TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)

1
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

NAME ________________________________________ COURSE _____ SECTION _____

ID NO ___________ CLASS SCHEDULE ______________ REVIEWER _______________

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Statistics
- the science that deals with the collection, tabulation, analysis, interpretation
and presentation
of quantitative data.
Measures of Central Tendency
A. Arithmetic Mean ( )
For a set of numbers, x1, x2, x3,.xN:
x1 x2 x3 ... xN x
x
N N
where: N = number of items in the set of data.

If the numbers occur in f1, f2, f3,.fK times

x
f1x1 f2x2 f3x3 ...fkxk

fx
f1 f2 f3 ...fk f

B. Geometric Mean (G)

For a set of numbers, the geometric mean is measured by extracting
the nth root of the product of n numbers.
G N x1x2x3...xN

C. Harmonic Mean (H)

For a set of numbers, the harmonic mean is measured by taking the
Nth reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal of N numbers.
N
H
1 1 1 1
...
x1 x2 x3 xN

Relation Between x, G, & H

The geometric mean of a set of positive numbers x 1, x2, and x3, xN is
less than the arithmetic mean but is greater than the harmonic mean.

H G x
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
2
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

Sample Problems:
1. The arithmetic mean of two numbers is 9.00 and their geometric mean is
7.20.
(a find the numbers. Answer: x1 = 3.60, x2 = 14.4
)
(b determine their harmonic mean. Answer: H = 5.76
)
2. The average expenditure of a family consisting of 8 members is Php100
per person per day. The average of the adults and children in the family
are Php120 and Php88 per person per day, respectively. How many
children are there in the family? Answer: 5

THE MULTIPLICATION RULE

If an operation can be performed in n1 ways, and if for each of these, a
second operation can be performed in n 2 ways, then, the two operations can
be performed together as n1n2 ways. In general, for k number of operations,
the number of ways that this operation can be performed is:
no. of ways = n1n2n3..nK
Sample Problems:
1. The developer of a new subdivision offers prospective home buyers a
choice of tudor, rustic, colonial or traditional exterior styling in ranch, 2-
storey, and split level floor plans. In how many ways can a buyer
purchase one of these homes? Answer: 12 ways
2. In a medical study, patients are classified according to gender, whether
they have blood types A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+ or O- and also
according to whether they have low, normal or high blood pressures.
Determine the number of ways in which a patient can be classified.
Answer: 48 ways
3. How many lunch combinations consisting of a soup, a sandwich, a
dessert, and a drink is possible if one can select from 4 soups, 3 kinds of
sandwiches, 5 desserts and 4 kinds of beverages? Answer: 240
combinations

PERMUTATION
- is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects.

Rules in solving problems involving permutations:

1. The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken all at the same
time is:
nPn n!

where: n! = n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3).(n-k)

2. The number of permutations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is:

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
3
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

n!
nPr
(n r)!

3. The number of permutations of nT distinct objects of which n1 is one of a

kind, n2 of a second kind, and nK of a kth kind is:

n!
4. The number of permutations nP r
of n distinct objects arranged in a circle
n1!n2!n3!.....
nK!
(called circular permutation) is:
nPr (n 1)!

Sample Problems:
1. In how many ways can we arrange the letters of the English Alphabet?
Answer: 4.0 x 1026 ways
2. In how many ways can a basketball team schedule 3 exhibition games
with 3 teams if they are all available on any of the 7 scheduled possible
dates? Answer: 210 ways
3. Find the total numbers of ways in which we can arrange the letters of the
word MISSISSIPPI. Answer: 34,650 ways
4. (a In how many ways can 6 people be lined up to get on a bus?
) Answer: 720 ways
(b If a certain 3 persons insist on following one another, how many
) ways are possible? Answer: 144 ways
(c If a certain 2 persons refuse to follow one another, how many
) possible ways are there? Answer: 480 ways
5. A witness to a hit-and-run accident told the police that the plate of the
vehicle contains the letters F, T, and Y followed by three digits, the first of
which was a 4. If the witness cannot recall the last two digits, but is
sure enough that all three digits are different, find the maximum number
of vehicle registrations that the police should have to check to determine
the culprit. Answer: 432 registrations
6. How many 4-digit numbers can be formed with the digits 0 to 9, no
repetitions allowed, if:
(a the last digit must be zero? Answer: 504 ways
)
(b the number must be odd? Answer: 2520 ways
)
7. In how many ways can 9 people be seated in a round table if:
(a they can sit anywhere? Answer: 40,320 ways
)
(b 3 particular people should sit next to each other? Answer: 4,320
) ways
(c 3 particular people must not sit next to each other? Answer: 36,000
) ways
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
4
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

COMBINATION
- is concerned with the number of groupings of objects that can occur
regardless of their order
or arrangements.
The number of combinations of n distinct objects taken r at a time is:
n!
nCr
r!(n r)!

Sample Problems:
1. In how many ways can a committee of 5 people be chosen out of 9
people?
Answer: 126 ways
2. From 7 consonants and 5 vowels, how many words can be formed
consisting of 4 different consonants and 3 different vowels? The words
need not have any meaning.
Answer: 1,764,000 words
3. From 4 engineers and 3 architects, find the number of ways in which a
committee can be formed consisting of 2 engineers and 1 architect.
Answer: 18 ways
4. In a regional spelling quiz bee, 8 finalists consists of 3 boys and 5 girls.
Find the number of possible orders at the conclusion of the contest for:
(a the first three positions. Answer: 336 orders
)
(b the first 4 positions that are occupied by 2 boys and 2 girls. Answer:
) 720 ways
5. Out of 5 ladies and 7 gentlemen, a committee consisting of 2 ladies and
3 gentlemen is to be formed. In how many ways can this be done if:
(a any lady and any gentlemen can be included? Answer: 350
)
(b one particular gentlemen must be on the committee? Answer: 150
)
(c two particular ladies cannot be on the committee? Answer: 105
)
6. In the word FACETIOUS, how many words can be formed from 2 vowels
and 3 consonants if:
(a the word should begin with a consonant? Answer: 2880 words
)
(b the word should end with a vowel? Answer: 1920 words
)
(c the word should have the consonants and vowels alternating?
) Answer: 480 words

PROBABILITY CONCEPTS
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
5
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

Definition of terms:
1. Probability
- the chance that something will happen, usually expressed in fractions
or decimals from 0 to 1.
2. Event
- one or more possible outcomes of doing something.
3. Experiment
- the activity that produces the event.
4. Mutually Exclusive Events
- if one and only one event can take place.
5. Not Mutually Exclusive Events
- probability of both events to occur together.

Types of Probability:
1. Classical Approach
- defines a probability that an event will occur as:
number
of outcomes
favorable
topthatevent
Pr
total
numberofpossible
outcomes

2. Relative Frequency Approach

- the proportion of times that an event occurs in the long run when
conditions are stable using past data or history.
3. Subjective Approach
- based on the belief or feelings of the persons who make the probability
estimates.

THE ELEMENTARY PROBABILITY THEORY

Suppose an event E can happen in h ways out of a total of n possible
equally likely ways. Then, the probability of the occurrence of the event
(called SUCCESS) is denoted by:
h
p Pr{
E}
n

The probability of non-occurrence of this event (called its FAILURE) is

denoted by:
n h
q Pr{
notE} 1 p 1 Pr{
E}
n

Thus, p + q = 1.00 or Pr{E} + Pr {not E} = 1.00. The event not E

is sometimes denoted by E bar or E with a line over.

Examples:
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
6
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

A. Determine whether the following events are mutually exclusive (M) or

not mutually exclusive (NM).
1. A mother giving birth to a baby girl and a set of twin daughters on
the same day.
2. A poker player getting a flash (all 5 cards) in the same unit and 3 of a
kind on the same 5 cards.
3. A player drawing an ace or a diamond at the same time.
4. An Engineering student being a sophomore and a boy.

B. Determine the probability, or an estimate of it, for each of the following

events:
1. An ace, ten of diamonds, or two of spades appear in drawing a single
card from a well-shuffled ordinary deck of 52 playing cards. Answer:
3/26
2. The sum 7 appears in a single toss of a pair of fair dice. Answer:
1/6
3. An odd number appears on a single toss of a fair die. Answer: 1/2
4. At least, a head appears in a single flip of 2 fair coins. Answer: 3/4

Sample Problems:
1. The probability that an Engineering student passes Strength of
Materials is 2/3, and the probability that he passes Differential
Equations is 4/9. If the probability of passing both subjects is 1/6, what
is the probability that he will pass any or at least one of these courses?
Answer: 17/18
2. Find the probability of drawing either an ace or a king in one draw of a
card. Answer: 2/13
3. A fair die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a 4, 5, or 6 on the
first toss and a 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the second toss. Answer: 1/3
4. Two cards are drawn from a well-shuffled ordinary deck of 52 playing
cards. Find the probability that they are both aces, if the first card is:
(a replaced. Answer: 1/169
)
(b not replaced. Answer: 1/221
)

5. One bag contains 4 white balls and 2 black balls. Another bag contains 3
white balls and 5 black balls. If one ball is drawn from each bag, find the
probability that:
(a both are white. Answer: 1/4
)
(b both are black. Answer: 5/24
)
(c one is white and one is black. Answer: 13/24
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
7
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

PROBAILITY BASED ON PAST EVENTS

Sample Problems:
1. A and B play 12 games of chess of which 6 are won by A, 4 are won by B
and 2 end in a tie. They agreed to play a tournament consisting of 3
games. Find the probability that:
(a A wins all 3 games. Answer: 1/8
)
(b A and B wins alternately. Answer: 5/36
)
(c 2 games end in a tie. Answer: 5/72
)
2. A large industrial firm uses 3 local motels to provide overnight
accommodations for its clients. From past experience, it was known that
20% of the clients are assigned in rooms at Victoria Court, 50% at the
Anito Inn, and 30% at the Astrotel. If plumbing is faulty for 5% of the
rooms in Victoria Court, 4% of the rooms in Anito Inn, and 8% of the
rooms in Astrotel, what is the probability that a client will be assigned in
a room with faulty plumbing? Answer: 0.054

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
If p = Pr{E} and q = Pr {not E}, then, the probability of getting x
Es in N trials is:
x N x
E}
Pr{ NCxp q

Sample Problems:
1. Determine the probability of getting three 6s in five tosses of a fair die.
Answer: 125/3888
2. The probability that a certain kind component survives a shock test is
3/4. Find the probability that exactly 2 of the next 4 components tested
will survive. Answer: 27/128
3. Records show that 40% of the college students of a particular university
pay their tuition fees on installment basis. What is the probability that
exactly 12 of the next 20 enrollees will pay their tuition fee on
installment basis. Answer: 0.035
4. From the past records at the Manila Public Health Clinic, it showed that
20% of the patients visiting their clinic are underweight. What is the
probability that of the next 10 patients, between 4 and 6 are
underweight? Answer: 0.12

ADDITIONAL LECTURE NOTES:

 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM SPECIAL TOPICS (ECE)
8
Prepared By: Engr. Wiley T. Ong
Probability & Statistics

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