MODULE 4

Topic : Relative Clause (RC)

Objective : Students are able to construct compound sentence.

Learning Outcomes : Having completed Module 4 students are able to

- comprehend the reading text on Holding Things Together

- combine simple sentences using RC
- write a report on how an object is assembled using RC
- practice the report in speaking.

I. READING DEVELOPMENT
A. Before You Read :
Does your table/chair contain different materials?
Does it have some joints?
Does it need different fixing devices?
 Can your chair be folded? What makes it possible?
B. Text

HOLDING THINGS TOGETHER

Nearly every piece of equipment we use has screws, bolts, nails or rivets in

it. If we did not have these fixing devices, there would be no industry, as we

know it.

The simple screw is probably one of the most important of mans

inventions. It can hold together similar materials, such as two pieces of wood, or

different materials such as wood and metal. A bolt, which is a screw with a nut on

the end, can hold materials together tightly or loosely. If they are held together

loosely, they can move. This movement is important in many machines.

Rivets, which are made of iron or aluminium, are heated and then

hammered into the material. When they cool they grip the material they are in,

and almost become part of it.

Some materials are joined together by welding. Steel rods are melted with a

hot flame. The molten steel is then put on the materials where they are to be

joined. When the steel hardens again it joins the materials together permanently.

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Soldering is a form of welding. Most modern ships have their parts welded

together. And the sections of pipe lines for gas, water and oil are also usually

welded.

Another way of holding things together is to use an adhesive-glue, rubber

solution or some plastics. It is now possible to stick any material to any other, and

some adhesives are stronger than the materials they join.

(Understanding Technical English 2)

C. Vocabulary Building

C.1 Complete the following sentences by referring to the text.

1. Screws, bolts, nails, or rivets are . . . devices.

2. Most of them are used in . . .
3. Screw is an important . . .
4. Screw is able to hold similar or . . . materials together.
5. A bolt is needed to hold materials . . . or loosely.

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 6. Many machines are held . . . to run.
7. Rivet grips the material and becomes part of the . . .
8. When the molten steel hardens, it joins the material . . .
9. Welding and soldering are used to join . . .
10. Adhesive is used to . . . any material.

D. Comprehension

Check the different ways of joining things together. How do you use a

nail, screw, bolt, and welding? Use a table to describe each way.

Example:

Object 1 What on earth is that?

Its adhesive.
Definition and Function What is it for?

Its rubber solution which is used for . . .

Description What is it like?

Its sticky liquid. It can stick . . . which are .

. .
Process How does it work?

Clean both surfaces of the materials that will be

joined. Then open the cap of the tube that can

be done by pressing the tip of the cap on the

tube. Now squeeze the bottom of the tube a

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 little. As the tube is squeezed, the solution

appears on the tip of the cap. Put the solution

on both surfaces that will be joined thoroughly

and wait it for 1 minute before you stick the

two materials together.

Object 2 What on earth is that?

Its a nail.
Definition and Function What is it for?

Its iron-made fixing device which is used for .

. .

Description What is it like?

Its circular headed and pointed on the end. It

can join . . .
Process How does it work?

Prepare the materials that will be joined and a

hammer. Then .

Object 3 What on earth is that?

Its a screw.
Definition and Function What is it for?

Its an iron-made fixing device which is used

for . . .
Description What is it like?

Its like a nail having some threads on the body.

It can join . . .
Process How does it work?

Prepare the materials that will be joined and a

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 drill. Then .
Object 4 What on earth is that?

Its a bolt.
Definition and Function What is it for?

Its an iron-made fixing device which is used

for . . .

Description What is it like?

Its like a screw but blunt on the end and

having a nut to set. It can join . . .

Process How does it work?

Prepare the materials that will be joined and a

drill. Then .
Object 5 What on earth is that?

Its welding.
Definition and Function What is it for?

Its a fixing device which is used for . . .

Description What is it like?

Its an iron bar that is melted with flame. It can

join . . .
Process How does it work?

Prepare the materials that will be joined. Then

II. LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Study these sentences:

- Every piece of equipment has screws, bolts, nails, or rivets in it.
- We use the equipment.

Every piece of equipment that/which we use has screws, bolts,

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 or rivets in it.

= N(Phrase) + that/which + S + V

It is an example of complex sentencetwo simple sentences

joined to make one.

The two simple sentences are combined using Relative Clause.

- John read a manual.

- The manual is about how to run a drilling machine.

John read a manual which is about how to run a drilling

machine.

= S + V + O + which/that + V + complement

- Rivets are made of iron or aluminium.

- Rivets are heated and hammered into the material.

Rivets, which are made of iron or aluminium, are heated and

hammered into the material.

= N + which/that + to be + V3

2.A. Make sentences like the above by combining the pair

sentences below.

1. a. Screw is an important invention.

b. Screw can hold together similar or different materials.
2. a. Screw can hold together similar materials.
b. Screw can hold together different materials too.
3. a. Some materials are held together loosely.
b. They can move.
4. a. Rivets are made of iron or aluminium.
b. They grip the materials.
5. a. Some materials are joined together by molten steel.

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 b. They will be joined permanently.

2.B. Define the fixing devices using Relative Clauses.

Example: - A bolt which is a screw with a nut can hold materials

together.

1. A screw which . . . can . . .

2. A screw with a nut which . . . can . . .
3. Rivets which . . . can . . .
4. The molten steel which . . . can . . .
5. Adhesive which . . . can be . . .

III. WRITING PRACTICE

In pairs, describe how something in your classroom/workshop is

made and how the fixing devices in it function.

Use Relative Clauses wherever possible.

IV. SPEAKING PRACTICE

Describe to your friends the process of using a fixing device like

in your writing.

Checklist for Reflection

Check () the box Yes or No. Do you feel you learn to . . .

Yes
1. comprehend the reading text on Holding Things
Together?
2. combine simple sentences using Relative Clause?

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 3. write a report on how an object is assembled using
Relative Clause?
4. present the report?
Comments:

Supplementary Reading 1

MAIN SERVICES

When we turn on a tap to get water, or press a switch to get electricity, we do

not think of all the pipes and wires which bring these main services to our homes.

The water is brought from the waterworks to each street by a large

underground pipe which is called a water main. The water in this pipe is then

forced by pressure into the smaller pipes which carry it to storage tanks at the tops

of the building. Other pipes bring the water down from the storage tank to the

kitchens and bathrooms.

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 The water which has been used is taken away from the building by

drainpipes. These take the waste water to another large pipe under the road which

is called the main sewer. The waste water then flows along the sewer to the

sewage works where it is cleaned. The water which has been clean is then

poured into the sea or into a river, or in some countries, sent back to the

waterworks to be used again.

(Understanding Technical English 2)

Exercises

I. Comprehension : Answer the questions completely.

1. What is a sewer?
2. What is it used for?
3. What happens at sewage works?
4. What does a water meter do?
5. How is clean water brought to our homes?
II. Vocabulary

Complete these sentences with words used in the passage.

1. In the sewage works the . . . water is cleaned.

2. Water is brought to our homes by a water . . . .
3. Most buildings have a . . . tank for water.
4. The large drain under the road is called a . . . .
5. In many cities all the main services are . . . .

III. Language Practice

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 Join the sentences together using which.

1. Near the meter there is a master switch. It can cut off the water supply.
2. The water is forced into smaller pipes. They carry the water to storage

tanks.
3. The men are repairing a water pipe. It has burst.
4. The craftsman is sharpening a chisel. It is blunt.
5. The man is cleaning some brushes. They are dirty.
6. The boy is cutting the end of a piece of wood. It is too long.

Supplementary Reading 2

CALIPERS
Calipers are instruments which are used for measuring the dimensions of

small objects. They can be used to measure diameters of metal bars or tubes.

There are two kinds of calipers. One kind is called outside calipers. They are used

to measure outside, or external, diameters. The other kind is used t o measure inside,

or internal, diameters. They are known as inside calipers.

Both kinds consist of two pieces of metal which are joined together at the top.

They are called legs and are pointed at the ends. The legs of outside calipers are

curved and turn inwards at the points. Those of inside calipers are straight and

turn outwards at the points. Measurements are taken between the points and are

read off on a rule.

The joint at the top of the legs acts as a hinge. In some cases this joint is stiff.

The legs are kept open by means of friction. Not all calipers are of this stiff-

jointed kind. Some calipers have a spring which joins the legs together. They are

known as spring calipers. The legs are opened and closed by turning a nut on a

screw. Calipers of this kind are more easily adjusted than the stiff-jointed kind.

Exercise: Get some calipers from the workshop. Describe them.

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