(a) Which fertiliser, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate contains the greater percentage
mass of nitrogen? Explain your answer.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b)
(a) The graphs below give information about the percentage of ammonia present in the
equilibrium mixture at different temperatures and pressures.
100
80
60
percentage of
ammonia at
equilibrium
40
400 atm
20 200 atm
100 atm
50 atm
25 atm
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
temperature in C
The reaction requires the use of a catalyst, which operates most efficiently within the
temperature range 280 450 C.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write a balanced equation for the formation of ammonia in the Haber process.
......................................................................................................................................
(iii) Which conditions of temperature and pressure give the highest percentage of
ammonia at equilibrium within the catalyst operating temperature range?
......................................................................................................................................
(iv) Suggest why the normal working temperature used in the Haber process is often
over 400 C.
......................................................................................................................................
[5]
Explain some of the pollution problems that can be caused by the over-use of nitrogenous
fertilisers.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Explain why adding calcium hydroxide to a soil can cause a loss of nitrogen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Describe and explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of a reaction.
Explain how the use of a catalyst can reduce the overall energy requirement for the
Haber process.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) A farmer spreads a fertiliser containing ammonium nitrate onto his land. The farmer
then spreads calcium hydroxide on his land to reduce its acidity.
Write an equation for the reaction between ammonium nitrate and calcium hydroxide.
Use this equation to explain why the nitrogen content of the fertiliser will be lowered.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
B9 Fertilisers are soluble salts containing one or more of the essential elements required pot
for plant growth. as
siu
(a) Ammonium chloride can be prepared by the reaction between aqueous m
ammonia and hydrochloric acid. car
bo
Write an ionic equation for this reaction. nat
e.
[1] [3]
......................................................................................................................................
(b) State suitable reagents and outline the experimental procedure by which a pure
sample of the fertiliser potassium chloride could be prepared in the laboratory.
[4]
......................................................................................................................................
(c) Potassium sulphate can be prepared by the reaction between dilute sulphuric
acid and potassium carbonate.
Calculate the mass of potassium sulphate that can be prepared from 3.45 g of
(d) Give electronic structures, including the charges, of the ions present in potassium
Chloride
......................................................................................................................................
with
a
q
u
.................................. % e
[2] o
u
(b) Aqueous iron(II) ions and aqueous iron(III) ions can be distinguished by reaction s
s
o
d
i
u
m
h
y
droxide. Describe what you would observe as a result of each reaction.
.........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) In terms of oxidation numbers, explain the meaning of the term reducing agent.
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[1]
(d) The mass of iron(II) ions in a sample of fertiliser can be determined by the reaction
between iron(II) ions and acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
A student analysed a sample of the fertiliser. He dissolved the sample in 25.0 cm3 of dilute
sulphuric acid and titrated the solution formed with 0.0200 mol / dm3 potassium
manganate(VII).
The student used 22.5 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) to reach the end-
point.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of potassium manganate(VII) used in the titration.
(ii) One mole of potassium manganate(VII) reacts with five moles of iron(II) ions.
Calculate the mass, in grams, of iron(II) ions in the sample analysed.
[Total: 9]
B10
F
er
tili
s
er
s
s
u
p
pl
y the essential elements, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth.
A bag of fertiliser contains 500 g of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, and 500 g of
potassium nitrate, KNO3.
[4]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
B8 The diagram shows the stages in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
catalyst beds
source of sulphur
air furnace
absorber
converter
(a) In the furnace, an ore containing zinc sulphide, ZnS, is heated in oxygen to make zinc
oxide, ZnO, and sulphur dioxide.
[1]
(b) In the converter, sulphur dioxide and oxygen are passed over a series of
catalyst beds at a temperature of about 420 C.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Concrete is made from cement, sand and water. When set, concrete is slightly porous.
When rain water soaks through concrete, some of the uncombined calcium
oxide dissolves to form calcium hydroxide.
[1]
(ii)
Th
e
aq
ue
ou
s
ca
lci
u
m
hy
dr
ox
id
e
in
w
et
co
nc
ret
e reacts with carbon dioxide in the air.
Ca(OH
CaCO
The
diagra
m
shows
the pH
at
variou
points
inside
cracke
concre
e
beam.
Inside of
beam
pH 13
pH9
Surface
beam
air
pH7
Descri
e and
explain
the
chang
in pH
from
the
surfac
to the
centre
of the
beam.
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
............
..........
............
............
..........................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
concentration = .....................................mol/dm3
[3]
[Total: 9]
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H
= 92 kJ/mol
(a) On the same axes draw energy profile diagrams to show both the
catalysed and the uncatalysed reaction. Label the diagram to show t
h
the catalysed and uncatalysed reactions, e
r
e
a
c
t
a
n
t
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
,
the enthalpy change for the reaction.
[3] ,
pho
(b) The raw materials for the Haber process can be obtained from the air and from
hydrocarbons produced by the distillation of petroleum.
pho
(i) Describe how pure nitrogen can be separated from other gases in the air.
us
[1]
and
(ii) Describe how hydrogen can be made from hydrocarbons.
[2] othe
(c) Explain how the position of equilibrium in the Haber process is altered by elem
(i) an increase in pressure, ents
an increase in temperature. h ar
sulphate. from
(i) Which acid must be added to ammonia solution to make ammonium the
sulphate?
Put a ring around the correct answer. whe
crop
HCl HNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4 are
[1] grow
n.
(ii) Fill in the missing words in the following sentence using two of the words [2]
from the list.
tongs
air
platinum wire
in pressure increases the yield of sulphur trioxide. Explain the reason for this effect. [1]
(ii) Even though an increase in pressure increases the yield of sulphur trioxide, the reaction in the
converter is carried out at atmospheric pressure.
Suggest a reason for this. [1]
(iii) In some sulphuric acid plants, the gases are cooled when they pass from one catalyst bed
to the next. Use the equation to explain why the gases need to be cooled. [2]
(c) When sulphuric acid is reacted with excess iron powder, iron(II) sulphate and hydrogen are
produced.
Suggest how crystals of iron(II) sulphate could be prepared from this reaction mixture. [2]
(d) 12.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid exactly neutralised 20.0 cm3 of a solution of
sodium hydroxide of concentration 0.150 mol/dm3.
First, nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, is produced. This then reacts with oxygen to form
nitrogen(IV) oxide, NO2.
[1]
(ii) Balance the equation for the reaction of nitrogen(II) oxide with oxygen.
2NO + O2 .....NO2
[1]
[1]
(iv) The platinum wire acts as a catalyst in the reaction. As the reaction takes place, the
wire begins to glow red hot.
What does this show about the reaction?
[1]
[1]
test
result [4]
(c) Ammonium nitrate can be made by adding nitric acid to a solution of ammonia.
[1]
+ HNO3(aq) NH4NO3(aq)
[1]
(d) Which two of the following statements about ammonia are true?
[2]
5 Sulphuric acid is made by the Contact process in the following sequence of reactions.
(a) (i)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) the forward reaction is exothermic
(a) (i) Name the raw materials from which nitrogen and hydrogen are obtained.
[1]
[1]
(b) The following graph shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture
changes with temperature.
% ammonia
at equilibrium
0
0
temperature
[2]
[1]
(c) (i) Sketch a graph which shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies
with pressure.
% ammonia
at equilibrium
0
0
pressure
[1]
[2]
[Total: 10]
5 (a) In the USA, sulphur is obtained from underground deposits. It burns to form sulphur dioxide.
This is used in paper making, to preserve food and in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The diagram shows a possible arrangement of the valency electrons in a molecule of
sulphur dioxide.
O represents an electron from an oxygen atom
X represents an electron from a sulphur atom
OO XX
O S O
O
O
X
X
OO
X
O
X
O
OO
O
O
bond 2
bond 1
(i) What type of covalent bond is labelled bond 1?
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Sulphur reacts violently with magnesium to form the ionic compound
magnesium sulphide. Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency
electrons in this compound.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Write a word equation for the reaction between zinc carbonate and sulphuric acid.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide and sulphuric acid.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iv) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and sulphuric acid.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
.........................................................................................................................
..........
.........................................................................................................................
......[2]
[1]
[1]
Percentage of
sulphur
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
The percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture varies with temperature.
Tempe
Temperature
(i) How does the percentage of sulphur trioxide in the equilibrium mixture vary as the
temperature increases? Circle the correct answer.
[2]
(iii) Explain, mentioning both rate and percentage yield, why the temperature used in the Contact
process is 450C.
(
i
v
[2] )
Describe how the sulphur trioxide is changed into concentrated sulphuric acid.
[2]
(c) The results of an investigation into the action of heat on copper(II) sulphate-5-water, a blue
crystalline solid, are given below.
.........
The formula is CuSO4.5H2O and the mass of one mole is 250 g .........
.........
A 5.0 g sample of the blue crystals is heated to form 3.2 g of a white powder. With .........
further heating this decomposes into a black powder and sulphur trioxide. .........
.........
(i) Name the white powder. .........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
(ii) What is observed when water is added to the white powder? .........
...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
(iii) Name the black powder. .........
.........
...............................................................................................................................[1] .........
.........
.........
(iv) Calculate the mass of the black powder. Show your working.
.........
.........
...................................................................................................................................
.........
.......[3
1 Ammonia contains the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. It is manufactured from these elements in the
Haber process.
(a) (i) Nitrogen is obtained from liquid air by fractional distillation. Why does this technique
separate liquid oxygen and nitrogen?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(b) The table shows how the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture varies with
pressure at 600 C.
percentage ammonia 8 12 15 20
(i) Explain why the percentage of ammonia increases as the pressure increases.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) How would the percentage of ammonia change if the measurements had been made at a
lower temperature?
Explain your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(iii) State two of the reaction conditions used in the Haber Process.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(i) Name a particle that an ammonia molecule can accept from an acid.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Given aqueous solutions, 0.1mol/dm3, of sodium hydroxide and ammonia,
describe how you could show that ammonia is the weaker base.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(e) Another compound that contains nitrogen and hydrogen is hydrazine, N2H4.
(i) Draw the structural formula of hydrazine. Hydrogen can form only one
bond per atom but nitrogen can form three.
(ii) Draw a diagram that shows the arrangement of the valency electrons in
one molecule of hydrazine. Hydrazine is a covalent compound.
Use x to represent an electron from a nitrogen
atom. Use o to represent an electron from a
hydrogen atom.
[3]
5 Sulphur dioxide, SO2, and sulphur trioxide, SO3, are the two oxides of sulphur.
(ii)
(a) Sulphur dioxide can kill bacteria and has bleaching properties. Give a use of sulphur
dioxide that depends on each of these properties. bl
ea
(i) ability to kill bacteria .............................................................................................[1]
chi
ng properties .............................................................................................[1]
...............................................................................................................................[1]
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(i) What colour change would be observed when an excess of aqueous sulphur
dioxide is added to an acidic solution of potassium manganate(VII)?
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) To aqueous sulphur dioxide, acidified barium chloride solution is added. The
mixture remains clear. When bromine is added, a thick white precipitate forms.
What is the white precipitate? Explain why it forms.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]
(d) Sulphur dioxide reacts with chlorine in an addition reaction to form sulphuryl chloride.
[1]
(ii) Newer catalysts have been discovered for this process. Using these catalysts,
the operating temperature is lowered from 450C to 400C. What is the
advantage of using a lower temperature?
Explain your answer.
advant
age
explana
tion
[2]
(b) After passing over the catalyst, the mixture contains 15% of ammonia. It is cooled
and the ammonia liquefies and is separated from the unreacted nitrogen and
hydrogen. They are recycled.
[1]
[1]
[2]
(ii) Explain why urea on its own might not be very effective in promoting crop growth.
[1]
(d) Give a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one molecule of the covalent
compound urea. Its structural formula is given below.
[3]
6 (a) Sulfuric acid is made by the Contact process.
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
(v)
This is carried out in the presence of a catalyst at 450 C and 2 atmospheres S
pressure. u
l
(i) How is the sulfur dioxide made? f
u
r
[1]
t
r
i
(ii) Give another use of sulfur dioxide. o
x
[1] i
d
e
(iii) Name the catalyst used.
i
[1] s
(iv) If the temperature is decreased to 300 C, the yield of sulfur trioxide increases. d
Explain why this lower temperature is not used. i
s
s
o
l
[1] v
e
d
in concentrated sulfuric acid. This is added to water to make more sulfuric
acid. Why is sulfur trioxide not added directly to water?
.. [1]
(b) Sulfuric acid was first made in the Middle East by heating the mineral, green vitriol, FeSO4.7H2O. The
gases formed were cooled.
(i) How could you show that the first reaction is reversible?
[2]
(ii) Sulfurous acid is a reductant. What would you see when acidified potassium
manganate(VII) is added to a solution containing this acid?
[2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation why sulfurous acid in contact with air changes into sulfuric
acid.
[1]
(c) 9.12 g of anhydrous iron(II) sulfate was heated. Calculate the mass of iron(III) oxide
formed and the volume of sulfur trioxide, at r.t.p., formed.
[Total: 16]
IGCSE CHEMISTRY SET X (Manufacturing Chemicals)
2 Sulphur is used to make sulphuric acid. In the UK, the annual production of the acid is about 2.5
million tonnes.
(a) The reactions in the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the Contact Process are shown
below.
S reaction 1 SO2
[1]
[1]
[1]
[1]
(v) Reaction 2 is exothermic. Why is a catalyst, rather than a higher temperature, used
to increase the rate of this reversible reaction?
[2]
[1]
(vii) Write a symbol equation for reaction 4.
[1]
(b) About one third of this production of acid is used to make nitrogen and phosphorus- containing
fertilisers.
(i) Name the third element that is essential for plant growth and is present in most
fertilisers.
[1]
[1]
(iv) The ionic equation for the reaction between the phosphate ion and sulphuric acid
is shown below.
PO43 + 2H SO H2PO4
+ 2HSO4
2 4
Explain why the phosphate ion is described as acting as a base in this reaction.
[2]
7. Cement is made from a rock called limestone.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) Cement, sand and water are used to make concrete.
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 3]
2 Asif is adding fertiliser to the soil.
N is nitrogen.
Write down the names of the other two essential elements in fertiliser.
P is ........................................................................................................................................
K is ....................................................................................................................................[2]
It shows the number of atoms of each element present in the formula of potassium
phosphate, K3PO4.
phosphorus
oxygen
[3]
[Total: 5]
5 Cement is made by heating clay and limestone together.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ............................................................................................................................................[2]
Limestone is heated. Calcium oxide, CaO, and carbon dioxide, CO2, are made.
(i) Write down the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
answer ............................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]
4. Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen.
Look at the flow chart. It shows how ammonia is made using the Haber process.
air nitrogen
reaction container
250 atmospheres
ammonia
450 o C
iron catalyst
water or hydrogen
natural gas
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen
(a) One of the costs of making ammonia is the cost of the catalyst.
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ............................................................................................................................................
. ........................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Look at the graphs.
They show the percentage of ammonia made in the converter at different temperatures
and pressures.
80
60
40
percentage
of ammonia
made
20
0
0 100 200 300 400
pressure in atmospheres
o
(i) Look at the graph for 350 C.
Describe how.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
Describe how.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Look at the graphs.
o
Temperature ................................................................................................................... C
[1]
[Total: 6]
1. Ammonia is made from nitrogen and hydrogen.
Look at the flow chart. It shows how ammonia is made using the Haber process.
air nitrogen
reaction container
250 atmospheres
ammonia
450 o C
iron catalyst
water or hydrogen
natural gas
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen
(a) Nitrogen and hydrogen react together to make ammonia in the converter.
(i) The use of the catalyst reduces the cost of making ammonia.
Explain how.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Not all the hydrogen and nitrogen react in the converter.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]
2
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
They show the percentage of ammonia made in the converter at different temperatures
and pressures.
80
60
percentage of
ammonia
made 40
20
0
0 100 200 300 400
pressure in atmospheres
o
(i) Look at the graph for 350 C.
pressure increases.
Describe how.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
how.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
Write down a temperature and a pressure which make 20% of ammonia. Temperature
o
.......................................................................................................... C
[Total: 6]
............................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[1]
Ammonia, NH3, reacts with sulphuric acid, H2SO4, to make ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4.
(i) Write down the balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
...............................................................................................................................[2]
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
and S is 32.
...................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
. Answer .............................................................................................................. %
[3] [Total: 8]
450 C
high pressure
iron catalyst.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A new anti-cancer drug is made from a rare plant only found in South America.
(i) What is the difference between a continuous process and a batch process?
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The cost of manufacturing and developing the drug is very high.
Write about some of the reasons why this cost is very high.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
2 This question is about the manufacture of chemicals.
(a) Many millions of tonnes of ammonia are manufactured each year in the United Kingdom.
450 C
high pressure
iron catalyst.
Use ideas about rate of reaction and percentage yield in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) A new anti-cancer drug is made from a rare plant only found in South America.
Write about some of the reasons why this cost is very high.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) The anti-cancer drug is made in a batch process rather than a continuous one.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 6]
7 Sulfuric acid is made in the Contact Process.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) The oxygen used in the Contact Process comes from a very cheap raw material.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 2]
6 Sulfur, air and water are raw materials used to make sulfuric acid.
(a) Complete the word equation for stage 1 of the Contact Process.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
450 C
atmospheric pressure
a catalyst.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 3]
7 Sulfur, air and water are raw materials used to make sulfuric acid.
(a) Complete the word equation for stage 1 of the Contact Process.
450 C
atmospheric pressure
a catalyst.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
position of equilibrium.
catalyst
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
450 C
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 6]
chlorine hydrogen
sodium chloride
solution
solution X
membrane
test ....................................................................................................................................
test ....................................................................................................................................
result .......................................................................................................................... [2]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
[Total: 6]
4 A continuous process is used to make ammonia.
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
...........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
nitrogen
reaction
ammonia
container
hydrogen
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen
the word equation for the reaction taking place in the Haber process
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
(c) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers such as ammonium phosphate.
(i) Write down the name of one other fertiliser made from ammonia.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
Which acid?
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 7]
7 Sulfuric acid is made in the Contact Process.
oxygen
sulfur
dioxide
gas Z
sulfuric acid
(a) Three raw materials are needed to make sulfuric acid. Water is one of them.
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 4]
(a) Ammonia is made by a continuous process rather than a batch process. Suggest why.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
nitrogen
reaction
ammonia
container
hydrogen
unreacted hydrogen
and nitrogen
the word equation for the reaction taking place in the Haber process
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [3]
Which acid?
............................................................................................................................................ [1]
(d) Ammonia is used to make fertilisers.
ideas about
essential elements
plant protein.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................ [2]
[Total: 7]
Questions:
1. Describe, including equations and essential conditions, the production f sulfuric acid
starting form sulfur.
2. The reaction at the centre of the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia is :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3; H = -92 KJmol-1
a) What would happen to the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and to
the rate of the reaction if you:
i. Increased the temperature
ii. Increased the pressure
iii. Added a catalyst?
b) In the light of your answer to (ii), explain why ammonia plants usually operate with
pressures of about 200 atmospheres.
c) State the sources of the nitrogen and the hydrogen used in the Haber process.
3. Refer back to the description of the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine on
pages 136-137.
a) Explain why it is important that the liquid level in the let-hand compartment of a
diaphragm cell is higher than that in the right-hand one.
b) Which of the metal electrodes is the cathode, and which the anode?
c) Sodium chloride solution will contain the following ions:
Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), H+(aq), OH-(aq),
i. Write an equation to show the source of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
ii. Which of these four ions are attracted towards the cathode?
iii. Which ions is discharged at the cathode?
iv. Use your answer to parts (i) and (ii) to help to explain the formation f sodium
hydroxide solution in the cathode compartment.
d) Give a use for (i) sodium hydroxide solution; (ii) chlorine.
4 a) Given solution of ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid any indicator of your
. choice, describe how you would make a pure solution of ammonium sulfate.
b) Design a simple experiment to show that your ammonium sulfate solution
could function as a fertilizer.
5. This questions is about the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, and will probably the
new to you. Ammonia gas is mixed with air and passed over a platinum-rhodium catalyst at
about 850oC. The ammonia combines with oxygen in the air to make nitrogen monoxide
and steam.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O; H = -906 KJmol-1
a) The catalyst has to be heated at the reaction, but hen no further heating is necessary.
Explain why.
b) Platinum and rhodium are very expensive metals. How can a manufacturer justify the
cost of using them as a catalyst?
c) On cooling, the nitrogen monoxide reacts with more oxygen in the air to give nitrogen
dioxide, NO2. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
d) Nitrogen dioxide is converted into nitric acid by reacting it with water and even more
oxygen. Balance the equation:
H2O + NO2 + O2 HNO3
e) Most nitric acid is turned into ammonium nitrate to be used as a fertilizer. Find a non-
fertiliser use for nitric acid.
Structured Questions:
11.
.
c) What will be the yield of ammonia at 450oC and 200 atmospheres?
13.The chemical equation for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The reaction is slow so an activated iron catalyst is used. The reaction is also strongly
exothermic (gives out heat) form left to right.
a) (i) what would be the total colume of a mixture of a mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of
hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressre?(1mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at
r.t.p)
(ii) What would be the volume of ammonia if all this mixture was conveted into
ammonia gas?
b) 1 mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen were reacted together to form ammonia.
When the equilibrium was established it was found to contain 0.2 moles of ammonia.
i. How many moles of nitrogen, N2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
ii. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
iii. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 remained in the equilibrium mixture?
14.The flow chart show how ammonia is converted into various nitrogenous ferterlisers.
(NH4)2SO3 132
Urea 60
. ..
NH3NO3 80
. ..
Questions:
1. Describe, including equations and essential conditions, the production f sulfuric acid
starting form sulfur.
2. The reaction at the centre of the Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia is :
N2 + 3H2 2NH3; H = -92 KJmol-1
d) What would happen to the percentage of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture and to
the rate of the reaction if you:
iv. Increased the temperature
v. Increased the pressure
vi. Added a catalyst?
e) In the light of your answer to (ii), explain why ammonia plants usually operate with
pressures of about 200 atmospheres.
f) State the sources of the nitrogen and the hydrogen used in the Haber process.
3. Refer back to the description of the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine on
pages 136-137.
e) Explain why it is important that the liquid level in the let-hand compartment of a
diaphragm cell is higher than that in the right-hand one.
f) Which of the metal electrodes is the cathode, and which the anode?
g) Sodium chloride solution will contain the following ions:
Na+(aq), Cl-(aq), H+(aq), OH-(aq),
v. Write an equation to show the source of the hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
vi. Which of these four ions are attracted towards the cathode?
vii. Which ions is discharged at the cathode?
viii. Use your answer to parts (i) and (ii) to help to explain the formation f sodium
hydroxide solution in the cathode compartment.
h) Give a use for (i) sodium hydroxide solution; (ii) chlorine.
4 c) Given solution of ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid any indicator of your
. choice, describe how you would make a pure solution of ammonium sulfate.
d) Design a simple experiment to show that your ammonium sulfate solution
could function as a fertilizer.
5. This questions is about the manufacture of nitric acid from ammonia, and will probably the
new to you. Ammonia gas is mixed with air and passed over a platinum-rhodium catalyst
at about 850oC. The ammonia combines with oxygen in the air to make nitrogen monoxide
and steam.
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O; H = -906 KJmol-1
f) The catalyst has to be heated at the reaction, but hen no further heating is necessary.
Explain why.
g) Platinum and rhodium are very expensive metals. How can a manufacturer justify the
cost of using them as a catalyst?
h) On cooling, the nitrogen monoxide reacts with more oxygen in the air to give nitrogen
dioxide, NO2. Write a balanced equation for this reaction.
i) Nitrogen dioxide is converted into nitric acid by reacting it with water and even more
oxygen. Balance the equation:
H2O + NO2 + O2 HNO3
j) Most nitric acid is turned into ammonium nitrate to be used as a fertilizer. Find a non-
fertiliser use for nitric acid.
.
.
13.The chemical equation for the manufacture of ammonia by the Haber process is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
The reaction is slow so an activated iron catalyst is used. The reaction is also strongly
exothermic (gives out heat) form left to right.
c) (i) what would be the total colume of a mixture of a mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of
hydrogen gas at room temperature and pressre?(1mole of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at
r.t.p)
(ii) What would be the volume of ammonia if all this mixture was conveted into
ammonia gas?
d) 1 mole of nitrogen and 3 moles of hydrogen were reacted together to form ammonia.
When the equilibrium was established it was found to contain 0.2 moles of ammonia.
iv. How many moles of nitrogen, N2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
v. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 had been used to make 0.2 moles of ammonia?
vi. How many moles of hydrogen, H2 remained in the equilibrium mixture?
14.The flow chart show how ammonia is converted into various nitrogenous ferterlisers.
(NH4)2SO3 132
Urea 60
. ..
NH3NO3 80
. ..