Kinetrics Presentation - Oill Filled Cable Advanced Diagnostics

Oil-Filled Cable
Advanced Field GENERATING SUCCESS --- FOR 100 YEARS
Diagnostics
s
April, 2015
Ali Naderian, Ph.D., PEng, SM IEEE

Sarajit Banerjee, M.A.Sc.
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Copyright 2013 Kinectrics Inc. All rights reserved. Page 1
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Background
Large population of HV/EHV self-contained oil filled
(SCOF), HPOF, MV PILC are approaching the end of, or
exceeding, their design lifetime in North America, with
critical decisions required regarding their continued use.
Limited existing guidance regarding field condition
assessment methods i.e.
IEEE Std. 1406-1998: IEEE Trial-Use Guide to the Use of Gas-In-
Fluid Analysis for Electric Power Cable Systems
WG* N D1.34 CIGRE - Condition assessment for self-contained oil-
impregnated insulation used in AC Cables (Ongoing not yet
published)

Failure Mechanisms
Examples of Failure Mechanisms in OF Cables
Overheating of the insulation (i.e. from conductor over-loading)
leading to thermal degradation or runaway.
Moisture ingress from corrosion/fatigue at sheaths or cracks at
joints/terminations.
Dry spots in the insulation leading to oil starvation
Joints and Termination installation defects
Impacts of Above Mechanisms:
Increased dissipation factor
Reduced AC Breakdown Voltage
Partial discharge activity

Field Diagnostic Options
HV Test: Off-line partial discharge measurement under near
power frequency (20 - 300Hz) conditions, using traditional and
wide-band electrical PD measurement
Applicable to MV PILC and SCOF cables, however in HPFF cables
severe PD attenuation limits practical application.
Measurement can be at terminals only, but ideally performed using
distributed PD sensors (i.e. at joints and terminations).
Off-line or on-line PD under NPF conditions, using acoustic or
radiated electromagnetic coupling methods.
Example of radiated method is Prysmian PRYCAMTM - applicable to MV
PILC, SCOF, HPFF if access to target locations is possible.
LV Test: Dissipation Factor Testing - Dielectric Spectroscopy
(DS) or Dielectric Frequency Response (DFR)

Dielectric Loss and Capacitance
voltage
I = IC + I R
current

time/sec
Dielectric Loss (Tangent Delta) - based on principle that

insulation in its pure state behaves as a perfect capacitor,
with current I leading voltage by 90
Bulk degradation in insulation throws off the perfect
capacitor by introducing a resistive component into the
current, i.e. phase of IC is now less than 90
Difference in angle is , and tangent of angle tan = IR/IC
Power factor or cos = IR/I, when is small tan = cos

Dielectric Loss Measurements
Dielectric loss measurements mainly used to provide
information on bulk insulation degradation effects
Chemical techniques such as oil/paper moisture content,
degree of polymerization etc. are destructive and localized
to the test specimen location.
Electrical dielectric loss measurement techniques include,
Power frequency dissipation factor (tan ) : 60Hz
Very low frequency (VLF) (0.1 Hz) tan
Dielectric Spectroscopy (multi-frequency dissipation factor,
typically 0.001 to 100Hz)

Dielectric Spectroscopy
Illustration of DS versus VLF and 60Hz Tangent Delta

Bulk Insulation Integrity Assessment
Benefits of testing field-aged cables using dielectric
spectroscopy include:
Dielectric response, obtained by DS measurements, is correlated to
moisture content of the cable and breakdown voltage
Effective at detecting water-treeing in solid dielectric (XLPE or EPR)
cables, and estimating the moisture-content of fluid filled (PILC)
cable systems
Effective trend test i.e. by comparing measurements performed on
a given cable system over time, progressing moisture ingress can be
trended.
The presence of other defects, such as developing short-circuit due
to carbonizing of paper, oil starving, could be identified

Assessment Criteria
Presence of moisture or
thermal aging : Increase
of the frequency
dependent capacitance
and dielectric loss of
cellulose paper
Minimum Power Factor Estimated average moisture [%] Condition

0.002-0.0035 Below 1 Good
0.0035-0.0050 1-2.5 Moderately aged
.005-0.01 2.5-3.5 Considerably aged
Above 0.01 Above 3.5 Bad condition

Assessment Criteria
The curve shape provides information on the overall
condition of the cable.
Higher losses and increasing non-linearity of frequency
response are associated with lower breakdown voltage.
Field and laboratory research from mass-impregnated oil-
filled cables :
The loss tangent minimum correlates with moisture content of PILC
cables
Suggested grading of level of bulk aging available

VAX 30/40
Amplifier
13
DS Case Study 1 115kV Aged SCOF
Cables (40+ years)
Assessment
(based on
minimum tan
criteria):
Estimated
average moisture
content below 1%
Capacitance of B
(white) phase of
A, C due to cable
cut
Good Condition
Capacitance
Cable Minimum PF (F) Condition
Stirton HL4 HV-A Phase 0.00333 0.725 Good
Stirton HL4 HV-B Phase 0.00332 0.415 Good
Stirton HL4 HV-C Phase 0.00336 0.723 Good
14
DS Case Study 2 115kV Aged SCOF
Cables (40+ years)
Assessment (based
on minimum tan
criteria):
A Phase:
Estimated average
moisture content
between 2.5 3.5%
Considerably
Moist/Aged
B, C Phase:
Estimated average
moisture content
Capacitance between 1 2.5%
Cable Minimum PF (F) Condition
A8G- A phase 0.00513 0.974 Considerably aged Moderately Aged
A8G- B phase 0.00384 0.976 Moderately aged
A8G- C phase 0.0039 0.976 Moderately aged
15
DS Case Study 3 161kV SCOF
Cables in Power Plant (35+ years old)
Circuit 4
A-phase
B-Phase
C-Phase
Dielectric Spectroscopy measurements - B and C phase show consistently

higher loss tangent minimum as well as higher dielectric loss at 0.1/0.01Hz.
16
DS Case Study 3 161kV SCOF
Cables in Power Plant (35+ years old)
0.1Hz
90
4A 4B 4C
80
70
60
TanD E-3
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Test Voltage kV
VLF Tangent Delta measurements - B and C phase show consistently higher

loss tangent minimum as well as higher dielectric loss at 0.1 loss lowers
with voltage as a result of the Garton Effect
17
Summary
The use of dielectric spectroscopy of field-aged oil-filled cables is an
evolving diagnostic technique for Bulk Insulation Assessment.
DS Test combined with Partial Discharge Test are recommended to
cover both Bulk and local insulation assessment.
Guidelines are available for condition assessment based on loss
magnitudes and frequency response i.e. the curve shape
DS is most beneficial for comparative assessment, trending,
replacement plan, and asset management.
As increasing amounts of measured data are obtained from in-service
or de-commissioned oil-filled cable systems of various types (i.e. mass-
impregnated PILC, self-contained fluid-filled SCFF, high pressure fluid-
filled HPFF, etc.) benefits will increase to reliable absolute engineering
judgement
Recommendation : Apply DS for laboratory condition assessment,
and consider use for field diagnostic testing of SCOF or HPFF
circuits
18
Thank you!!
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Kinetrics Presentation - Oill Filled Cable Advanced Diagnostics

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Oil-Filled Cable

Advanced Field GENERATING SUCCESS --- FOR 100 YEARS

Ali Naderian, Ph.D., PEng, SM IEEE

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

Rad Lab and Analytical Chemistry

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

Dielectric Loss (Tangent Delta) - based on principle that

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

Illustration of DS versus VLF and 60Hz Tangent Delta

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

Minimum Power Factor Estimated average moisture [%] Condition

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

life cycle management solutions Kinectrics - Proprietary and Confidential

Dielectric Spectroscopy measurements - B and C phase show consistently

VLF Tangent Delta measurements - B and C phase show consistently higher

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