A. Proteinuria
Normalnya maksimal 150 gr/dl per 24 jam atau minimal 8-10 mg/dl per 24 jam
protein yang akan diekskresikan melalui urin, dengan variasi konsentrasi protein
antara 2-10 mg/dl tergantung volume urin. Yang berkontribusi dalam protein di urin
adalah albumin dan plasma protein; Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (uromucoid)
yang disekresikan oleh distal tubular cells dan oleh sel di ascending loop of
Henle; IgA; enzim; dan protein dari tubular epithelial cells dan other
desquamated cells & leukosit.
Jumlah abnormal protein pada urin adalah indicator yang penting untuk renal disease
karena protein memiliki very low maximal tubular rate of reabsorption.
Klasifikasi Proteinuria
Tubular Proteinuria
Terjadi pada penyakit yang mempengaruhi component tubule pada ginjal seperti
Fanconis syndrome, cystinosis, wilsons disease dan pyelonephritis. Akan
menimbulkan low molecular weight protein muncul di urin (harusnya bisa di
reabsorpsi di tubule ginjal). Contohnya : 1-microglobulin, -globulins, light chain
immunoglobulin, dan lysozyme. Volume proteinuria nya sekitar 1-2 g/hari dan
reagent strip test hasilnya negative (karena absence atau low amounts of
albumin)
Overflow Proteinuria
Disebabkan oleh overflow of excess levels of protein di sirkulasi tubuh dan akan
ada hemoglobin, myoglobin, atau immunoglobulin di urin. Protein2 ini awalnya tidak
ada asosiasi nya dengan kidney disease, tapi mereka bisa menimbulkan kidney
disease.
Microalbuminuria
Adalah keberadaan albumin di urin diatas normal level namun di bawah detectable
range of conventional urine dipstick methods. Lower albumin level ranging from 20-
200 mg/L.
B. Hematuria
Adalah kondisi ditemukannya jumlah abnormal sel darah di urin. Disebut hematuria
(Medscape) apabila ditemukan >5 RBC per HPF di 3 of 3 consecutive centrifuged
speciments yang diambil at least 1 week apart. Pada pemeriksaan plasma
ditemukannya warnanya normal. Lalu pada saat dilakukan analisis urin ditemukan bbrp
hal berikut ini :
- Warna : normal / smoky / pink/red/brown
- Erythrocyte : Banyak
- Renal : RBC casts
- Protein : Marked increase
- Lower urinary tract : no casts
Etiologi hematuria diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 :
a. Glomerular hematuria -> hematuria yang berasal dari masalah di nephron ginjal.
Ciri khas : Red cell casts, dysmorphic RBC dan significant proteinuria.
Penyebab paling sering glomerular hematuria : IgA nephropathy (Bergers
Disease), Thin glomerular BM disease, dan Hereditary nephritis (Alports
syndrome)
b. Non-glomerular hematuria -> dibagi lagi apakah masalah nya di upper urinary
tract (ginjal dan ureter) atau di lower urinary tract (bladder dan urethra).
Upper Tract Lower Tract
Urolithiasis Bacterial cystitis (UTI)
Pyelonephritis Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Renal Cell Cancer Strenous exercise
Transitional Cell Carcinoma Transitional cell carcinoma
Urinary Obstruction Spurious hematuria
Benign Hematuria Instrumentation
Benign hematuria (cth. Interstitial systitis, trigonitis)
C. Edema
Adalah peningkatan volume interstitial fluid. Berdasarkan penyebab dan mekanisme
nya, edema dibagi menjadi 2 yaitu localized dan generalized distribution. Edema dikenali
sebagai generalized distribution apabila ada facial puffiness yang terlihat di area
periorbital dan adanya indentation of the skin after pressure (pitting edema).
Tipe edeme fluid :
Tipe Edema
a. Pitting edema : Merupakan extracellular edema. Penyebab utamanya adalah
abnormal leakage cairan dari plasma ke interstitial space melalui kapiler
dan kegagalan limfatik untuk mengembalikan cairan dari interstitium
kembali ke darah. Akumulasi cairan interstitial yang elebihi kapasitas absorpsi
tissue gel. Tissue water menjadi mobile dan bisa di translokasi dengan tekanan
oleh jari misalnya
Pathophysiology of Edema
1. Alteration in Starling Pressure produces a transudate
Increased Vascular Decreased Vascular Renal Retention of
Hydrostatic Pressure Plasma Oncotic Pressure Sodium and Water
(Hypoalbuminemia)
Pulmonary edema in left Malnutrition with decreased Increased hydrostatic
sided HF protein intake pressure (increased plasma
volume)
Peripheral Pitting edema in Cirrhosis with decrease Decrease oncotic pressure
right sided HF synthesis of albumin (dilutional effect on
albumin)
Portal hypertension in Nephrotic syndrome with Acute renal failure,
cirrhosis producing ascites icreased loss of protein in glomerulonephritis
urine
Malabsorption with
decreased reabsorption of
protein
2. Increased vascular permeability
3. Lymphatic obstruction produces lymphedema :
Etiology
MEKANISME PROTEINURIA, HEMATURIA,
EDEMA
- Immune mechanisms and inflammation are a major
cause of injury for both primary and secondary
types of acute glomerulonephritis. Immuneinjury
includes: (1) deposition of circulating antigen-
antibody immune complexes on the
glomerulus (type III hypersensitivity reaction); (2)
antibodies reacting in situ against planted
antigens within the glomerulus (type III
hypersensitivity); (3) action of antibodies
directed against the glomerular capillary wall
(antiglomerular basement membran antibodies),
The least common and most severe form of immune
injury (type II hypersensitivity); and (4) cell-
mediated immune injury (The IV hypersensitivity)
- The epithelial or podocyte layer of the glomerular
capillary membrane is disturbed with loss of
negatif charges and changes in membrane
permeability; the mesangial matrix may be
expanded or the basement membrane
thickened
- Disturbances in the glomerular basement
membrane (GBM) and podocyte injury lead to
increased permeability to protein and loss of electrical negative charge. Increase
permeability of the glomerular filtration membrane with pore size large enough to
allow the passage of RBC and protein. HEMATURIA AND PROTEINURIA
- There also may be swelling And proliferation of mesangial cells and expansion of
the extracellular matrix in the Bowman space, contributing to Crescent formation
(deposition of substances in the Bowman space forming the shape of a crescent
moon) and decreased glomerular blood flow. The result is decreased driving
hydrostatic pressure, decreased GFR, and alterations in microcirculatory blood
flow within the renal cortex (hypoxic injury).
- According to its primary and histopathologic localization the haematuric disorders may be
classified into: (1) Glomerular endothelial cell and surface layer injuries; (2) primary and
secondary GBM disorders; (3) Diseases with mesangial deposition; (4) Diseases with
subendothelial and subepithelial deposition; (5) Podocyte-associated disorders;
Sumber : McCance, Harrison Internal Medicine, Medscape, ncbi, henry