International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)

ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-2, Issue-10, October 2016

Capacitive dividers on the high voltage lines

Haroun Abba Labane, Alphonse Omboua

Abstract In the developing countries, several villages are II. SCHEMA OF THE PRINCIPLE CAPACITIVE
crossed by lines with high voltage yet the populations do not DIVIDER
profit from the electricity which passes above their heads. The
classical solution for the transformation of the very high voltage Line HV
I
into low voltage for the profit of the rural populations is
expensive and is not economically profitable for the distributors C1
L
of electrical energy. The voltage dividers already used like Transfo MV/LV
I1
transformers in the stations, can be resized for the extraction of
I2
small quantities along high voltage lines. This single-phase F
technique, would plaid in favor of the reasonable costs. On the C2 Zn
work of transporting, the high voltage line would assume the F
role of distributor of electrical energy to the rural populations.
This article is dedicated to the detailed research of the system,
for the control of the parameters of the choice equipment, for an Ground
easy dimensioning in rural electrification. Fig.2: Schema of the capacitive divider
Index Terms Extracting, Energy, capacitive dividers, high The equivalent schema reduced to the primary transformer is:
voltage lines.
Line HV

V1 I
I. INTRODUCTION C1 xf1 R1 xf2 R2
L

V I1
Io
PRESENTATION OF A CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE I2
DIVIDER V2 C2 Zn
F
For this kind of power supply, the return of the electric power xm Rm
being done by the ground. So, the level of the voltage of
transport is reduced to a level of distribution then allowing the
use of a MV/LV distribution transformer to pass from the Groun
average voltage level to that of the use. One distinguishes 3 Fig.3: Schema of the system reduced to the primary MV/LV
parts associated on three voltage levels: high, medium and transformer
low.
Notations
Z1 ,Z2: respectively impedances of capacity C1 and C2
Z2: impedance of capacity C2
Zn: impedance of the load to be supplied
ZPO: impedance of the compensation coil
ZF: impedance of the shock absorber filter
Z: equivalent impedance of the network subjected to the
medium voltage V2
R1: Resistance of winding of the primary transformer
R2: Resistance of winding of the second transformer
Rm: Resistor losses by iron in the magnetic circuit of the
Fig. 1: Capacitive voltage divider - Photo Hydro Quebec 225 transformer
kV/20 kV Rp: Equivalent resistance of the transformer (reduce to the
primary)
- The high voltage is composed by the line and the capacitor XF1: Reactance of winding of the primary transformer
C1 for coupling. XF2: Reactance of winding of the secondary transformer
- The medium voltage is composed by the capacitor C2, the Xm: Reactance of magnetizing the MV/LV transformer
compensation coil, the damping filter and the primary V1 ,V2: respectively voltages of poles capacity C1 and C2
transformer MV/LV. V: Single Voltage of HV Line
-The Low voltage includes the second transformer and the Un: Nominal voltage of the load Zn
load impedance Zn. Sn: Apparent power of the load
cos: Factor of power of the load
Zw = Z-Zpo
: Real part of Zw

26 www.ijeart.com
 Capacitive dividers on the high voltage lines

: Imaginary part of Zw V: single voltage transmission line on which the draw is

F: Filter shock absorber made.
k: Transformation ratio
I: The primary current through C1 I
I1: The current in the branch MT V1 C1
I2: The current through the capacitor C2 I Z
1
L: Inductance coil of compensation of agreement coil V
T: MV/LV transformer V2
C
Role of the compensation coil:
The compensation coil plays a role in the compensation of the
reactive energy that the capacitors produce. Fig.5: Simplified representation
of the system
Role of the filter shock absorber: U is the voltage of the line was for phase-ground voltage
The filter shock absorber (F) is at the same time used to filter U
V =
harmonics on the side distribution. 3
1 1
Z1 ; Z2 ;
III. CALCULATION OF THE IMPEDANCE Z jC1 jC 2
SUBJECTED TO THE MV VOLTAGE V2 Ohm's law gives V1 Z1 I so and V V1 V2 so
In load, the current value IO is negligible that we can remove V2 V V1 V Z1I .
the branch of magnetizing and the voltage V2 is applied to the
__ __ __
following circuit: Call Z q Z 1 Z 2 // Z that is to say
L Z
Tf __ __ Z2Z [] (2)
Z q Z 1
Z2 Z
__
V2 ZF Z Z q : Represents the equivalent impedance of the entire
n
system connected to the line HV.
V
The main current is then I
Fig. 4: Summary of the circuit under Z q
the MV voltage V2 V Z
V2 V Z1( ) V 1 1
(a) is the ratio: voltage medium / low voltage transformer. Z q Z q
xp and Rp be the reactance and resistance of the transformer
Z1
reduced to the primary and Z p 0 jL V2 V (1 )
Z2 Z
We have : x p xf1 a 2 xf 2 ; R p R1 a 2 R2 ; Z1
Z2 Z
( R p jx p a 2 Z n ) Z F
Z Z p0
( R p jx p a 2 Z n ) Z F V2 V (
1
) [V] (3)
Z1 Z
( R p jx p a Z n ) Z F
2 1 1
We set ZW , Z2 Z
( R p jx p a 2 Z n ) Z F 1 1
now Z1 ; Z2 ,
xy y 2 jC1 jC 2
knowing that y , 1
x y x y we find V2 V ( )
C 2 Z1
(Z F ) 2 1
we have ZW Z F C1 Z
R p jx p a 2 Z n Z F
C1 1
(Z F )2 V2 V
Z ( Z po Z F ) *+ (1)
R p jx p a 2 Z n Z F (C1 C 2 ) 1 1
j (C1 C 2 ) Z

(Z F ) 2
Knowing that ZW Z F
R p jx p a 2 Z n Z F
V 1
V2 (4)
Writing Z p 0 jL we have Z jL Z w C1 C 2 1
( ) 1
The
C1 j (C1 C 2 )Z transformation
We set Re( Z w) and Im(Z w) ,
_ V
we have: Z Z 2 ( L ) 2 ratio k
V2
C C2
__
1
IV. DIVISION RATIO (K) AND OUTPUT VOLTAGE V2 ratio is then: k 1
C1 jC1 Z
V2: Output voltage divider MV

27 www.ijeart.com
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-2, Issue-10, October 2016
1
C C2 The limited development , with x 1 being
k ( 1 ) 1
1
(5) 1 x
C1 jZ (C1 C2 ) n

(1)
1
k
xk ,
1 x
A schema opens Z , so k 0
We can write :
C1 C2 n
k k0
(1)
(6) 1 C1 k
C1 k
( )
C C2
1 ( 1 ) k 0
C2
It has already been established that Z can be written 1 1 1 n
C
k

Z j ( L ) . Transformation ratio. and so ( ) (1) k 1k 1

C1 C 2 C 2 C C2
_ V C1 C2 1 1 1 k 0

k ( ) 1 , C2
V2 C1 j Z (C 1 C2
)
k
n
1 C
This indicates that the voltage V2 is in phase with the line (1) k 1k 1 , so
C2 k 1 C2
voltage V of the power line that k is pure real.
C1 C2 C
n

1
So just what Z j ( L ) is imaginary pure, and 1 ( ) (1) k ( 1 ) k
jC1C2 1 jC2Z k 1 C2
therefore
If we call the C0 capacity equivalent to the set of two
0 Z j( L ) *+ (7)
capacitors C1 and C2 supposed in series and Z 0 the
corresponding impedance, we would have:
Of the formula of k, we understand that the voltage division 1 1 1 C C2
1
ratio depends on Z and therefore much of the load Z n . The C0 C1 C 2 C1 C2
ratio k is not constant. The voltage regulation V 2 is necessary C1 C 2
from where C 0
C1 C 2
because V 2 varies with load Z n .
1
Z0 ;
The relationship k 0 C1 C 2 gives j C 0
C1
Development to order 2 gives:
2
C2 (k0 1)C1 [F] (8)
__ __
1 C1 C1
Z q Z 0 1 *+ (10)
__ C
1 jC2 Z 2 2
C
It is known that k0 is a constant strictly greater than 1.
The relationship C2 (k 0 1)C1 shows that C2 C1 ; the C1
Conclusion: As C2 to C1 is too large then so 0
lowest capacity is one that is directly connected to the line. C2
__
a) The Study of impedance Z q Z q Z 0
_ _ Z2 Z Zq Z0
The result Z q Z 1 __
, lim
C
)0 *+ (11)
Z 2 Z
1
(
C2

Z1 Z 2 Z1 Z Z 2 Z
Z q , so
Z2 Z In this case Z has no more influence and it is as if the system
(1 )
1 is idle. So if C2 >> C1 it Z is as if it is, as if the vacuum
1 jC1 C 2 jC 2Z , So system.

Z q C1 C 2 j __ (C1 C 2 )
(1 ) Z q Z 0
Z (C1 C 2 ) jC1 C 2

1 b) Calculation of the current that passes through C1

(1 ) We already know that
jC1C 2 jZ (C1 C 2 )
Z q
C1 C 2 1 [F] (9) 1
(1 ) (1 )
jC 2Z 1 jC1 C 2 jC 2Z V
I gives
Z q C1 C 2 j Z q
As C1 is small compared to C2, to see what limit will tend (1 )
__ __ Z (C1 C 2 )
Z q whatever Z . with
1 1 1 C1
We have : ( ) with 0
C1 C 2 C 2 C C2 1
(1
1 1 __ jC1C2V jC2Z
)
[A] (12)
C2 I
(C1 C2 ) (1
j
)
Z (C1 C2 )

28 www.ijeart.com
 Capacitive dividers on the high voltage lines

Let us now expressed

1 as a function of the
A empty (transformer MV/LV not connected) we have j Z C 2
Z V
transformation ratio k .
C1C 2V V2
I I0 [A] (13)
C1 C 2 But it had already been established previously that
2
(Z F ) C1 C 2
Z (Z po Z F ) k ( ) 1
1

U2 jZ (C1 C 2 )
R p jx p Z F a n e j
2 C1
Sn

C1 C 2
This expression of the current (13) can also be written:
1 k ( ) 1
1 ;
(1 ) C1

C1
jC1C2V jC2Z jC Z (1 )
C 2
2
( )( ) (14)
(C1 C2 ) (1
1
)
C 1 C1
jZ C2 ( 1 1) which gives: 1 k ,
C2 C C1 C 2
jC 2Z (1 1 )
C1 little toward C2 we have C2
1 C1
(1
) or 1
k 1 so
jC1C2V jC2Z C C1 C 2
I ( )( ) jC 2Z (1 1 )
(C1 C2 ) (1
1
) C2
jC2Z
1 C C1
(1 1 ) k ( ) 1 (19)
_
jC 2Z C 2 C1 C 2
__ jC1C 2 V
I A (15)
C1 C 2 So this expression reported in (19) gives:
C1 C C2 C1k
V ( )V2 (1 ( 1 )( 1))
V. REACTIVE POWER C1 C2 C2 (C1 C2 )
C1 C k (C C2 )
If I 2 I 2 and I I ( )V2 (1 1 1 )
C1 C2 C2 C2

Without the compensation coil, the power Qc supplied by the C1 C 2

capacitors is: V ( )V2 (k 1) so
C2
QC X 2 ( I 2 ) 2 X1 ( I ) 2 [VAR] (16)
C1 C 2
V ( )V2 (k 1) (20)
C2
Now I 2 V2 while I the expression of the main current and the expression
X2
V CC 2
has already been QC X 2 ( 2 ) 2 X 1 ( 1 2 ) 2 V because :
1 X2 C1 C 2
(1 )
calculated. I ( jC1C 2V ) ( jC 2Z
) V2 2 CC C C 2
(C1 C 2 ) 1 QC X1 ( 1 2 ) 2 ( 1 2 ) 2V2 2 k 1 (21)
(1 ) X2 C1 C2 C2
jZ (C1 C 2 )

1 V2 2 2
1 QC X 1 (C1 ) 2 V2 2 k 1
we set jC 2Z X2
1
1
jZ (C1 C 2 ) by replacing X1=
1
and X2 =
1
,
C1 C2
so
2
CC we find : QC C2V2 C1V2 k 1 ;
2 2
V2 2 2
QC X 2 ( ) X1 ( 1 2 ) 2 V [VAR] (17)
X2 C1 C2

Calculation: V : It had already been shown QC

C2 C1 k 1
2

(V2 ) 2
[F] (22)
C1 C2 1
V ( ) 1 V2
C1 j Z (C 1 C2
)
V2: MV voltage supplied to the MV / LV transformer and
The calculation V gives: V
k : complex transformation ratio
V2
_
C1 C2 1
V ( ) 1 V2 [V] (18) This result expresses the reactive power that would produce
C1 j Z C 2 the capacitive divider from the capacities (C1) and (C2), k is

29 www.ijeart.com
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-2, Issue-10, October 2016
generally a complex number because there is no evidence that 1
1
tensions V and V 2 are in phase. _ jC1C 2V jC 2Z
I ) (1 ),
C1 C 2 1
The value QC
is within an interval of length L 1
V 2 2 C1
jC 2Z (1 )
C2
QC
C1 value being low we see immediately that L
V2 2 I I0

V V 2 2
L C 2 C1 ( 1) 2 C 2 C1 (1 ) 2 Equation (30) becomes V2 X 1 I 0 2 2 ( L ) V2
V2 V2 X2 2
Z
V V V
L2 C1 2 C1 4C1 (23) C1V
V2 V2 V2 We had to establish that for a voltage V2 , the
C1 C 2
is as low as it can be considered as the value of QC the power QC produced by the capacitors C1 and C2 takes its
V 2 2 minimum value
average of the two extreme values.
C1C 2V 2
QC (VAR)
C2 C1 (
V
1)2 C2 C1 (
V
1)2 C1 C 2
QC V2 V2

V2 2
2 The compensation coil here would be one that would swallow
V up the power QC
C1 C2 C1 ( )2
V2 C1C2V 2 V2 2
QC QL , ( L ) now
C1 C2 Z2
QC V
C1 C 2 C1 ( )2 F (24) C1V
V2 2 V2 V2 and Z 2 2 ( L ) 2 (26)
C1 C 2
We can write that QC C1(V ) (C2 C1 )V2 2 2

C1C2V 2 (C1V ) 2
( L )
V 3 is the voltage of the line to HV it is imposed then that C1 C2
(C1 C2 ) 2 2 ( L ) 2
V 2 will be the subject of a choice in relation to the capacity C1 C1
and C2.
C2 L

C1 C 2 2 ( L ) 2 (27)

The expression QC imposes the choice of a low voltage V2

C2 (C 1 C 2) 2 ( L ) 2 LC1
average risk of injecting too much reactive power in the
LC1
network and therefore the over-sizing of the compensation 2 ( L ) 2 (28)
coil. C2 (C1 C2 )

C1
VI. COIL COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER ( L ) 2 (2 )(L ) 2 2 0 (29)
C2 (C1 C2 )
INJECTED BY C1 AND C2
By adopting the solution of the total compensation, the coil of
compensation must be able to absorb reactive power LC1
produced by the capacities C1 and C2. 2 ( L ) 2 2 ( L ) 2 (30)
C 2 (C1 C 2 )
This results in the following equation:
VAR (25)
Equation of second degree that ( L) will determine the value
X 2 I 2 2 X 1 I 2 X L (I1 ) 2
of the compensation coil.
Line HV
I
VII. STUDY OF THE VACUUM SYSTEM
C1 L Line HV
I I
I2 V1 C1
Zw
C2 I
1
V

V2
C2
Ground

Fig.6: capacitive divider and Coil compensation

Fig.7: empty capacitive divider

V2 V2
I2 I1
X2 Z

30 www.ijeart.com
 Capacitive dividers on the high voltage lines

In this case, assume that Z and therefore expression Another line of reasoning leads to the same result; indeed, to
C C
C1 C 2 1 empty the capacity equivalent Cq 1 2 to the assembly
k ( ) 1 gives C1 C2
C1 jZ (C1 C 2 )
1 C C2
C1 C 2 of the two is at an impedance Z 0 1 ,
k ( ) , k becomes a pure real which implies that the C q C1C 2
C1
I0
voltages V and V2 are in phase; so The relationship V led to V (C1 C2 ) I 0
C q C1C2
C2 C
k 1 1 1 2 (31) The same result is confirmed:
C1 C1
C1C2V
so I0 (37)
C1 C2
QC 2 C2 2
C 2 C1 k 1 C 2 C1 ( )
V2 2
C1 VIII. APPLICATIONS IN CASE OF THE VILLAGE MOGROUM IN
CHAD
C2
QC C 2V 2 2 (1 ) (32)
On the assumption that one has a capacitive divider that
C1
provides a medium voltage of 20 kV from the potential line
C2 2
QC (C1 C 2 ) V2 (33) 220 kV project.
C1 220kV
It was V , we may exercise the load calculation to
3
As k 1 C2 , we find
C1 write
C1 C 2 V C
QC (C1 C2 )(k 1)V2 2 (34) k0 6,35 and so 2 5,35
C1 U C1

Assuming a load current to the relatively low land of about 0.3

A, we write the equation:
either
C1 C 2
I0 ( )V with 314 rad/s
C1 C 2
C1 C 2 ( k 1)
QC
(35)
V2 V
a) Vacuum
2
2 Calculation The combination of these two equations results in:
It was demonstrated that
C1 5,95nF and C2 31,80nF
__
A vacuum, such a divider would inject reactive power

V2
V

1 QC X 1 ( I 0 ) 2 X 2 ( I 0 ) 2
C1 C 2 1
( ) 1 ( X 1 X 2 )(I 0 ) 2
C1 j (C1 C 2 ) Z
2
1 1 I0 VAR
V2 : MT output voltage divider QC ( ) (38)
C1 C2
V = U : Line Voltage HT on which it is drawn off. Include: QC= 25 kVAR
3
__
A vacuum Z , was then V IX. CONCLUSION
V2 0
C1 C 2
( )
C1
The system does not produce directly the low voltage, it
V requires the incorporation of an intermediate MV/LV
V20 transformer to supply the load LV. The maintenance of such
C1 C2 V (36)
( ) system can be in favor of the rural populations of the
C1
developing countries.
b) Calculation of the current that passes through C1 and REFERENCES
C2
We know that [1] BG CHECO CEGELEC Postes couplage capacitif(SCC) pour
1
(1 ) lectrification rurale fiable et rentable. Mars 1995
jC1C 2V jC 2Z [2] A. OMBOUA - Thse de doctorat 2002 - Universit de lige :
I Alimentation de faibles charges directement des lignes haute tension.
(C1 C 2 ) j
(1 ) PP 47-71.
Z (C1 C 2 ) [3] Iliceto F. lightly Loaded Long HV transmission Lines. Guidelines
A vacuum Z is found prepared at the request of the Word Bank Washington
C1C 2V DC,1982-1983.
I I0 [4] Iliceto F, Cinieri E, Casely-Hayford L., Dokyi G. Operation results of
C1 C 2 an experimental system and Applications in Ghana, IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, Vol.N4, October 1989

31 www.ijeart.com
 International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology (IJEART)
ISSN: 2454-9290, Volume-2, Issue-10, October 2016
[5] Cinieri E., Iliceto F., Dokyi G. Operation Results in Ghana. African
1992, Swaziland, sept.1992, paper A-054.
[6] TURAN GNEN: Electric Power Transmission System Engineering:
Analysis and Design. Copyrigt 1988 by John Willey
[7] Electrical Safety. A guide to the causes and prevention of electrical
Hazards, J.Maxwell Adams. IEE power series 19, The Institution of
Electrical Engineers, London, UK, 1994.
[8] Ch.S. Walker, Capacitance, Inductance and Cross-Talk Analysis
Artech House, Boston, 1990.

Haroun Abba Labane,: Master's degree 2014 University

of Brazzaville and PhD student in engineering sciences of
the University of Brazzaville-Congo.

Pr. Alphonse Omboua is an electrical engineer; he received

his PhD, from the University of Liege (Belgium) in 2002. He
received a post-gradual diploma in Ouagadougou in rural
development energies. He is presently lecturer at the
University of Brazzaville-Congo, Dept. of electricity. He is
expert of rural electrification (decentralized) using
photovoltaic systems.

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