Raymond Tien

3 March 2017
Independent Research I GT
Annotated Source List

Alkhalil, Michel, et al. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Asthma: What Are
the Links?"Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine,www.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc
/articles/PMC2637171/pdf/jcsm.5.1.71.pdf. Accessed 25 Oct. 2016.

This passage from a science journal presents information about the connection between
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and asthma. There are about main five factors that can
attribute to severity of sleep apnea: neural receptors and mechanical effects, airway
inflammation, gastroesophageal acid reflux, systemic inflammation, and cardiac dysfunction.
People with obstructive sleep apnea have a more higher vagal tone while asleep. The
consequence of the higher vagal tone is the possibility of a complete airway collapse.
Gastroesophageal acid reflux is a digestive disorder that causes heartburn or acid build up in the
back of the throat. It is stated that people with asthma often experience apnea episodes where the
patient cant breath at times in the night. The neural receptors in the brain doesnt send signals to
the airway flaps. As a result, the patient will experience an inflamed airway because the asthma
symptoms kick in.
This excerpt, displayed some insight of the clear connection between the disorders
asthma and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Most people dont know there is a link between
the two and this information makes a clear connection between the two. This could help further
research by possibly showing whether treating only one symptom could ease the other symptoms
from the other disorder.

"Barnyard dust holds clue to halting asthma." Modern Healthcare, 12 Sept. 2016, p. 0036.
Student Resources in Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw= w&u=elli85889
&v=2.1&id=GALE%7CA463556492&it=r&asid=e254683ce4bb2d25d2c8074ca615ab2a
. Accessed 19 Dec. 2016.

The passage explains a rather newer found theory in health. The article is about a study
conducted between two similar farming communities in Indiana. The first community was an
Amish community and the other is a Hutterite community. There is one drastic difference
between the communities: Amish dont use electricity where the Hutterites do. Meaning that the
Amish are more exposed to farm animals than the Hutterites. The study was found that the
Amish childrens blood had more neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells which fight
infections in the body. Also, there were fewer eosinophils which are red blood cells that increase
the rate of an allergic inflammation. 5% of the Amish children have asthma, whereas 21% of the
Hutterite children had asthma: 10% of American children have asthma. Researchers believe that
the bacteria in dairy cows can help prevent asthma. Living in a farmhouse household can help
increase your chances against asthma. This research is also helping to discover possible new
ways to treat asthma.
The article about barnyard dust causing a positive effect against the tolerance/
development of asthma. This will help implement new and possibly organic ways to prevent and
treat asthma. The bacteria produced by the dairy cow could be studied in order to create more
powerful drugs to help ease peoples life. This research will help show causes and preventions to
contracting asthma.

Birch, Mary. "Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Breathing Retraining." EBSCOhost,Aug. 2004,
web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?sid=9b12eba8-d392-4012-be27-04b310579b4
Accessed 17 Nov. 2016.

This passage focuses on Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) and the role that breath
retraining are connected/effected. OSA is a sleep disorder where a victim would wake up during
sleep due to an obstruction or nasal flap that blocks the airway; therefore, making it very
difficult to breath. As an effect, it is possible for the victim to begin to hyperventilate in order to
get enough air flowing through the airways. Hyperventilation occurs when a human exhales an
excessive amount of carbon dioxide: lower levels of carbon dioxide can put the body in a critical
condition. In this passage, there is also a case study on a man, John, who has both asthma and
sleep apnea. He took Seretide 250/50 ,an asthma medicine, to alleviate the symptoms of asthma.
His sleep apnea was being dealt with by using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
machine, but it wasnt working. So, John enrolled in a breathing retraining course. This course
provided John with breathing techniques in order to open up the nasal airway and control sleep
apnea symptoms. With the help of Seretide 250/50 and breathing retraining courses, John had
greatly improved bodily health.
This passage shows a connection between hyperventilation and OSA. Also, the case
study portion of the text offered possible treatments, medications, options for people with the
same living conditions as John did. This information/data could help further/develop treatments
for people like John.

Boehlke, et al. "Asthma." Explora, Jan. 2016,web.b.ebscohost.com/src_ic/detail/detail?vid=2&s

id=ce7feb25-20fb-4463-81ed-a00af5179a22%40sessionmgr1&bdata=#AN=86193907&d
b=t6o. Accessed 29 Sept. 2016.

In this article, the illness asthma is defined. Asthma is a pulmonary chronic disease that
keeps the lungs and airway constricted or narrow. People with asthma have very sensitive
bronchiole, which are tubes that adjust the amount of air one can intake or exhale. The
pathological steps in having an asthma attack are sensing and constricting the airway.
Afterwards, inflammation and swelling make up bronchioles tighten. Then there is an increased
production of mucus occurs. The result of this is extreme difficulty breathing. Allergic reactions
can be linked to the immune system because it could detect a harmless allergen as harmful.
There is no permanent damage to the lungs after an attack but shortly after an asthma attack,
there is a late-phase response that last for 4-6 hours after the initial attack. Medicines exist
where the medicine dull the responsiveness of the bronchioles and opens up the airway. This
medicine can be inhaled or orally taken, inhaling is the recommended way. Exercise may help
reduce the frequency or severity of attacks. The most recommended exercise is swimming.
This article shows the exact way asthma works in detail. It helps show the audience that
there are a lot of ways asthma can occur. The article says how a specific area reacts when an
asthma attack occurred and what happened afterwards. Then the article states how some
medicines interact with the body to keep the bronchiole is dull and open up the area. This article
could help further explain the effects of asthma medicine on airway expansion.

Brown, James. "The Danger of Sleep Apnea." Power Search Gale, July 2006,go.ga le g r o u p .
com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=S
ingleTab&search. Accessed 14 Dec. 2016.

In this article, CBS sportscaster, James Brown, speaks about his experience with his sleep
apnea. His symptoms were loud snoring, pauses in breathing, and inability to retain information.
He speaks about his friend, Reggie White, passing away because of sleep apnea being a factor of
his death. He was diagnosed with sleep apnea and now sleeps with a continuous positive airway
pressure (CPAP) machine. His doctor stated that 12 million americans have undiagnosed sleep
apnea and it causes cardiovascular problems.
This article by James Brown, helps show how hard it is to undiagnosed sleep apnea and
he shares his experience. This article will help people learn about sleep apnea because James
Brown is famous and he can use his fame to educate people. This article will help spread the
common knowledge about sleep apnea.

Chebbo, Ahmad, et al. "Anatomy and Physiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea."

Sleep Medicine Clinic, Dec. 2013, www.sleep.theclinics.com/article/S1556-407X(13)000
75-1/fulltext. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.

This article discusses the about how the anatomy of the upper body affects the
pathophysiology of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The connection between the pharyngeal
dilator tone, upper airway narrowing, changes in lung volume, and respiratory control instability
and how they playa role in the OSA mechanism. The oropharynx is most common site of airway
collapse in OSA. Enlarged parapharyngeal fat pad, thicker lateral pharyngeal walls, and
increased tongue volumes increase the effect of OSA. This anatomical piece is the main reason
why sleep apnea occurs.

"Effects from Surgery for Sleep Apnea." Sleep Apnea Guide, 2009,www.sleep-apnea-gui
de.com/surgery-for-sleep-apnea.html. Accessed 26 Feb.2017.

This article/webpage describes the pros and cons of surgery for sleep apnea. It talks about
how surgery can give a permanent solution to the cause. Although surgery has a lesser success
rate than the CPAP machine, surgery is much more convenient. Other forms of treatment for this
disease are inefficient and annoying.

Ekici, Aydanur, et al. "Association of Asthma-Related Symptoms with Snoring and Apnea and
Effect on Health-Related Quality of Life." EBSCOhost, U of Maryland Libraries, Nov.
2005, web.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-um.researchport.umd.edu/ehost/detail/
detail?vid=1. Accessed 14 Nov. 2016.

This article displays information about a study conducted in order to investigate the
connection between asthma-related symptoms with sleep apnea and snoring. In the study, it was
shown that 20% of the population snore; however, 50% of 50 year old men snore.. There are
various types of snores that can allude to different causes. The most common snores are
considered simple or non apneic, which is just a disturbing sound. Whereas others can have
pharyngeal obstructions or breathing pauses, which is sleep apnea. The study concludes that
people who snore are more prone to developing apneic symptoms, rather than the ones who
dont.
This article provides a connection between snoring and apneic symptoms. It is possible
that the way a person snores could help diagnose whether or not the the patient has sleep apnea
or not. This source could raise new questions as to how there could be other nocturnal
disturbances that could help diagnose sleep apnea. Also, there could be a way the nocturnal
disturbances are being treated that could help treat sleep apnea.

Ford, Steve. "RESEARCH." EBSCO host, 24 Sept. 2004, web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/

detail/detail?vid=7&sid=44057afc-7500-47ce-99d5-87ddf0770cf8%40sessionm
gr4009&hid=4201&data=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=14729790&db=b
uh. Accessed 23 Dec.2016.

In this article, spanish researchers have discovered that sleep apnea is a risk factor after
stroke for death. The researchers conducted a 2 year study of 161 people who had survived a
stroke or transient ischaemic attack . The researchers utilized portable respiratory recording
devices when the patients were sleeping. The results of this study were that people with sleep
apnea risk of death increased by 5% with every addition unit of apnoea/hypopnoea (AHI) index.
The higher the AHI, the more risk the patient is at for death. In another section of the article,
asthma is spoken about. The researchers here found that the regular use of asthma inhalers can
hold back the response time of a rescue inhaler. The study was conducted on 20 people with
asthma and they had two weeks of asthma inhaler treatment. The patients were purposely put in a
controlled asthma attack and rescue inhalers were put to use. The researchers then studied and
monitored the patients for the next 30 minutes. The researchers concluded that the delay of the
rescue inhaler was greatly increased.
This article helped give information about the effects that sleep apnea has on the human
body after undergoing a stroke. The chance of death increases if a person who had a stroke is
also diagnosed with sleep apnea. Also, researchers found that rescue inhalers, used to treat
asthma attacks, are delayed more when the patient is a daily user of the inhaler. This can help
further ideas about how the body is affected by sleep apnea after a possible stroke, but also how
tolerable the body is to asthma inhalers.

Great Lakes Orthodontics Ltd. "The OSA Demonstrator." YouTube, 12 Feb. 2012,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9dLdVeN8A0I. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.

This is a video that displays how obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is caused. The uvula,
tongue, and tissue in the back of the throat can all become swollen and block or constrict the
airway.

Gulli, Cathy. "Disturbed Sleep: Apnea in Kids Can Cause Lost IQ, Cardiac Stress, Bad
 Behaviour." Power Search Gale, 13 Apr. 2009, go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabI
D=T003&resultLis type=RESULT_ LIST searchResults Type=Single Tab Sea
chType=Basic Search FormPosition=14 &docId=. Accessed 14 Dec. 2016.

In the article by Cathy Gulli, there was a case study on a boy named James Fitzpatrick.
As a boy, he was diagnosed with possible ADHD, but he had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
During a diagnosis study, conducted by sleep specialist, they discovered he had the most severe
sleep apnea they had ever seen in years. They measured his oxygen levels and found he had
depleted oxygen levels. If children have OSA, they could have lower IQ scores because of the
oxygen deprivation, sleep deprivation will lead to bad behavior and grumpy moods, and finally
elevated blood pressure causes cardiac stress. The treatment that was given was going through a
surgical procedure called adenotonsillectomy, which is the removal of your adenoids and tonsils.
This treatment was effective because James is sleeping well and is feeling a lot better.
This article displays how OSA affects children negatively. The symptoms of OSA were
all bad for general welfare of children and should be treated as soon as possible. This article will
enhance the knowledge of people trying to find more ways OSA could severely affect any age
groups.

H, Klar Yagg, et al. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Risk Factor for Stroke and Death." The New
England Journal of Medicine, 2005, www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043104#t=
abstract. Accessed 22 Nov. 2016.

The journal article displays the connection between stroke/death and sleep apnea. The
study conducted in this article, was used to find out if there are elevated risks of stroke and death
if one had sleep apnea.There were a total of 1022 people being tested. Of the 1022 people tested,
there were a total of 697 people, about 68%, with obstructive sleep apnea. The hazard ratio was
at 2.24; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.30 to 3.86. Then take away the factors of sex, age, race,
smoking status, diabetes, body mass index, etc. the hazard ratio became 1.97; 95 percent
confidence interval, 1.12 to 3.48.This studys conclusions are that obstructive sleep apnea
syndrome is connected to stroke and death. The trend analysis concluded that the severity of
obstructive sleep apnea statistically increases the risks of having future strokes, heart problems,
hypertension, etc.
The journal presented the increased risk of death and strokes for people who have sleep
apnea. The increased risk is so significant, and it could affect a lot of peoples lives; however,
there are certain ways to counteract these risks (not stated in the passage). This journal article
could help further the knowledge of all of sleep apneas effect because sleep apnea isnt a well
known disorder.

Johnson, Kate. "Asymptomatic GERD is Potential Asthma Trigger." GALEPowerSearch, 15May

2005,go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T002&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&se
arch ResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=. Accessed 25 Oct. 2016.

This passage is about the ways that gastroesophageal reflux could be a potential trigger
for asthma. Gastroesophageal reflux could be identified as a contaminant in a body of a person
that has asthma. But most people that have asthma, experience some sort of asthma symptom or
attack after gastroesophageal reflux occurrence. These two medical problems could be linked
together and one could affect the severity of the other. Dr. Susan Harding, M.D., advised treating
the gastroesophageal reflux vigorously due to the affects that both medical problems have on
each other.
This passage sheds light on the connection between both medical conditions,
gastroesophageal reflux and asthma. This informs people that there is a connection and both
should be treated equally. This could help further research by showing other medical conditions
that could affect the severity of asthma.

Klotter, Jule. "Acid reflux, asthma, and recalcitrant cough." Townsend Letter,Dec. 2015, p. 77.
Science In Context, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=elli85889&v=2.1
&id=GALE%7CA436542863&it=r&asid=f0129691f8997accda5be9d0272a4377.
Accessed 4 Jan. 2017.

In this article, Jule Klotter speaks of Jaime Kaufman and her research on refluxes. Jaime
has dealt with thousands of patients where their diseases were hard to diagnose, chronic coughs,
and coughs with no apparent pulmonary cause. It was discovered that silent airway reflux
(laryngopharyngeal) was the leading cause of 40% of chronic coughs. Silent reflux is a disorder
where the body doesnt show symptoms of heartburn or indigestion, but it causes postnasal drip
and disturbances in the airway. Vagal neuropathy (neurogenic cough) contributes another 14% of
the 40% of chronic coughs. Neurogenic coughs stem from damage to vagus nerves that happen
when the body has a respiratory infection. This cough can be triggered by changes in
temperature, talking, perfumes/fumes, and singing.
This article helps explain how chronic coughs are caused and how they are developed.
The causes of chronic coughs can be contributed by vagal neuropathy and silent airway reflux.
These results can help develop more causes to acid refluxes/ chronic coughing which ultimately
lead up to developing asthma. If a doctor can detect this early, it is possible to stop asthma from
occurring in the end.

Opdahl, Cristina. "Stop Anaphylactic Shock." GALE Power Search, Aug. 2007,
go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchR
esul tsType=SingleTab&sea . Accessed 9 Dec. 2016

This passage displays how to treat a patient going through anaphylactic shock in any
case. The cause of a possible anaphylactic shock attack could be due to a bee sting, food,
medication, etc. Anaphylactic shock causes life threatening effects: swelling around the mouth
and tongue, and severe drop in blood pressure. A person with chances of getting an attack should
always carry benadryl 600 mg and carry two doses of epinephrine in an EpiPen. The drugs will
help boost your blood pressure and bring down the swelling of the tongue and mouth. Key
indications of anaphylactic shock is constricted airways and facial swelling. Be sure to give 50
mg of benadryl orally first before you begin to evaluate what to do next. If they have trouble
breathing, use an EpiPen by jabbing it into the thigh and releasing the dosage. If need be, jab
another dosage after 15 minutes of evaluation. After the symptoms are subsided, continue to
administer 50mg of benadryl for 24 hours.
 This passage shows the worst case scenario of a possible asthma/anaphylactic attack. The
treatment of an anaphylactic shock attack was displayed in detail in order to inform any person
how the drug will affect the body. This research will be used for furthering knowledge of how
certain medicines affect the airways.

Perlmutter, Cathy, and Therese Walsh. "Good Night Asthma." Prevention 47.5 (1995): 86.
MasterFILE Premier. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.

This passage is about the effects of asthma at night. There is a disorder called nocturnal
asthma where they wake up wheezing, coughing, or struggling to catch a breath. The most deaths
caused by asthma occurs during the night. About 75% of people with asthma have this problem
at least a night once a week. Nocturnal asthma has a lot of daytime effects: lack of focus,
sleepiness, and irritability. Circadian cycles are the bodys 24 hour cycle. During the night,
people without asthma on average only have 8% of lung functionality failure. But for people
with asthma, lung functionality failure can fall down towards 50%. People with asthma should
keep their sleeping area clean because there are dust mites are common allergens that trigger
reactions. While sleeping, asthmatics should keep their windows closed so the air is cleaner and
not full of pollen. To avoid bad nocturnal asthma attack, one should avoid allergens and triggers.
Treating sleep apnea can help reduce the effects of nocturnal asthma. To treat sleep apnea, one
should lose weight, avoid alcohol, not sleeping on the back, taking medication, or continuous
positive airway pressure (CPAP). Some asthmatics have acid reflux that makes stomach acid
back into the esophagus and mouth. In some cases, the acid could be inhaled. To reduce reflux
one should, elevate the bed up by four inches, sleep on a high pillow, avoid late night eating, and
lose weight at a reasonable pace.
This passage helps inform the general audience with sleeping troubles, possible causes of
what is occurring. It gives general information about how disorders work and how they can
affect the human body. They also shed some light on treatments that are possible and could be
beneficial to one suffering from the conditions. This article will help shed some great insight on
possible other symptoms waiting to be found and further the studies of sleep apnea and nocturnal
asthma.

Seppa, Nathan. "Apnea Linked to Later Dementia: Sleep Disorder May Cause
Cognitive Decline in Women." Gale's Powersearch, 10 Sep.2011,go.galegroup.com/ps/
retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTb
&sea

This passage provides information about the effects of sleep apnea. Oxygen deprivation
of the brain during sleep, will affect a persons thinking ability and focus. Those with serious
unpredictable breathing patterns are inclined to developing mild cognitive impairment or
possibly dementia. Disordered breathing causes a person to slowly breath or stop taking breaths,
in order to catch up, one must gasp in order to catch their breath. This disorder disrupts the deep
sleep for a good night's sleep. Disordered breathing has been linked to cognitive impairment. In
the study, the scientist surveyed 298 women around the age of 82 years old, and found that about
33% of the women had unusually breathing patterns. About 5 years later, 45% of the one third
women developed dementia or milder cognitive impairments. Women with 15+ pauses in
breathing, while asleep, were twice as likely to develop dementia or cognitive impairments if the
pauses continued on without treatment.
The passage displays the effects of sleep apnea on the brain. This research showed some
possible cognitive consequences when not treating sleep apnea earlier. The passage clarifies the
connection between the conditions of sleep apnea and dementia. The information will help find
other effects that sleep apnea can have on possible other points of the body.

"Sleep Apnea - Overview & Facts." Sleep Education for School, 2016,
www.sleepeducation.org/essentials-in-sleep/sleep-apnea/overview-facts. Accessed 25
Sept. 2016

This passage is about the obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This sleep disorder causes one
take shallow breaths and completely stop breathing while sleeping. The airway is blocked by a
tissue in the back of the throat, which covers the breathing passage. Because of this, the oxygen
being inhaled is going to be limited. Oxygen deprivation causes the brain and body to be oxygen
starved and wont allow the deep sleep the body needs. Some side effects of OSA are feeling
fatigued during the day, trouble focusing and falling asleep unintentionally. The long term
effects are high blood pressure, stroke, depression, and more. Ways to counteract OSA are to use
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy or surgery. CPAP therapy is when one
being affected by OSA sleeps with a machine that has constant positive air pressure in the throat
so the airway doesnt concave.
This passage sheds insight about how OSA works. Most of the general public is
knowledgeable about what OSA is at all. But this passage shows what happens when a person
being affected is undergoing symptoms of sleep apnea. The passage discusses what the disorder
does to the body negatively long term and short term. The passage talks about how one can treat
their OSA and suggests of how to deal with their condition. The simple knowledge of how OSA
works can help determine if it can be enhanced due to other illness/disorders.

"Sleep problems and heart risk." Saturday Evening Post, July-Aug. 2006, p. 42. Professional
Collection,go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&sw=w&u=elli85889&v=2.1&id=GALE%7
CA148279150&it=r&asid=69c4867761400645112a4ba48c507162. Accessed 9 Jan.
2017.

In this article, a 15 year study was conducted in a diabetic care area. The conclusion from
this study was that the risk of developing type 2 diabetes is elevated when sleep deprivation is
increased. It was concluded that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is responsible for some
development of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. It is estimated that 18 million Americans
suffer from OSA, but 90% of the 18 million people are undiagnosed and untreated. Another
study concluded that cardiac arrhythmias, a cause of sudden death, were linked/caused by OSA.
Also, patients were improving due to the use of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
machine that keeps air flow open to the lungs.
The article states the effect of OSA on cardiac diseases and leading health problems in
America. Out of all Americans, 18 million have OSA, 90% of that is undiagnosed and untreated.
This causes health problems and more people become a statistic. This article will help discover
what other health problems OSA could ultimately lead to.
Staff, Reuters. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea Tied to Worse Asthma Exacerbations." Science in
Context, 14 Oct. 2016,ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindo.
Accessed 28 Oct. 2016.

The passage is about the connection between the severity of asthma being affected by
obstructive sleep apnea. In this study, Dr. Ke Hu said that if you keep obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA) ignored, it could lead to a rise in frequency of severe acute exacerbations. An
exacerbation is an episode of where the symptoms of asthma worsen: shortness of breath,
coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness or any combination of them. People with asthma are
more likely to have OSA with their asthma and vice versa. There are some signs of OSA that
could help detect it early: snorings, daytime sleepiness, and obesity. If hypoxia and
reoxygenation are repeated during OSA, could lead to aggravation of asthma and inflammatory
problems that affect the airway. According to Dr. Ke Hu, there needs to be more studies to occur
in order to determine whether the observed were increases in exacerbations because of OSA or if
OSA reduces lung function in asthmatic patients.
The passage displays that there is a connection between obstructive sleep apnea and
asthma. There isnt a specific connection and they dont go in detail about how the connection
actually occurs. This passage only establishes there is a connection. There is still more research
to be done on this topic, but this was a good beginning for this topic. This is a good start as to
finding good connections between obstructive sleep apnea and asthma.

Starr, Cynthia. "America must get more sleep, researchers say." Drug Topics, 20 Sept. 1993, p.
29+. Professional Collection,go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS &sw=w&u elli85889&v
=2.1&id=GALE%7CA14491905&it=r&asid=161e258600171536cf23d2732a31e6bc.
Accessed 5 Jan. 2017.

In this article, Cynthia Starr talks about sleeping disorders and how it affects America.
Sleeping disorders cause bad judgement, daytime sleepiness, and possibly heart diseases. 35% of
American adults go through sleep insomnia during a year. Then adults with sleep apnea
experience daytime sleepiness and heart diseases. Possible treatments for sleep apnea are a
special mask for sleeping and surgery. These treatments can reverse the effects of cardiovascular
diseases caused by apnea. Dr. William Dement states sleeping disorders is the largest, costliest,
and deadliest health problems, yet they are still unseen. The most effective way to treat sleep
disorders is to prescribe and take medication before the sleeping disorder is permanently
classified as a sleep disorder.
This article helps explain how doctors describe sleeping disorders. The reasons behind
why sleeping disorders are so difficult was being explained thoroughly. There is the reason what
causes Americans to perform poorly sometimes, but this research can help develop how these
sleeping disorders can be treated our affect the body.

Teodorescu, Mihaela, et al. "Association Between Asthma And Risk Of Developing Obstructive
Sleep Apnea." JAMA: Journal Of The American Medical Association 313.2 (2015):
156.MasterFILE Premier. Web. 13 Oct. 2016.
 This passage describes the connection between sleep apnea and asthma. It is common for
people with asthma to also have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). It stated there was an experiment
that occurred in Wisconsin of 81 participants with asthma. Of those 81 participants, 22 of them
experiences sleep apnea. Another experiment was also conducted, but there was a total of 466
participants without asthma. Only 75 of the 466 participants without asthma experienced sleep
apnea. It was concluded that asthma is associated with habitual sleepiness. All of the data was
gathered via questionnaire.
This passage helps display data on the chances of asthma and sleep apnea occurring in a
person. This proves that people with asthma have a higher chance of also having sleep apnea.
The data presented will help experts discover how the two disorders connect and interact with
each other.

The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. "Central Sleep Apnea." Gale Science in Context, 2015,
ic.galegroup.com/ic/scic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?disableHighlig
hting=false&displayGroupName=Reference&currP. Accessed 16 Sept. 2016.

This passage contains information about the disease Central Sleep Apnea. Central sleep
apnea is a sleeping disorder that causes a humans body ability to breathe become very short and
choppy. They might not be able to breath for a couple seconds, but then it resumes after those
seconds while sleeping. Central sleep apnea, within the other categories of sleep apnea, stand as
one of the most rare forms of sleep apnea with only about 5% of the reported cases to be central
sleep apnea. Usually older men with a history of heart diseases will be more likely to retract this
disease. Central sleep apnea happens when the brain is unable to transmit proper signals to the
bodys breathing organs and the body will have shortness of breath or constant starting and
stopping of breathing Some symptoms of sleep apnea in general are snoring, insomnia,
hypersomnia, or shortness of the breath. A polysomnography test is a test where a person is
connected up to a machine in order to gets readings of all body vitals and movements while the
patient sleeps. For instance, it reads the brain, lungs, and all the body movements. This is used
to aid doctors/sleep specialist in determining what sleep disorder the patient is suffering from.
There are various amounts of treatment for anyone who has this syndrome. For example,
adaptive servo-ventilation finds out helps prevent a pause in breath. An adaptive
servo-ventilation treatment keeps the air pressure in your airways stable in order to create the
necessary stabilization in the airway.
The passage was very insightful to any public audience and it explains that there are
many types of sleep apnea. It helps shed some light on how to prevent, treat, or diagnose if one
has a the disorder. Also, it elevates information on how the actual disease works and how it can
affect the human body in more ways than just being tired. The passage was really informative
about the general risks, prevention, vulnerability, etc. of central sleep apnea and other types of
sleep apneas.

Today. "TODAY New Study Suggests Asthma, Sleep Apnea Linked." YouTube, 14 Jan.2015,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vs7Z2WIMknI. Accessed 30 Nov. 2016.

The video presents a new study on the link between sleep apnea and asthma. In the study
that was conducted on adults over the span of several years, it was concluded that people with
asthma are 40% more likely to get sleep apnea. The risk of being diagnosed with sleep apnea was
elevated for patients having asthma for longer periods of time; sleep apnea has been linked to
serious health problems and higher risk of death.
This video showed that a link between sleep apnea and asthma is a new idea. This video
was posted on January 14, 2015. It has almost been 2 years since this news story appeared, but
the awareness of the link between sleep apnea and asthma is very low. This information will help
ask new questions about the link between sleep apnea and asthma as well as spread awareness
for the link.

"Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty." Sleep Disorders Guide, www.sleepdisordersguide.com/article/s

leep-solutions/uvulopalatopharyngoplasty-uppp-surgery-uvulopalatopharyngoplasty-com
plications.Accessed 26 Feb. 2017.

"What Is Asthma?" National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute, National Institute of

Health, 4 Aug. 2014, www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/asthma/.
Accessed 25 Sept. 2016.

The webpage passage talks about how asthma works. Asthma is a long term lung disease
that constricts airways making it difficult for the being to breath. Also, it can cause bad chest
compressions or wheezing. In the United States, there are about 25 million people affected by
this illness, 7 million of them being children. When certain substances are inhaled, the airways
become inflamed. The airway then swells up which limits the amount of air they can intake. The
symptoms can be maintained by the use of medicine, but if the symptoms aggravate, that is
called an asthma attack. An asthma attack is where the symptoms cant be controlled and
progressively worsen. There is no cure for asthma, but it can be treated very easily. The illness
cant hinder someone from a healthy life.
This passage helps shed insight on people about how asthma actually works. There are a
lot of people who are knowledgeable on the science of asthma. This passage shows people of
how to detect, treat, and manage a healthy life with asthma. The insight is very simple, but
everyone should know the basis of how asthma works. This information will help make sure that
people have a good understanding on how asthma works and how it can react with other
illnesses.

Young, Terry, et al. Sleep. American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep
Research Society, 1997, www.novasom.com/wp-content/uploads/
Young_Sleep_1997.pdf. Accessed 22 Sept. 2016.

This is a passage in from the science article Sleep by the authors Terry Young, Linda
Evans, Laurel Finn, and Mari Palta. In the article, the scientist surveyed 4,925 to see the percent
of the population that may have sleep apnea.The submitted feedback resulted that more women
had a higher percentage of missed diagnosis of sleep apnea than men. But the more severe cases
of sleep apnea were to be found within white, high income, history of cardiovascular disease, and
older men. An 80% of average men and women have access to a sleep clinic, but are likely
missed.
 This passage provides an insight of how hard it is to diagnose the average man and
woman. Although various sleep clinics are accessible to the the general public, people are still
unaware of what is occurring within their sleep. Many people live sleepy tired lives and they
arent knowledgeable about why they are tired. This data can send a likely debate of health
policy and how to treat/prevent sleep apnea syndrome from occurring in everyday average
men/women. This passage provides knowledge of how many undiagnosed people there are in
this world.