion 1982, p. 389, Fig. 9).
Fig. 31. HISTRIA. The Late Roman defence system, construction phase "E'
(Domineantu/Sion 1982, p. 391, Fig. 1 1).
Fig.32. HISTRIA. Late Roman earthen defensive works coeval with construc-
tion phases "D" and "E". Legend: 1. Structures from the previous period; 2. Structures
dating from the late-6th and early-7th centuries; 3. Dug-outs (gtefan 1976, p. 49,Fig.
4).
Fig. 33. TOMIS. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after V. Barbu
(Canarache 1961, Pl. I).
Fig. 34. TOMIS. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after C. Scorpan
(Scorpan 1980, p. l77,Pl. XXX[).
Fig. 35. CALLATIS. Layout of the defence system after C. Preda (Preda 1963, Pl.
D.
Fig. 36. CARIA. Territory of the ancient settlement on cape Shabla and hypo-
thetical reconstruction of the one-time shore line.
Fig. 37. CARIA. Remains of a precinct wall on the sea-shore.
Fig. 38. CARIA. Occupation levels identified during the excavations of the south-
westem tower of the Late Roman quadriburgium.
Fig. 3 9. CARIA. Layout of the preserved part of the Late Roman quadrib ur g ium.
Fig. 40. CAREA/C(a)REAS. Layout of the preserved part of the Early
Byzantine fort.
Fig. 41. CAREA/C(a)REAS. The northern side wall of the entrance into the
western tower.
Fig.42. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Defence system (Salkin/Toptanov 1987,p.24,Fig.
2).
Fig. 43. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. Plan of the fort gate (Salkin/Toptanov 1987,
28, Fig. 5).
Fig.44. Kamen brjag-Jaylata. The western precinct wall (style of construction).
Fig. 45. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil
(Illxopnu.rr 1905a, Ta6n. CXV, 1).
Fig. 46. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale. Remains of the northern precinct wall.
Fig.47. Sveti Nikola. Layout of the defence system (Krmon 1971, c.9, O6p. 1).
Fig. 48. Sveti Nikola. Style of construction of the precinct wall.
Fig. 49. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. Layout of the defence system in its final comple-
tion (fixunroB tr Ap. 1990, c. 188, O6p. 196).
Fig. 50. T(i)RISS{ACRES. The outer defence line (fixunroB n Ap. 1990, c.
26, O6p. 10).
Fig. 51. T(i)RISSA/ACRES. The middle defence line (fixnuroB rr Ap. 1990, c.
120, Odp. 134).
Fig. 52. T(i)RISJA/ACRES. The inner defence line (fixnnroB rr Ap. 1990, c.
132, O6p. 148).
Fig. 53. TIMUM. Topography and defence system of the Late Roman fortified
settlement.
Fig. 54. TIMUM. Remains of the western precinct wall.
Fig. 55. TIMUM. Layout of the Early Byzantine fort (the so-called TIMUM-
West) (HA EAH, $. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.3).
Fig. 56. TIMUM. R.emains of the northern precinct wall of the Early Byzantine
fort (the so-called TIMUM-West).
Fig. 57. BIZONE. Topography of the settlement during the Roman and Late
Roman period. Legend: 1. 1st - late-4tVearly-5th centuries; 2.5th - 7th centuries.
Fig. 58. BIZONE. Layout of the Late Roman defence system after K. Skorpil
(HA EAH, S. 165r, on. 1, a.e. 424, n.27-30).
Fig. 59. BIZONE. Remains of the northern precinct wall with the donjon added
in its western part.
Fig. 60. BIZONE. Remains of an U-shaped tower located along the course of
the north-eastern extension of the fortress (HA EAH, S. 165r, ou. 1 , a.e. 424, t. 37)-
Fig. 61. APHRODISION. Topography and territory of the settlement during the
Classical period and the Late Antiquity. Legend: 1. 4th -1st centuries B.C.;2.1st - 4th
centuries A.D.; 3.4th - 6th centuries A.D.
Fig. 62. APHRODISION. The rocky promontory with the remains of the Late
Roman fortification (view from the south-west).
Fig. 63. APHRODISION. Remains of the northern precinct wall and the defen-
sive ditch of the Late Roman fortification (view from the north-east).
Fig. 64. APHRODISION. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 65. Balchik-Tuzlata. Topographical situation.
Fig. 66. Balchik-Tuzlata. Layout of tn" n*ly Byzantine fort.
Fig. 67 . Balchik-Tuzlata. Remains of the eastern precinct wall.
Fig. 68. DIONYSOPOLIS. Course of the city wall during the Classical period
and the Late Antiquity after M. Dimitrov. Legend: 1 The acropolis of Dionysopolis after
O. Tafrali; 2. Dionysopolis in the 2nd century B.C. - the 3rd century A.D.; 3. Dionysopolis
in the 4th - 6th centuries A.D.; 4. Public buildings from the 19th - 20th centuries; 5. The
cloaka maxima of Dionysopolis (fluunrpon 1990, Tafu.2).
Fig. 69. Balchik-Horizont. Layout of the defence system (fluunrpon 1989, c.
50, Cxeua 3) (with certain corrections and additions by the author).
Fig. 70. Balchik-Horizont. A section of the western precinct wall with both tow-
ers flanking the western gate.
Fig. 71. Babadag-Topraichioi. Topographic situation (Opait et al. 1991b, p.
219, Fig. l).
Frg.T2.Babadag-Topraichioi. Defence system (Opail et al. 1991b, p.220,Fig.2).
Fig. 73. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?). Topography and defence system of the
Late Roman fortified settlement (Morintz 1987, p. 43,Fi9.4).
Fig.74.IBIDA. Topography of the settlement during the Late Antiquity ($tefan
1977a,p.462, Fig. 2).
Fig. 75. IBIDA. Layout of the defence system (Scorpan 1980, p. 157, Pl. X[).
Fig. 76. Pantelimonul de Jos. Layout of the earthen fortification after V. Pbrvan
(gtefan 1974a, p. 106, Fig. 3).
Fig.77. ULMETUM. Layout of the defence system (Gajewska 1974, p. 105,
Fie. 36).
Fig. 78. Mircea VodI (TRES PROTOMAE?). Sketch-map of the Late Roman
fortification (Comqa 1957, p. 326,Fi9. 1).
Fig.79. TROPAEUM TRAIANI. Topography of the city during the Late Antiq-
uity (Barnea et al. 1979,Fi9.23).
Fig. 80. TROPAEUM TRAIANI. The Late Roman defence system of the city
(Barnea l99la, p. 201, Fig. 1 5).
Fig. 81. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortifica-
tion.
Fig. 82. Kapitan Dimitrovo. Layout of the defence system (HA BAH, Q. i65x,
on. 1, a.e. 419,tt.2).
Fig. 83. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The U-shaped tower (HA BAH, S. 165r, on. 1,
a.e. 428, e. 4l).
Fig. 84. Kapitan Dimitrovo. The quadrangular tower on the northern precinct
wallandpartoftheexcavatedinnerstructures(HAEAH,S.165x,on.1, a.e.419,n. 1).
Fig. 85. Gaber. Topography and defence system.
Fig. 86. Gaber. Remains of the precinct wall.
Fig. 87. ZALDAPA. Topography and layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil
(Illxopnu.rr 1905, Ta6n. CXI, c, 1).
Fig. 88. ZALDAPA. Topography and layout of the defence system after the
author (Top6aror 2000, c. 11, O6p. 2).
Fig. 89. ZALDAPA. Details of the defence system (according to unpublished
sketches of K. $korpil): 1. Structure of the outer facing of the western wall of Tower 3
(the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 2. Socket for a metal clamp cut into an
ashlar stone from the structure of the Northern Gate (the indicated measurements are in
centimetres); 3. Tower 1 - hypothetical plan; 4. Tower 1 - a later repair at the joint
between the tower and curtain "r" (the indicated measurements are in centimetres); 5.
The South-Eastern Gate (II); 6. Cornice stones from a vault construction found in the
ruins of the Northern Gate:1. A Greek inscription at the Northern Gate (I) (the indicated
measurements are in centimetres).
Fig. 90. ZALDAPA. Plan of the Northern Gate (I) after K. Skorpil (HA EAH,
S. 165x, on. 1, a.e. 493,1.73).
Fig. 9 1. TIMOGITTIA. Topographic situation.
FIg.g2.TIMOGITTIA. Layout of the defence system after K. Skorpil (HA EAH,
S. 165r, on. l, a.e. 428,tr.9).
Fig. 93. Novo Botevo. The Hach Burun hill with remains of a Late Roman forti-
fication (view from the north-west).
Fig. 94. Novo Botevo. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 95. Novo Botevo. Layout of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 96. Debrene-I. Topography and defence system. Legend: 1. Excavated re-
mains; 2. Hypothetical course of the wall.
Fig. 97. Debrene-Il. Topography and defence system.
Fig. 98. Debrene-Il. Outer facing of the northem precinct wall (style of con-
struction).
Fig. 99. Prilep. Topography and approximate layout of the defence system.
Fig. 100. Prilep. Remains of the western precinct wall.
Fig. 101. Odartsi. Layout of the defence system.
Fig. 102. Odartsi. Style of construction registered at the south-eastern corner of
the fortification.
Fig. 103. Odartsi. Repairs of the western precinct wall (style of construction).
Fig. 104. Odartsi. A later thickening of the central sector of the northern
precinct wall.
Fig. i05. Fkabrovo. Topography and defence system.
Fig. 106. Hrabrovo. Remains of the precinct wall.
Fig. i 07. Obrochishte. Remains of a Late Roman fortification (vie from the north-
east).
Fig. 108. Obrochishte. Topographic situation of the Late Roman fortification.
Fig. 109. Obrochishte. Sketch-map of the defence system (after Mupuen/
,[ulrnrpor 1958-60, e. 9).
Fig. 110. Condition of the defence system within the limits of the newly estab-
lishedprovinceof Scythia(theSOsofthe3rdcentury): l.SACIDAVA;2.AXIOPOLIS;
3. CAPIDAVA;4. CARSIUM;5. CUS;6. BEROE;7. TROESMIS; 8. ARRUBIUM;9.
NOVIODUNUM; 10. AEGISSUS; 11. SALSOVIA; 12. HALMYRIS; 13. TROPAEUM
TRAIANI; 14. HISTRIA; 15; TOMIS; 16. CALLATIS; 17. T(i)RISSA; 18.
DIONYSOPOLIS.
Fig. 111. The Late Roman defence system of the province of Scythia (the mid-
70s of the 4th century): 1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova
(FLAVIANA?); 4. AXIOPOLIS ; 5. Seimeni; 6. CAPIDAVA; 7. Topalu; 8. CARSIUM;
9. CIUS; 10. BEROE; 11. Peceneaga;l2.Traian; 13. TROESMIS-East; 14. TROESMIS-
West; 15. ARRUBITIM; 16. Jijila; i7. DINOGETIA; 18. Barboqi; 19. Luncavi\a;20.
Rachelu; 21. NOVIODUNUM; 22. AEGISSUS; 23. Nuf6ru; 24.llganii de Jos; 25.
SALSOVIA; 26. HALMYRIS; 27.Dunavd\u de Sus (GRATIANA?); 28. Dunav6lu de
Jos (AD STOMA?); 29. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 30. Enisala-Il; 31.
ARGAMTIM; 32. HISTRIA;33. Ovidiu-I; 34.Palazlu Mare; 35. Mamaia; 36. TOMIS;
37. Constan(a-Telpis; 38. STRATONIS; 39. CALLATIS;40. CARIA;41. T(i)RISSA;
42. APHRODISION; 43. DIONYSOPOLIS ; 44. Nifon; 45. Cerna; 46. Agighiol (VALLIS
DOMITIANA?):47. Horia; 48. Izvoarele;49. Mihai Bravu; 50. Babadag-Topraichioi;
5 1. Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 52. Slava RusS; 53. IBIDA; 54. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD
SALICES?); 55. Pantelimonul de Jos; 56. ULMETUM; 57. Mircea Vodd (TRES
PROTOMAE?); 58. Murfatlar; 59. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 60. Straja; 6i. Cetatea
(CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?); 62. Plopeni; 63. Kapitan Dimitrovo; 64. Gaber; 65.
ZALDAPA; 66. TIMOGITTIA; 67. Novo Botevo; 68. Debrene-I;69. Prilep; 70. Odartsi;
7 1. Flrabrovo; 72. Obrochishte.
Fig. 1 12. The defence system of the province of Scythia in the mid-6th century:
1. Viile (HAGIOS KYRILLOS?); 2. SACIDAVA; 3. Rasova (FLAVIANA?); 4.
AXIOPOLIS; 5. CAPIDAVA; 6. CARSIUM; 7. CIUS; 8. BEROE; 9. TROESMIS-East;
10. TROESMIS-West; 11. ARRUBIUM; 12. DINOGETIA; 13. Luncavila; 14.
NOVIODUNUM; 15. AEGISSUS; 16. Nufrru; 17. SALSOVIA; 18. HALMYRIS; 19"
Dunav[(u de Sus (GRATIANA?); 20. Enisala-I (CONSTANTIANA?); 21. ARGAMUM;
22. lsti.a; 23. HISTRIA; 24. Ovidiu -II; 25. Mamaia; 26. TOMIS ; 27 . CALLATIS ; 28.
CAREA/C(a)REAS; 29. Kamen brjag-Jaylata; 30. Kamen brjag-Toprak kale; 31. Sveti
Nikola; 32. ACRES; 33. TIMUM; 34. TIMI-IM-WesI; 35. BZONE; 36. APHRODISION;
37. Balchik-Tuzlata;38. DIONYSOPOLIS; 39. Balchik-Horizont; 40. Izvoarele; 41.
Babadag (VICUS NOVUS?); 42.I8IDA;43. Ceamurlia de Jos (AD SALICES?); 44.
ULMETIIM; 45. TROPAEUM TRAIANI; 46. Cetatea (CIVITAS AUSDECENSIUM?);
47. Plopeni; 48. Kapitan Dimitrovo; 49. Gaber; 50. ZALDAPA; 51. TIMOGITTIA;52.
Novo Botevo; 53. Debrene-II:54. Prilep; 55. Odartsi; 56. Obrochishte.
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