James K. Wight
F.E. Richart, Jr. Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Michigan
Strut and Tie Modeling
Members or regions of members may
be designed by idealizing the concrete
and reinforcement as an assembly of
axially loaded members, inter-
connected at nodes, to form a truss
capable of carrying loads across a
region or member.
Components of Strut and Tie Models
Steps to Build Strut & Tie Model
h 2h
Concept of D-Regions
(geometric discontinuities)
h2
h1
h1 h2
Basic Requirements
Fns Fu
= 0.75
Fns = f cu Ac
Ac = min. cross - sectional area of strut
f cu = 0.85 s f c
AASHTO and CSA Evaluation of
Effective Concrete Strength
f c
s f c = 0.85 f c
0.8 + 170 1
2 Strut centerline
2 1
Asi
sin i 0.003
b si
Reinforcement Grid
(only horizontal bars)
Min. Reinf. Grid in other Codes
AASHTO 0.003 EW
CSA 0.002 EW
FIP 0.001 EF, EW
Tie Dimensions
Asfy
Strength of Ties
Fnn Fu
= 0.75
Fnn = f cu An
dv
60 in.
16 in. 16 in.
428 k 212 k
53 in. 107 in.
Beam Dimensions and Initial Truss Model
640 k
20 in.
All member widths = 20 in.
60 in.
dv
16 in. 16 in.
428 k 212 k
53 in. 107 in.
Check Max. Allowable Shear Force
428 k 212 k
3
2
dv = 45 in.
1
1 = 42.2o 2 = ? 4 2 5
F12
F14
Fy = 428 - F12sin 1 = 0
F12 = 637 k
428 k
Fx = F14 F12cos 1 = 0
F14 = 472 k
Geometry and dimensions of Node 1
and Strut 1-2
1-2
1 r ut
o s St
c
w 14
in 1
s
b1
w14
1
b1
Establish/Check Dimensions at Node 1
RA 428
f (base) = = = 1.34 ksi (o.k.)
bw A b1 20 16
F14 472
w14 = = = 11.6 12 in.
bw f cu (1) 20 0.75 2.72
Establish/Check Width and Strength of
Strut 1-2
428 k 212 k
3
2
dv = 45 in.
1
1 = 42.2o 2 = ? 4 2 5
428 k 212 k
217 k 3
2
dv = 49 in.
k 30
212 k
9 4 30
60 k 4
k
1
1 = 44.6o 2 = 44.3o 4 217 k 2 5
434 k
2 Strut centerline
2 1
Asi
sin i 0.003
b si
Minimum Reinf. Crossing Strut 1-2
Vertical Reinforcement (stirrups):
Angle to strut axis, 1 = 90 44.6 = 45.4
Using No. 4 stirrups with four legs
at s = 10 in. (< 12 in. and < d/5)
Av 4 0.20
v = = = 0.0040 0.0025
bw s 20 10
Ah 2 0.20
h = = = 0.0025 0.0015
bw s 20 8
428 k
13.3 in.
1 434 k
10 in.
in 1
s 609 k
in.
. 3
13 -2
t 1 1
r u s
St . co
0 in
1
Force Checks on each face of Node 2
Permissible stress in Node 2:
f cu (2) = 0.85 n f c = 0.85 1.0 4 = 3.40 ksi
3 in.
3 in.
20 in.
Check Anchorage at Node 1
1-2
t
S tru
a = 6 in./tan 1
a = 6.09 in.
Tie 1-4
1 6in.
Total anchorage
Length 22.1 in.
Critical section
b1 = 16in. a
Check Anchorage at Node 1
217 k 3
2
dv = 49 in.
k 30
212 k
9 4 30
60 k 4
k
1
1 = 44.6o 2 = 44.3o 4 217 k 2 5
434 k
6.7 in.
w23
10 in.
2
w24
Vector equilibrium for right half of Node 2
212 k
217 k 217 k
217 k
2 = 44.3 deg.
304 k
Analysis of fan-shaped struts 2-4
and 3-5, and tie 3-4
60in. 22in.
2 3
25o
49in.
25o
4 5
22in. six stirrups at s = 10 in.
104 in.
Analysis of Node 4
T34
C24
w14 T
T14 45
w34
Final design of longitudinal and
transverse steel
Section A
5 at 10 in. 15 at 6 in.
2 in. 2 in.
3 in.
Final design
At Sect. A
2 #4
per layer
6 at 8 in.
#4 legs
13 #8
3 at 3 in.
20 in.
Thank You
Gracias
Questions ?
Preguntas ?