Geophysical signatures of copper-gold porphyry

and epithermal gold deposits, and implications for

exploration

by

Terence Hoschke, MSc (Explor.Geosc.)

ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits

U niversi ty of Tasmania
June 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE AUTHOR . CONTENTS
I would like to acknowledge Newmont Mining Terry Hoschke graduated in geophysics from the
Abstract .. ....... 4
Corporation, Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold University of New England in Australia in 1980. He
Inc., Xstrata (MIM) and Oxiana Limited for access worked as a geophysicist for Geopeko in the 1980s Part 1 - Introduction ...... ... 5
to data and samples, and permission to publish. I exploring for a number of commodities including
Part 2 - Porphyry Cu-Au deposits ..... .. .. 11
would like to thank Jeremy Cook and Paul Heithersay gold, uranium and base metals. He managed the
of North Limited, Garry Fallon and Nick Sheard of Darwin exploration office for North Limited for Part 3 - Epithermal deposits 22
MIM, Mike Sexton of Normandy Mining, and Tom three years from 1992 and subsequently worked on
Weis and Adi Maryono of Newmont for their support porphyry exploration for North in Indonesia. He Part 4 - Low-sulphidation epithermal deposits ...... .. . 29
and advice. joined Normandy in 2001 and is currently employed
Part 5 - Discussion ......... 34
as principal geophysicist with Newmont, based in
I am particularly indebted to David Clark who Perth. Part 6 - Exploration implications ......... 37
collected the initial samples at Alumbrera and who
References ......... 39
helped with measurements and interpretation of
the palaeomagnetic samples. Phil Schmidt helped Appendix 1 - Magnetic property measurements of samples from Alumbrera, Batu Hijau and Grasberg .... .. 41
with advice and plotting the magnetic remanence
components. I would also like to thank Imants Appendix 2 - Electrical property measurements of samples from Alumbrera, Batu Hijau and Grasberg .... .. 45
Kavalieris for help in collecting the Grasberg samples
and petrography on the porphyry samples, and Don
Emerson for measurements of electrical properties of a
number of the porphyry samples.

This work was submitted (in June 2010) in partial

fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science (Exploration Geoscience) at
the University of Tasmania. Special thanks to the
researchers at CODES, and in particular Ross Large
and Bruce Gemmell, not only for their technical
support, but also for their patience and encouragement
over the course of the project.

Front and back covers: Alumbrera magnetic response. Hoistem Survey at Martabe 2004

2 3
ABSTRACT
Geophysical data are presented for a number of
deposits including the Batu Hijau, Elang, Grasberg,
and Alumbrera porphyry copper-gold deposits; the
Martabe and Yanacocha high-sulphidation epithermal
gold deposits; and the Pajingo and Waihi low-
sulphidation epithermal gold deposits. The physical
properties of the mineralisation and alteration are
discussed with an emphasis on those properties that
can be measured with standard exploration techniques.
Mineralisation in porphyry Cu-Au deposits is
commonly associated with magnetite that can
produce strong discrete magnetic anomalies. This
is usually within a zone of magnetite-destructive
alteration that can be identified with a high-resolution
magnetic survey. Magnetic surveys are also useful
in defining regional structure and geology in the
porphyry environment. Strong chargeabilities due
to sulphides are typically associated with porphyry
systems. Mineralisation and clay-pyrite alteration can
produce strong anomalies, and late-stage and post-
mineral intrusions can be mapped as charge ability
lows within the system. These systems may be more
conductive than the host rocks because of clay-pyrite
alteration and sulphide veining, and airborne EM can
be useful in locating and defining their extent. Gravity,
radiometrics, remote sensing and topography may also
be useful in exploration for porphyry Cu-Au deposits.
In high-sulphidation epithermal systems gold is
commonly associated with massive silica alteration.
This alteration results in resistivities in the order of
thousands of ohm-metres compared with background
resistivities of tens of ohm-metres in argillic and
4 5
propylitic alteration. Both ground resistivity and
airborne EM surveys have been successful in
locating and defining these deposits. Alteration in
high-sulphidation epithermal deposits is magnetite
destructive over a large area, although it does not
appear to have a large vertical extent as the subdued
character of the underlying lithologies can be
observed.
Typically, gold in low-sulphidation epithermal
deposits is in thin quartz veins that are associated with
major structures. The alteration associated with the
veins is magnetite destructive, and high-resolution
magnetics can be a very useful and cost-effective
technique to map the structures and alteration. Some
deposits are associated with broad zones of magnetite
destruction which is apparent in the regional
magnetics. The mineralised quartz veins are within
broader zones of silicification, and resistivity surveying
can be used to map these zones. Generally, the high
resistivity zones due to silicification are coincident
with the structures identified in the magnetics.
High-resolution magnetics and electrical surveys
are the most useful geophysical techniques in
exploration for porphyry and epithermal deposits.
Airborne magnetic and EM surveys are fast and cost
effective, particularly in areas of rugged topography.
Regional magnetics, gravity, remote-sensed data
and topographic data can also be used to identifY
major structures, intrusive complexes and alteration.
Radiometric surveys can be useful in mapping geology
and alteration.
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The aim of this study is to evaluate the geophysical
responses of a number of porphyry and epithermal
deposits and to relate the responses to the geological
and alteration characteristics of the deposits. The
results and interpretation of geophysical surveys over
the Batu Hijau, Elang, Grasberg and Alumbrera
porphyry deposits, the Martabe and Yanacocha high-
sulphidation epithermal deposits, and the Pajingo
and Waihi low-sulphidation epithermal deposits are
presented here. Most of these deposits are located in
the western Pacific (Figure 1.1), with the exception of
Alumbrera in northwestern Argentina and Yanacocha
in northern Peru.
This study commenced while the author was exploring
for copper-gold porphyry deposits for North Limited
Figure 1.1-Location of the Martabe, Batu
Hijau, Elang, Grasberg, Pajingo and Waihi
deposits in the western Pacific.
in Aceh, Indonesia. There were unexplained magnetic
and conductivity anomalies associated with porphyry
alteration and there was very little information in the
literature on the geophysical characteristics of gold-
rich porphyries. One of the promising anomalies in
Aceh was reversely magnetised and the magnetic
petrophysics of known porphyries was an important
component of this study. Unfortunately the cause of
the anomalies in Aceh was not determined and these
prospects are not included in this study.
Mter joining Normandy/Newmont, the author
worked on a number of epithermal systems including
Pajingo, Waihi and Martabe and this study was
extended to include low- and high-sulphidation
epithermal systems. Generally the alteration in these
systems is magnetite destructive, and no magnetic
property measurements on samples from these systems
are included in this study.
1.2 Method
Oriented samples for magnetic analysis were collected
from Batu Hijau, Grasberg and Alumbrera. A sun
compass was used where possible to orient the
samples. In the shade or underground a compass was
used which could lead to some inaccuracy in strongly
magnetic rock units. The samples were collected by
the author with the exception of the oriented samples
from Alumbrera which were collected by David Clark.
Subsequent samples were collected from Alumbrera
for electrical analysis.
The magnetic properties of the samples were measured
at the Rock Magnetism Laboratory at CSIRO
in North Ryde under supervision of David Clark.
Bulk magnetic susceptibility was measured using a
transformer bridge. Remanent magnetisation was
measured using a fluxgate spinner for intensities
>1 Am- 1 and for weaker intensities a three-axis
cryogenic magnetometer was used. Following
low-temperature pre- treatment (Schmidt 1993),
all samples were subjected to stepwise thermal
demagnetisation. In addition, some samples
were subjected to stepwise alternating field (AF)
demagnetisation. A summary of the magnetic
properties is presented in Appendix 1.
Some of the porphyry samples were measured for
their electrical properties by Don Emerson of Systems
Exploration Pty Ltd. The results are presented in
Appendix 2.
Geophysical survey data was acquired where possible.
The magnetic data was generally reprocessed and
reduced to the pole. In some cases magnetic profiles
6 7
we~e' extracted for mathematical modeling. Where
available, IP/ resistivity data was inverted using a 2D
or 3D algorithm of Geotomo Software.
1.3 Literature Review
There are few examples in the literature of the
geophysical characteristics of gold-rich porphyries.
Gay and Mardirosian (1970) reviewed the magnetic
response of 36 Cu-Mo deposits in the western USA
and British Columbia. The most common magnetic
response over these deposits was an alteration low.
The gold-rich porphyries are different in that there is
an association of mineralisation with magnetite. Of
37 gold-rich porphyries studied by Sillitoe (2000) all
but three contained >3 vol. percent magnetite. Clark
et al. (1992) have calculated the predicted magnetic
response over an idealised gold-rich porphyry system
and this is shown in Figure 1.2. This shows a high over
the potassic zone surrounded by a quiet area due to
magnetite destructive alteration within a magnetically
noisy background due to inhomogeneous volcanics.
Some of the rare published examples of the magnetic
Magnetic porphyry Noisy magnetics from
+ magnetite-rich ~ I \ inhomogen eous
potassic zone I \ 100nT ,,/ volcanics
I \
I \
I \
Non-magn etic
Magnet ic porphyry
propyl iti c and
phyllic zones (i< = =
1000 Ilg/0e 0.Q38 51)
---- Non-magnetic porphyry
Figure 1.2-The predicted magnetic anomaly over a porphyry
copper system. The dashed line shows the magnetic high due
to the magnetite bearing potassic zone in a gold-rich porphyry
system (Clark et al. 1992).
responses of gold-rich porphyries are: ground As with the magnetic properties, there are few
magnetics over Batu Hija~ (Ferneyhough 1998), examples of the electrical characteristics of gold-rich
contours ofTMI over Grasberg (Potter 1996) and porphyries. The IP response of a porphyry system is
an RTP image over Alumbrera (Fallon and Kangas generally related to the sulphide distribution. Ward
1999). In all of these cases airborne magnetic data has et al. (1985) show examples of the IP response of
been reprocessed and presented in this thesis. some porphyry copper systems that fit the Lowell and
Guilbert (1970) model of a porphyry copper system
It is possible for magnetite alteration to retain a strong (Figure 1.3). The propylitic zone is typically low in
magnetic remanence as can be seen at the Mount pyrite whereas the phyllic zone forms a pyrite shell
Leyshon deposit in Qyeensland, Australia (Sexton et around the deposit that is highly polarisable.The ore
al. 1995). The magnetic anomaly at Mount Leyshon is shell is moderately polaris able and the inner low-grade
an intense magnetic low caused by magnetite biotite core has a weak response. Figure 1.3(b) shows the
alteration that was formed when the Earth's magnetic classic response of the pyrite halo with a system that
field was reversed in the Permo-Carboniferous. has been eroded to A- A' in Figure 1.3(a). A system
// ><
PERIPHERAL
a ..- - - - - -.. cp-gal-si
Au-Ag
, PROPYLITIC
ORE S HEll
py 1%
cp 1-3%
mbO .03%
A- - A'
lOW GRADE
CORE
low total sulfide
cp-py-mb
mag
py>
ID >25
0 20-25
o 10-20
05-10
200 m 0 <5
Figure 1.3- IP response of a porphyry copper system (after Ward et al. 1985). (a) The Lowell and
Guilbert (1970) model of a porphyry copper system. (b) The IP chargeability response of the Poison
Mountain copper deposit, British Columbia, Canada (after Seraphim and Rainboth 1976). (c) IP
response of the Dungate Creek porphyry molybdenum deposit in British Columbia, Canada (after
Ward 1972).
that has less erosion is shown in Figure 1.3(c), which 1000.---------- ------ -- ------ - , -----,
Vuggy silica
is at about the level ofB- B' in Figure 1.3(a). A i
A
Argillic -> Leached

The variation of resistivity with sulphide content in

. 500 A
P
A
A A
Propylitic Advanced argillic
_ j/L\. __
silicic

porphyries is discussed by Nelson and Van Voorhis ,

(1983).They took 109 in-situ resistivity measurements

,
from four open-pit porphyry copper mines and the " 100 m
results are shown in Figure 1.4. They concluded that Chlorite rich Montmorillonite Illite rich Kaolinitic Mineralised vuggy
rich quartz
for less than 3% sulphides resistivity is high and
variable, for 3- 7% sulphides resistivity decreases
Figure 1.S-Crass-section of alteration zones characteristic of high -sulphidation deposits, as
inversely to sulphide content, and above 7% resistivity
observed at the Summitville Au-Cu deposit, Colorado (fram Arribas 1995). Diagram at left
HH
drops dramatically as samples in this category contain simplified fram Steven & Ratte (1960) shows schematic outward zonation from a sub-vertical
J H H JJ IH
CL 20 I mineralised body, shown at right (from Stoffregen 1987).
abundant continuous sulphide veins. ~
I
I
J JJ I J
If the sulphide grains are not connected then the 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -, - 1 - - -
~ J i J
resistivity of a porphyry system can be approximated IL
J JI
by Archie's Law (Emerson, pers. comm.) . Archie's 5 I
I
J L I J L
Law (Archie 1942) states that the electrical L J I
JI A-
conductivity of a rock unit is a function of its porosity, I
2 I pafaeosurface
8-
fluid conductivity and saturation. I
I J

I
1 L-__________L -_ _ _ _ _ _L -_ _ _ _ I
~ _ _~
c-
Gold in high-sulphidation epithermal deposits
0.5 2 5 10 20
usually occurs in vuggy silica bodies within extensive wt% sulfides
D- D Si liceous residue (sinter)

clay alteration zones (Figure 1.5). The silica is

highly electrically resistive and the clay alteration is
Figure lA- Observed relationship between resistivity and
weight percent sulphide content for 109 porphyry copper in-situ
II Alunite, kaolinite, pyrite
(acid alteration)

usually conductive which make resistivity techniques

measurements (after Nelson and Van Voorhis 1983).1he samples D Smectite, illite, sericite
(neutral alteration)

particularly useful in exploration. Goldie (2000)

have been classified into 12 groups (A-L) based on lithology
alteration and mineralisation. 8 Quartz adu laria vein

discussed a number of these techniques including

D Fresh host rock

IP/resistivity and TDEM and CSAMT surveys at may also increase electrical resistivity and density
II Fresh pyroclastics

Yanacocha. More of his work is presented later.
Geophysical surveys over a number oflow-sulphid-
ation epithermal gold deposits were presented by
Irvine and Smith (1990). They concluded that the
alteration associated with the deposits lowers magnetic
susceptibility and increases potassium. The alteration
D Erosion level
with silicification or decrease these properties with
clay alteration. They show the anticipated geophysical Figure 1.6- Diagram of hypothetical epithermal gold deposit modified after
responses of an epithermal system at various erosion Buchanan (1981) to illustrate the effect of erasion level on geophysical responses
(Irvine and Smith 1990).1he responses are listed in Table 1.1.
levels in Figure 1.6 and Table 1.1.
Allis (1990) studied a number of recent and active
epithermal systems and showed that there can be

8 9
 Table LIThe anticipated geophysical responses of an epith~rmal system from the various erosion levels shown
in Figure 1.6 (from Irvine and Smith 1990).
2. PORPHYRY eu-Au DEPOSITS Sections through the deposit showing gold and copper
grade and magnetic susceptibility demonstrate the
Erosion level of
prospect
Gravity Magnetic Gam ma-ray
spectrometer
EM CSAMT IP Resistivity 2.1 Batu Hijau clear relationship of mineralisation to magnetite
(Figure 2.2). The anomaly can be modelled using
A . Blind exploration Weak W eak No response Nil or weak W eak broad Nil or weak Nil or weak
through young broad low broad low response conductor response conductor Batu Hijau is a large porphyry Cu-Au deposit a vertical pipe-like body with a susceptibility of
volcanics
B. Exploration Strong Strong Strong Strong Moderate Strong broad
situated on Sumbawa Island in Indonesia. It has 0.006 cgs (the model is shown in Figure 2.2). A
at hydrothermal broad low broad low potassium broad broad response' conductor' reserves of about 900 Mt at 0.53% Cu and 0.4 g/t Au.
anomaly' conductor
number of samples were selected for magnetic-
palaeo-surface
C. Target is non- Weak Sharp low Strong Distinct Strong Moderate Strong Mineralisation is associated with a tonalite intrusive property measurements and results indicate that
outcropping vein sharp low potassium conductor conductor response conductor
system at 50-150 m (requires anomaly within which within complex within diorite and andesitic volcanics. the contribution of magnetic remanence is minor
depth close narrow resistor which
stations) may be resolved narrow
Alteration is potassic in the core, with magnetite (Appendix 1). This is because the main magnetic
resistor is
and secondary biotite, and grades out to propylitic carrier is multi-domain magnetite with Koenigsberger
unlikely to
be resolved alteration. Both are overprinted by intermediate ratios that are less than one. Palaeomagnetic
D . Survey over Unlikely Very sharp Narrow Narrow Narrow strong Weak narrow Narrow
outcropping vein to be low potassium multiple resistor flanked response strong argillic and minor phyllic alteration. Chalcopyrite measurements indicate that both polarities of
system detected anomaly conductors by strong resistor
conductors flanked and bornite are coincident with the potassic zone remanence are recorded by the Batu Hij au system
by strong
within and adjacent to the tonalite stock (Maula and (Figure 2 .3) and this may lead to partial cancellation
conductors
, Results may be strongly affected when a sinter is present at or near the present topographic surface. Levet 1996, Clode et al. 1999). A helicopter magnetic of normal and reverse components of remanence over
survey flown by Newmont in 1993 defined a large large volumes of rock.
discrete magnetic anomaly associated with the potassic
system-wide responses oflow-resistivity clay alteration
alteration zone which is characterised by biotite-
and magnetite destruction. Precipitation of quartz and
magnetite-quartz alteration (Figure 2.1).
adularia commonly associated with mineralisation
causes an increase of resistivity and gravity highs may
occur as a result of mineral precipitation in low-density,
porous rocks.

Batu Hijau mine, Sumbawa

Island, Indonesia - 2006.

10 11
 N lines of 300 m dipole-dipole and a block of gradient
Geology Alteration array were surveyed over the deposit. The gradient
Yang Tcniite _toSrorg
array covered an area of 2 km by 2 km with 3 km

I_
. 1 _ T c n iite o between transmitter electrodes and a 50 m potential
Sericite-Oiaite+ /- O,
~,.. Clatz CIaite
Fl:rphyritic Clatz CIaite FeIdspor C>lstro>iod (Oi - Mc:a)
Fl:rphyritic An:Iesite fPd<ie R-.sent
electrode spacing. The line spacing was 200 m. The
\ticcnc uttlc B'aX:ia
Rre Ganed I.tjarjda;tics
gradient array chargeability clearly shows an anomaly
greater than 60 ms over the deposit which corresponds
W / - - - - - - -----"''-t--1.;!-------=- - - - - - j E
to the economic chalcopyrite bornite zone (Figure
2Ac). A chargeability annulus around the deposit
Sulphides Magnetics is thought to represent a pyrite halo (Ferneyhough
RTP
1998). Conductive zones in the resistivity correlate
Ibrite+ o.icc!JI'rite
o.icc!JI'riteClJrrira-l with overprinted argillic alteration. All of the dipole-
. ~ > f\'Iite2bre

f\'Iite > o.icc!JI'rite
K =6.5
a. =5.2 s study using 3D algorithm by Geotomo Software.
Figure 2.3-Stereographic projections of components
isolated in Batu Hijau by stepwise thermal and stepwise AF
Figure 2.1-Batu Hijau geology, sulphide content, alteration (after Clode et al. 1999) and reduced to demagnetisation. Solid circles plot on the lower hemisphere and
pole (RTP) magnetics. open circles on the upper hemisphere. The current magnetic field
direction, shallow downward and to the north is evident as is the
reverse polarity, shallow upward to the south.
Ind1:lced polarisation (IP) surveys were conducted over
Batu Hijau in 1992 and 1995 and described by Wiles
(1995). Three lines of200 m dipole-dipole IP, two
dipole and gradient array data were inverted for this
Chargeabilities and resistivities are not well defined
away from the dipole-dipole lines at depth due to the
lack of data. The 300 m dipole-dipole lines are lacking
resolution to define the chalcopyrite-bornite zone
at depth as shown in an east-west section through
the deposit (Figure 2Ad).The concentration of
chalcopyrite and pyrite along this section is shown in
Figure 2Aa and 2Ab and there is a good correlation
with the gradient array charge ability (Figure 2Ac).

Figure 2.2-North-south section through Batu Hijau showing the relationship of gold and Batu Hijau core showing veined
copper with magnetic susceptibility measured on drill core and the observed and calculated and disseminated magnetite
magnetic response of the deposit. (1. Kavalieris)

12 13
 2.2 Elang
Elang is a large porphyry eu-Au deposit situated
about 70 km east ofBatu Hijau on Sumbawa Island,
Indonesia. The deposit is associated with a series of
tonalite porphyries that intrude andesitic volcanics
(Maryono et al. 2007). Mineralisation is associated
with potassic alteration (chlorite-magnetitebiotite)
which grades outward to propylitic alteration.
Chalcopyrite
This system is overprinted by intermediate argillic
alteration and there is an advanced argillic lithocap, up Elang area looking west. Rinjani Volcano on Lombok can be seen
E
above the clouds.
to 200 m thick, covering much of the deposit.

The area wa's covered with a helicopter magnetic and

radiometric survey in 1993 and Elang shows up as a chargeabilities are associated with the porphyry
discrete magnetic high of about 700 nT. The anomaly alteration. A late dacite intrusion stands out as an area
(b) is due to magnetite alteration in the potassic zone oflow charge ability and some of the more subtle lows
and can be modelled with two magnetic bodies. The may be due to late intrusive phases of the porphyry
Pyrite Chargeability Section - S Assays
magnetics and the outlines of the magnetic models are that are less mineralised.
shown in Figure 2.5. The southern body is under the
Figure 2.4-(a) Chalcopyrite and (b) pyrite concentrations on an east-west section through Batu Hijau (Arif, leached cap, about 20~ m below surface. An airborne time domain electromagnetic survey
2002). (c) Location of the section on the gradient array charge ability. (d) Chargeability section from a 3D inversion
model of the gradient array and dipole-dipole IP with the drill-hole sulphur results. (HoisTEM) of about 600 line kilometres was flown
Three pole-dipole IP/resistivity surveys were over Elang in 2004. The Elang alteration system
conducted in the Elang area with a potential clearly shows up as a conductive zone in a relatively
electrode spacing of 100 m and line spacings of resistive background. The lithocap is highly resistive
100 m and 200 m. A 3D inversion was applied to and is clearly defined within the conductive zone by
the lines covering Elang. Figure 2.5 shows plans of the HoisTEM.
chargeability and resistivity at 200 m depth below
topography. The resistivity clearly shows the extent
of the alteration system with the porphyry alteration
being relatively conductive at lOs of ohm-metres in
a background of fresh volcanics in the hundreds of
ohm-metres. The highly resistive lithocap of thousands
of ohm -metres is well defined and is above the
200 m depth slice shown in Figure 2.5. Very strong

14 15
 2.3 Grasberg
Grasberg, situated in Irian Jaya, is the world's largest
Cu-Au porphyry deposit. Including associated skarn
mineralisation it has total proven and probable
reserves of2475 Mt at 1.06 g/t Au and 1.13% Cu
(Coutts et al.1999). The Grasberg intrusive complex is
emplaced into a thick sequence of Tertiary carbonate
sediments. Mineralisation is associated with the
Grasberg and Kali intrusions which were emplaced
within the Dalam Diatreme. The Dalam Diatreme is a
funnel shaped structure composed of diorite, intrusive
andesite breccias, and volcanics (Figure 2.6). This is
intruded by trachyandesites and quartz monzodiorites
of the Grasberg and Kali intrusives (MacDonnald and
Arnold 1994, Potter 1996).
The ore body is about 600 m in diameter and has a
vertical extent of more than 1 km. It coincides with
a quartz stockwork zone containing more than 7%
magnetite (Kavalieris 1994). This produces a strong
magnetic anomaly of over 2000 nT from helicopter
magnetic surveys. The survey covering Grasberg
and to the north was flown east-west with a 200
m line spacing and the surveys immediately to the
south were flown north-south with 100 m and
200 m line spacings. The Total Magnetic Intensity
(TMI), topography and terrain clearance were

Alteration Magnetics (RTP)

A) Cu and Au grade shells and Au/Cu zonation 8) Simplified geology
Colour Scale Colour Scale sw sw NE

Red> 100 Red> 50

Purple < 10 Purple < 15
ohm- metres ms

Li'TIit of model
INTRUSIVE STAGES

BLUE: 1%CuAu
Equiv.
O Trachyandes~e
lava D KALI

D Trachyandesite
volcanic breccia D GRASBERG
GREEN: 1% Cu shell
D Tertiary carbonate
DDALAM
wallrocks
RED:1ppm Au shell
=-;:,-*,~~ ----~ Kali intrusive stage
Freeport 1999

Resistivity Chargeability
Figure 2.6-Grasberg Cu and Au grade shells with geology (source Freeport McMoRan Copper and Gold
Inc. 1999).
Figure 2.5-Elang porphyry showing a plan of alteration, RTP magnetics, 200 m depth slice of resistivity, and 200 m
depth slice of chargeability.1he polygons in black show the surface projection of the interpreted magnetic bodies.

16 17
gridded and a north-south profile was extracted for
modelling. This profile and the model are shown in
Figure 2.7. Grasberg can be magnetically modelled
using a vertical pipe-like body with a magnetic
susceptibility of 0.015 cgs and a minor component
of steep remanence. A large magnetic body at depth
helps to match the observed magnetic field. This
is interpreted by Kavalieris (1999 pers. comm.) to
be the Ertzberg Intrusion. The steep direction of
remanence is difficult to explain as the magnetic field
at the time of emplacement would be similar to the
present field which has an inclination of about 25
from horizontal. A number of samples were selected
for magnetic-property measurements and results show
both normal and reverse components (Figure 2.8)
with Koenigsberger ratios generally less than one. It
is possible that the normal and reverse components
Grasberg Magnetic Model
TMI
o----~_
s
Grasberg Igneous Complex
Kali intruS'vesage
Vaanic 8"Ea:ia
r
r
Ertzberg intrusion
(after I Kavalieris ~
New Guinea Limestone group
B TERTIARY
Kembelangen Group
EJ CRETACEOUS
'-- K: O.005cgs
Figure 2.7-North-south section through Grasberg showing interpreted geology (LKavalieris
1999, pers. comm.) and the magnetic model with observed and calculated TMI
18
a; e not exactly opposite, producing a steep resultant.
There may be some evidence for this from the
palaeomagnetic data shown in Figure 2.8.The reverse
components seem to be well defined as shallow down
to the south, and the normal components are not well
defined.
There were no electrical survey data available
at Grasberg and samples were sent to Systems
Exploration in Sydney for conductivity tests. Results
show conductivities generally in the hundreds of
ohm metres although some of the samples are very
conductive at less than 10 ohm-metres (Appendix
2). These samples have chalcopyrite veining and
an example is shown in Figure 2.9. Chalcopyrite
veining is extensive in the deposit and high-grade
mi~eralisation would probably be conductive.
42500
42000
nT 4 1500
TMI
41000
40500
Sea Level
N 2.4 Alumbrera
Alumbrera is a large gold copper porphyry deposit
0
in northwestern Argentina. It is a gold-rich deposit
0
with a total resource of 402 Mt of 0.64 g/t Au and
0 8
0.54% Cu. The deposit is Late Miocene in age and is
hosted by high-potassium calc-alkaline andesites of
w E
the Farallon Negro volcanic complex (Guilbert, 1995).
The ore is centred on a series of closely spaced dacitic
0 porphyry intrusions and extends into the surrounding
0
. 0 0
0 andesitic rocks. Alumbrera exhibits a symmetrical
pattern of alteration and mineralisation (Stults 1985,
Guilbert 1995, Proffett 1997). Early Kfeldspar-
a =10.8 s magnetite-quartz alteration and secondary biotite and
Figure 2.8-Stereographic projections of components isolated in Kfeldspar (magnetite) are closely associated with the
Grasberg by stepwise thermal and stepwise AF demagnetisation. central porphyry stocks. This zone contains most of
Solid circles plot on the lower hemisphere and open circles on the
upper hemisphere. Much of the data is noisy although the reverse the copper and gold mineralisation. It is surrounded
polarity of the magnetic field is evident being shallow down to the with biotite-altered andesite of about 1 km by 1. 7 km
south.
in size which in turn is surrounded by an outer zone
of epidote-chlorite alteration. Later phyllic alteration
which contains pyrite surrounds the central potassic
zone and copper mineralisation. Plans of geology and
alteration are shown in Figure 2.10.
A combined helicopter-borne magnetic, radiometric,
and electromagnetic (EM) survey was flown over the
deposit by Aerodat in 1996 with north- south lines
spaced 100 m apart and a terrain clearance of about
100 m .The concentric alteration patterns are clearly
evident in the magnetic survey results, with the central
potassic zone being highly magnetic and producing
Figure 2.9-Photograph of a conductive sample of Grasberg ore.
an anomaly of 2000 nT. This can be modelled using a
vertical pipe-like body with a magnetic susceptibility
of 0.024 cgs. Palaeomagnetic measurements of selected
samples show both normal and reverse components
and there is some evidence in these measurements of
19
 Conductivities were measured on the samples taken
for palaeomagnetic measurements by Systems
Exploration in Sydney. Most of the samples showed
high resistivities, and those with low resistivities had
sulphide veining (Appendix 2) . It would appear that
the main cause of the resistivity low associated with
alteration is a network of sulphide veins, as veining
is observed to be extensive in the pit. It is thought
that this is more likely than alternatives such as clay .
alteration or high porosity.
Four lines of 50 m dipole-dipole IP were surveyed
over the deposit and the IP results show strong
charge abilities in the potassic and phyllic alteration
zones (Figure 2.12). The propylitic alteration was
poorly sampled but showed only background
chargeability. The resistivity results are similar to the
results of the EM survey with very low resistivities
in the central potassic zone (areas ofless than 10
ohm-metres) and higher resistivities in the phyllic
zone (-30-50 ohm-metres) . The background appears
to be in the hundreds of ohm-metres. The porphyry
system also stands out as an obvious feature in satellite
imagery and a clearly defined topographic depression
is associated with the alteration system. There is also
a significant potassium anomaly over the outcropping
central potassic alteration zone (Figure 2.10).

o 40 15

Chargeability Model .'''''''-

mVN'1'--

Figure 2.10- Alumbrera porphyry deposit with alteration, RTP magnetics, potassium, geology, resistivity, and topography.

5 50

Resistivity Model Ohm-m

rotation of the deposit since formation (Figure 2.11).
N
The remanence is not strong with Koenigsberger ratios
generally less than one. Surrounding the potassic
core, phyllic alteration has destroyed any magnetite. o 0
o 0 0 Alteration
Outside these alteration zones, propylitically altered 00
00
andesite appears to have a similar susceptibility to 0 00
0
0 00
that of the unaltered andesite. Apparent resistivity 0
0 :O + K-F........
results from the helicopter EM survey show a zone of W E
D !K-F..........
low resistivity corresponding to the phyllic alteration D K-F........
0 _
D -_

within which is a more conductive zone corresponding
to the central potassic core (-10 ohm-metres) . 100m
- ~-=
D F.......... _

~
_ FeId!por deWuc1ioe

Figure 2.11-Stereographic projections of components isolated

in Alumbrera samples by stepwise thermal and stepwise AF
demagnetisation. Solid circles plot on the lower hemisphere and K = 6.9 Figure 2.12- Alteration section with a 2D inversion of chargeability and resistivity through Alumbrera. IP
open circles on the upper hemisphere. a =7 .5 s results are from Fallon and Kangas (1999).

20 21
3. EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS
3.1 Martabe
Martabe is a high-sulphidation epithermal district
located on the west coast of North Sumatra (Figure
1.1). Approximately three million ounces of gold
resource have been discovered to date in two deposits,
Purnama and Baskara, with 90% at Purnama (40.7
Mt at 2.26 g/t Au). The mineralisation is hosted by
vuggy and massive silica and this alteration grades out
to silica alunite and then to clay-rich argillic alteration
(Sutopo et al. 2003).
IP/resistivity surveys were conducted by Normandy
in the late 1990s. Blocks of gradient array and three
short lines of 50 m dipole-dipole were surveyed over
some of the deposits although no data was acquired
over Purnama.The gradient array surveys did not
prove particularly useful and were probably affected
by topography and major variations in near-surface
resistivity. The dipole-dipole resistivity was much more
effective, with the lines at Baskara clearly mapping the
massive silica zones. This work indicated that massive
silica alteration associated with gold mineralisation
has resistivities in the order of thousands of ohm-
metres compared with a background of tens of ohm-
metres within argillic and propylitic alteration zones.
In 2004, a large IP/resistivity survey covered the
area from north of Kejora to south ofPurnama.
Approximately 70 line km of 50 m pole-dipole
was read with 100 m between lines. The data was
inverted using a 3D algorithm by Geotomo Software
to produce a 3D block model of resistivity and
charge ability. The silica bodies are clearly defined by
the resistivity and a section of geology, alteration, gold
grade and resistivity through Purnama is shown in
Figure 3.1.
A plan of the 50 m depth slice below the topography
showing resistivity and gold from the Newmont block
model (Jones et al. 2005) is presented in Figure 3.2.
This shows the excellent correlation of gold with
resistivity. The survey not only defined the known
zones of electrically resistive silica alteration at
Purnama and Baskara, it identified a new zone at East
Baskara. In 2004 Newmont conducted a helicopter
electromagnetic survey (HoisTEM) over their
tenements to try to identifY other high-sulphidation
systems. The survey was flown in an east-west direction
with a nominal terrain clearance of 50 m, 200 m line
spacing, and about 6500 total line kilometres. The
correlation between the HoisTEM and pole-dipole
resistivity results is excellent and the 100 m depth slice
from both surveys is shown in Figure 3.3.The known
deposits are clearly identified in the resistivity depth
slices and there are a number of other anomalies that
have been selected for further work.
The alteration at Martabe is magnetite destructive
and the deposits are within a broad magnetic low
(Figure 3.4). In addition to identifYing potential areas
of alteration, the magnetic data contains a significant
amount of information that may reveal geological and
structural features.

High Silica
Medium Silica

5.0 glt Au
2.5 - 5.0 glt Au
1.0 - 2.5 glt Au
0.5 -1.0 glt Au

10000
1000
10

o
ohm-m

Purnama Hill at Martabe. Figure 3.1-East-west section through the Purnama deposit at Martabe. Geology, alteration and Au are
(M.Jones) modified from Sutopo et al. (2003).

22 23
Figure 3.2-Depth slice of resistivity and gold 50 m below topography through the Purnama deposit.
Contours represent gold concentration at intervals of 1 g/t. Resistivity values grade from purple <20 Figure 3.4-Martabe RTP magnetics. The known silica bodies are outlined in black. The dynamic range of
ohm-m to white >3000 ohm-m. the colour stretch is about 1000 nT.

HOISTEM 50m Depth Slice Resistivity 50m Depth Slice

Figure 3.3-Comparison of airborne TEM resistivity with pole-dipole resistivity at Martabe.
Resistivity values grade from purple <20 ohm-m to white> 1000 ohm-m. Figure 3.5-Martabe radiometries. K-red, Th-green, U-blue.

24 25
The radiometric data generally reflects geology (Figure
3.5). There is a subdued response over the deposits
possibly because of intense acid leaching.
3.2 Yanacocha
The Yanacocha district, located in northern Peru,
contains a number of high-suIphi dation epithermal
gold deposits. Current past production and resource/
reserve is about 47 million ounces of gold (Bell et al.
2004). Gold is generally hosted by vuggy and granular
silica and fractured massive silica. From this silica-
rich core, alteration grades out to silica alunite and
then to clay-rich argillic zones (Figure 3.6). The silica
altered rock is highly electrically resistive and this is
26
witnin relatively conductive clay alteration. Resistivity
methods have been used successfully in exploration
for the silica bodies, the most useful techniques being
IP/resistivity, TDEM and CSAMT surveys (Goldie
-
D
_
_
Silicic (massive, vuggy or granular)
Advanced Argillic (alunite tpyrophy/lite!:kaolinite)
Argillic
Fresh Rock
Gold deposits
2000). Resistivity from IP surveys was very successful
in mapping near surface resistors. Figure 3.7 shows
resistivity for a 100 m depth slice from these surveys
and the location of the known deposits. TDEM and
CSAMT techniques were used to look for deeper
targets and the Corimayo deposit was discovered
under gravel and argillic alteration using TDEM
soundings (Goldie 2000).
2km
An airborne geophysical survey was flown in 1994
and, as at Martabe, there is a broad area of subdued
Harvey et al., 1999
magnetics due to the magnetite-destructive nature of
the alteration (Figure 3.8). There is a low radiometric Figure 3.6-Plan ofYanacocha alteration with the location of the gold deposits (after Harvey et aL
1999).
response over the deposit due to the intense acid
alteration (Figure 3.9).
log Resistivity (ohm-m)
5 ian
Yanacocha mine, northern Peru,
- 2005. Figure 3.7-Yanacocha pole-dipole resistivity 100 m depth slice.
27
 4. LOW-SULPHIDATION
EPITHERMAL DEPOSITS
4.1 Pajingo
The Pajingo Epithermal System is situated 60 km
south of Charters Towers in northeastern Qyeensland
(Figure 1.1). It is an area oflow-sulphidation
epithermal veining arid alteration about 15 km in
diameter, and is largely hosted by Late Devonian
intermediate volcanic rocks of the Drummond
Basin. Tertiary and younger conductive sediments,
commonly containing quartz-vein detritus, cover
about 80% of the area. These sediments are an
impediment to exploration, particularly by surface
geochemistry. The gold mineralisation is within thin
quartz veins and most of the ore bodies discovered to
Figure 3.8-Yanaeoeha RTP magnetics (after Goldie, 2000).
date are along the northwest-trending Vera-Nancy
Structure (Porter 1990, Parks and Robertson 2003).
Figure 3.9-Yanacoeha radiometries; K-Th ratio (after Goldie 2000). Vera epithermal vein at Pajingo.
28
The host intermediate volcanics are magnetic and the
epithermal alteration that extends up to 50 m from
the veins along the Vera-Nancy Structure is magnetite
destructive. Results of a high-resolution magnetic
survey clearly delineate the major structures including
the Vera-Nancy Structure (Figure 4.1).
The quartz veins are within broader zones of
silicification as can be seen in the alteration section
shown in Figure 4.2. The quartz veins average a
few metres in width and are generally too thin to
be directly detected by geophysics. It is the silica
alteration associated with veining that provides the
target and gradient array resistivity surveying has
been successful in mapping these zones (Figure 4.2).
Generally, high-resistivity zones due to silicification
are coincident with the structures identified in the
magnetics.
29
 Ooonpl'IIFm
Higlrresolution magnetics and resistivity continue to . 4.2 Waihi
8andstone
MtJanet be the most useful geophysical tools in the ongoing
An_lie
4 Molly Darling
Sandstone
exploration of the Pajingo Epithermal System for The gold deposits at Waihi are situated on the
additional mineralised structures. Coromandel Peninsula on the North Island of
New Zealand. The Martha deposit is a large low-
sulphidation vein system with total resource, reserves
and past production of about 6.4 Moz Au and 31
Moz Ag.There is no ground-geophysical data over
Martha due to the pit, although CSAMT lines along
the edges give the impression that the deposit would
produce a broad resistivity high. The Favona deposit
is a thin vein system along a north-south structure
about 2 Ian east of Martha. Figure 4.3 shows a section
through Favona annotated with resistivities thought
to be typical of the alteration types. The veining and
silicification have very high resistivities of thousands
of ohm-metres. This sits on a structure with altered
volcanics of hundreds of ohm-metres to the west
and intense clay alteration of tens of ohm-metres to
the east. On top of this are resistive ignimbrites and
post-mineral dacites. The associated CSAMT section
shows the silicification and this is not obvious on all
sections across Favona.The CSAMT clearly maps
the contact with the volcanics and the extensive clay
alteration. The mineralisation at the Golden Cross
deposit, located about 5 Ian northwest ofWaihi, is in a
similar setting to Favona. Figure 4.4 shows an inverted
resistivity section across the deposit, which also sits on
the contact between altered volcanics and extensive
clay alteration. The resistivity also maps the unaltered
volcanic cover to the east of the deposit.

100m

LEGEND

Breccia
800m
Epithermal Quartz Veining

D Silica-Pyrite Alteration

Silica-Illite Alteration

D Argillic Alteration

D Propylitlc Alteration

Figure 4.2-Alteration section through the Vera deposit

at Pajingo (Baker et al. 2002).

Waihi - known veins at 850m RL.

(J. Hobbins)

Figure 4.1-Location of the Vera-Nancy vein system with the

geology, resistivity, and RTP magnetics.

30 31
 w 100 m E
500ml'-~~~--'---~~~-r--'---~~---r--,-"==r-~"r=~--'-~~-.---r--~~~-.--,
GOLDEN CROSS. NEW ZEALAND

_
--
~altered daclte~lndeslte

lOOOm RL

Elevation
'.0
andesites
Clay Altered Strong Clay
'"
50-100
.....
,".
zet - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 _ _ __ _ _
) It, ' lHI i s , '' 51 ' ' If 502 nSf "IS
Rellltlvity (ohm.m)

Silicification
1 OO's-1 OOO's fa;o, NS S:~tu~ " Figure 4.4--Section through Golden Cross showing a 2D inversion of the resistivity.

800mRL metres

Figure 4.3-Type section through the Favona deposit showing typical resistivities of the alteration and lD
inversion of the CSAMT along the same section.

32 33

5. DISCUSSION
There are a number of geological models showing
the patterns of alteration in porphyry and epithermal
systems and the links between them (e.g. Lowell and
Guilbert 1970, Gustafson and Hunt 1975, Sillitoe
and G appe 1984, Sillitoe 1989, 2000). The model that
is considered to be the best match to the geophysical
response is by Adi Maryono (unpublished) and
is based on his work on epithermal and porphyry
deposits in Sumbawa, Indonesia (Figure S.la).
The four porphyry Au-Cu deposits studied have
strong magnetic responses of 1000-2000 nT due to
magnetite associated with mineralisation. The host
varies with Batu Hijau, Elang and Alumbrera in
magnetic volcanics and Grasberg is within a package
of non-magnetic sediments making it an obvious
anomaly. Figure S.lb shows a simplified model of
the distribution of magnetite in a typical system. The
mineralised potassic zone is highly magnetic and
the other alteration zones are magnetite destructive.
Palaeomagnetic measurements of samples from all
of the porphyries measured show both normal and
reverse components of remanence. This will enhance
or subdue the magnetic anomaly depending on the
strength and direction of remanence. It is conceivable
that a magnetite-rich porphyry could produce a weak
or negative anomaly.
Mineralised porphyry systems are typically sulphide-
rich with a pyrite halo grading through chalcopyrite
to a bornite-chalcopyrite core. Chargeabilities
in porphyry systems generally reflect sulphide
concentration and this is shown schematically in
Figure S.1c. Elang is the only deposit discussed
34
that has comprehensive IP coverage and shows very
strong chargeabilities associated with the mineralised
zone and within this, more subtle lows may be due
to late intrusive phases of the porphyry that are less
mineralised. Outside the mineralised zone there are
strong chargeability highs due to pyrite and a late
dacite intrusion is well defined as a chargeability "/0 . ..
..
".n"i'8 Dominant
low. The sulphide distribution in a porphyry system Chalcopyrite Dominant
is complex in three dimensions and enough IP data
Lc Pyrite Dominant
needs to be collected to run full 3D inversion to map I
OM ===!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1000 M
the sulphide concentration effectively.
Zn-Pb-Au-Ag- /'~====== Cu-Au-MotAg-As c==========",--zn-Pb-Au-Ag-
Porphyry systems can be identified as resistivity lows
AsCu "-r- I Anomalies AsCu v
due to clay alteration and sulphide veining (Fig. S.lc). (b)
At Elang, resistivity clearly maps the extent of the
alteration system as a low within more resistive fresh -'-
I
volcanics. The system at Alumbrera is also defined as
a resistivity low, and measurements on samples and
field observations show that this is largely due to
sulphide veining. Extensive chalcopyrite veining is also
D moderately magnetic
observed at Grasberg. If the litho cap is preserved, as _ strongly magnetic
at Elang, it will be highly resistive and can be defined
with resistivity.
(c)
Gold in high-sulphidation epithermal deposits
is usually hosted in vuggy silica bodies within a
(
broad zone of clay alteration (Figure S.la).This
makes resistivity techniques at both Martabe and
Yanacocha particularly useful in exploration for, and _ >5000 ohm metres ~ Highly Chargeable
defining, these deposits. In porphyry systems the _ -1000 ohmmetres ~ Chargeable
D 100s ohmmetres D Non Chargrable
clay alteration seems to be much more confined and D
10s ohmmetres
there is not a major resistivity contrast between the
clay alteration and the mineralised potassic zone. If
the lithocap is preserved in a porphyry system it is
Figure 5.1-(a) ge ~ eralis ed model of a porphyry and epithermal system based on the porphyry eu-Au deposits in
generally resistive. Sumbawa, IndoneSIa (A . ~ aryo no, pers. comm. ). (b) Summary of the magnetic properties of the rocks and alteration
and (c) the expected reslstlVlty and chargeability of the rocks and alteration.
35
 The alteration in high-sulphidation epithermal
(a) deposits is magnetite destructive and the deposits sit
within a broad zone of subdued magnetics due to a
blanket of clay and silica alteration. The silica deposits
at Martabe and Yanacocha are largely oxidised and
produce a low to moderate chargeability response with
broad strong IP anomalies at depth (Figure S.lc).
There may be a potassium anomaly associated with
50100
a porphyry system such as at Alumbrera but often
o
1- 50.100 it is difficult to discriminate the response due to
alteration from background potassium-rich volcanics.
(b) If a litho cap is preserved there is normally a low
radiometric response. Radiometries can be affected by
transported cover, vegetation and topography but can
be surprisingly useful in helping map geology.
In low-sulphidation systems the alteration is normally
Weakly to mocIendely magnetite destructive and the extent of alteration
Conductive
is probably determined by the permeability of the
50100 Resistive
host. Pajingo has a confined alteration system within
o
1- 50.100
Highly R.II.llve
competent magnetic andesitic volcanics. In New
Zealand the alteration is more extensive with broad
(c) zones of magnetite destruction and clay alteration. The
chargeability and resistivity responses of a generalised
low-sulphidation system are shown in Figure S.2.
- The electrical responses will vary greatly depending
,..,..-
on the level of exposure. High in the system will
be complex clay and silica alteration and it may be
Weakly Chargeable
difficult to identifY the mineralised structure at depth.
I0 Moderately Chargeablt Lower in the system the vein and alteration will be
Highly Chargeable more confined and should be easier to identifY with
magnetic and electrical surveys.
Figure 5.2-(a) Generalised patterns of alteration in a low
sulphidation epithermal system (after Hedenquist et al. 2000). 1he
predicted distribution of (b) resistivity and (c) chargeability in the
system.
36
'6. EXPLORATION
IMPLICATIONS
In porphyry Cu-Au systems the mineralisation
is associated with potassic alteration that usually
contains magnetite. This can produce large discrete
magnetic anomalies. Outside the potassic core
the alteration is magnetite destructive and may be
identified in magnetic survey data, particularly if the
host to the porphyry is magnetic. Airborne magnetic
surveys are fast and cost-effective exploration
techniques, particularly in areas of severe topography.
Low resistivities observed in these systems can be
due to sulphide veining or clay alteration, and EM/
resistivity can be used in exploration. Large volumes of
disseminated sulphides are common in these systems
and IP can be used to map these. Regional magnetics,
remote sensed data and topographic data can also be
used to identifY major structures, intrusive complexes,
and alteration. Radiometric surveys can be used to
map geology and alteration.
In high-sulphidation systems the gold is usually
associated with vuggy or massive silica within a
broad zone of clay alteration. The silica is electrically
highly resistive, and can be detected using resistivity
techniques. The alteration is magnetite destructive and
this leads to a subdued magnetic response over the
system. To be economic, the silica bodies usually have
to be oxidised. Sulphides are present under the zone of
oxidation and these can be mapped with IP. The silica
bodies are resistant to weathering and may form ridges
and cliffs. The intense acid leaching typical of these
systems can lead to a low radiometric response over
the alteration.
37
Typically low-sulphidation deposits are extensive thin
veins along major structures. The alteration associated
with the veins is magnetite destructive, and high-
resolution magnetics is a very useful and cost-effective
technique to map both the alteration and major
structures. The thin veins have an envelope of silica
alteration which can be mapped with resistivity. This
zone is usually thin (~20 m) and is a difficult target,
particularly at depth. A number of the Coromandel
epithermal deposits in New Zealand are on the edge
of a broad zone of conductive clay alteration which
is easily detected by resistivity (e.g., Favona, Golden
Cross). Associated alteration may contain pyrite and
there can be chargeability anomalies associated with
the mineralised system. This is usually not a target
in itself but may help rank resistivity and magnetic
anomalies. The broad alteration zones associated
with the Coromandel deposits are apparent as areas
of subdued magnetics due to magnetite-destructive
alteration. Gravity can also be useful to help define
major structures and alteration. There may be a
potassium radiometric response associated with the
alteration.
The application of various geophysical techniques to
the exploration of porphyry and epithermal systems is
summarized in Table 6.1.
Table 6. I-Summary of the application of various geophysical techniques to the exploration of porphyry and
epithermal systems.
Tech nique Porphyry C u-Au deposits
Magnetics Strong magnetic high associated
with potassic zone.
Non-magnetic halo due to
magnetite destructive alteration.
Resistivity Broad resistivity low due to clay
alteration.
May be a strong low due to
sulphide veining.
M ay be surficial high if the
lithocap is preserved.
IP Strong chargeabilities due to
high concentrations of sulphides
throughout the system.
Strongest response in the pyrite
halo and chalcopyrite bornite
zone.
Radiometries Potassium response depending
on erosion level and cover.
H ost rocks are often potassium-
rich and difficult to discriminate
alteration
G ravity W eak regional response as
(few examples) underlying intrusion normally
has the same density as the
volcanics.
High-sulphidation epithermal
Broad blanket of magnetite
destruction. M ay see subdued
magnetic responses of magnetic
units beneath this.
Highly resistive vuggy silica and
silica alunite alteration.
Background of conductive clay
alteration .
Weak to moderate response
associated with vuggy silica
bodies (have to be oxidised
to be economic). Strong
charge abilities at depth.
Broad radiometric low due to
intense acid leaching.
Clay alteration may have low
density. Probably not cost
effective.
38
Low-sulphidation epithermal
Linear magnetic anomalies due
to confined alteration along
major structures .
M ay be system wide magnetite
destruction in porous lithologies.
Thin quartz veins with
associated silica alteration.
Conductive clay alteration
varies from thin and confi ned to
extensive in permeable units.
W eak response from veins as
they are small and low sulphide.
May have a response adj acent
or along strike in clay-pyrite
alteration.
Linear thin potassium response
due to adularia and illite.
Empirically gravity highs are
regionally important.
M ay be able to map clay
alteration and major structures.
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Exploration for epithermal gold deposits. SEG Reviews
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0>
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"Porphyry Related Copper and Gold Deposits of the Asia C>
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C> C>
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C> C>
m m
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Sexton, M.A., Morrison, G.W., Orr, T.O.H., Foley A.M. and 22000 N
Wormald P.]., 1995, The Mt Leyshon magnetic anomaly,
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Sillitoe, R. H ., 2000, Gold-rich porphyry deposits: descriptive and
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deposits: geologic setting and characteristics: Coordinating r ("t' G

Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and In lru11on:

Southeast Asia Technical Publication 14, 89 pp.

Stoffregen, R.E., 1987, Genesis of acid-sulfate alteration and _
II' f-tttkl"
"to", .'
(hel" l"t'I
t o. 'no ,_
Au-Cu-Ag mineralization at Summitville, Colorado: ~ Doll<l."ru.''''
Economic Geology 82, pp. 1575-159l.
Stults, A., 1985, Geology of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry
copper and gold prospect, Catamarca province, Argentina:
Unpubl. M.Sc. thesis, Tucson, University of Arizona, 75 20000N ~---- __~_ _ _ _ _~_____~Lb~~~__~____~____1
pp.
Sutopo, B.,Jones, M.L. and Levet, B.K., 2003, The Martabe gold
discovery: A high sulphidation epithermal gold-silver Plan of Grasberg undergroung interpreted geology at the 3000m level (Source Freeport McMoRan
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2003 Conference Proceedings: Gold Mining Journal and

40 41
 Appendix 1-BATU HIJAU
Appendix 1-ALUMBRERA
Dec (') Inc (') Q (F=0.22) Sample Rock unit Alteration k(uG/Oe) J(uG) Dec (' ) Inc (') Q J LN Q LN
Rock unit Alteration k (iJG/Oe) J (iJG)
Sample batuh01a Volcanics Potassic 24769.05 136 1.7 119 20 0.122169 309 .1 0.027732
7317 .356 313 57 .9 -48 .8 0.194432
01A P3 porphyry Potassic/mineralised
9.1 0.590782 batuh01 b Volcanics Potassic 6437 .996 327.03 224 -42 0.112882 163.5 0.056436
Potassic/mineralised 14210.75 1847 352
01B P3 porphyry batuh01c Volcanics Potassic 7564.038 1312.8 8 2 0.385685 540 .2 0.158704
19939.92 2683 5.8 -15.5 0.61161
02A P2 porphyry Potassic/mineralised
-79 .3 1.506382 batuh02a Volcanics Potassic 5016 .03 147.88 152 -27 0.065514 228.5 0.101231
Potassic/mineralised 53116.44 17603 268
02B P2 porphyry batuh03a Young 4066.065 808.03 359 -24 0.441612 316 0.172703
707.4213 40 82 23 0.257015
03A Andesite (chloritic) Propylitic tonalite
270.4461 47 334 -55 0.789941
03B Andesite (chloritic) Propylitic batuh03b Intermediate 3878 .94 138.29 11 19 0.079226 48.35 0.027699
699.4047 168 343 -48 1.091838
03C Andesite (chloritic) Weak propylitic tonalite
4162.103 565 318 -65 0.617039
04A Hornblende andesite Fresh batuh03c Intermediate 1635.366 76 .861 176 30 0.104443 129.37 0.175795
2712.505 676 320 -24 1.132801 tonalite
04B Hornblende andesite Fresh
1265.91 237 226 63 0.850987 batuh04a Diorite Acid leached 0.6125 3.3536 191 48 12.16726 2.17 7.873016
05A Andesite (bt altered) Potassic
590 .0635 124 145 53 0.955213 batuh04b Diorite Acid leached 3.909333 4.8604 256 ' 46 2.762847 2.7 1.534789
05B Andesite (bt altered) Potassic
05C Andesite (bt altered) Potassic 3388.284 567 90 27 0.760643 batuh05a Fresh 59 .054 1.4715 44 -52 0.055373 o
1.540333 0.92 223 38 2.714879 volcanics
06A ?Andesite Silicified/phyllic
3.3 221 52 13.47709 batuh05b Fresh 70.97033 1.3266 36 -76 0.041538 0.698 0.021856
?Andesite Silicified/phyllic 1.113
06B volcanics
1.1216 1.2 208 19 4.863182
06C ?Andesite Silicified/phyllic
0.436658 batuh06a 22.0268 33.931 15 -35 3.423204 12.84 1.295392
Weak propylitic 2342.169 225 56 -63
07A Andesite
267 29 -37 0.669703 sbd49667 Volcanics Potassic 2846.385 68 .716 231 -48 0.053648 o
Andesite Weak propylitic 1812.202
07B sbd14527 Volcanics Potassic 12968.8 2947.5 233 -40 0.505058 228.48 0.03915
2352.122 151 150 -54 0.291806
07C Andesite Weak propylitic
46861 .15 7078 58 -35 0.686554
08A High-grade mineralisation Potassic Easting Northing Elevation
0.669751 Sample
Potassic 23129.37 3408 34.5 -21
08B High-grade mineralisation 1A 5588.7 9119.3 405.5444
Potassic 13950.9 1433 260 -71 0.466897
08C High-grade mineralisation 1B 5581 .2 9120 .3 405.5954
Prop/mineralised potassic 7664.597 575 85 -54 0.341001
09A P2 porphyry 1C 5578.9 9133 .7 411 .649
Prop/mineralised potassic 12331.36 1558 5 4.1 0.574293
098 P2 porphyry 1D 5515.3 8974 .2 411 .6666
Strong biotite alteration 3178 .607 929 352 -26 1.328484
10A EI Durazno andesite 3A 5564 .1 8907.7 414.0862
3890.512 373 354 -78 0.435792
10B EI Durazno dark matrix feldspar 3B 5568 .7 8903.5 415.4387
porphyry
4697 .699 220 142 -14 0.21287 3C 5568.7 8903 .5 415.4387
10C EI Durazno dark matrix feldspar
4A 6140.1 9148.5 422.1795
porphyry
J (iJG) Dec (') Inc (' ) 4B 6143.6 9146 423.7742
SAMPLE
959 358 1.7 5A 2784.7 . 9016.7 495.345
1
10078 306.9 -78 5B 2784.7 9016.7 495.345
2
67 357 -47 6A 5700.45 9250 .65 405
3
582 319 -43
4
250 106 49 Grid origin 480000E/9000000N WGS84 Zone 50
5
1.8 218 42
6
187 54 -59
7
3574 48 -39
8
874 16.6 -19.3
9
368 359 -48
10
3321 7.2 -68
Total potassic (samples 1, 8, 9)
351 332 .2 -52
Fresh andesite (samples 4, 7)

Sample Location East North

Alum 01 3440090 6977860
Alum 02 3440090 6977860
Alum 03 3440560 6977120
Alum 04 3440560 6977020
Alum 05 3439520 6977420
Alum 06 3439450 6977800
Alum 07 34420 10 6981790
Alum 08 3440080 6978020
Alum 09 3439900 6977900
Alum 10 3442470 6982200

42 43
Appendix 1 GRASBERG
Dec (0) Inc (0)
'APPENDIX 2
Sample Old sample Rock unit Alter- k(uG /Oe) J(uG) NRM Q J(uG) LN
no. ation
1c(3A) C1 27960.37 5903.6 0.51498 894 .9 0.078063 Laboratory electrical property measurements of samples from Alumbrera, Batu Hijau and Grasberg
2A B1 27145 4629.9 266 -40 0.416004 1127.3 0.10129
2B B2 25637.36 6871 .9 275 -62 0.653762 1072.7 0.102052
3B C2 14017.48 2495.3 82 -26 0.434179 374.97 0.065244
3C C3 102647.9 29300 102 5 0.6962 3206 .2 0.076183
5A E1 4488.792 640 .27 177 0.347896 109.2 0.059335
6A F1 32860.69 20247 244 -28 1.502796 6046.5 0.44879
7A G1 16566.88 2300 42 -84 0.338613 640.33 0.094271
8A Hi 149574.5 51987 324 38 0.847722 2238.4 0.0365
Ai Ai 10027.49 1691 .7 2 -41 0.411478 421 .23 0.102457 Appendix 2-ALUMBRERA
xc5 7478.882 217.06 78 49 0.070788 27.455 0.008954 Sample Nat Density 2 electrode resistivity Aniso- 1 kHz 0.1 kHz IP effect
xc13 14.44638 12.795 19 13 2.160218 11 .109 1.875565 gamma tropy
Cu Au K U Th (Ohmm)
xc14 0.375 0.73491 22 3 4.779902 0.15036 0.977951 ro ro phase lag
01A 707 0.063 4.2 0.5 7.3 8.341 2.67
xc15 14.466 2.9291 41 -23 0.493858 2.92 0.492323 1915 2450 24
02A 5960 0.751 4.49 0.2 8 8.6745 2.81
xc22 189.7826 6.71 115 -30 0.086235 6.42 0.082508 1548 2835 99
04A 31 0.001 1.29 1.2 5.4 5.0925 2.77
xc23 3.46125 0.97578 177 -11 0.687599 0.787 0.554572 2900 3585 9
05A 1590 0.111 1.67 2.2 7.2 7.3375 2.72
xc24 16.43667 3.3112 38 -20 0.491346 1.18 0.175099 1236 1584 24
06A 25 0.006 2.48 2.6 7.5 8.729 2.49
xc25 54.657 27.959 153 -3 1.247648 31 .5 1.405662 2080 (3)
(fractured )
xc26 3840 .119 303.72 89 -15 0.192906 40.04 0.025431 07A 26 0.001 1.83 1.9 9.2 8.1455 2.68 706 833 13
xc27 6787.064 940.92 118 -35 0.338132 276.5 0.099364 08A 7760 1.25 4.07 0.2 5 6.8235 2.90 407 1072 177
xc28 13972.95 1354.5 65 -2 0.236433 313.1 0.054653 03B 92 0.028 1.68 1.1 7.2 6.248 2.64 141 158 2
xc29 5437.52 342.68 214 -1 7 0.153711 150.52 0.067516 07B 78 0.008 2.02 2.2 10.4 9.209 2.66 595 680 8
xc30 3.186333 0.1333 156 -37 0.102036 0.116 0.088794 08B 11900 1.32 3.11 -0 .1 3.5 4.8105 2.84 840 1552 72
10B 1230 0.234 3.27 0.6 4.2 6.0075 2.61 1380 1660 12
Sample East North 03C 260 0.019 1.67 1.4 8.7 7.2425 2.66 137 151 2
Location
06C 68 0.036 2.47 2.4 8.8 9.1295 2.66
Ai 734511 9551347 1061 1308 31
07C 29 0.001 1.94 1.4 9.2 7.761 2.66
2A 734658 9551415 1203 1383 12
08C 7260 1.36 4.38 0.2 2.8 6.115 2.70
2B 734659 9551402 545 1055 142
12A 15200 2.67 5.82 0.4 8.3 10.412 2.62
3A 734512 9551266 15 10 9 1.67 14
12B 4900 0.837 29 0.3 4.9 33.053 2.66 2050 1610 4620
4A 734589 9551132 2.87 839
12C 8140 1.68 1.5 0.1 1.2 2.239 2.91
5A 734662 9551148 568 1110 268 4.14 343
12D 4910 0.872 4.24 0.1 3.5 6.197 2.88
6A 735218 9551294 9 217 10 24.11 60
12E 2350 0.449 3.71 0.1 1.7 4.7945 2.87
7A 734652 9551302 4 2 3 2.00 95
12F 21200 3.59 0.269 0.1 0.7 0.71145 2.94
8A 734360 9551313 3 10 10.00 14
12G 10610 2 1.11 0.1 0.7 1.5945 2.96 82 95 19 5.00 836
12H 4380 0.66 6.661 0.5 7.9 11 .20705 2.53 83 2780 676 33.49 n.a.
11A 1250 0.001 0.544 0.4 0.8 1.3472 2.96 155 58 514 8.86
11B 13800 1.4 5.89 0.5 6.3 9.6455 2.56 638 10 42 63 .80 96
11C 1350 0.13 3.58 0.5 1.3 4.87 2.78 2360 360 805 6.56 32

44 45
Appendix 2-BATU HIJAU
Sample Nat Density 2 electrode Anisotropy
gamma resi stivity
Cu Au K U Th (Ohmm )
BH1A 3340 0.135 0.935 0.1 0.2 1.17575 2.53 71 8 416 1.73
BH1B 15600 0.622 1.361 0.1 0.2 1.62305 2.59 507 228 2.22
BH1C 4330 0.199 0.916 0.1 0.4 1.2498 2.53 224 211 1.06
BH2A o 2.55 599 153 3.92
BH2P 3560 0.083 1.46 0.1 0.6 1.915 Published by CODES
BH3A 6260 0.166 1.67 0.1 0.4 2.0415 2.5 191 153 1.25 ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits
BH3B 4390 0.197 0.826 0.1 0.5 1.2023 2.48 193 174 1.11 University of Tasmania
BH3C 5110 0.155 0.842 0.1 0.5 1.2191 2.53 271 236 1.15 Private Bag 126
BH4A 1200 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.1 0.1575 3.17 17 13 1.31 H obart Tasmania Australia 7001
BH4B 21410 0.29 3.4 0.1 0.3 3.811 2.42 306 249 1.23
BH5A 372 0.098 0.0968 0.1 0.2 0.29564 2.83 7553 5118 1.48
BH5B 322 0.253 0.101 0.1 0.2 0.30005 2.82 1153 905 1.27
BH6 o 2.47 626 569 1.1
June 2011
BH6A 2730 0.293 0.549 0.2 0.67045
BATU H/SBD 14/527.70 3940 1.04 0.193 0.1 0.4 0.49065
BATU H/SBD 49/667 2120 0.265 0.274 0.2 0.8 0.8637
ISBN 978-1-86295-625-4

Appendix 2-GRASBERG

Sample Nat gamma Density 2 electrode resistivity Anisotropy

Cu Au K u Th (Ohmm)
A1 3600 0.888 2.911 0.3 3.5 5.00155 2.7 459 389 1.18
2A 37700 11 .1 2.46 0.1 1.3 3.294 2.66 547 356 1.54
28 13510 4.67 3.59 0.2 2.7 5.2385 2.7 504 250 2.02
38 5660 1.77 4.011 0.4 3.9 6.44455 2.78 483 55 8.78
3C 3390 2.04 3.431 0.1 1.8 4.54855 2.97 285 159 1.79
5A 14100 3.75 5.34 0.2 2.8 7.123 2.76 127 91 1.4
6A 12400 0.022 0.335 6 2.9 7.71475 3.5 11 9 1.22
7A 905 0.255 4.77 0.4 5.3 7.8995 2.66 1130 914 1.24
8A 13200 1.89 2.56 0.3 2.4 4.116 3.58 159 17 9.35
XC5 o 2.74 480 362 1.33
XC13 o 3.36 390 238 1.64
XC14 o 3.34 290 143 2.03
XC22 o 4.78 0.03
XC23 13400 0.505 4.08 0.4 4.4 6.752 2.8 294 230 1.28
XC24 6340 0.348 4.471 0.3 4.3 7.01555 2.62 6810 1700 4.01
XC25 45600 7.68 5.72 0.1 2.7 7.375 2.75 660 464 1.42
XC26 2760 0.337 3.17 6.3 7.2895 2.65 1480 1330 1.11
XC27 1960 0.178 4.61 5.4 8.3785 2.69 141 113 1.25
XC28 4860 1.9 1 4.76 0.5 4 7.378 2.76 206 130 1.58
XC29 1910 0.365 4.16 1.4 7 .1 9.105 2.66 1700 1030 1.65
XC30 5160 0.208 3.5 0.1 1.3 4 .386 2.82 234 174 1.34

46 47