Submission
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(Module Leader) (Date)
Using an adequate programming language (quick Basic, Matlab, Excel), produce a simple computer
program capable of calculating the 2 first torsional natural vibration frequencies, of any torsional
system up to 20 inertia masses with or without reduction gear boxes. The program should also draw
the swing form of torsional vibration, additional stress diagram.
Using the LR requirements as a basis, check the results of Holzer calculations against the Magnifier
method including the stresses for the equivalent system and report the differences.
Please, remember that a proper report should be done in accordance to the LR rules provided, and
code must be handed as well.
To validate the program please consider the following data and the handouts provided:
Ns maximum continuous engine speed, in rev/min, or, in the case of constant speed Generating
sets, the full load speed ( rev/min)
Tm Resultant mth harmonic component of tangential effort at each crank pin, expressed per
unit area of piston (kgf/cm2)
R Crank Radius (cm)
J Inertia ( kg.cm.sec2)
Me Engine Magnifier
Mp Propeller Magnifier
The scope of this assignment is to calculate torsional natural vibration frequencies and stresses for
the of torsional system provided in the assignment problem statement. The frequencies and stresses
are calculated using Holzers tabular calculation method and Magnifier calculation method with
reference from LR rules. The comparison of results from these two methods are reported at the end.
The scope of this assignment also includes writing programme with Microsoft excel. First two
torsional natural vibration frequencies, of any torsional system up to 20 inertia masses with or
without reduction gear boxes are calculated using this program. The program also able to draw the
swing form of torsional vibration, additional stress diagram.
The following Error! Reference source not found. shows the approximate schematic of the engine
propeller system described in the assignment problem statement
This system can be simplified to convert it into the two mass system. The masses of 6 cylinders,
chain drive and flywheel can be added together at one end. The masses of propeller and coupling
can added together at the other end. An equivalent shaft is connecting these two masses. This
approximated representation of two mass system is shown in Figure 2 below.
3.1. Overview
The Holzer method is a tabular method for the analysis of multi-mass lumped-parameter systems. It
is applicable for the study of free and forced vibrations, systems with or without damping, systems
with any boundary conditions, and systems with angular or rectilinear motion.
It is used in this report to find natural frequencies, and each frequency is determined independently
of the others. In addition to the natural frequencies, the amplitude ratios of the masses and the
nodes in a system at its principal modes of vibration are also presented using Hozler method.
For an undamped system, it can be assumed that no external torque is required to maintain a
conservative system vibrating at its principal modes.
The computations of the natural frequencies of an undamped system by Holzer's Method are
straight forward. Assuming a trial value for a natural frequency, the process is carried out by letting
the angular displacement of the first disk arbitrarily be one radian. The angular displacement of each
disk of the system is found by repeatedly applying following equation in a sequential fashion.
2 2 + 1 2
= 1 =
23
If the algebraic sum of the inertia torques is zero, that is then the assumed frequency is a natural
frequency. If not, a new value of w is assumed and the process is repeated. The magnitude and sign
of remainder torque are a measure of how far the trial frequency is removed from a natural
frequency.
The Holzer method is a trial-and-error method. So to start with assuming the first value for
frequency, following equation can be applied to the two mass represntation of system as shown in
Figure 2.
60 (1 + 2 )
=
2 1 2
Following calculations performed as per the Hozler tabular method. The results information is
tabulated as per the formats in LR rules.
The details of the spreadsheets for performing Holzer table calculations are presented in Appendix
A.
The values of vibration stress for fully protected screw shafts continuous running at or below the
maximum speed are calculated below as per the LR rules.
Maximum value of the vibration stress for continuous running at or below the maximum speed,
Crank Intermediate Propeller
Shaft shaft Shaft
Critical Speed (Nc) RPM 66.30 66.30 66.30
r 0.60 0.60 0.60
tc (kgf/cm2) 371.27 650.06 647.20
Stress at 6th order (kgf/cm2) 24.30 99.74 51.08
Permissible vibration stress as
215.00 580.00 580.00
per table 8.2.1(a) from LR Rules
Okay Okay Okay
4.1. Overview
The major strength of the method is its simplicity, as it allows the resonance amplitude to be
estimated with a minimum amount of information. It allows the engineer to use field data to
establish a dynamic magnifier number for later use.
To use the method, the system must be idealised by a spring and a mass, and an exciting torque or
force must be acting on the mass. The method is based on knowing the value of the dynamic
magnifier M, which is simply the dynamic amplitude divided by the static amplitude.
M values are established by historical data available in literature and by experimental testing. This is
why the method is only approximate, as the wide range of M values may make the results unusable.
The method can produce upper limit amplitudes, since if nothing is known about the damping in a
system, hysteresis damping of the steel itself can be used. This produces results of less than infinity,
and with a small forcing function the method can produce usable results.
From two mass system (as shown in Inputs Tab) Critical Speed can be found out as f = 39.63 rad/s
60 (1 + 2 )
=
2 1 2
When the graph is drawn of rpm against the Vibraytory torque and Tansmitted torque. We can see
from the figure below that the areas above transmitted will gives us the gear hammering.
The barred speed range and stresses due to 6th order resonance are listed as followings:
Barred speed range at shaft stresses than permissible: from 62 rpm to 72.28 rpm
Maximum stresses other than the barred speed are all within permissible limits from LR
rules
Validated the results with LR Rules and observed that the Intermediate shaft stresses higher
than the Rule permissible limit at barred speed range.
After comparing the results from the Hozler method and the Magnifier method, the results are
approximately similar to each other.
[1] Lloyds Register Rules and Regulations for the classification of Ships, Part 5, Chapter 8
[2] Course work for Msc on Torsional Vibration
[3] Analysis of Torsional Vibrations in Rotating Machinery by J.C Wachel and Fred R.Szenasi
[4] Torsional vibration calculation issues with propulsion systems by Dr.Yuriy Batrak
[5] McGrawHill Torsional Vibration Measurement Methods, Monitoring, and Diagnostics
[6] Torsional vibration in reciprocating and rotating machines by Ronald L. Eshleman
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9
Mass Description input Shaft Description input Approximate 1 Node Natural Frequency of Two mass system
Outer Shaft Resisting The value of final Natual frequency between
Mass Inertia (J) Stiffness (K) Shaft Length (L)
Description Diameter (D) Inertia (Is) moment (MR) positive and negative values of ( ji**w2)
Number Number MASS 1 MASS 2
(kg.cm.s2) (kg.cm/Rad) (cm) (cm) (kg.cm2) (cm3) can be calculated by interpolation.
1 1st Cylinder 82500 1.25E+10 S1 67.2 132.60 2.08E+06 5.96E+04
2 2nd Cylinder 82500 1.25E+10 S2 67.2 133 2.08E+06 5.96E+04 Mass1 includes Mass2 includes Three interations are performed to find out
3 3rd Cylinder 82500 1.25E+10 S3 67.2 133 2.08E+06 5.96E+04 1 82500 9 3300 the nearest value of Natural frequency
4 4th Cylinder 82500 1.25E+10 S4 67.2 133 2.08E+06 5.96E+04 2 82500 10 265000 Where,
5 5th Cylinder 82500 1.25E+10 S5 67.2 133 2.08E+06 5.96E+04 3 82500 J1 = Total Intertial of Mass 1 Iteration 1
6 6th Cylinder 82500 1.57E+10 S6 67.2 106 1.66E+06 5.96E+04 4 82500 560900 (kg.cm.s2) w1 w2 wInterpolated
7 Chain Drive 39900 1.56E+10 S7 67.2 106 1.67E+06 5.96E+04 5 82500 J2 = Total Intertial of Mass 2 Frequency 39.63 49.63 40.96
8 Fly wheel 26000 4.99E+08 S8 42.5 533 1.34E+06 1.51E+04 6 82500 268300 (kg.cm.s2) ( ji**w2) 1.149 -7.496
9 Coupling 3300 1.03E+09 S9 53 627 3.81E+06 2.92E+04 7 39900 K = Equivalent stiffness
10 Propeller 265000 0 S10 8 26000 (springs in series) Iteration 2
11 S11 2.85E+08 (kg.cm/Rad) w1 w2 wInterpolated
12 S12 Frequency 40.96 45.96 41.53
13 S13 First trial value of Natural ( ji**w2) 0.431 -3.391
14 S14 frequency for Hozler method
15 S15 f1 = 378.49 rpm Iteration 3
16 S16 w1 = 39.63 rad/s w1 w2 wInterpolated
17 S17 Frequency 41.53 44.03 41.66
18 S18 ( ji**w2) 0.091 -1.686
19 S19
20 w= 41.66 rad/s
Total J1 560900 Total J2 268300
1 1st Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.25 27.33 0.218 1.000 27.327 82500.0 59585.1 0.24 55556.3647
2 2nd Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.25 21.37 0.389 0.782 48.695 50441.5 59585.1 0.48 110477.941 1 0.0000 1.0000
3 3rd Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.25 10.75 0.474 0.393 59.444 12764.1 59585.1 0.71 164137.192 5 4.1888 0.5030
4 4th Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.25 -2.21 0.457 -0.081 57.230 541.6 59585.1 0.93 215921.008 3 2.0944 -0.1036
5 5th Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.25 -14.69 0.339 -0.538 42.536 23854.3 59585.1 1.15 265237.703 4 3.1416 -0.6877
6 6th Cylinder 82500 ######### 1.57 -23.97 0.118 -0.877 18.565 63475.5 59585.1 1.35 311523.784 2 1.0472 -1.1218
7 Chain Drive 39900 ######### 1.56 -13.15 0.035 -0.995 5.414 39505.5 59585.1 1.44 332539.555 6 5.2360 -1.2726
8 Fly wheel 26000 861224000 0.05 -8.87 -0.693 -1.030 -3.454 27567.1 15072.9 5.90 1364911.53
9 Coupling 3300 109309200 0.10 -0.37 -0.373 -0.337 -3.822 374.5 29231.9 3.02 698999.588
10 Propeller 265000 ######### 0.00 3.14 0.036 -0.684 338.6 0.0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Vibration mode
Order of Crank
Cyl No: 1 node 2 node
Firing angle