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American Galvanizers Association Phone: (720) 554-0900 Fax: (720) 554-0909 technical@galvanizeit.

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CHAINS FOR OVERHEAD LIFTING


1. Scope on the use of carbon steel chain for overhead lifting
in the galvanizing industry.
1.1 The lifting chain guideline covers common
practices and procedures in the galvanizing industry 2. Referenced Documents
for use and maintenance of chain slings.
1.2 The Occupational Safety and Health AGA Chain Study 2003.
Administration (OSHA) lists the type of slings
covered in section CFR 1910.184. The American ASME Standard:
Society for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B30.9 B 30.9 1996, Slings Safety Standard for
Slings is another safety standard on the selection, Cableways, Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Hooks, Jacks,
use and maintenance of chain slings. and Slings 30.9c-2000 Alloy Steel Chain Slings
1.2.1 The type of slings covered in Section Selection, Use, and Maintenance
1910.184 are those made from:
alloy steel chain ASTM Standards:
wire rope A 391 Specification for Grade 80 Alloy Steel
Chain
metal mesh
A 413 Specification for Carbon Steel Chain
natural or synthetic fiber rope
(conventional three strand construction) J.J. Keller Associates, 1910 OSHA Guide
synthetic web (nylon, polyester, and Workplace Safety Regulations & Index. Updated
polypropylene). November 1998 1910.184 Slings
1.2.2 Section 1910.184 does not cover slings
made from other materials; however, these slings are National Association of Chain Manufacturers,
not prohibited by this regulation. Welded Steel Chain Specifications, April, 2003
1.2.3 Slings that are not covered by Section
1910.184 should follow the manufacturers
recommendations.
1.3 This chain guideline provides information
Disclaimer 1

The material contained herein has been developed to provide accurate and authoritative information about the practices
and procedures to protect employees in the galvanizing industry from the hazards of using chains for overhead lifting.
This material provides general information only and is not intended as a substitute for competent professional
examination and verification as to suitability and applicability. The publication of the material herein is not intended as a
representation or warranty on the part of the American Galvanizers Association, Inc. Anyone making use of this
information assumes all liability arising from such use.

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
3. Terminology 3.1.12 working load limit (WLL) the maximum
load that shall be applied in direct tension to an
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This undamaged straight length of chain.
Guideline
3.1.1 angle of loading slope of a leg or branch 4. Factors that affect chain properties
of a sling, may be measured from the horizontal or
vertical plane. When the angle of loading is less than 4.1 The factors that are detrimental to chain and
five degrees from the vertical, the load may be are inherent in the galvanizing material handling
considered a vertical load. process may include one or all of the following:
3.1.2 certified inspection an inspection that Liquid metal embrittlement
documents the date, identification of the chain Hydrogen embrittlement
inspected, inspection results, and signed by the Galvanizing chemical solutions caustic,
person who performed the inspection pickling acid, flux
3.1.3 design factor- ratio between nominal or Impact loading (jerking the load when
minimal breaking strength and rated capacity of the lifting or lowering the sling which
sling. increases the actual stress on the sling)
3.1.4 length - effective length of a chain sling versus tensile strength
measured from the top-bearing surface of the upper Uneven load distribution
terminal component to the bottom-bearing surface of Stress corrosion
the lower terminal component
Stress riser effect concentration of
3.1.5 master link forged or welded steel link
mechanical forces due to corners and
used to support all members (legs) of a chain sling.
twists
3.1.6 minimum breaking strength minimum
Wear on the links
load at which a new sling or component could be
Molten zinc bath
expected to break when loaded to destruction in
direct tension. Breaking strength values are not Thermal effects
guarantees that all chain segments will endure these
loads. This test is a manufacturers quality The factors specific to use in the galvanizing
acceptance test and shall not be used as a criterion for operation are the effect of the cleaning solutions,
service or design purposes. potential for embrittlement, and the effect on strength
3.1.7 overhead lifting process of lifting that due to the immersion in molten zinc. These factors
would elevate a freely suspended load to such a were specifically analyzed as part of the AGA study,
position that dropping the load would present a The other factors affect all chain slings, and the
possibility of bodily injury or property damage. ASME B30.9 document should be consulted for
3.1.8 overload any static or dynamic load in information on these factors.
excess of the working load limit. 4.2 The AGA conducted a study investigating the
3.1.9 proof load load applied in performance of effects of the cleaning solutions on several different
a proof test types of chains. The types of chains investigated
3.1.10 proof test a quality control tensile test were Grade 30 (proof coil), Grade 43 (high test) and
applied to chain for the purpose of verifying weld and alloy Grade 63 and Grade 100.
material quality. The proof test involves the use of a 4.2.1 The unloaded chains were immersed into
constantly increasing force applied in direct tension baths containing caustic, caustic rinse, acid, acid
to a straight length of chain. Proof test loads are a rinse, and preflux. Both hydrochloric and sulfuric
manufacturing integrity test and shall not be used as acids were test variables.
criteria for service or design purposes. 4.2.2 The chain diameters were measured and
3.1.11 sling assembly that connects the load to visual inspections were performed.
the material handling equipment 4.2.3 The immersion in cleaning solutions and
subsequent visual inspections revealed that the chains

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
had experienced severe attack in the cleaning 4.3 The AGA study also investigated the effects of
solutions. Pits developed around the surface area of zinc and galvanizing temperature on the properties of
the chain. Pits cause an immeasurable and the chains.
undetectable reduction in the chain diameter. The 4.3.1 Chains were immersed into the liquid zinc
severity of the pits depended on the type of chain. bath several times and then stripped in hydrochloric
The two alloy chains, Grade 63 and Grade 100, acid. Chains were inspected visually for any
developed significant pitting on the surface of the development of pits or accelerated wear and were
chains in a shorter period of time in comparison to measured after stripping to track the changes in the
the carbon steel chains, Grade 30 and Grade 43. (See chain diameter.
Figures 1 and 2) 4.3.2 All of the chains survived being immersed
into the galvanizing bath. There was no development
of pits or accelerated wear seen on the chains. These
chains were then load tested at elevated temperature
to determine the effects of the galvanizing
temperature (850 F/454 C) on the breaking strength
of the chains.
4.3.3 Grade 30 and Grade 43 chains averaged a
30% reduction in breaking strength while at the 850 F
temperature. Grade 63 and Grade 100 averaged a
slightly higher reduction in breaking strength.
4.4 The chemical cleaning steps in the galvanizing
process can produce hydrogen gas during the
Figure 1. Pitting on the proof coil chain concentrated reduction of iron oxides. For Grade 63 and Grade
in area of weld 100 chains and components, this can result in
hydrogen gas entrapment and, subsequent, hydrogen
embrittlement. Grade 63 and all grades above 63
should not be used in a galvanizing environment
due to the potential development of hydrogen
embrittlement from the cleaning solutions and
exposure to the galvanizing temperature. (See
Figure 3) Grade 30 and Grade 43 chains did not
show signs of embrittlement.

Figure 2. Pitting around entire surface of alloy


Grade 100 chain Left chain was immersed and had
significant pitting around the entire exposed surface.
The right chain was at the top of the chain sling and Figure 3. Photomicrograph of Hydrogen
was not immersed. It had little or no pitting. Embrittlement in alloy chain

4.2.4 Based on the testing conducted, Grade 30


through Grade 100 chains should not be used only in 5. Sling Chains for Hot-Dip Galvanizing
the galvanizing cleaning solutions due to the severe Operations
attack on the chains. If chains are to be used in only
the chemical cleaning solutions, a chain that is
specific for acid application should be used.
3

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
5.1 OSHA recommends the use of alloy steel
chain for overhead lifting due to the tensile strength.
OSHA has not recommended carbon steel chains for 6. Working Load Limits of Chains at Elevated
overhead lifting. In Section 1910.184 (e)(5) OSHA Temperature
allows that slings that are not included in this section
shall be used only in accordance with the 6.1 The strength of the chain and other sling
manufacturers recommendation. Grade 63 and components are reduced by the 850 F temperatures
Grade 100, alloy chains, investigated in the AGA experienced when the sling is immersed in the
study did not have favorable results. galvanizing kettle. Working Load Limits for chain
5.2. There is a potential for hydrogen slings are normally shown at ambient temperatures.
embrittlement when Grade 63 and Grade 100 chains Therefore, the effect of the elevated temperature
and components are exposed to a galvanizing or needs to be accounted for in determining the service
combined galvanizing and cleaning environment. working load limit of the chain used in the sling.
Hydrogen embrittlement can develop when high 6.2 The minimum design factor for chain slings is
strength material is exposed to both the galvanizing 4. Grade 30 chain has a design factor of 4, however,
cleaning solutions and galvanizing temperature. Grade 43 chain has a design factor of 3. Therefore
5.3 Grade 30 through Grade 100 should not be the design factor as well as the effect of temperature
used in slings that are used exclusively for the must be accounted for in determining the working
galvanizing cleaning operations. Only chains that are load limit for Grade 43 chains.
specifically recommended for immersion in the acids 6.3 From the AGA study, it was determined that
and other chemicals should be used for this the breaking strengths of Grade 30 and Grade 43
application. chains are reduced by 30% due to exposure at the
5.4 The chain material that best survives the galvanizing temperature.
environment of the galvanizing operation is lower 6.3.1 A table of working load limits for the typical
strength carbon chain, Grade 30 and Grade 43. These Grade 30 and Grade 43 chains accounting for
two materials can maintain their strength in the liquid elevated temperature use and design factor has been
zinc environment and survive over a period of time calculated and are shown in Table 1.
without significant degradation of their mechanical
properties.

Table 1. Working Load Limits for Chains used at


Galvanizing Temperatures
Working Load Limits (lbs.)
Nominal Chain Size Grade 30 Grade 43
(inch) (Proof Coil) (High Test)
3/8 1,850 2,830
1/2 3,150 4,830
5/8 4,830 6,820
3/4 7,420 10,600

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
An example calculation:
7. Proof Testing of Sling and Accessories
Weight on the chain =
7.1 The OSHA Standard and the ASME B30.9 Weight load*Multiplying factor
Safety Standard require that all components of a
chain sling be proof tested prior to initial use. This For a 1000 lb. load with two chains
includes the master link, leader links, or any hook or supporting the weight and a 60-degree angle
other fittings that are part of the sling.
7.2 For single or multiple leg slings, each leg Note: The 1000 lb. load is divided by 2 since the
weight is distributed evenly between the two chains.
shall be proof tested to twice the single leg rated load.
7.2.1 Master links for double leg slings shall be
Weight on chain = 500*(1/sin 60)
proof tested to four times the single leg rated load.
= 500*1.15 = 575 lbs.
7.2.2 Master links for triple or quad leg slings
shall be proof tested to six times the single leg rated
Horizontal sling angles less than 30 degrees
load.
should not be used without the
7.2.3 Master coupling links for triple or quad
recommendation of a qualified person.
slings shall be proof tested to two times the single leg
rated load.
8.1.2 All chain slings shall have the working
8. Effect of Lifting Angles and Rigging Hitches
load limit reduced by 20% when the sling is used in a
on the Working Load Limit of Chain Slings
choker hitch provided that the angle of the choke is
120 degrees or greater.
8.1 The type of sling, the type of hitch, and the
8.1.3 Sling configurations or hitches not shown
angle of loading form all affect the working load
in Table 2 or discussed in 8.1.1 or 8.1.2 should have
limit of the sling.
the working load limit determined by a qualified
8.1.1 Table 2 shows the rated load for single leg
person.
vertical, choker, basket, double basket, and two
through four leg bridle slings for 3/8 through
9. Operating Practices
Grade 30 and Grade 43 chain slings. For horizontal
angles other than those shown in this table, use the
9.1 The OSHA Standard and the ASME Safety
rated load for the next lower angle or calculate as
Standard list requirements for rigging and operating
follows:
practices, and these should be consulted. A partial list
of the recommendations is included in this section.
Find the horizontal angle between the 9.2 There are four recommendations on hooking
chain and the load chains onto parts.
Multiply the weight by the designated Make sure there are no kinks, knots, or twists
factor to calculate the amount of force that in the chain
the weight puts on the chain. Do not join chains by bolts or wire
The following table lists the multiplying Never improvise the lifting tackle
factors of common angles. Avoid complex chaining angles
9.3 Slings should be rigged in the following
Angle of 90 60 45 30 manner.
the chain degrees degrees degrees degrees Slings shall not be shortened or lengthened
Multiplying 1/sin 90 1/sin 60 1/sin 45 1/sin 30 by knotting or twisting.
factor =1 = 1.15 = 1.4 =2 Slings shall be hitched or rigged in a manner
providing control of the load
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American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
TABLE 2
RATED LOAD IN POUNDS FOR GRADE 30 AND 43 CHAIN SLINGS
USED FOR HOT-DIP GALVANIZING

Single Leg
Slings Double Leg Bridle Slings Triple and Quadruple Leg Bridle
Single Basket Slings Slings
Choker Vertical
Double Basket Slings
Hitch
Nominal
Chain
Size

Horizontal Angle [Note 1]

90 90 60 45 30 60 45 30
in mm lb lb lb lb lb lb lb lb
Grade 30 (Proof Coil) Chain
3/8 10 1,480 1,850 3,200 2,600 1,850 4,800 3,920 2,770
1/2 13 2,520 3,150 5,450 4,450 3,150 8,180 6,680 4,720
5/8 16 3,860 4,830 8,360 6,830 4,830 12,500 10,200 7,240
3/4 20 5,930 7,420 12,800 10,500 7,420 19,300 15,700 11,100
Grade 43 (High Test) Chain
3/8 10 2,260 2,830 4,900 4,000 2,830 7,350 6,000 4,240
1/2 13 3,860 4,830 8,360 6,830 4,830 12,500 10,200 7,240
5/8 16 5,450 6,820 11,800 9,640 6,820 17,700 14,400 10,200
3/4 20 8,480 10,600 18,300 15,000 10,600 27,500 22,500 15,900

NOTE 1: The horizontal angle is the angle formed between the inclined leg and the horizontal plane
of the load.

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
Sharp corners in contact with the sling should link surfaces. The inspection of the chain should
be padded with material of sufficient strength occur after the zinc has been stripped from the entire
to minimize damage to the sling. chain length. Periodic inspection frequency is
Slings should not be pulled from under a load dependant upon frequency of sling usage, severity of
when the load is resting on the sling. the service conditions, and experience gained on the
Slings should be stored in an area where they service life of slings used in similar circumstances.
will not be subjected to mechanical damage, 11.3 Discard the chain if any of the following
corrosion, moisture, extreme heat, or kinking. occurs
Twisting and kinking of the legs shall be
avoided. a. Missing or illegible sling tag
Slings should not be dragged on the floor or
over an abrasive surface. b. Cut, nicked, cracked, gouged, burned, or
corrosion pitted
10 Sling Identification

10.1 All slings need to be tagged with the


following information
Name or trademark of sling manufacturer
Grade and Size of chain
Number of legs c. Twisted or bent
Working Load Limit for the type(s) of
hitch(es) used and the angle upon which it is
based. For galvanizing slings, this should be
adjusted to show the elevated temperature
use.
Length
Note: If the galvanizer is creating the sling, he
becomes the manufacturer and is responsible for
properly tagging the sling. It is usually useful to
assign a unique serial number to the sling for tracking d. Stretched links tend to close up and get
purposes. longer

11 Inspection, Removal and Repair of Chains

11.1 OSHA requires chain inspections for


each day before being used. A competent person
designated by the employer shall verify compliance
and inspect the sling and all fastenings and e. Minimum thickness of the chain links shall
attachments for damage or defects. Additional not be below the values listed in Table 3.
inspections shall be performed during sling use, when f. For other components on the sling, the wear
service conditions warrant. Damage or defective should not exceed 10% of the original dimension at
slings shall be immediately removed from service. any point.
11.2 OSHA also requires periodic inspections of g. Lack of ability of the chain or components to
chain slings. This is a more in depth inspection hinge freely.
where each link and component shall be examined
individually by a competent person, taking care to
expose and examine all surfaces including the inner

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
Table 3. Minimum Allowable fit on any link of the chain. As the chain is being
used, once the gauge fits onto a link, the chain must
Thickness for Grade 30 and Grade 43 be removed from service.
Chains 11.3.2 If the go/no go gauge is not used, the
chain diameters need to be measured by using a
Nominal Chain or Minimum caliper or micrometer. The measured diameter
Coupling Link Size Allowable should be compared to the maximum allowable wear
Grade 30 Thickness at Any as indicated in Table 3. If the chain measurement is
Point on the Link below the maximum allowable wear, the chain needs
Grade 30 to be removed from service.
in. mm in. mm 11.4 Except for the removal of nicks and
1/4 7 0.239 6.07 gouges within the wear allowance of the part, no
5/16 8.4 0.286 7.28 repairs to hooks or chains should ever be made by the
3/8 10 0.342 8.69 user, but only by the manufacturer or a qualified
7/16 11.9 0.405 10.30 person.
1/2 13 0.443 11.26
5/8 16 0.546 13.87 12. Record Keeping
3/4 20 0.687 17.45
7/8 22 0.750 19.05 12.1 The chain inspection should be done on a
1 26 0.887 22.53 regular basis to insure that unqualified chains are
taken out of service.
12.1.1 Each inspection on a chain should be
Nominal Chain or Minimum recorded. A chain log can be used to document each
Coupling Link Size Allowable inspection. In Appendix 2 is a sample copy of a
Grade 43 Thickness at Any chain log.
Point on the Link 12.1.2 Information that should be recorded
Grade 43 includes the following:
in. mm in. mm date when chain was put into service
1/4 7 0.239 6.07 date of inspection
5/16 8.7 0.297 7.54 measured chain diameter after inspection
3/8 10.3 0.351 8.93 12.2 OSHA requires that the employer shall
7/16 11.9 0.405 10.30 make and maintain a record of the most recent month
1/2 13.5 0.460 11.68 in which a chain sling was thoroughly inspected, and
5/8 16 0.546 13.87 make it available for examination. ASME B30.9
3/4 20 0.687 17.45 requires that written record of the most recent
7/8 22 0.750 19.05 periodic inspection be maintained and shall include
the condition of the sling.
The information was taken from NACM Welded
Steel Chain Specifications.

11.3 The use of a go/no go gauge is permitted


for determining when a chains diameter is below the
recommended maximum allowable wear of the
diameter.
11.3.1 The go/no go gauge should not be able to

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
APPENDIX 1.

DIAGRAMS OF DIFFERENT CHAIN ANGLES

American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
Chain Angle Loads

500 lbs 500


lbs
577 lbs 577 lbs 707 lbs
60o 707 lbs 1000 lbs
45o 30o1000 lbs
1000 lbs 1000 lbs 1000 lbs 1000 lbs

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American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
APPENDIX 2.

SAMPLE CHAIN LOG

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American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08
Sample Chain Log

Date of Purchase Current Date Chain Diameter After


Size Stripping

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American Galvanizers Association


Galvanizing Guidelines
01/25/08

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