Pressure, depth and Pascals

Fluid statics Law

What is a fluid?
Density
Lecture 2
Pressure

Fluid pressure and depth
Dr Julia Bryant
Pascals principle
Buoyancy
Archimedes principle

Fluid dynamics

Reynolds number
Equation of continuity
web notes: Fluidslect2.pdf
Bernoullis principle
Viscosity and Turbulent flow
Poiseuilles equation pressure3.pdf pascal.pdf

http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/wfluids.htm
1
From last class:

In a static fluid, with uniform density ,

Pressure at depth h = pressure acting on surface

+ pressure due to height of liquid

ph = p0 + F/A
F = weight of column liquid of cross sectional area A
F = mg p0 pressure acting on surface

M=V
= Ah

F/A = gh Weight of
h column
of liquid
ph = p0 + gh F
A

Liquid uniform density

2
! The pressure within a uniform stationary
fluid is the same at all points in the
same horizontal plane.

The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon the depth of
the fluid, the density of the fluid, and the acceleration of gravity

ph = p0 + g h

Static pressure does not depend upon mass or surface area of liquid
and the shape of container due to pressure exerted by walls. DEMO
3
Example:
Estimate the difference in fluid pressure between the
neck and base of a bottle of wine when
(a) upright and (b) cellaring (lying down)

= 1.08 x 103 kg m-3

h = 0.23 m

p = g h = 1.08 x 103 x 9.8 x 0.23

= 2434Pa = 2.4kPa

A 175cm tall person has a difference

in blood (density 1.06 x 103 kg m-3)
pressure of 18179Pa between their
head and feet. Work it out. 4
Example:
Water is in a U-tube. Oil is added to
one side until it is a height d above
the water, which has risen a distance
H.
d
What is the density of the oil?

Pressure at the interface height is oil

water
Left tube: pL= w g H
Right tube: pR= oil g (H+d)
pL = pR

w g H = oil g (H+d) Interface

poil=pwater

oil = H
w H+d / w is the specific gravity 5
In liquids p=p0 + gh but what about gases?!

Gas pressure!
pV = N k T pV = n R T piVi = pfVf !
Ti Tf
p is the gas pressure (Pa), "
V is the volume of the gas (m3), "
T is the gas temperature (K), "
N is the number of molecules and "
n is the number of moles of the gas (mol) "
Boltzmann constant k = 1.38x10-23 J.K-1"
Universal gas constant R = 8.314 J.mol-1.K-1"
k = R / NA R = k NA "

" Avogadro's constant NA = 6.023x1023 mol-1" 6

 Isothermals pV = constant

180

160
piVi = pfVf
140

120
Ti Tf
pressure p (kPa)

100 K
100
200 K
300 K
80 400 K

60

40

20

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40
3
volume V (m )
Gas laws (fixed quantity of gas) "
Boyle's Law (constant temperature) p = constant / V"
Charles Law (constant pressure) V = constant x T
(constant volume) p = constant x T "
7
 Measuring Pressure

A barometer or manometer can be used to

measure pressure

8
Measuring relative pressure
DEMO
Manometer
pD = atmospheric pressure
D

B and C are at
A
the same level
B C so
pB = p C
Pressure at base y2
y1
p1 = p A + g y 1
p2 = p 1 Pressure at base
p2 = p 0 + g y 2
p0 + g y 2 = pA + g y 1
p is the absolute pressure
pA - p0 = g( y2 - y1) = g h
p - p0 is the gauge pressure 9
Measuring relative pressure
Mercury Barometer A"
measures atmospheric P0 = 0"
pressure For example patm = 760 mmHg"

= 13.6 x 103 kg.m-3 "

g = 9.8 m.s-2"
h = 760 mm = 760 x 10-3 m"
h! Patm = (13.6 x 103)(9.8)(760 x 10-3)
Pa = 1.01 x 105 Pa"
Patm = gh" patm"

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Why does a brain tumor affect the
spinal cord?

tumor

Increased
pressure
transmitted down
spinal cord

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Pascal's Principle 1653 Blaise Pascal (1623 1662)

Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished

to every portion of the fluid and walls of the containing vessel.

force

DEMO 12
Pascal's Principle 1653 Blaise Pascal (1623 1662)

Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished

to every portion of the fluid and walls of the containing vessel.

ph ph

p0

p0 p0
2.4kPa + Pincease

(0,0) (0,0)
h h
Linear relationship between pressure and depth.
If the pressure at the surface increases then the pressure at
a depth h also increases by the same amount. 13
Tennis Ball Impact on Eye
A blow to the eye by a tennis ball can cause more
damage than one might expect because of the
transmission of the pressure to the back of the eye

The cornea on the front of the eye is tough and may feel the pain of the
impact but without damage.
Pascals principle means that the pressure is transmitted through the fluid,
from the front of the eye, undiminished to all parts of the eye. In this way the
retina can be severely damaged or torn. 14
How can a person easily lift a car?

15
 A piston with area A1 exerts force F1 on a fluid, which connects a larger
piston of area A2.
Based on Pascals principle, the pressure is the same on both cylinders.
F1 F1 F
P= = 2
A1 A2 F2
F1
A2
F2 = F >> F1
A1 1

pA1 h1

oil

F2
h2

pA2
A1 A2
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 Small piston moves a distance h1 small force + large distance
Volume of fluid displaced V=h1 A1 ==> large lifting force
Large piston moves h2 with V=h2 A2 over small distance
F1 so
A2
h2 = h1 << h1 F1
F2
A1

pA1 h1

oil

F2
h2

pA2
A1 A2
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 A2 A2
F2 = F1 >> F1 h2 = h << h1
A1 A1 1

But work done= F1 h1

A1 A2
= (F2 x )(h2 x ) = F2 h2
A2 A1

Energy is conserved

18
BUOYANCY - FLOATING AND SINKING
Why do ice cubes float on water?
Less dense than water.
Yes, but why does something with less
density than water float?
Why does a hot air balloon rise?

19
If I suspend a block on a
rope, what force do we rope
need to pull up with on
the rope to make the T=?
block hang steady?

If I immerse the block in water,

m
what happens to the tension in
the rope?

W
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 Buoyancy
When a solid object is wholly
or partly immersed in a fluid, T = W - FB
the fluid molecules are
continually striking the T
submerged surface of the
object. " FB
The forces due to these
impacts can be combined into
a single force the buoyant
force which counteracts the
weight." W
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If Fb > Fg body floats.
If Fb < Fg body sinks.
A body floats in any
liquid with density
fluid > body

Fb Fb < Fg
Fg Fb > Fg
22
 Thin sack filled with water.
Fb Weight of water mg=Fb
Weight of object = weight of fluid displaced by object "
Fg Volume of displaced water = volume of object
Replace sack with stone
Fb msg>Fb ===> sinks
Weight of object > weight of fluid displaced by object "
Fg Volume of displaced water = volume of object
Replace sack with wood
mwg<Fb ==>floats (wood<water)
Fb Weight of object < weight of fluid displaced by object "
Fg Volume of displaced water < volume of object"
Weight of liquid displaced by submerged part "
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of the object = weight of object
How high will it float?
Wood breaks surface and displaces less
water until
Fb = mwoodg=m'g
where m' and V' are the mass and volume of
the water displaced
less more V'g = woodVwoodg
dense dense
V' wood
=
Vwood
Fb Fraction of block
Fg submerged is wood / 24
How high will it float?
- What fraction of an iceberg is under water?
Water expands on freezing
by 10%.
Density of ice is 0.9g/cm3
Fraction of iceberg
submerged is
ice / water= 0.9/1.0

Therefore 90% of the

iceberg is submerged. 25
Example problem:
The pressure on the surface of a lake is atmospheric pressure, Pat.
(a) At what depth is the pressure twice atmospheric pressure?
(b) If the lake was full of mercury, at what depth is the pressure 2Pat?

(a) p = pat + gh

When p=2pat, 2pat = pat + gh

pat = gh
h = pat /g
= 1.01 x 105/(1x 103 x 9.8) = 10.3m

(b) hHg = pat /Hgg

= 1.01 x 105/(13645 x 9.8) = 75cm
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Another example problem:
Blood flows into the aorta through a circular opening of
radius 0.9cm.
If the blood pressure is 120 torr, how much force must be
exerted by the heart?

1 torr = 133.322Pa = 133.322 N.m-2

120 torr =120 x 133.322 N.m-2

F = pA

F = 120 x 133.322 x x (9x10-3 )2 N

= 4.07 N
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