Conic Section

Formulae For Circles
[By: Er.Md. Rizwan Ahmad, +91-9004164029]

If I have the belief that I can do it, I will acquire all the capacity to do it even if I
may not have it at the beginning!
l Acircleisdefinedasthelocusofapointwhichmovesinaplanesuchthatits
distancefromafixedpointinthatplaneisalwaysconstant.
l Ifthecentreofthecircleisattheoriginandradiusisa,thenequationofthe
circleis x2 + y2 = a2.
y
a
x a x
O
y
l Theequationofacirclewithcentreat(h,k)andradiusequaltoa,
is(x h)2 +(y k)2 = a2.
SomeParticularCasesoftheCentralFormoftheEquationofaCircle
l When thecircle passesthrough the origin,centre (h, k) thenequation of the
circleis x2 + y2 2hx2ky= 0.
l Whenthecircletouchesxaxisequationbecomesx2 +y2 2hx2ay+h2 =0.
l Whenthecircletouchesyaxisequationbecomesx2 + y2 2ax2ky+k2 =0.
l Whenthecircletouchesboththeaxesisx2 +y2 2ax2ay+ a2 = 0.
l Whenthecirclepassesthroughtheoriginandcentreliesonxaxisis
x2 + y2 2ax =0.
l Whenthecirclepassesthroughtheoriginandcentrelieson yaxis,thenequation
isx2 + y2 2ay = 0.
GeneralEquationofaCircle
l Theequationx2 +y2 +2gx +2fy+c=0alwaysrepresentsacirclewhosecentre
is(g,f)andradius = g 2 + f 2 - c .
l Ifg2 +f 2 c>0thentheradiusofthecircleisrealandhencethecircleisalso
real.
l Ifg2 +f 2 c=0thentheradiusofthecircleiszero.Suchacircleisknownas
apointcircle.
l If g2 +f2 c<0,thentheradius g 2 + f 2 -c ofthecircleisimaginarybutthe
centreisreal.Suchacircleiscalledanimaginarycircleasitisnotpossibleto
drawsuchacircle.
l Specialfeaturesofthegeneralequationx2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c =0ofthecircle
are:
(i) itisquadraticinboth xandy
(ii) coefficientof x2 = coefficientof y2
(iii) thereisnotermcontainingxyi.e.,thecoefficientofxyiszero
(iv) itcontainsthreearbitraryconstantsviz.g,fandc.
l Theequationax2 +ay2 +2gx+2fy+c=0,a 0alsorepresentsacircle.This
2g 2f c
equationcanalsobewrittenas x 2 + y 2 + x+ y + = 0.
a a a
g f g 2 f 2 c
Thecoordinatesofthecentreare - ,- andradius = + - .
a a a 2 a 2 a
Prepared by- Er.Md Rizwan Ahmad (Contact:-+91-9004164029) Email:-ahmadec1987@gmail.com 1

Kenrise Career Institute, Park View CHS, House No-03,Sector-17, Nerul East Navi Mumbai-400607
l Oncomparingthegeneralequationx2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c=0ofacirclewith
thegeneralequationofseconddegreeax2 +2hxy+by2 +2gx+2fy+c=0we
findthatitrepresentsacircleifa= bi.e.,coefficientofx2 =coefficientofy2
andh=0i.e.,coefficientofxy= 0.
l Theequationofthecircledrawnonthestraightlinejoiningtwogivenpoints
2,y2)asdiameteris(x x1)(x x2)+(y y1)(y y2)=0.
(x1,y1)and(x

l Ifthecoordinatesoftheendpointsofadiameterofacirclearegiven,wecan
alsofindtheequationofthecirclebyfindingthecoordinatesofthecentreand
radius.Thecentreisthemidpointofthediameterandradiusishalfofthelength
ofthediameter.
InterceptsontheAxes
l Thelengthsofinterceptsmadebythecirclex2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c=0withX
andYaxesare 2 g 2 - c and 2 f 2 -c respectively.
.
l Ifg2 >c,thentherootsoftheequation x2 +2gx+c=0arerealanddistinct,
sothecircle x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c=0meetsthe xaxisintworealanddistinct
pointsandthelengthoftheinterceptonxaxisis 2 g 2 - c .
l Ifg2 =c,thentherootsoftheequationx2 +2gx+c=0arerealandequal,so
thecircletouchesxaxisandtheinterceptonxaxisiszero.
l Ifg2 <c,thentherootsoftheequation x2 +2gx+c=0areimaginary,sothe
circlex2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+ c=0doesnotmeetxaxisinrealpoints.
l Thecirclex2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c=0cutstheyaxisinrealanddistinctpoints,
touchesordoesnotmeetinrealpointsaccordingasf2 >,=or<c.
PositionofaPointwithRespecttoaCircle
2
l Apoint(x1,y1)liesoutside,onorinsideacircleS=x
+y2 +2gx+2fy+c = 0
2 2
accordingas S1 >,=or<0,whereS1 = x1 + y1 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c.
EquationofaCircleinParametricForm
l Parametricequationsof x2+ y2= r2are x = rcosq, y = rsin q,where q isaparameter.
l ParametericEquationsof(x a)2 +(y b)2 =r2 are x =a +rcos q y =b +r sin q
IntersectionofaStraightLineandaCircle
CaseI:Whenpointsofintersectionarerealanddistinct:Alineintersectsa
givencircleattwodistinctpointsifthelengthof theperpendicularfromthe
centreislessthantheradiusofthecircle.
CaseII: Whenthepointsofintersectionarecoincident:Alinetouchesacircle
ifthelengthoftheperpendicularfromthecentreisequaltotheradiusofthe
circle.
CaseIII: Whenpointsofintersectionareimaginary:Alinedoesnotintersect
acircle ifthe lengthof theperpendicular fromthe centreis greaterthan the
radiusofthecircle.
TheLengthoftheInterceptCutoffFromaLinebyaCircle
l Thelengthoftheinterceptcutofffromtheliney= mx+ cbythecircle
a 2 (1 + m 2 )- c2
x2 + y2 = a2 is 2 .
(1 +m2)
l Theliney=mx+ctouchesthecirclex2 +y2 =a2 ifthelengthoftheintercept
iszeroi.e., c = a 1+ m 2.
l Incaseofacircletheaboveresultcanalsobeusedas,ifalinetouchesacircle,
thenthelengthoftheperpendicularfromthecentreuponthelineisequaltothe
radiusofthecircle.

l ThetangentatapointP isthelimitingpositionofasecantPQwhenQ tendsto
Palongthecircle.ThepointPiscalledthepointofcontactofthetangent.
DifferentformsoftheEquationsofTangents
l SlopeForm:Theequationofatangentofslopemtothecirclex2 +y2 =a2 is
y = mx a 1 + m 2. Thecoordinatesofthepointofcontactare
am a
,m .
1+ m 2
1+ m
2

l PointForm:TheequationofthetangentatthepointP(x1,y1)toacircle
x2 + y2 +2gx+ 2fy+ c=0is x x1 + y y1 + g(x+ x1)+ f (y+ y1)+ c= 0.
l Algorithmtowritetheequationoftangenttoacircleatagivenpoint
Step I : In the equation of the circle substitute xx1 for x2, yy1 for y2,
x + x1 y + y1
for x, for yandkeeptheconstantassuch.
2 2
StepII:SimplifytheequationobtainedinStepI.
Theequationsoobtainedisthedesiredequationofthetangent.
l Algorithmtoobtaintheequationoftangentsdrawnfromagivenpointto
agivencircle
StepI:Obtainthepoint,say(x1,y
1).
StepII:Writealinepassingthrough(x1,y1)havingslopem
i.e.(y y1)= m(x x1).
StepIII:Equatethelengthoftheperpendicularfromthecentreofthecircleto
thelineinStepIItotheradiusofthecircle.
StepIV:ObtainthevalueofmfromtheequationinStepIII.
StepV:SubstitutemintheequationinStepII.
Normaltoacircleatagivenpoint
l Thenormalatanypointonacurveisastraightlinewhichisperpendicularto
thetangenttothecurveatthepoint.
l Algorithmtofindthenormaltoacircleatagivenpoint(x1,y1)
StepI:Writetheequationofthetangenttothegivencircleatthegivenpoint
(x1,y1).
StepII:WritetheequationofalineperpendiculartothetangentinStepIand
passingthrough(x1, y1).TheequationobtainedinStepIIistherequiredequation
ofthenormalat(x1,y1).
Lengthofthetangentfromapointtoacircle
l ThelengthofthetangentfromthepointP(x1,y1)tothecircle

x2 + y2 +2gx+2fy + c =0isequalto x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c .

l IfPTisthelengthofthetangentfromapointPtoagivencircle,then PT2 is
calledthepowerofthepointwithrespecttothegivencircle.
l IfwewriteS=x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+candS1 =x12 +y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 +c,then
theequationofthecircleisS=0andthelengthofthetangentfromP(x1,y1)
is S1. Thepowerofthepoint P(x1,y1)is
S1.

l Algorithmtofindthelengthofthetangentfromapoint(x1,y 1)toagiven

circle
StepI:Obtaintheequationofthecircleandthegivenpoint(x1,y1).
StepII:Shiftalltermsononesideandintroducezeroontherighthandside
ofthegivenequation.
StepIII: Makecoefficientsof x2 andy2 unityiftheyarenotsobydividingboth
sidesoftheequationinStepIIbythecommonvalue.
StepIV: Replace x by x1 andy by y1 inthelefthandsideoftheequationinStep
III.
StepV:TakethesquarerootofthenumberobtainedinStepIV.Thenumber
soobtainedistherequiredlengthofthetangent.
Pairoftangentsdrawnfromapointtoagivencircle
l Let(x1, y1)beagivenpointandlettheequationofthecirclebe
x2 + y2 = a2.Then
theequationofanytangenttothecircleisoftheform y = mx + a 1 +m 2 , where
mistheslopeofthetangent.
l Ifthetangentpassesthroughthegivenpoint(x1,y1),wemusthave
m2(x12 a2)2mx1y1 + y12 a2 =0. ....(i)
l Thetangentsarereal,coincidentorimaginaryaccordingasthevaluesof m obtained
from(i)arereal,coincidentorimaginary.
or,accordingasDiscriminant>,=or<0
4x12 y12 4(x12 a2)(y12 a2) or <0
x12 + y12 a2 >,=or<0
or,accordingasthepointP(x1,y 1)liesoutsideon,or,insidethecircle

2 2 2
x +y =a .
CombinedEquationofPairofTangents
l Thecombinedequationofthepairoftangentsdrawnfromapoint(x1,y1)toa
circlex2 + y2 +2gx+2fy+ c =0isgivenby
(x2 + y2 +2gx+2fy+ c)(x12 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c)
={xx1 + yy1 + g(x+ x1)+
f(y+ y1)+ c}2
2
or SS = T .
l DirectorCircle:The locusofthepoint ofintersectionof twoperpendicular
tangentstoagivenconicisknownasitsdirectorcircle.
Theequationofthedirectorcircleofthecirclex2 + y2 = a2 is x2 + y2 =2a2.
ChordofContact ofTangents
l Thechordjoiningthepointsofcontactofthetwotangentstoaconicdrawnfrom
agivenpoint,outsideit,iscalledthechordofcontactoftangents.
l Theequationofthechordofcontactoftangentsdrawnfromapoint(x1,y
1)to

thecirclex2 + y2 = a2 is xx1 + yy1 = a2.
l Theequationofthechordofcontactisofthesameformastheequationofthe
tangent,ifthepoint(x1,y1)liesontheconic.
l Theequationofthechordofcontactortangentsdrawnfrom(x1,y 1)tothecircle
x2 + y2 +2gx+2fy+ c=0is xx1 + yy1 + g(x+ x1)+ f(y+ y1)+ c= 0.
l PolarofaPointwithrespecttoaCircle:Ifthroughapoint T
P(x1,y
1 )(withinorwithoutacircle)therebedrawnanystraight R
linetomeetthegivencircleatQandR,thelocusofthepoint P
ofintersectionofthetangentsatQandRiscalledthepolarof Q (x1,y1)
PandPiscalledthepoleofthepolar.
l Thepolarof(x1,y1)withrespecttothecircle

x2 + y2 = a2 isxx1 + yy1 = a2.

2
l Thepolarof(x1,y1)withrespecttothecirclex
+ y2 +2gx+2fy+ c =0is

xx1 +yy1 +g(x+ x1)+f(y+
y1)+ c=0whichissameastheequationofthe
tangentat(x1,y1),if(x
1,y1)liesonthecircle.
l ConjugatePoints:TwopointsAandBareconjugatepointswithrespecttoa
givencircleifeachliesonthepolaroftheotherwithrespecttothecircle.
l ConjugateLines: Iftwolinesbesuchthatthepoleofoneliesontheother,then
theyarecalledconjugatelineswithrespecttothegivencircle.
EquationoftheChordBisectedataGivenPoint
l TheequationofthechordofthecircleS x2 +y2 +2gx+2f y+c=0bisected
atthepoint(x1,y1)isgivenbyT= S
i.e.xx1 + yy1 + g(x+ x1)+f
(y+ y1)+
c= x12 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy1 + c.
DiameterofaCircle
l Thelocusofthemiddlepointsofasystemofparallelchordsofacircleiscalled
adiameterofthecircle.
l Theequationofthediameterbisectingparallelchords y = mx + c (c isaparameter)
ofthecirclex2 + y2 = a2 is x+ my =0.
l Thediameter correspondingto asystem ofparallel chordsof acircle always
passesthroughthecentreofthecircleandisperpendiculartotheparallelchords.
CommonTangentstoTwoCircles
l Lettheequationsofthetwocirclesbe
2 2 2
(x h1)
+(y k1)
= a1 ....(i)
2 2 2
(x h2)
+(y k2)
= a2 ....(ii)
withcentresC1(h1,k1)andC2(h
2,k
2)andradiia
1 anda2 respectively.Thenthe
followingcasesofintersectionofthesetwocirclesmayarise.
CaseI:WhenC1 C2 >a1 +a2 ,i.e.,thedistancebetweenthecentresisgreater
thanthesumoftheradii.Inthiscasethetwocirclesdonotintersect,twodirect
commonandtwotransversecommontangentscanbedrawntothecircles.
CaseII:WhenC1 C2 =a1 +a2,i.e.,thedistancebetweenthecentresisequal
tothesumoftheradii.Inthiscasetwodirecttangentsarerealanddistinctwhile
thetransversetangentsarecoincident.
CaseIII: WhenC1 >a1 a2 C2 <a1 +a2,i.e.,thedistancebetweenthecentres

islessthanthesumoftheradii.Inthiscasethetwodirectcommontangentsare
realwhilethetransversetangentsareimaginary.
CaseIV:WhenC1 C2 =a1 a2,i.e.,thedistancebetweenthecentresisequal

tothedifferenceoftheradii.Inthiscasetwotangentsarerealandcoincident
whiletheothertwotangentsareimaginary.
CaseV: WhenC1 C2 <a1 a2, i.e.,thedistancebetweenthecentresislessthan
thedifferenceoftheradii.Inthiscaseallthefourcommontangentsareimaginary.
CommonChordofTwoCircles
l Thechordjoiningthepointsofintersectionoftwogivencirclesiscalledtheir
commonchord.
l Theequationofthecommonchordoftwocircles
S1 x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y + c1 = 0 ....(i)
2 2
and S 2 x + y + 2 g 2 x + 2 f2 y + c2 = 0 ....(ii)
is 2x(g1 g2)+2y(f
1 f2)+ c1 c2 =0 i.e.S1 S2 =0.
l Thelengthofthecommonchordis
P
S1 =0 S2 =0
M
C1 C2
Q
PQ = 2( PM ) = 2 C1 P 2 -C1M 2 .

whereC1P=radiusofthecircleS=0andC1 M=lengthoftheperpendicular
fromthecentreC1 tothecommonchordPQ.
l Ifthelengthofthecommonchordiszero,thenthetwocirclestoucheachother
andthecommonchordbecomesthecommontangenttothetwocirclesatthe
commonpointofcontact.
AngleofIntersection ofTwoCurves
l IftwocurvesC1 andC2 intersectatapointPandPT1 andPT2 bethetangents
tothetwocurvesatP.ThentheanglebetweenthetangentsatPiscalledthe
angleofintersectionofthetwocurvesatthepointofintersection.
T2 T1
P
C1 C2
l OrthogonalCurves:Twocurvesaresaidtointersectorthogonallywhenthe
tangentsatthecommonpointareatrightangles.
ConditionforTwoIntersectingCirclestobeOrthogonal
l Theconditionforthecirclesx2 + y2 +2g1x+2f1y+ c1 =0and
x2 +y2 +2g2x+2f2y+ c2 =0tointersectorthogonallyisgivenby
2(g1g
2 + f1f
2)=
c1 + c2.
RadicalAxisandRadicalCentre
l Theradicalaxisoftwocirclesisthelocusofapointwhichmovesinsuchaway
thatthelengthsofthetangentsdrawnfromittothetwocirclesareequal.
l PropertiesofRadicalAxis
(i) Theradicalaxisoftwocirclesisalwaysperpendiculartothelinejoining
thecentres.
(ii) Theradicalaxesofthreecircleswhosecentresarenoncollinear,takenin
pairs,meetinapoint.
l RadicalCentre:Thepointofconcurrenceoftheradicalaxesofthreecircles
whosecentresarenoncollinear,takeninpairs,iscalledtheradicalcentreofthe
circles.
l Thecirclewithcentreattheradicalcentreandradiusequaltothelengthofthe
tangentfromittoanyoneofthecirclesintersectsallthethreecirclesorthogonally.
l Equationof aCircleThrough theIntersectionofa CircleandLine : The
equationofacirclepassingthroughtheintersectionofthecircle
S= x2 + y2 +2gx+2fy+ c=0andthelineL= lx+ my+n =0is
x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c+ l(lx+my+n)=0orS+ lL=0,where l isaconstant
determinedbyanadditionalcondition.
l CircleThroughtheIntersectionofTwoCircles
Theequationofafamilyofcirclespassingthroughtheintersectionofthecircles
S1 = x2 + y2 +2g1x+2f
1y+ c1 =0and
S2 = x2 + y2 +2g2x
2y+ c2 =0is S1 + lS2 =0
+2f
i.e., (x2 + y2 +2g1x+2f1y+ c1)+ l(x2 + y2 +2g2x+2f2y+ c2)=0,
where l(1)isanarbitraryrealnumber.
CoaxialSystemofCircles
l Asystemofcircles, everypairofwhichhasthesameradical axisiscalleda
coaxialsystemofcircles.
l Theequationx2 +y2 +2gx+c=0,wheregisavariableandcisaconstant,is
thesimplestequationofacoaxialsystemofcircles.Thecommonradicalaxisof
thissystemofcirclesisyaxis.

l LetS=x2 +y2 +2gx+2fy+c=0bethecircleandP=lx+my+n=0bethe
radicalaxis.ThenS+ lP =0(lisanarbitraryconstant)representsthecoaxial
systemofcircles.
l LetS1 = x2 +y2 +2g1x+2f

2 2
1y+ c1 =0andS2 =x + y +2g2x+2f2y+c
2 =0
betwocirclesofthecoaxialsystem.ThenS1 + lS2 =0(l 1)representsthe
coaxialsystem.
l Thesimplestformoftheequationofacoaxialsystemofcirclescanbeputin
theformx2 +y2 +2gx+c=0,wheregisavariableandcisaconstant.
End

Formulae For Parabola
l Consideradoublerightcircularconeofsemiverticalangle a andletitbecut
byaplaneinclinedatanangle q totheaxisofthecone.Wewillgetdifferent
sections(curves)asfollows:
CaseI:IftheplanepassesthroughthevertexO.
Thecurveofintersectionisapairofstraightlinespassingthroughthevertex
whichare
(i) Realanddistinctfor q < a
(ii) Coincidentfor q = a i.e theplanetouchesthecone
(iii) Imaginaryfor q > a
CaseII:IftheplanedoesnotpassthroughthevertexO.
Thecurveofintersectioniscalled
P R
a a
q =p/2
O Pairoflines
Circle
S Q
a a
Parabola
q ( q= a) Hyperbola
Ellipse
p
>q> a
2
p
(i) Acircleif q=
2
(ii) Aparabolafor q = a i.e.,iftheplaneisparalleltothegenerator PQ
(iii) Anellipsefor q > a (q p / 2)i.e.,iftheplanecutsboththegeneratinglines
PQandRS.
(iv) Ahyperbolafor q < a i.e.,iftheplanecutsboththecones.
Thuswemaygetthesectioneitherasapairofstraightlines,acircle,aparabola,
anellipseorahyperboladependinguponthedifferentpositionsofthecutting
plane.Thesecurvesofintersectionarecalledtheconicsections.
ConicSection
l Aconicsectionorconicisthelocusofapoint P whichmovesinsuchawaythat
itsdistancefromafixedpoint S alwaysbearsaconstantratiotoitsdistancefrom
afixedline,allbeinginthesameplane.
ImportantTerms
l Focus:Thefixedpointiscalledthefocusoftheconicsection.
l Directrix:Thefixedstraightlineiscalledthedirectrixoftheconicsection.
l Eccentricity:Theconstantratioiscalledtheeccentricityoftheconicsection
andisdenotedbye.
l Axis: Thestraightlinepassingthroughthefocusandperpendiculartothedirectrix
iscalledtheaxisoftheconicsection.
l Vertex:Thepointsofintersectionoftheconicsectionandtheaxisarecalled
verticesoftheconic.
l Centre:Thepointwhichbisectseverychordoftheconicpassingthroughit,is
calledthecentreoftheconic.
l LatusRectum:Thelatusrectumofaconicisthechordpassingthroughthe

focusandperpendiculartotheaxis.
l (i) For e<1,theconicobtainedisanellipse.
(ii) For e= 1,theconicobtainedisaparabola.
(iii) For e> 1,theconicisahyperbola.
(iv) For e= 0,theconicisacircle.
l Thegeneralequationofseconddegreeax2 +2hxy+by2 + 2gx+ 2f y+c = 0

alwaysrepresents
(i) Apairofstraightlinesif D =abc+ 2fghaf2 bg2 ch2 =0
(ii) Acircleif D 0, a=band h=0
(iii) Aparabolaif D 0andh2 = ab
(iv) Anellipseif D 0andh2 < ab
(v) Ahyperbolaif D 0andh2 > ab
(v) Arectangularhyperbolaif D 0,h2 >aband a+b=0.
Parabola
l Aparabolaisthelocusofapointwhichmovesinaplanesuchthatitsdistance
fromafixedpointintheplaneisalwaysequaltoitsdistancefromafixedstraight
lineintheplane.
l Adoubleordinatethroughthefocusiscalledthelatusrectum. i.e., thelatusrectum
ofaparabolaisachordpassingthroughthefocusperpendiculartotheaxes.
l Thedistanceof P(x, y)fromthefocusiscalledthefocaldistanceofthepoint P.
x+aisthefocaldistanceofthepointP(x, y).
l FocalChord: Achordoftheparabolaisafocalchordifitpassesthroughthe
focus.
z y y z
x x x x
K A S (a,0) S A K
(0,0) ( a,0) (0,0)
x= a
2 =4 2
z y y ax y = 4ax y z
x=a
y y
x2 =4a y
y= a
z K z
(0, a) A (0,0)
S x x
x x S
A (0,0)
z (0, a)
z
K
y=a
x2=4ay y
y

ParabolaataGlance
2
y =4ax y2 =4ax x2 =4ay x2 =4ay
Coordinates (0,0) (0,0) (0,0) (0,0)
of vertex
Coordinates (a, 0) (a,0) (0,a) (0,a)
of focus
Equationof x= a x= a y= a y= a
thedirectrix
Equationof y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
theaxis
Lengthofthe 4a 4a 4a 4a
latusrectum
Focaldistance x+ a x a y+ a y a
ofapoint
P(x,y)
l Positionofa PointWithRespectto aParabola
Thepoint(x1,y1)liesoutside,onorinsidetheparabolay2 =4axaccordingas
y12 4ax1 >,=or<0.
2
l Thepoint(x1,y 1)liesinside,on,oroutsidey =4axaccordingas
y12 +4ax1 <,=or>0.
l Thepoint(x1,y1)liesinside,on,oroutsidex2 =4ayaccordingas
x12 4ay1 <,=,or>0.
2
l Thepoint(x1,y
1)liesinside,onoroutsidex =4ayaccordingas
2
x1 +4ay1 <,=or>0.
ParametricEquationsofaParabola
Parabola y2 =4ax y2 =4ax x2 =4ay x2 =4ay
Parametric (at2,2at) (at2,2at) (2at,at2) (2at,at2)
coordinates
Parametric x= at2, x=at2, x=2at, x=2at,
equations y= 2at y= 2at y= at2 y=at2
l Theparametricequationsof(yk)2=4a(xh)arex =h+at2 andy =k+2at.
EquationofTheChordJoninganyTwoPointson theParabola
l LetP (at12,2at1), 2
Q (at2 ,2at2)beanytwopointsontheparabola
y2>4ax. Then,
theequationofthechordjoiningthesepointsisy(t1 +t2)=2x+2at
1t2.
ConditionforTheChordJoiningPointshavingParameters t1andt2tobeaFocal
Chord
l Ifthe chordjoining points(at12 , 2at1)and (at22,2at2)
onthe parabola passes
throughitsfocus,then(a,0)satisfiestheequation t1t2 =1
l The length of a focal chord having parameters t1 and t2 for its end points is
2
a(t2 t1)
.
l Ifl1andl2arethelengthsofafocalchordofaparabola,thenitslatusrectumis
4l1l2
.
l1 +l2

IntersectionofaLineandaParabola
l Theequationofthelineandtheparabolaare y= mx+c...(i)andy2=4ax...(ii)
respectively.Thepointsofintersectionofthelineandtheparabolaareobtained
bysolving(i)and(ii),whichgivesm2x2 +2x(mc2a)+c2 =0.Thisequation
givestwovaluesofx,thenwecanobtainthecorrespondingvalueofy.
l NatureofThePointsofIntersection: Thepointsofintersectionof(i)and(ii)
arerealanddistinct,coincidentorimaginary,accordingastherootsoftheequation
(iii)arerealanddistinct,coincidentorimaginary,i.e.accordingas
4(mc 2a)2 4m2c2 >,=,or<0
a2 amc >,=,or<0
a>,=,or < mc
a
c<,=,or > .
m
l ConditionofTangency:Theliney=mx+ctouchestheparabolay2=4axif
a a 2a
c= andthecoordinatesofthepointsofcontactare 2 , .
m m m
EquationofTangentinDifferentForms
l PointForm:Theequationofthetangenttotheparabola y2 =4ax ata point
(x1,y1)is y y1=2a(x+x1).
The equation of tangent at (x1, y1) can also be obtained by replacing x2 by
x + x1 y + y1
xx1,y2 byyy1,x by , y by etc.
2 2
l ParametricForm: Theequationofthetangenttotheparabola y2=4ax at (at2,2at)
isty=x+at2.
l SlopeForm:Theequationofatangenttotheparabolay2 =4ax is
a a 2a
y=mx+ . Thecoordinatesofthepointofcontactare 2 , .
m m m
Pointofintersectionoftangentat anytwopointsontheparabola
l Thepointofintersectionoftangentsattwopoints P (at12 , 2at1)and
Q (at22 , 2at2)
2
ontheparabolay =4ax is(at1 t2, a(t1 +t2)).
l x coordinateofthepointsofintersectionoftangentsat P and Q ontheparabola
istheG.M.ofthexcoordinatesofPandQ,andycoordinatesistheA.M.of
ycoordinates.
l EquationofNormalinDifferentForms
l Point form : The equation of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at a point
y
(x1,y1)is(yy1) = 1 (x - x1).
2a
l Parametric form : The equation of the normal to the parabola y2 = 4ax at
(at2,2at)is y+tx= 2at+at3
l Slopeform:Theequationofnormalofslopemtotheparabola y2 =4ax is
y=mx2am am3 atthepoint(am2,2am).
l Theequationofnormalsofslopemto y2 =4ax,x2 =4ay andx2 =4ay,
y 2a a y 2a a
arey=mx+2am+am3, x = - - and x = + + respectively.
m m m3 m m m3
l Threenormalscanbedrawnfromapointtoaparabola.
l Thesenormalsarereal,coincidentorimaginaryaccordingasthevaluesof m are
realcoincidentorimaginary.Outofthethreenormalsatleastonewillbereal,
becauseacubicequationhasatleastonerealroot.

Conormalpoints
l Thepointsonthecurveatwhichthenormalspassthroughacommonpointare
calledconormalpoints.
l Thesumoftheslopesofthenormalsatconormalpointsiszero.
l Thesumoftheordinatesoftheconormalpointsiszero.
l Thecentroidofthetriangleformedbytheconormalpointsliesontheaxisof
theparabola.
l Twotangentscanbedrawnfromapointtoaparabola.Thetwotangentsarereal
anddistinctorcoincidentorimaginaryaccordingasthegivenpointliesoutside,
onorinsidetheparabola.
DirectorCircle
l The locus of the point of intersectionof perpendicular tangents to a conic is
knownasitsdirectorcircle.Thedirectorcircleofaparabolaisitsdirectrix.
Equationofthepairoftangents fromapointtoaparabola
l Thecombinedequationofthepairoftangentsdrawnfromapointtoaparabola
isSS'=T2,whereS=y2 4ax, S'= y12 4ax1 and T= yy1 2a(x +x1).
l S = 0 is the equation of the curve, S' is obtained from S by replacing x by
x1 andybyy1 andT= 0istheequationofthetangent.
Equationofthe chordofcontactoftangents toaparabola
l y1)
The chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point (x1, to the parabola
y2 =4axis yy1 =2a(x+x1).
l Theareaofthetriangleformedbythetangentsdrawnfromapoint(x1 ,y1)to

1
theparabolay2=4ax andtheirchordofcontactis ( y12 -4ax)
1
3/ 2
.
2a
Equationofthechordoftheparabolawhichisbisectedatagivenpoint
l Theequationofthechordoftheparabolay2=4axwhichisbisectedat(x1,y1),
isyy1 2a(x +x1)=y12 4ax1or T=S',whereS'=y12 4ax1 and
T= yy1 2a(x+ x1).
Equationofdiameterofaparabola
l Thelocusofthemidpointsofasystemofparallelchordsofaconicisknown
asitsdiameter.Theequationofthediameterbisectingchordsofslopemofthe
2a
parabolay2 4ax is y = .
m y
SubtangentandSubnormal
(x1,y1)
l Letthetangentandnormalatanypoint yy1 =2a (x +x1) P
P(x1, y1)onaparabola
y2 =4ax meet
(a, 0)
theaxisin T and G respectively.Then x y S x
PT iscalledthelengthofthetangent T A N G(x1+2 a,0)
( x1,0) (x1, 0)
atPandPG iscalledthelengthof
thenormalat P.NT iscalledthesub
tangentand NG thesubnormalat P. y2 =4a x
y
l Subtangent=NT=twicetheabscissaof P andsubnormal=NG=2a=semi
latusrectum.FromrightangledtriangleNPTandPNG,wehavethat
(i) Thelengthofthetangent=PT= PNcosec y=y1cosec y.
(ii) Thelengthofthenormal=PG=PNsec y= y1sec y
(iii) Thelengthofthesubtangent=NT= PNcot y= y1cot y
2a
(iv) Thelengthofthesubnormal= NG = PN tan y = y1tan y, wheretan y = =m.
y1

PoleandPolar
l LetP beapointlyingwithinoroutsideagivenparabola.Supposeanystraight
linedrawnthroughPintersectstheparabolaatQandR.Thenthelocusofthe
pointofintersectionofthetangentstotheparabolaat Q and Riscalledthepolar
ofthegivenpointPwithrespecttotheparabolaandthepointPiscalledthe
poleofthepolar.
2
l Thepolarofthepoint(x1,y1)withrespecttotheparabolay
=4ax is
yy1=2a(x+ x1).
End

Formulae For Circles
l Definition: Anellipseisthelocusofapointinaplanewhichmovesintheplane
insuchawaythattheratioofitsdistancefromafixedpoint(calledfocus)in
thesameplanetoitsdistancefromafixedstraightline(calleddirectrix)isalways
constantwhichisalwayslessthanunity.
Z
M P
Directrix
S(focus)
Z
l Theconstantratioisgenerallydenotedby eandisknownastheeccentricityof
theellipse.
l IfSisthefocus,ZZisthedirectrixandPisanypointontheellipse,thenby
SP
definition = e SP = e PM.
PM
x 2 y2
l Equationoftheellipseinstandardformis 2 + 2 =1, whereb2 =a2(1e2).
a b
l Sincee <1,thereforea2(1 e2)< a2 b2 < a2.
Z y Z
R B(0, b)
L
P (x ,y)
M M
x K K
x
A S C(0,0) S A
( a,0) ( ae,b ) (ae,0)
P(a,0)
R L
B
l Vertices: Thepoints A and A,infigure,wherethecurvemeetsthelinejoining

thefociS andS,arecalledtheverticesoftheellipse.Thecoordinatesof A and
Aare(a,0)and(a,0)respectively.
l MajorandMinorAxes: Infigurethedistance AA =2a andBB =2b arecalled
themajorandminoraxesoftheellipse.
Sincee<1and b2 = a2(1 e2),thereforea> b AA> BB.
l Focii:InfigurethepointsS(ae, 0)andS(ae,0)arethefociioftheellipse.
l Directrices:ZKandZKaretwodirectricesoftheellipseandtheirequations
arex=a/eand x=a/e respectively.
l Centre:Sincethecentreofaconicsectionisapointwhichbisectseverychord
x2 y2
passingthroughit.Incaseoftheellipse2
+ 2 =1 everychordisbisectedat
a b
C(0,0).ThereforeCisthecentreoftheellipseandisthemidpointofAA.
2
Minor axis
l e = 1- .
Major axis
l OrdinateandDoubleOrdinate:LetPbeapointontheellipseandletPNbe
perpendiculartothemajoraxis AA suchthat PN producedmeetstheellipseat P.
ThenPNiscalledtheordinateofPandPNPis thedoubleordinateofP.
l LatusRectum:Itisadoubleordinatepassingthroughthefocus,LSListhe
latusrectumand LS iscalledthesemilatusrectum. RSR isalsoalatusrectum.
ThecoordinatesofLare(ae, SL).

2b2
l Lengthofthelatusrectum = 2 ( SL ) = = 2 a (1-e2).
a
FocalDistancesofaPointontheEllipse
l Thesumofthefocaldistancesofanypointonanellipseisconstantandequal
tothelengthofthemajoraxisoftheellipse.
x 2 y2 x 2 y2
+ = 1, a >b + = 1, a <b
a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2
Coordinatesofthe (0,0) (0,0)
centre
Coordinatesofthe (a,0)and(a, 0) (0,b)and(0,b)
vertices
Coordinateoffoci (ae,0)and(ae, 0) (0,be)and(0,be)
Lengthofthemajoraxis 2a 2b
Lengthoftheminoraxis 2b 2a
Equationofthemajor y=0 x=0
axis
Equationoftheminor x=0 y=0
axis
Equationsofthe a a b b
x= and x = - y= and y= -
e e e e
directrices
b2 a2
Eccentricity e= 1- e= 1-
a 2 b 2
2b2 2a2
Lengthoflatusrectum
a b
Focaldistances a ex b ey
ofapoint(x, y)
l Ifthecentreoftheellipseisatpoint(h, k)andthedirectionsoftheaxesare
( x - h) 2 ( y - k)2
paralleltothecoordinateaxes,thenitsequationis + =1.
a2 b 2
l Weshifttheoriginat(h,k)withoutrotatingthecoordinateaxes,then
x= X+ handy= Y+ k.
X 2 Y2
l Theequationoftheellipsew.r.t.neworigin,becomes + = 1.
a 2 b 2
x 2 y2
l ThepointP(x1,y
1)liesoutside,onorinsidetheellipse
+ =1,according
2 2
a 2 b 2
x y
as 12 + 12 - 1 > 0, = or < 0.
a b
l AuxiliaryCircle: Thecircledescribedonthemajoraxisofanellipseasdiameter
iscalledanauxiliarycircleoftheellipse.
x 2 y2
l If + =1 isanellipse,thenitsauxiliarycircleisx2 +y2 =a2.
a 2 b 2
l ThecoordinatesofpointPhavingeccentricangle fcanbewrittenas
(acosf,b sin f)andareknownastheparametriccoordinates.
l Theequations x = a cosf, y = b sin f takentogetherarecalledtheparametric

x 2 y2
equationsoftheellipse 2 + 2 =1,where fistheparameter..
a b

x 2 y2
l Theeccentricanglesoftheextremitiesofthelatusrectumoftheellipse + =1
a 2 b 2
aregivenby q=tan1 (b/ae).
l Theequationofthechordjoiningtwopointshavingeccentricangles q and f on
x 2 y2 x q + f y q + f q-f
theellipse + =1 is cos + sin = cos .
a 2 b 2 a 2 b 2 2
x2 y2
l Theconditionfortheline y =mx + c tobeatangenttotheellipse 2
+ 2 =1is
a b
thatc2 = a2m2 + b2 or c = a 2 m2 + b2.
x 2 y2
l The equations of tangents of slope m to the ellipse + =1 a re
a 2 b 2
y = mx a 2 m 2 +b 2 and the coordinates of the points of contact are
a2m b2
, m .
2
a 2 m 2 + b2 a 2 m2 + b
EquationoftheTangentAtaPoint
x 2 y2 xx1 yy1
l Theequationofthetangenttotheellipse + 2 =1 at(x1, y1)is
+ = 1.
a 2
b a 2 b 2
x 2 y2
l Theequationoftangentandnormaltotheellipse + =1 at(a cos q, b sin q)
a 2 b 2
x y
are cos q + sin q =1 and ax secq by cosec q= a2 b2 respectively..
a b
l Theequationofthetangentat(x1,y
1)toanellipsecanbeobtainedbyreplacing

x + x1 y + y1
x2 byxx1, 2
y byyy1,
x by , y by andkeeping theconstant un
2 2
changed.
NumberofTangentsDrawnfromaPointtoanEllipse
l Twotangentscanbedrawnfromapointtoanellipse.Thetwotangentsarereal
anddistinctorcoincidentorimaginaryaccordingasthegivenpointliesoutside,
onorinsidetheellipse.
l TwotangentscanbedrawnfromapointP(h,k)toanellipse.
DirectorCircle
l Thedirectorcircleisthelocusofpointsfromwhichperpendiculartangentsare
drawntotheellipse.
l Theequationofthedirectorcircleisx2 + y2 = a2 + b2.
l It isa circle whosecentre coincideswith the centreof the ellipseand radius
equalto a 2 +b2.
EquationofNormalinDifferentForms
x 2 y2
l PointForm:Theequationofthenormalat(x1,y1)totheellipse
+ =1
a 2 b 2
a 2 x b 2 y
is - = a 2 - b2.
x1 y1
x 2 y2
l ParametricForm :The equationof thenormal tothe ellipse + =1 at
a 2 b 2
(a cos q,b sin q)is ax sec q by cosec q= a2 b2.
x 2 y2
l SlopeForm:If mistheslopeofthenormaltotheellipse + =1,thenthe
a 2 b 2
m(a 2 - b2)
equationofthenormalis y = mx- .
a 2 + b 2 m 2

l Fournormalscanbedrawnfromapointtoanellipse.
PropertiesofEccentricAnglesoftheConormalPoints
x 2 y2
l Thesumoftheeccentricanglesoftheconormalpointsontheellipse + =1
a 2 b 2
isequaltooddmultipleof p.
l If a, b, garetheeccentricanglesofthreepointsontheellipse,thenormalsat
whichareconcurrent,thensin(a + b)+sin(b + g)+sin(g + a)=0.
EquationofTheChordofContactofTangentsDrawnfromaPointtoanEllipse
l The chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point P(x1, y1) to the ellipse
x 2 y2 xx yy
+ =1 is 21 + 21 = 1.
a 2 b 2 a b
EquationofTheChordofTheEllipsewhichisBisectedatagivenPoint
x 2 y2
l The equation of a chord of the ellipse + =1 bisected at a given point
a 2 b 2
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
(x1,y1)is
+ - 1 = + - 1 or T = S, whereSandThavetheirusual
a2 b2 a 2 b 2
meanings.
Diameter
l Thelocusofthemidpointofasystemofparallelchordsofanellipseiscalled
adiameterandthechordsarecalleditsdoubleordinates.
l The equation of the diameter bisecting the chords of slope m of the ellipse
x 2 y2 b2
2
+ 2 =1 is y = - 2 x.
a b a m
l Twostraightlinesy=m1 xandy=m2 xareconjugatediametersoftheellipse,
x 2 y2 - b2
+ = 1 if m1 m
2 = .
a 2 b 2 a 2
l Inanellipse,themajoraxisbisectsallchordsparalleltotheminoraxisandvice
versa,thereforemajorandminoraxesofanellipseareconjugatediametersof
theellipsebuttheydonotsatisfytheconditionm1 m2 =b2/a2 andaretheonly
perpendicularconjugatediameters.
PropertiesofConjugateDiameters
(i) Theeccentricanglesoftheendsofapairofconjugatediametersofanellipse
differbyarightangle.
(ii) The sum of the squares of any two conjugate semidiameters of an ellipse is
constantandequaltothesumofthesquaresofthesemiaxesoftheellipse.
(iii) Theproductofthefocaldistancesofapointonanellipseisequaltothesquare
ofthesemidiameterwhichisconjugatetothediameterthroughthepoint.
(iv) Thetangentsattheendsofapairofconjugatediametersofanellipseforma
parallelogram.
(v) Theareaoftheparallelogramformedbythetangentsattheendsofconjugate
diametersofanellipseisconstantandisequaltotheproductoftheaxes.
SomePropertiesofEllipse
x 2 y2
l Thetangentandnormalatpoint P(x1,
y1)totheellipse
+ =1 meetthe
a 2 b 2
a2
xaxisintwopoints,thenthelengthofthesubtangentisequalto -x1 and
x1
lengthofthesubnormalisequalto(1e2)x1.

l Thenormalandtangentatapointofanellipsebisecttheinternalandexternal
anglesbetweenthefocaldistancesofthepoint.
l Thelocusofthefeetoftheperpendicularsfromthefocionanytangenttoan
ellipseistheauxiliarycircle.
End

Formulae For Hyperbola
Z
l Definition: Ahyperbolaisthelocusofapointinaplane
whichmovesintheplaneinsuchawaythattheratioof M P
Directrix
itsdistancefromafixedpoint(calledfocus)inthesame S(focus)
planetoitsdistancesfromafixedline(calleddirectrix)
isalwaysconstantwhichisalwaysgreaterthanunity. Z
l Theconstantratioisgenerallydenotedby eandisknownastheeccentricityof
thehyperbola.
l IfSisthefocus,ZZisthedirectrixandPisanypointonthehyperbola,then
SP
bydefinition = e SP = e PM.
PM
FocalDistancesof aPoint
l Thedifferenceofthefocaldistancesofanypointonahyperbolaisconstantand
equaltothelengthofthetransverseaxisofthehyperbola.
Hyperbola Conjugatehyperbola
x2 y2 x2 y2
- =1 - 2 + 2 =1
a2 b 2 a b
Coordinatesofthecentre (0,0) (0,0)
Coordinatesofthevertices (a,0)and(a, 0) (0,b)and(0,b)
Coordinatesoffoci (ae, 0) (0, be)
Lengthofthetransverseaxis 2a 2b
Lengthoftheconjugateaxis 2b 2a
a b
Equationsofthedirectrices x = y =
e e
a 2 + b2 b 2 + a2
Eccentricity e = e =
a 2 b 2
or or
b2 = a2(e2 1) a2 = b2(e2 1)
2b2 2a2
Lengthofthelatusrectum
a b
Equationofthetransverseaxis y=0 x=0
Equationoftheconjugate x=0 y=0
axis
l Theequationx=asecqandy=btanqareknownastheparametricequations
x2 y2
ofthehyperbola 2 - 2 = 1.
a b
l Theequationsx= a cosh qandy= b sin h qarealsoknownastheparametric
equationsofthehyperbolaandthecoordinatesofanypointonthehyperbola
x 2 y2
- =1 are expressible as (a cosh q, b sin h q), where
a 2 b 2
eq + e - q eq - e- q
cosh q = and sinh q = .
2 2
l TheequationofthechordjoiningtwopointsP(a secq1,b tan q1)and

2 2
x y
Q(a secq2,b tanq2)onthehyperbola 2 - 2 =1 is
a b
x q - q y q + q q +q
cos 1 2 - sin 1 2 = cos 1 2
a 2 b 2 2

x 2 y2
l Theconditionfortheline y =mx +c tobetangenttothehyperbola - =1
a 2 b 2
isthatc2 = a2m2 b2 i.e. c = a 2 m2 -b2.
DifferentFormsoftheEquationofTangent
x2 y2
l SlopeForm: Theequationoftangentsofslope m tothehyperbola 2
- 2 =1are
a b
y = mx a 2 m 2 -b 2 andthecoordinatesofthepointsofcontactare
a2 m b2
, .
a 2 m2 - b 2 a 2 m 2 - b 2
x 2 y2
l Point Form : The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola - =1 at
a 2 b 2
xx1 yy1
(x1,y1)is - = 1.
a 2 b 2
x 2 y2
l ParametricForm:Theequationofthetangenttothehyperbola - =1
a 2 b 2
x y
at(a sec q,b tan q)is sec q - tan q = 1.
a b
l Thepointofintersectionoftangentsat(asecq1, btan q1)and(asecq2,btan q2)is

q1 - q 2 q1 + q2
a cos 2 b sin 2
.
cos q1 + q 2 cos q1 + q2

2
2

l Twotangentscanbedrawnfromapointtoahyperbola.
DirectorCircle
l Thedirectorcircleisthelocusofpointsfromwhichperpendiculartangentsare
drawntothegivenhyperbola.
x 2 y2
l Theequationofthedirectorcircleofthehyperbola - =1 is
a 2 b 2
x2 +y2 =a2 b2.
EquationofPair ofTangentsDrawnFromaPoint toaHyperbola
l Thecombinedequationofthepairoftangentsdrawnfrompoint(x1,y
1)tothe

2
x 2 y2 x 2 y2 x 2 y 2 xx yy
hyperbola - 2 =1 isgivenby 2 - 2 - 1 12 - 12 - 1 = 21 - 21 - 1
a 2
b a b a b a b
2
i.e.,SS1 =T ,whereS,S1 andThavetheirusualmeanings.
EquationofChordofContactofTangentsDrawnfromaPointtoaHyperbola
l Thechordofcontactoftangentsdrawnfromapoint(x1,y1)tothehyperbola

x 2 y2 xx1 yy1
- =1 is 2 - 2 =1.
a 2 b 2 a b
DifferentFormsofTheEquationofNormal
x 2 y2
l Point Form : The equation of the normal to the hyperbola - =1 at
a 2 b 2
a 2 x b 2 y
(x1,y1)is + = a 2 + b2.
x1 y1
l ParametricForm: Theequationofthenormalat(a sec q, b tan q)tothehyperbola

x 2 y2
- =1 is ax cosq + by cot q = a2 + b2.
a 2 b 2

x 2 y2
l SlopeForm:Theequationofthenormaltothehyperbola - =1 interms
a 2 b 2
m ( a 2 + b2)
oftheslopemofthenormalisgivenby y = mx- .
a 2 -b 2 m 2
NumberofNormalsfroma PointtoaHyperbola
l In general four normals can be drawn from a point (x1, y1) to the hyperbola
x 2 y2
- = 1.
a 2 b 2
x 2 y2
l The line lx + my + n = 0 will be a normal to the hyperbola - =1 if
a 2 b 2
a 2 b 2 ( a 2 + b2 )2
- = .
l 2 m2 n 2
x 2 y2
l Equationofthechordofthehyperbola - =1, bisectedatthegivenpoint
a 2 b 2
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
-
(x1,y1)is- 1 = - -1.
a2 b2 a 2 b 2
AsymptotesofaHyperbola
l Anasymptotetoacurveisastraightline,atafinitedistancefromtheorigin,to
whichthetangenttoacurvetendsasthepointofcontactgoestoinfinity.
x 2 y2
l The equations of two asymptotes of the hyperbola - =1 a re
a 2 b 2
b x y
y= xor = 0.
a a b
x 2 y2
l The combined equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola - =1 is
a 2 b 2
x 2 y2
- = 0.
a 2 b 2
l When b = a i.e. the asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola x2 y2 = a2 are
y=x,whichareatrightangles.
y Asymptotes
x x
A A
C x y2
2
B - =1
a2 b 2
x2 y2
y - = -1
a2 b 2
l Ahyperbolaanditsconjugatehyperbolahavethesameasymptotes.
l Theequationofthepairofasymptotesdifferthehyperbolaandtheconjugate
hyperbolabythesameconstantonlyi.e.
HyperbolaAsymptotes=AsymptotesConjugatehyperbola
x2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2 x 2 y2
or 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 - 2 = 2 - 2 - 2 - 2 + 1
a b a b a b a b
l Theasymptotespassthroughthecentreofthehyperbola.Thebisectorsofthe
anglesbetweentheasymptotesarethecoordinateaxes.

x 2 y2
l Theproductoftheperpendicularsfromanypointonthehyperbola - =1
a 2 b 2
a 2 b2
toitsasymptotesisequalto .
a 2 +b 2
RectangularHyperbola
l Ahyperbolawhoseasymptotesareatrightanglestoeachotheriscalledarectangular
hyperbola.
l Thetransverseandconjugateaxesofarectangularhyperbolaareequalandthe
equationisx2 y2 = a2.
The equation of the asymptotes of the rectangular hyperbola are y = x i.e.
y =x andy=x.Clearly,eachofthesetwoasymptotesisinclinedat45tothe
transverseaxis.
l Parametriccoordinatesofapointonthehyperbolaxy=c2 is(ct,c/t).
l EquationofTheChordJoiningPointst1 and t2 :Theequationofthechord
c c
joiningtwopoints ct1 , and ct2, onthehyperbola
t1 t 2
xy=c2 is x+yt1t2 = c(t1 + t2).
EquationofTangentinDifferentForms
2
l y1)
Point Form : The equation of tangent at (x1, to the hyperbola xy = c is
x y
xy1 + yx1 =2c2 or + = 2.
x1 y1
c
l ParametricForm:Theequationofthetangentat ct, tothehyperbola
t
2 x
xy= c is + yt =2c.
t
EquationofTheNormalinDifferentForms
2
l PointForm:Theequationofthenormalat(x1,y
1)tothehyperbolaxy=c is
2 2
xx1 yy1 = x1 y1.
c
l Parametric Form : The equation of the normal at ct, to the hyperbola
t
xy= c2 is xt3 yt ct4 + c= 0.

l Theequationofthechordofthehyperbolaxy=c2 whosemiddleis(x1,y
1) is
xy1 + yx1 =2x1y1 or T= S.
l Theequationsoftangentsatt1 andt2 toxy=c2 are
x x
+ yt1 = 2c and + yt 2 =2c.
t1 t2
2c t t 2c
Thepointofintersectionofthesetwolinesis 1 2 , .
t1 + t2 t1 + t 2
End


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Formulae For Circles

[By: Er.Md. Rizwan Ahmad, +91-9004164029]

Prepared by- Er.Md Rizwan Ahmad (Contact:-+91-9004164029) Email:-ahmadec1987@gmail.com 1

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x2 + y2 +2gx+2fy + c =0isequalto x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + c .

Prepared by- Er.Md Rizwan Ahmad (Contact:-+91-9004164029) Email:-ahmadec1987@gmail.com 3

x2 + y2 = a2 isxx1 + yy1 = a2.

Prepared by- Er.Md Rizwan Ahmad (Contact:-+91-9004164029) Email:-ahmadec1987@gmail.com 4

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l Thegeneralequationofseconddegreeax2 +2hxy+by2 + 2gx+ 2f y+c = 0

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l Vertices: Thepoints A and A,infigure,wherethecurvemeetsthelinejoining

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l Theequations x = a cosf, y = b sin f takentogetherarecalledtheparametric

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l ParametricForm: Theequationofthenormalat(a sec q, b tan q)tothehyperbola

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xy= c2 is xt3 yt ct4 + c= 0.

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