Objective

To study and demonstrate many of the lessons we have completed in AP Physics 1 and
conclude topics we have learned in a single model.

Introduction
During grade 11th, we have attended to the the AP Physics for learning the advance
lesson of Physics class. Our lessons include The Basics Mathematics in Physics which we learn
about significant figure, Motion, Newtons Law, Work and the Energy, Circular motion,
Momentum, Rotational Motion. Simple Harmonic Motion,and Electricity. Furthermore, we want
to conclude all the lesson and show our progress in this class. Therefore, we decide to construct
a model to represent the lessons we have learn in this class.
We did this project for our final research in AP Physics subject in our grade 11th. The
model we construct would represent all of our lesson and conclude our knowledge we have
done and gain. We hope that this project will be the conclusion and represent all of our
knowledge throughout the year.

Materials
Futureboard
Stick
Hot glue
Toy car
Rope
Small rounded object
Switch
Large piece Lego
Wire
Ramp
Lightbulb

Procedure

1. Construct a ramp, pendulum, and circuit as seen in the set-up picture.

2. Move the pendulum ball upwards, giving it potential energy
3. Release the pendulum ball
4. Let it collide with the car at rest
5. Let the car move down the ramp
6. Let the car collide with the switch for the light bulb
7. Analyze the concept of physics involved during the experiment.

Set-up (Drawing)
Discussion of Physics Concept
Our project include a part of each lesson we learn. For example, The Basic
Mathematics in Physics which we include about significant figure, Motion which we use the
motion of an objects which have speed and velocity,also circular and projectile motion, but we
would use only linear motion in this project, Newtons Laws which we include the force which
would happen when a objects move with acceleration (F=ma) , Work and the Energy which we
include the work which is the force during the motion(W=F*x) and the energy which can be
separated into Potential (E=mgh) and Kinetics (E=*mV2) Energy, and Conservation of
Energy(E1=E2), Momentum (p=mv) which we include about what happened during the corison
and also about Elastic Momentum which two object separated from each other after corison,
Rotational Motion (V=wr) which we include the lesson of Torque(T=Fd) and how the object
travel around in the circle. Simple Harmonic Motion which we include oscillation of the object
and the pendulum
(T = 2 L/g ) , and Electricity (V=IR) which we include about the electric (V=IR), and the Basic
Circuit which is the series circuit..

Discussion of Design
To begin with the swing represent the pendulum which would be released and hit the toy
car. Then the toy car would move with acceleration which produce force along the ramp. Then
the ramp would represent the free body diagram and also produce friction. Then when the car
was on the top of the ramp, it would have potential energy, but when reach to the ground the
energy would convert to kinetic energy. However, because of the friction, the energy is not
conserve. Furthermore, the car would hit the switch which represents the momentum, and the
switch represents Torque. The switch would activate the circuit which represent the electricity
and series circuit.

Data
Upon gathering data, we see that we have:
Pendulum Ball: 0.05 kg, elevated 0.03 m before releasing, 0.005 m after collision.
Pendulum length: 0.12 m
Car: 0.03 kg
Take-off length: 0.10 m
Switch distance: 0.02 m
Car-switch collision time: 0.1 sec, car bounced up to 0.06 m
Slope length: 0.50m, with height 0.30m and width 0.40cm
Battery: 9V
Lightbulb: Gives 0.75W when 2.5V is applied.
Analysis of Data

First of all, we have a 0.05kg pendulum ball having an elevation of 0.03 m relative to its
equilibrium point. This gives the ball an energy of E = mgh = 0.05 x 9.8 x 0.03 = 0.01 joules.
Upon releasing, the energy becomes kinetic and thus transferred to the car. The pendulum
balls maximum height got reduced to 0.005 m after the collision, so we say that
Eo - Ef = 0.014 - (0.05 x 9.8 x 0.005) = 0.012 joules is relocated to the car, so the cars initial
velocity is v = 2E/m = 2 x 0.012 / 0.05 = 0.7 m/s. Note that the pendulum both before and
after collision would swing with period of T = 2 (0.12) / 9.8 = 0.7 sec.
The car, having 0.03 kg, is then pushed to the slope going down. The distance the car is
pushed is 0.10 m, but no work is lost (friction is considerably small, else we would use F = N =
mgsin ), so the cars velocity is constant. Letting the x-axis be the direction of the slope, with
angle of tan^-1 (30/40) = 37 degrees going down and the y-axis be the direction perpendicular
to it where upwards is positive, the x-component of the force of gravity on the car is mgcos =
0.03 x 9.8 x cos(37) = 0.2 N. Once again, the car has mass of 0.03 kg, so it will have
acceleration of 0.2 / 0.03 = 7 m/s^2. Upon reaching the end of a 0.50 m slope, the car will have
velocity of V = (Vo^2 - 2ax) = (0.6^2 + 2 x 7 x 0.50) = 7 m/s. (Note that the cars wheels
rotational energy is neglected, as the wheel is comparatively small, else we would use V=wr to
find wheels rotational velocity)
Upon colliding the switch located at the end of the slope, the car will exert torque on the
switch, making it turn on. According to Newtons Third Law, the force exerted on the switch as
torque is equal to the force being exerted on the car, so if the car bounced back up to the height
of around 0.06 m, so the velocity of the car after collision must be v = ( 2gh) = ( 2 x 9.8 x
0.06) = 1.1 m/s. This must mean that the change in momentum is p = m v = 0.03 x (7 + 1.1)
= 0.2 kg x m / s, and if the collision time is 0.1 sec, the force exerted must be F = p / t = 0.2 /
0.1 = 2 N. The collision is 0.02 m away from the axis of rotation of the switch, so we can
calculate the torque to be = F x r x sin = 2 x 0.02 x sin(80) = 0.04 N x m, since the angle of
car collision is 80 degrees from the switch, which turns the switch on.
Finally, the switch will turn on the circuit. A voltage stored on the 9V battery will move the
electrons along a current to lighten the lightbulb. The lightbulb can turn 2.5V into 0.75W of light,
so it has resistance of R = V^2 / P = 2.5 x 2.5 / 0.75 = 8.3 ohm, so it will turn 9V of battery into
P = V^2 / R = 9 x 9 / 8.3 = 9.8 W.

Conclusion
To conclude, we have demonstrated the physics that can happen in our life, including
Newtons Laws, Work and Energy, Momentum, Rotational Motion, Simple Harmonic Motion, and
Electricity. Appropriate data about the specifics of the experiment has been gathered,
presented, and analyzed, and thus we conclude our project here.

Recommendation
 Include more lesson and if we have more time, we would have reseach more about
wave and other topics which we didnt finish this year.
Use other and more effective material to construct the model.

Reference
Giancoli, D. (2016). Global Edition Physics Seventh Edition. Edinburgh Gate : Pearson
Education Limited.