Outline of Research Proposal

Introduction:

Have you ever wonder can the animals run the maze successfully or not? Or which
gender of the animals would be suited to run the maze in the competition? In human, there are
many factors that can affect the way human learn, recognize the things and response to each
stimuli differently. For instance, the differences in environment, age and gender. In some factors,
it can affect the results of the learning behavior obviously such as the differences in hormone
level in different gender. In this project, the experiment will be conducted by using the rodents to
run the maze, to be specific the guinea pig. The guinea pig is a clever animals and easy to train as
well (Guinea Pigs, 2017). Thus, the research question for this experiment is that which gender
of guinea pig can learn to run the maze faster?.

There are variety of topics that will be covered and related with this maze experiment.
The most significant topic that will be related to this experiment is how the animals learn to run
the maze and memorize the maze after they run the maze for the first time. For the learning
process, this will involve many theories about learning. For instance, two main types of learning
such as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. These two things are both learning
behavior, however, there are some differences in the processes of learning. Classical
conditioning is a process that requires placing the stimuli before the involuntary response and
emphasises on the involuntary behavior while operant conditioning is a process that requires
applying the punishment or reinforcement after the behavior and emphasises on the voluntary
behavior instead. Many types of the classical and operant conditioning will be involved as well
such as counter conditioning, graded exposure and positive punishment (Cherry, 2017).
Moreover, the study of the body language of guinea pig will be included as well because it will
help the experimenter recognize the respond or the fear signs in guinea pig. Differentiation
between both sexes will be studied too so, it would help the experimenter understand better about
how and why each gender run the maze differently or similarly.

Additionally, this experiment and the research would help the experimenter determine the
ability between male and female and how each gender perform their task. There are variety of
differences in male and female and according to the research question, thus, this experiment
would help the experimenter know which characteristics of male and female is suitable for
solving the problem.

Background Research:

Animal behavior or Ethology is the study of how animals anatomy and physiology are
coordinated with its action or behavior which can be stimulated by the stimuli or the interaction
of the organism with the same species, different species and the surrounding environment in
order to survive and reproduce successfully (Dodman, 2015). The stimulus is the thing that
evokes a specific reaction in the system of organism which consist of external stimuli and
internal stimuli. External stimuli are the stimuli that come from surrounding for example,
temperature, light or sound whereas, the internal stimuli are the thoughts or physiological
sensations such as, blood pressure rate or heart rate (Intro to animal behavior, n.d.).

Animal behavior can be innate or learned behavior. Innate behavior or instinctive

behavior is the behavior that controlled by gene with little or no influence from the environment.
This type of behavior occurs naturally since the organism was born furthermore, the organism
doesnt have to learn or practise (Innate behavior, 2017). Innate behavior can be found in all
animals. The examples of this behavior are fish can swim without learning from their parents or
when human touch something hot and they will rapidly jerk the hand away (Intro to animal
behavior, n.d.).

On the other hand, Learned behavior is the behavior that occurs from experiences or
learning and it is not inherited. This behavior can be adapted or modify to fit the changing of
different conditions. Moreover, this type of behavior is more adaptable than innate behavior. It
can be seen in the animal such as dog, cat, rat, or animal that usually feed as a pet. As an
illustration, if a dog receives food as a reward when it follows the instructions, it will learn and
remember to follow the instruction in order to get more food. However, not all types of animal
can learn to do this thing. It depends on the capability of the brain of each animal (Learned
behavior, 2017).
 There are many types of learning behavior which is associated with a particular stimulus,
for example, habituation, the form of learning in which animal stop responding to stimuli when it
realize that the stimuli do not affect it in both bad ways or good ways. To clarify, the stimuli is
not linked with the punishment or reward (Breed, 2001). Second, sensitization is an increasing of
the response to stimulus. Next, conditioning is the building of association with two events which
has specific outcome. This learning behavior consists of two types, classical conditioning and
operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning was found by Ivan Pavlov. It is a form of learning in which animal
response and associate with two stimuli. It is the technique that used for training the animal
behavior. It consists of 5 methods, flooding, desensitization, graded exposure,
counterconditioning and graded counterconditioning (Learning, n.d.).

Flooding is the exposing animal to the stimulus for a long time in order to make the
animal stop being fear of that stimulus, this method however, is not recommended because if the
trainer does it wrong the animal will be more afraid of the stimulus.

Next, desensitization is exposing animal to the stimulus and changing the variable until
the sign of being fear is disappeared. This method is the common method that used to treat fear
or anxiety of animal. Another method that also used to treat fear of the animal is graded
exposure. Graded exposure is the method that the trainer put the stimuli at the furthest distance
that makes animal shows the sign of fear then, wait until the animal stops showing the sign. After
that, reduce the distance and repeat it again until the animal stop being feared.

Next, counterconditioning is the method that the trainer use the positive stimulus along
with the negative stimulus in order to change their emotional to be better while the animal is
exposed to the negative stimuli. For example, if the trainer want to touch the guinea pig but it
doesnt like so, try to touch it and give the food immediately afterward. Then repeat the steps
again. The guinea pig will allow the trainer to touch because it will think that if the trainer touch
it will get the food. Last, graded counterconditioning is the combination between graded
exposure and counterconditioning.
 Another type of conditioning is operant conditioning. It is when an animal learns to
perform an action voluntarily in order to get a reward or to avoid a punishment which different
from classical conditioning as it is the association between a behavior and a consequence. There
are four types of operant conditioning which are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement,
positive punishment and negative punishment.

Positive reinforcement is adding something and increase the animal behavior. For
example, give the food to animal as a reward. It is an effective tool to help shape and change the
animal behavior. On the other hand, negative reinforcement is taking out something unpleasant
and increase animal behavior. For example, training a dog with pressure then after the dogs
action is appropriate, release the pressure immediately (Training with reinforcement, n.d.).
Next, positive punishment is adding something to decrease behavior of the animal. As an
illustration, jerking the dog leash when the dog pull the leash, after that it will stop pulling the
leash. Last, negative punishment is removing something positive to decrease behavior. For
example, taking the toy away from the dog when it does a bad behavior or turn back when the
dog bark in it crate (Desatnik, 2016).

In this experiment, the experimenter compare both genders of animal so, in each gender
might have different behavior, or characteristic which is call sexual dimorphism. Sexual
dimorphism is the differences between male and female organism with the same species. For
example, the differences in characteristic such as shape, size of body, structure or color. These
differences are caused and controlled by the gene. For example, male guinea pig has a grease
gland that need to be cleaned but female doesnt. Moreover, male guinea pig will have stronger
scent than female (Male VS Female, 2014).

For other information about guinea pig, guinea pig or Cavia percellus is the sociable
animal which variety in color and coat lengths depends on the breeds. Guinea pigs can live for
five to six years some of them can live up to eight with proper care. Their average size is eight to
eleven inches long when adult. Their dietary and housing needs are specific. The food that they
usually eat are vegetables, fruits, hay or pellet food for guinea pig. Guinea pigs also need to
consume vitamin C. The food that they cant eat are chocolate, caffeine and alcohol. These types
of food can cause serious conditions (Guinea pig,, n.d.).

Literature Review

For this experiment, the research question is to determine which sex is the best in solving
the maze. This takes into account the whole process of learning the maze starting from the
beginning. The hypothesis is that males will be the gender that solves the maze faster than
female throughout the whole experiment. In order to determine if the hypothesis is correct,
preliminary research is required to study previous studies and researches of other scientists, and
to see the extent to which scientists agreed on and what gap can be filled in order to improve
previous experiments. The topics that will be included in this literature review will be based on
how gender difference affects physical ability, learning processes, spatial tasks, physical
structures and memories as those factors have impacts on the success of completing the maze.
The research will include gender differences in guinea pigs and also other species of rodents.

For the maze running process in rodents, there are many different opinions in regard to
the gender that can run and learn the maze faster. On one hand, it is believed that male rodents
can run the maze faster than female. In the book named Sex Differences in the Brain: From
Genes to Behavior, William and his colleagues found out that generally male rodents display
better performance and have better reference memory that can be used in remembering ways to
solve the maze better than females. However, this result is not always certain as a lot of research
does not yet confirm the sex differences and performance in rodents.

Additionally, the circulation of estrogen hormone in females rodents also affect the levels
of performance as hormone improves memory of females rodents and enhances their
performance in running the maze. Not only does estrogen affect female rodents, progesterone
can also have an effect on the brain too. However, the combination of estrogen and progesterone
does not help improve the level of performance (Becker et al., 2008).

Although the result of the experiment showed that the male mice displayed better
performance than the female mice, which follow the hypothesis of this experiment. The result
cannot be concluded that there are sexual dimorphisms between two genders in solving the maze
since female performance can be affected by the circulation of hormone which is mostly estrogen
and sometimes progesterone. However, the experiment that will be performed can eliminate this
factor since the guinea pigs that will be used are only about two month olds and have not yet
reached puberty. The hormone cycle in female is absent and will therefore not affect its
performance. The result will be therefore more precise than this experiment.

On the other hand, there is an experiment that proves that females can have better
performance in learning and running the maze when compared to male. According to the article
named Comparing the learning abilities of male and female mice, the conductor found out that
female mice can run the maze faster than male which followed the hypothesis makes by the
conductor. In this experiment, the author uses 5 male mice and 5 female mice to run the maze.
The method and procedure of this experiment were very simple: the conductor put the mouse in
the maze in which the finishing line is marked with the sunflower seed and the time that each
mouse takes to complete the maze is recorded. This would be repeated five times for each mouse
with 30 minute interval between each trial. The result of the experiment followed the hypothesis
of the conductor as female mice used less amount of time than male mice in which the average
time in completing the maze for female was 49 seconds while the average time for male is was
64.2 seconds which shows a quite significant difference (Comparing the learning abilities of
male and female mice, n.d.).

Although this experiment clearly shows that males learn maze better than female, all of
the data are recorded in the form of time and does not show any other learning processes of each
rodent which can make the results become very vague. Also, the environment condition is not
restricted and the accuracy of the result can be affected. For instance, males can solve the maze
slower than female because it may be scared of the noises. However, these gaps can be filled in
this guinea pig experiment as the environment will be restricted to be in the best condition that
guinea pigs feel comfortable all the time that experiment is conducted. Also, all the mistakes and
process will also be included to see the process of learning of guinea pigs over time.
 Seeing that there is a range of opinions in regard to the gender differences in maze
solving, it is important to thoroughly consider each factor that can have an impact on the
performance on the maze since this can lead to better understanding and analysing of sexual
dimorphism. One of the factors that cannot be missed is the gender differences in learning
processes of classical and operant conditioning. The research named Sex differences in learning
processes of classical and operant conditioning which was conducted by Christina Dalla and
Tracey J. Shors to determine the sexual differences in the process of learning. The experiment
was conducted in the laboratory to determine the sex difference in rodent species. The researcher
wants to focus on testing classical and operant conditioning paradigms including testing for fear
conditioning that is very beneficial factor that can determine which sexes will run the maze the
best when it comes to the actual test. Generally, females perform better than males in term of
operant conditioning task and eyeblink conditioning. However, in term of fear conditioning,
male clearly show better performance than female in which it can handle the fear better and take
longer for the condition to be extinct. Furthermore, a mental disease that affects on one particular
sex can cause a difference in learning too (Shors & Dalla, 2009). This experiment is very
well-tested in term of determining gender differences in learning method through classical and
operant conditioning. However, there might be a little gap in that the experiment has set the
environment for testing, not the actual one. The experiment can fill in this gap by testing it in the
actual maze with the environment and see as if the changing of the factors can yield different
results or not.

Another factor that should be considered is sexual difference in spatial tasks in rodent. In
order to successfully run the maze, rodents need to maintain spatial orientations including cue
from surrounding and environment, and movement of rodent itself. In this journal named
Comparison of direction and distance estimation across spatial tasks: Absence of sexually
dimorphic self movement cue processing, Jenny R. Koppen and his colleagues conduct the
experiment by monitor rat behavior in food-hoarding tasks under the completely dark
environment to see as if there are any gender differences in self-movement cue which is one of
the categories of spatial tasks. The result of this experiment shows that there is almost no
difference between female and male. For the time, male uses slightly less amount of time
compared to female, however, the fluctuation of the graph are the same which indicates that it
has the same progress in term of collecting the food. Other than that, female and males almost
show no different in term of speed and distance that they travel including the direction too
(Koppen et al., 2015).

Although this experiment is well-tested to determine self-movement cue in rodents, there

are still some flaws that can still be further tested or improved. First of all, this experiment is
tested in the areas that are completely dark which cut down the ability of rodent to learn and
adapt to the environment by using their sights. Although that rodent has very good
self-movement, it cannot still indicate that it will have good spatial tasks when it comes to the
actual environment as the environment is one of the largest factors that can impact the process of
learning and solving the maze. This gap can be filled in this guinea pig experiment as they are
allowed to see the environment which is the maze which can determine as if the rodents have
ability to adapt to different environments which is the maze and be able to remember the way to
solve the maze in the following trials. Another thing is that the rat in this experiment already
reached the maturity (rat reach maturity around the sixth week and this experiment use rats that
are 90 days old) which means that it can be affected by hormone especially female that has
estrous hormone which can affect the level of performance as it improves the memory in female.
The guinea pigs experiment can fill in this gap as the guinea pigs that are used are two months
old and do not yet reach maturity which can ensure that they will not be affected by hormone.

Other than those two factors, the gender difference in brain composition is also important
too. Research named Sexual dimorphism revealed in the structure of the mouse brain using
three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging found out that there is difference between males
and females mouse brain in which males brain were approximately 2.5 percent larger compared
to female in term of volume. Males also has larger thalamus, motor cortex, and posterior
hippocampus compared to female who has larger posterior thalamic, entorhinal cortex and
anterior hippocampus. The amount of brain that is different in different parts can affect the
learning abilities as each part take account of different functions.
 Thalamus is center cortex that is used for signaling of both incoming and outgoing while
hippocampus is a crucial part that involves learning and memory. Motor cortex is the part that
involved in motor function which is movement. Entorhinal cortex is the widespread network in
the brain that locates in temporal lobe. It takes account of navigation and memory. This can
indicate that male might have good memory, good physical ability and good sensing of the
environment as it has a large amount of those part of the brain. By contrast, female has ability to
navigate better as that part of the brain are larger than that of male mouse. This can affect the
process of learning of the maze as these skills are required in solving the maze. In order to solve
the maze, it requires good physical abilities, good memory, good signaling as well as good
navigation to solve the maze (Spring et al., 2007).

Although different structure in brain can affect the level of performance in running the
maze and in the process of running in which it found out that there are different in both male and
female brain that result in bigger size and larger volume in some region of the brain , this
experiment never measure how difference in brain structure affects the rodents their daily life.
The experiment will fill in this gap by choosing the guinea pig that comes from around the same
age since age can affect brain and physical abilities to learn and solve the maze and observe how
those brain difference in difference can affect them in solving maze or behavior in daily lives.

The last factor is the adaption to the environment. From the article named
Companionship and Behavior, they found out that the compatibility between the guinea pigs
depends on their personality of each guinea pig more than their gender. For example, some
guinea pig may fight or have some conflicts with each other if the owner try to pair them up
together or separate them from their companion. Guinea pigs are social animals and they will be
more relax and adaptive faster with the new environment when they are in group rather than
when they are alone. The reason is because the guinea pigs will follow the habits or the
behaviors of the animal that is stay with them. Thus, if the guinea pig get used to with the maze
or the new environment, they will be more successful to run the maze completely (Lacoste,
2011). Although this is true to the extent that personality of guinea is significant factor to
determine how it adapt to environment rather than the sexual difference, the article does not
really discuss the behavior of each individual that might show some difference between male and
female. However, this gap can be filled in the experiment as the behavior of each individual will
record when it placed to the maze. This will include the comparison of difference and similarity
of female and male guinea pig in behaviors which will help determine gender difference in
adaptation to new environment.

Source :

1. Sexual difference in the performance of running the maze :

https://books.google.co.th/books?id=IeaLXPWsbuAC&pg=PA233&lpg=PA233&dq=mi
ce+male+and+female+in+solving+maze&source=bl&ots=7IRDZFR_20&sig=2RVjhe7d
e7HpPwnfVB2NSECP020&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMuIPVj7_TAhUKsI8KHW5
ZCZMQ6AEILzAC#v=onepage&q=mice%20male%20and%20female%20in%20solving
%20maze&f=false
2. Sex differences in learning processes of classical and operant conditioning
:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2699937/
3. Sexual differences and brain composition:
http://www.bic.mni.mcgill.ca/~jason/reprints/Spring2007.pdf
4. Sexual difference in learning abilities in rodent :
http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/print_project_1128_78
5. Sexual difference in spatial tasks in rodent:
http://anthro.vancouver.wsu.edu/media/Course_files/anth-395-nicole-hess/jones-et-al-200
3-the-evolution-of-sex-differences-in-spatial-ability.pdf
6. Sexual difference in the adaption to the environment since moving the guinea pig into the
maze is considered as the change of environment from its normal one that is the cage that
it lives

http://www.petful.com/misc/guinea-pig-companionship-behavior/

Research Question: Which gender of guinea pig can learn to run the maze faster?

Overview of Experiment Details: In this experiment, testing about gender differences of guinea
pig in learning to run the maze by measuring the time that they accomplish the maze will be
conducted. This includes spatial tasks, cognitive abilities, and classical and operant learning
methods.

List of Materials:
1. Cage

2. Pet carrier

3. Food and water: Vitamin C, fresh grass hay or grass-based pellet, some fresh
vegetable such as carrot, and water
4. Food and water dishes
5. Safe piece of fruit wood
6. Hidey hut
7. Bedding
8. Nail trimmer
9. Brush
10. Exercise wheels
11. Colourful cloth 4 pieces
12. Water bottle feeding with hanger
13. Sawdust
14. Treatball
15. Snack like baked apple for guinea pig
16. Timer [stopwatch]

Methodology
1. Counter conditioning : The first step of this experiment is to gain the trust from the
guinea pig.
a. In order to make the guinea pig trust the experimenters and lessen the fear that it
has, the treat will be given as soon as experimenters pat lightly on it. By doing
this, it will help the guinea pig to be comfortable with the experimenter.
b. Repeat this step until both guinea pig are familiar with the experimenter
 2. Maze running : When the guinea pig are familiar with the experimenters, the next step is
to teach them to run the maze
a. Put the guinea pig into the maze
b. The treats will be put in every turn of the maze
c. Record the time that takes guinea pig to complete the maze. Some notes like are
the specific number of mistakes, path and behaviors are required to see the
improvements in the performance of the guinea pig in next trails
d. In the case that guinea pig really stuck in the dead end for a certain period of time
for about half to one minute and show no sign of being able to solve, the treats
will be put as a guide for the guinea pig to get on the right track again
e. In the case that guinea pig show signs of uncomfortable, fear ,and anxiety, they
will be taken out of the maze, treat with the reward and rest until it feels
comfortable again.

Methodology Literature Review:

According to the guinea lynx research, states that While guinea pig vision is relatively
poor, a guinea pig can distinguish colors. This experiment will have only one maze since its the
best way to ensure that the color of the maze that both of the guinea pigs run is the same.
Therefore, there will be no effect from the color of the maze to the guinea pigs behaviour.

According to the experiment named Behavioral Effects on Cavia porcellus in an

Environment Manipulated by Color, they want to find out that which environment that guinea
pigs comfortable to be in the most by measuring the amount of food that the guinea pigs can eat
and water that they drink. The results show that guinea pigs preferred the yellow food bowl and
blue water bottle. Therefore, the experiment will include the yellow food bowl and blue water
bottle in the cage since it makes the guinea pig comfortable and leads them to have good mood.
This can make sure that the guinea pigs will not be in the stressful condition and this increase an
opportunity for the experimenters to train them more often.
 In addition, checking the guinea pig are in the good mood before training them will be
done. If any signs is presented which show that the guinea pigs are stressful. For instance, they
are hiding and not come out from the nest box or sleeping a lot or doesnt want to be handled or
have a poor appetite. The training will not be moving on in the experiment until the guinea pigs
are in non-stressful condition like enthusiasm for food. Furthermore, giving them rewarding such
as a toy or a treat after completing the desired behavior will be involved too. Since the reward
can make them more likely to repeat the behavior. Operant conditioning is also required in the
experiment, the guinea pigs need to do the desired behaviors that are helpful for completing the
maze before the classical conditioning will have been done immediately. The punishment will
also be done, if the guinea pigs have the aggressive behavior which makes the guinea pigs can
know which behavior should do or not.

Most of the guinea pigs running maze experiments were using the cardboard for making
the maze. Since the prize of the cardboard is low and also can be carried conveniently.
Moreover, the cardboard has the size that is big enough for making the whole maze within only
one piece. The edges of cardboard are blunt which can ensure that the guinea pigs will not be
hurt while running the maze. Therefore, the maze in this experiment will be made from
cardboard since the maze can be held easily and safe for the guinea pig.

According to American Association for the Advancement of Science journal, the Glue
Sniffing Causes Heart Block in Mice. Since the inhalation of the glue slows the sinoatrial rate,
prolongs the P-R interval, and change the heart to asphyxiainduced atrioventricular block which
may cause to the death. Therefore, maze for the guinea in the experiment will be made from the
cardboard without using any glue for attaching but the cardboard will be cut in shape of maze
within only one piece or connect by cutting the cardboard in the shape that can attach each other.
So, the guinea pigs wont be affected by the chemicals from glue. Moreover, the maze will be
left to be brown color in order to prevent the guinea pigs be affected from the colors chemicals.

Timeline:

Tasks To be completed by

Proposal 8 May 2017

- Final check

Experiment and data collection 20 May 2017

Video 23 May 2017

- Final check
- Everything that included in the video
will be taken during the working time
or in class

Learning record form 23 May 2017

- Record everything from the process of
researching information to write
proposal through the end of the
experiment

Personal reflection on E-portfolio 25 May 2016

Maze Design and Justification:

 The materials that will be used to build the maze for this experiment is the cardboard.
The cardboard has some unique properties such as lightweight and durable. This will prevent
from any injuries to the guinea pig during the experiment, in case it accidentally fall down or
collapse. Another important point is that cardboard has a brown color and any additional paint is
not necessary. This makes sure that the guinea pig will be safe during and after the exposure to
the cardboard. The cardboard will be left as a brown color as it is because this will help the
guinea pig feels safe as they are in their cage or playing with the sawdust. For the connecting
part, the clear duct tape will be used because any chemicals spray will be avoided. The glue gun
would contain a lot of chemicals inside and may cause some effects in the experiment while the
double sided tape would not be strong enough. The design of the maze in this experiment might
look a little bit complicated but, this can help the experimenters determine which gender of
guinea pig can really solve the problem and answer the research question. In this maze design, it
contain variety of dead end which can point out that which gender is best fit for solving the maze
and learn or recognize the maze pattern faster.
Ethical/ Humane Considerations:

To make sure that the experiment will be safe and humane for the animals used, the
experimental design in this experiment was based on the researches that indicated about the way
of treating and petting guinea pig correctly including the way of taming, or carrying. Moreover,
the experimenters have learned about the characteristic of guinea pig, and types of materials that
guinea pig favor. For instance, the guinea pigs cages need to be clean and dry so, the cage will
be cleaned twice a week (Guinea Pigs, 2017). This experiment also consider the types of food
that make guinea pigs health become healthy. Furthermore, the experimenters need to wash the
hands before touching, training and feeding them. At last, the experimenters have learned about
the abnormal actions or behaviors which show that the guinea pig are sick and the initial
treatment for helping them. However, if the guinea pig is sick, the experimenters will inform lab
technician and teacher about their conditions in order to bring them to see the vet. So, the
experimenters definitely sure that this experiment will be safe and humane for the guinea pig.

Data Collections and Limitations:

In the experiment, both of male and female guinea pig will run the maze in order to find
the result of which gender of guinea pig will be able to complete the maze faster. Therefore,
stopwatch is the instrument that will be used to record the time that the guinea pig spend for
completing the maze. During the experiment, the place where the guinea pig running the maze
will be controlled by using the same place throughout the experiment for training and running
the maze since it can ensure that the environment wont affect the guinea pigs action.
Furthermore, the surrounding environment will be quiet and theres no any factors that can affect
their behaviors. So the environment will not interrupt the guinea pig when they are running the
maze. Moreover, taking the video when the guinea pig solving the maze would help the
experiment becomes easier because this can recognize the differences and similarities between
male and female behavior. In each trial, the experimenter will limit the time that guinea pigs
have to complete the maze. Then, in each time, the experimenters will see that the guinea pigs
run the maze in time that the experimenters already limit or not and also record the specific
number of trials and number of the time that the guinea pig both success and make mistakes as
well. This is for the experimenter to compare and analyze the results in each time whether they
complete the missions better or not and what is the reasons or factors that make the results come
out like this.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the point of doing this project is to answer whether the animals run the
maze completely or not. Moreover, this experiment can prove that which gender of guinea pig
can run the maze successfully more. However, there are some factors that affect the learning
process of male and female guinea pigs such as hormones, the differences in environment, how
they recognize things, and how they respond to the stimuli differently.

Results
- Time Limitation: 5 mins maximum per round
- 3 Trials per gender