Addis Ababa Science and

Technology University
Advanced Networking
Assignment one
Department of computer science and IT
Members Id no.

1.Tarikwa Tesfa------------------------------------ETS0980/07
2.Weleba Shuka------------------------------------ETS1060/07
3.Yordanos Yitna-----------------------------------ETS1589/06
4.Addis T/tsadik-------------------------------------ETS0088/07
5.Amanuel Aynalem--------------------------------ETS0134/07

Date: 19 April,2017
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Assignment one

Modem
Modem is stands for Modulator Demodulator. Modems are used for data transfer from one
computer network to another computer network through telephone lines. The computer network
works in digital mode, while analog technology is used for carrying massages across phone lines.
Modulator converts information from digital mode to analog mode at the transmitting end and
demodulator converts the same from analog to digital at receiving end. The process of converting
analog signals of one computer network into digital signals of another computer network so they
can be processed by a receiving computer is referred to as digitizing.
When an analog facility is used for data communication between two digital devices called Data
Terminal Equipment (DTE), modems are used at each end. DTE can be a terminal or a computer.

The modem at the transmitting end converts the digital signal generated by DTE into an analog
signal by modulating a carrier. This modem at the receiving end demodulates the carrier and
hand over the demodulated digital signal to the DTE.
Types of modems

1. Internal Modem:
Internal Modem is the device installed in the desktop or laptop computer to communicate
over a network with other connected computers. These are cheaper than external modems
as they do not require power supply or a chassis. There are two types of internal modems:
dial-up and WiFi (wireless). Dial up works on the telephone cables and requires a
network access phone number and log on credentials to make a connection and WiFi
modem comments to the network without filling these credentials.
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2. External Modem:

External modems are the simplest type of the modem to install this kind of modem you
didnt open the computer. The telephone line plugs into a socket on the rear panel of the
modem. As external modems have their own power supply you can turn off the modem
quickly to break the connection. The examples of these modems are the DSL modems
which are used in the broadband connections.

3. PC Card Modem:

These modems, designed for portable computers, are the size of a credit card and fit into
the PC Card slot on notebook and handheld computers. These modems are removed when
the modem is not needed. Except for their size, PC Card modems are like a combination
of external and internal modems. These devices are plugged directly into an external slot
in the portable computer. So no cable is required other than the telephone line connection.
The cards are powered by the computer, which is fine unless the computer is battery-
operated. Running a PC Card modem while the portable computer is operating on battery
power drastically decreases the life of your batteries.

Types of Internet connections

The ways to connect Internet include traditional dial-up access through the analog modems and
broadband options such as ISDN, xDSL. Cable, leased lines and wireless.

Analog Modems

It is a device that converts the computer's digital pulses to tones that can be carried over analog
telephone lines, and vice versa. Since they are built into most new computers, they represent the
most convenient method of connecting to the Internet for the first time and are very familiar to
most computer users. Modems(a modulator/demodulator) convert analog data transmitted over
phone lines into digital data that computers can read (demodulation) and also convert digital data
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into analog data so it can be transmitted (modulation). They use regular analog phone lines; these
are called analog modems and they distinguish from other sorts of modems by the following:-

Speed:- the common speeds were 14.4 kilobits per second (Kbps), 28.8 Kbps and 33.6 Kbps, and
currently the fastest speed is 56 Kbps, which is built into almost every computer. Individuals and
small businesses that find they surfing the web with increasing frequency often regard these low-
speed modems as an inconvenience.
Even if one has a fast modem, this doesnt mean that one is able to connect at the fastest
possible speed. For example, 56 Kbps modems are represented as being capable of transmission
up to 56 Kbps. In fact, due to quality problems with most conventional phone lines, maximum
connection speeds of 40 kbps to 48 kbps are far more typical. The actual connection speed varies
depending on the amount of static on the telephone line as well as the amount of traffic caused
by Internet and telephone users traveling the networks.
Cost: Because most personal computers have equipped with analog modems, there is usually no
additional money needed for these hard wares.
Availability: Analog modems are not hard to get. Any computer store should have them
available. ISP probably sells them. Dial-up Internet service is available almost anywhere in the
country.
Advantage of analog modem
Low cost
Availability: able to get internet service almost anywhere in the country
Simplicity
Disadvantage of analog modem
Slowest type of connection available
Unable to talk on the telephone when using internet

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Digital Subscriber Line or Digital Subscriber Loop (DSL) is a type of high-speed Internet
technology that enables transmission of digital data via the wires of a telephone network. DSL
does not interfere with the telephone line; the same line can be used for both Internet and regular
telephone services.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is also a broadband high-speed Internet technology that brings
high-bandwidth information to home and offices over ordinary copper telephone lines. It
assumes that digital data does not require changing into analog form and back to digital form.
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DSL splits the frequencies used in a solitary phone-line into two main bands. The high-
frequency band is used to send ISP data, and the low-frequency band is used to send voice data.
Because of this technology, we are able to enjoy Internet access while using the telephone at the
same time. DSL can be installed easily and work alongside any existing equipment for your
standard phone line.
DSL setup
DSL service needs a DSL modem (known as a DSL Transceiver) to be connected to the phone
line or jack. The DSL modem then connects to the computer. On the telephone companys end,
the phone line is connected to a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM). DSLAM
is basically a network apparatus that attaches multiple DSL lines to a high-speed Internet
backbone.
The DSL modem, DSLAM, and the computer must be in sync with each other for the DSL
service to work properly. The sync process is as follows:
1. When the DSL modem is turned on, it goes through a self-test.
2. The DSL modem then checks its connection with the computer via the Ethernet or USB port.
3. The DSL modem then tries to sync with the DSLAM.

The sync process usually lasts a few seconds. DSL modems have a light indicator marked as
DSL or LINK. If the sync process is successful, the green light will stay on.

Advantage of DSL
Always on connection
Also able to use dial-up connections
High speed
Promise of affordability
Uses existing lines

Disadvantage of DSL
Not available everywhere due to the signal limitations based on the distance.
Upstream speed limited of a common type--ADSL

Types DSL
There have been many versions of DSL as it has been upgraded so many times over the years.
These are:-

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line was one of the first forms of DSL and used a technology known as
ISDN to transfer signals. ISDL does not connect through the voice switch. A new piece of data
communications equipment terminates the ISDL connection and shuts it off to a router or data
switch. But for Internet service providers, who do not provide a public voice service, ISDL is an
interesting way of using POTS dial service to offer higher-speed Internet access.
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Assignment one

High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line

High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line was the first DSL device that used twisted copper cables
to transfer signals in a high frequency spectrum.

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) is a rate-adaptive version of HDSL and, like HDSL,
is symmetric. It allows equal bandwidth downstream from an NSPs central office to the
customer site as upstream from the subscriber to the central office and equal amounts of data are
uploaded and downloaded at any given time.
The symmetry that SDSL offers, combined with always-on access (which
eliminates call setup), makes it a favorable WAN technology for small to
medium businesses and branch offices, and can be an affordable alternative
to dedicated leased lines and Frame Relay services. Because traffic is
symmetrical, file transfer, web hosting, and distance-learning applications
can effectively be implemented with SDSL.

Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line

Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line is used to decrease speed while increasing range and
performance of the signal.

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line was simply a faster version of previous models.

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2

Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line 2 was invented to replace the already enhanced speeds
of Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line.

Gigabit Digital Subscriber Line

Gigabit Digital Subscriber Line offers speeds never before seen before in the DSL community,
capable of transferring data at roughly 128 mbps.

Universal High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line

Universal High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line is the newest version of DSL and is an example
of fiber optic technology. Universal High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line offers extremely fast
speeds and reliable service when installed properly.

IDSL (ISDN over DSL)

IDSL (ISDN over DSL) is a 144Kb standard for DSL. IDSL is used when other types of DSL are
not available. IDSL is slow and relatively expensive, but it can sometimes be the best possible
option.

RADSL (Rate-adaptive DSL)

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RADSL (Rate Adaptive DSL) is an asymmetric DSL variant which can adjust the speed of the
DSL connection depending on the distance from the Central Office (CO) and the quality of the
connection.
VDSL (Very high bit-rate DSL)
VDSL (Very high bit-rate DSL) is an asymmetric version of DSL which transmits high-speed
data over short reaches of twisted-pair copper telephone lines, with a range
of speeds depending on actual line length only at a distance of up to 1000 feet from the
Central Office (CO).

G.SHDSL (Single-pair High-speed DSL)

G.SHDSL (Single-pair high-speed Digital Subscriber Line) the upstream data rate is
different from the downstream (typically the downstream is greater than the
upstream). It is applicable to many DSL technologies offered today.

ADSL (Asynchronous DSL)

It is the most popular implementation of DSL today. It is asymmetric because the upload and
download speeds are not the same (not synchronized). Upload is typically much slower than the
download because it is usually not as needed as the high download speed.
The distance in which the data has to travel does somewhat reduce the upload and download
speed. ADSL can handle upward of 24 Mb/s over a 2 kilometer stretch of wire. However, when
the wire is made to be longer than 2 kilometers (or anything longer than 1.25 miles), the data
transfer becomes diminished. It is because of this that, while the ADSL can have a great
download rate, the farther the individual is from the service provider the less that they are likely
to get. Therefore, the service providers tend to advertise the low ball, but a consumer might get
more. It all depends on the distance the information has to travel across the copper wires.
ADSL (Asymmetric DSL) is also a type of DSL where the upstream and downstream bandwidths
are assigned different amounts of bandwidth.
In ADSL the total available capacity of the high speed digital subscriber line is split
asymmetrically between downstream which refers to data which you are downloading across the
network to your local systems and upstream which refers to data you are sending from your
local systems across the network. In these directions of transmission there is a much higher bit
rate made available for downstream transmission at the expense of the upstream transmission
rate. The advantage of this is that information transferred downstream (e.g. delivery of web
pages, software downloads etc. out of the Internet to the users PC) can be delivered much more
quickly. Since little information is sent upstream by the typical Internet surfer (e.g. only the odd
message or short email), the asymmetry of ADSL benefits the user/customer.

Symmetric High Speed Digital Subscriber Line

Symmetric High Speed Digital Subscriber Line was created to serve as a faster replacement for
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 provided quality that its predecessor lacked.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus

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Assignment one

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus increased the data transfer speeds of DSL by 200%.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Plus Plus

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Plus Plus was created in Japan and increased the data
transfer speeds of DSL to 50 megabits per second and increased the spectrum used to 3.75
megahertz

DSL technologies

Ether loop
Ether loop is the technology that allows for Ethernet cable to be used in transmitting data and
voice over a phone line.

Uni-DSL
Uni-DSL is a system introduced by Texas Instruments that works with all forms of DMT, which
is the method in which frequencies are separated into high and low signals, allowing for data and
voice to be transferred over the same wire at the same time.

DSL Splitters
If the home has only one telephone line in use, DSL can be installed on the second pair.
If the home has both telephone lines in use, DSL must share one wire pair with voice traffic. This
is done using a DSL splitter.
A DSL splitter is a small box attached to the wire pair in order to split it into two separate wire
pairs one for voice traffic and the other one for DSL traffic.
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References
http://www.tech-faq.com/dsl.html
http://isp.webopedia.com/TERM/m/modem.html
http://www.multitech.co.in
http://www.swbell.com/DSL_new/content/0,5289,34,00.html
http://www.dslcenter.com/index.html
http://www.everythingdsl.com/
http://www.dsllife.com/
http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles%2Farchive%2Fg0
705%2F087w%2F087w%2Easp