Winter 2014

AMATH 361: Assignment 2

Due Tuesday, January 31

1. A cylinder of radius r rolls along a flat horizontal plane at z = 0 with constant angular velocity .

(a) What is the velocity field ~u(x, z, t) in terms of an Eulerian Cartesian coordinate system (x
tangent to the plane)?
(b) Find the path lines. What is the Lagrangian velocity field ~uL (~a, t) in terms of the initial position
of the particle? (Hint: use polar coordinates for the initial position of the particles).
(c) Find the streamlines (hint: circles).

2. Consider a 2D flow in the vertical xz-plane given by

~u = (u, w) = a cos(kx + mz t) m, k (1)

where a, k, m and are constants.

(a) Is the flow incompressible?

(b) Is the flow irrotational?
(c) Is the following density field possible for a flow that conserves mass? Explain why or why not.

N2 N2 k
(x, y, t) = z+a sin(kx + mz t). (2)
g g

3. Show that the continuity equation (in 2-D for simplicity) is invariant under a rotation of the coordinate
axes through an angle in the positive (i.e., counterclockwise) direction.

4. A certain flow has velocity field

1 1
~u = (x + xy, y y 2 , z + x). (3)
2 2
The components of ~u are in m s1 , units of x, y, and z are meters. A material volume has an initial
volume of 3 m3 . What is its volume 2 s later?

5. Let c(x, y, z, t) be the concentration of a conserved chemical in the ocean (e.g., salts, a tracer or
pollutant) with units of mass of the chemical per unit mass of fluid (i.e., the water plus any chemicals
in it, not just mass of water molecules). What is the chemical concentration H in units of mass
per unit volume (i.e., what is H in terms of c and something else)? Derive equations for c and H
following the procedure used to derive the continuity equation. Simplify them as much as possible.

6. Let ~u = (y, x) be a two-dimensional velocity field.

(a) Is the flow incompressible? Justify.

~ ~u (which is a scalar in 2D).
(b) Calculate the vorticity =

1
 p
(c) Suppose the density field (x, y, t) is a function of the radial distance r = x2 + y 2 only, that
is = F (r) for some function F . For what functions F does satisfy the continuity equation?
(d) Sketch the streamlines and the velocity field. Using these explain your previous result.
(e) Find the counterclockwise circulation
I
C= ~u tds

around the closed curve x2 + y 2 = R2 . Do this by calculating the line integral directly.
(f) Find the counterclockwise circulation around the ellipse x2 /a2 + y 2 /b2 = 1 (a and b constant)
by using Stokes Theorem.
H
(g) Find the volume flux ~u n
ds through the same ellipse using what ever method is simplest.

7. A thin, horizontal flat plate lies between a horizontal flat table and a second horizontal flat plate.
The space between the lower plate and the table is filled by a layer of oil of thickness dl and viscosity
l . The space between the lower and upper plates is filled with a second layer of oil of a different
type with thickness du and viscosity u . Both plates have the same surface area A in contact with
the oil. A horizontal force Fai is applied to the upper plate until a steady state is reached. Here, i
is a unit horizontal vector, parallel to the table and the plates. At steady state the upper and lower
plates move with velocity V i and U i (the table is at rest). Find an expression for the velocity of the
plates in terms of Fa . Find an expression for U/V and verify that it makes sense in when l >> u
or l << u . As usual, ignore edge effects and settling of the plates.

8. A second transport theorem.

(a) Let I
I(t) = f~(~x, t) d~x,
C(t)

where C(t) is a material curve. Then, using ~x = (~a, t) we can rewrite I as

I I  
i
I(t) = fi (~x, t) dxi = fi (~a, t), t dak .
C(t) C(0) ak

Taking the time derivative show that

I " #
dI Dfi i ui j
= + fi dak ,
dt C(0) Dt ak xj ak

and hence that

Df~
I I
dI ui
= d~x + fi dxj . ()
dt C(t) Dt C(t) xj
ui
Using dui = xj dxj this can be written as

Df~
I I
dI
= d~x + f~ d~u.
dt C(t) Dt C(t)

2
(b) Special Case: If f~ = ~u, the flow velocity, I(t) is the circulation of the flow around the closed
curve C(t). We usually use the symbol (t) to denote the circulation, i.e.
I
(t) = ~u(~x, t) d~x.
C(t)

Using (*) show that the rate of change of the circulation around a material curve is
I
d D~u
= d~x.
dt C(t) Dt