Chapter: Introduction to SQL, SQL & DBMS, RDBMS

⇒ Explain the different roles of SQL.

⇒ Write a short note on history of SQL.
⇒ What are the features and benefits of SQL?
⇒ Which are the different types of architectures used in networking? Explain any one.
⇒ Also mention the role of SQL in each of the architectures.
⇒ Explain the relational data model.
⇒ How tables are related in relational database models.
⇒ How is data organized in relational data model?
⇒ Explain the terms: Table, Primary key, foreign key,
⇒ What are the different relational models available? Explain any one.
⇒ Write a short note on SQL & ODBC and SQL Access group.
⇒ Write a short note on Microsoft Commitment as benefits of SQL.

Chapter: SQL Basics.

⇒ What are the different types of numeric data types supported by SQL2 standard?
⇒ What are the different types of character data types supported by SQL2 standard?
⇒ What are the different types of date/time data types supported by SQL2 standard?
⇒ What are the different categories of SQL commands?
⇒ What is the basic structure of SQL statement?
⇒ Explain the operators: AND, OR, NOT, IS NULL, IS NOT NULL, ANY, ALL, EXISTS, IN,
NOT EXISTS, BETWEEN.
⇒ Explain any 3 numeric/string/date function.
⇒ Explain the different categories of operators in SQL
⇒ What are NULL values? How are they represented in the database?
⇒ How are NULL values compared?
⇒ Explain what is a qualified column name and qualified table name.

Chapter: Simple Queries.

⇒ What is a UNION? Explain how UNION operation is carried out.
⇒ What are the conditions that must be satisfied for two queries/tables to be union compatible?
⇒ What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
⇒ What is the basic structure of a simple SELECT query? Explain it along with all the clauses.
⇒ Explain the significance of DISTINCT clause in SELECT statement.

Chapter: Multitable Queries.

⇒ What is a join? Why are they needed?
⇒ What are the qualities of a good join?
⇒ What is the difference between an equijoin and a nonequijoin?
⇒ What are the different types of joins?
⇒ What is a self join?
⇒ How is multi-table/join queries evaluated?

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⇒ Explain with an example: full outer join, left outer join, right outer join.

Chapter: Summary queries.

⇒ Explain how aggregate functions are affected by NULL entries in the table?
⇒ Consider a table Customer (cid PK, cname, city, rating)
Write SQL queries to compute the average rating using AVG(rating); the sum of the
ratings using SUM(rating); and the number of ratings using COUNT(*).
If you divide the SUM computed above by the COUNT, would the result be same as
AVG? Justify your answer.
⇒ Describe how a grouping query with MAX function is evaluated.
⇒ What are the restrictions on the select items in the grouped queries?
⇒ How does NULL values affect the HAVING clause of the grouped queries.

Chapter: Sub Queries and Query Expression.

⇒ What are sub-queries?
⇒ What are outer references?
⇒ How are sub queries different from ordinary SELECT queries?
⇒ What is the difference between a nested sub query and a correlated sub query?
⇒ What are parallel sub queries?
⇒ What are correlated sub queries and how are they executed?
⇒ Explain the CAST expression.
⇒ Explain the CASE expression.
⇒ Explain the INTERSECT and EXCEPT operation s with examples.

Chapter: Database Updates.

⇒ Explain the different commands that can be used for modifying the contents of a table.

Chapter: Data Integrity.

⇒ What is database trigger?
⇒ What are the advantages and the disadvantaged of database triggers?
⇒ What is entity integrity?
⇒ What are the different types of constraints that can be imposed on data?
⇒ What is referential integrity? How is it useful?
⇒ Explain how referential integrity is maintained in a database?
⇒ Explain how domain constraints can be forced on a certain column?

Chapter: Transaction Processing.

⇒ What is a transaction? Explain the transaction processing statements.
⇒ Explain the term transaction.
⇒ Explain with example: The Lost Update problem
The Uncommitted Data problem

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 The Inconsistent Data Problem
The Phantom Insert problem.
⇒ What are deadlocks?
⇒ What is Shared and Exclusive locks.
⇒ Explain the different locking level.

Chapter: Creating a Database.

⇒ Explain the significance of having indexes on a table.
⇒ What is an index? Why are they used?
⇒ What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an index on a table?
⇒ How are indexes created and deleted?
⇒ What are the different types of indexes? What are composite indexes?
⇒ What are unique indexes?
⇒ How is a table created in SQL? Explain the necessary
⇒ What is an ALIAS? How is it created? What is the use of having an ALIAS?
⇒ Explain the different ways by which table alias can be specified.
⇒ Explain the single-database architecture and the multi-database architecture with examples.

Chapter: Views.
⇒ How could usage of views on table in the database help in enforcing security?
⇒ What are views and how are they different from base tables?
⇒ What are updatable and non updatable views?
⇒ What are the advantages of views?
⇒ How are views created and deleted?
⇒ What is the significance of using CASCADE and RESTRICT options in the DROP VIEW
statement?
⇒ What are the different types of views?
⇒ What is the use of WITH CHECK OPTION clause in the view definition?

⇒ What id the difference between a view and a table.

Chapter: SQL Security.

⇒ How is data security handled by RDBMS?
⇒ What are the different database privileges?
⇒ Explain the different commands used for managing the security of database objects?
⇒ Why is security necessary in Databases?

State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE. Justify your
answer.

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• Columns names can be compared in the WHERE clause of SELECT statement.
• Each query in UNION operation can have an ORDER BY clause.
• The expressions A UNION (B UNION ALL C) is always equivalent to (A UNION B)
UNION ALL C.
• By default the ORDER BY clause sorts the query result in descending order.
• Individual queries in the UNION operation can be multitable queries.
• Sub queries cannot be nested within other sub queries.
• Sub queries cannot appear in the HAVING clause.
• Sub queries cannot be nested in the WHERE clause.
• INTERSECT operation, by default retains duplicate values.
• A SELECT query by default retains duplicate values.
• A WHERE clause by default with eliminate duplicate rows of data.
• An INSERT statement can only insert one row at a time.
• DELETE operation can delete select data from specific columns of a table.
• Single DELETE statements can wok only on one row at a time.
• It is possible to update all the existing rows in a table with a single UPDATE statement
• A sub query can appear in the INSERT statement.
• If all the rows of a table are deleted, the table structure is also deleted.
• Two columns of a table cannot have same domain.
• One table can draw its data form another table.
• Only one table name can appear in the FROM clause of the DELETE statement.

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