(Part II)
Summary of the Kinetics for Reactions of:
aA Products
that are zero, first or second order with respect to [A]
Zero order First order Second order
Reaction mechanism A doesnt take part in the 1 A appears in the RDS. 2 A appears in the RDS.
RDS.
Learning Outcomes:
Use collision theory as model, explain how the following
factors affect the rate of reaction.
Concentration of reactants.
Increase in temperature
Addition of catalyst.
Draw energy profile to represent potential energy change
as function of reaction pathway.
Determine activation energy, rate constant and
temperature using Arrhenius Equation.
Collision Theory
In order for a chemical reaction to occur,
the reactant atoms or molecules must
collide with each other.
However, not all collisions are effective,
i.e. form new products.
Sufficient
Energy
Break the
bonds in
Collision reactants Effective
between Collision
reactants (Products)
Correct
Orientation
Effective Collision: Correct Orientation
Ea Lower rate
Ea
Higher rate
Example 1:
Example 2:
How to increase rate?
By controlling the collision of reactants.
Faster rate of reaction if
Rate
constant
Temperature
ARRHENIUS EQUATION
No. of colliding molecules
Ea
-
RT
rate = P Z e [A] [B] ...
Steric factor
(fraction of collisions Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics
with effective (fraction of collisions with
orientations) activation energy Ea or greater,
at T)
Ea
-
RT
rate = P Z e [A] [B] ...
Compare with rate law:
rate = k [A] [B] ...
We see that:
Ea
- (PZ is often replaced
RT
k =P Ze by the term A, known
as the pre-
Thus exponential factor
Ea or frequency factor)
-
RT
k=Ae (Arrhenius equation)
Arrhenius equation
The Arrhenius equation expresses this relationship
between rate (k) and temperature:
Gas constant =
8.134 J/K.mol Ea Activation
energy
Rate constant
k = Ae RT Temperature
in Kelvin
2.71828
Frequency factor, A= zp
z = collision frequency
P = steric factor
Ea
-
RT
k=Ae
Taking the natural logarithm
of the Arrhenius equation
gives:
Ea
ln (k) = ln (A) -
RT
Rearrange
Ea 1
ln (k) = - + ln (A)
R T
y = m x + c
Example 1: Determine Ea
Calculate the activation energy, Ea, for a reaction with the
following temperature and rate constant data.
Temperature (K) Rate constant (s-1)
200 0.236
300 0.301
400 0.340
500 0.366
600 0.385
700 0.399
800 0.409
From Arrhenius Equation
%&'
#$ ) #$
( *
Therefore a line would be a graph of In k versus 1/T
So find In k and 1/T :
Temperature, Rate constant, k 1/T In k
T(K) (s-1)
200 0.236 0.00500 -1.445
300 0.301 0.00333 -1.200
400 0.340 0.00250 -1.078
500 0.366 0.00200 -1.004
600 0.385 0.00167 -0.955
700 0.399 0.00143 -0.920
800 0.409 0.00125 -0.894
Plot graph In k vs 1/T
Solution:
The activation energy, Ea, is determined from the slope of
this line, 1.47.
The relationship between slope and activation energy is:
012
+,-./
3
where R is the gas constant = 8.314 J/ mol.K.
012
04. 56
7. 845
19 1222:
(The activation energy unit is in joules.)
Example 2:
Use the information and answer from
Example 1, calculate the rate constant, k2 at
210 K.
k2 Ea 1 1
In( ) = ( )
k1 R T1 T2
k2 1222 1 1
In( )= ( )
0.236 8.314 200 210
Step 2:
Simplified the right hand side of the equation:
k2 1222 1 1
In( )= ( )
0.236 8.314 200 210
k2
In = 0.034995
0.236
Step 3:
Then take antilog on both side of the equation:
k2
In = 0 . 034995
0 . 236
k2
= 1 . 0356
0 . 236
k 2 = 1 . 0356 0 . 236
k 2 = 0 . 2444
Catalyst
A substance that increases rate of reaction
without being consumed itself.
Often a catalyst works by holding reactant
molecules in a certain orientation that puts
stress on the bonds and make the collision
with the other reactants more effective.
How catalyst affects rate ?
Ea without
Energy
catalyst
Ea with
Reactant
catalyst
H= -ve
Product
Reaction coordinate
Maxwell-Boltzmann Curve
Uncatalysed Reaction:
H2 Haber Process
NH3
N2
Fe
Iron
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
catalyst
Heterogeneous catalytic ethylene hydrogenation:
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
Catalytic Converters
Activation Energy
;9 1
Temperature #$ 0 #$
< =
Energy of Collision
Catalyst
Increase Rate
50
Reference
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert2/con
tents/ch14/studyplan.asp
(All flash videos are in Collision Theory and Arrhenius
Equation tutorials in above url)