www.aerodefensetech.

com April 2016

Welcome to
your Digital Edition of
Aerospace & Defense
Technology Next Generation FPGAs for
Electronic Warfare Systems

April 2016
Turbine Flow Meters
Designing a Power Generation
System for a More-Electric Aircraft
Managing the Impact of Nanomaterials
in Aerospace Manufacturing
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www.aerodefensetech.com April 2016

Next Generation FPGAs for

Electronic Warfare Systems
Turbine Flow Meters
Designing a Power Generation
System for a More-Electric Aircraft
Managing the Impact of Nanomaterials
in Aerospace Manufacturing
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XPONENTIAL An AUVSI Experience

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 Aerospace & Defense Technology

Contents
14

38
26

FEATURES ________________________________________
4 Electronic Warfare
4 Next Generation FPGAs for Electronic Warfare Systems
10 Materials: Composites
10 Managing the Impact of Nanomaterials in Aerospace
Manufacturing
14 Aerospace Materials/Manufacturing
14 Turbine Flow Meters
20 Alternative Power Sources
20 Designing a Power Generation System for a
More-Electric Aircraft
26 Show Preview
26 XPONENTIAL An AUVSI Experience
28 RF & Microwave Technology
28 International Microwave Symposium Preview
30 Developing an Auto-Synchronized Multi-Avionics Protocol Data
Bus Acquisition System
32 Tech Briefs
32 Creating Simulated LIDAR Images of Human Poses in a Virtual
Laboratory
33 Advanced Sensors for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
34 Multifunctional Core-Shell and Nano-Channel Design for
Nano-Sized Thermosensor
36 Molecularly Imprinted Polymer (MIP)-Coated Microbeam
MEMS Sensor for Chemical Detection

DEPARTMENTS ___________________________________
38 Application Briefs
40 New Products
44 Advertisers Index

ON THE COVER ___________________________________

Virtually all electronic warfare systems
exploit CPUs and FPGAs, each of which
offer unique strengths and advantages for
handling a wide range of tasks. Choosing
between the two often involved making dif-
ficult tradeoffs, but that may no longer be
necessary. Because of their complementa-
ry relationship, many FPGA vendors now
offer SoC (system-on-chip) devices combin-
ing CPU and FPGA resources within a single
monolithic silicon device. To learn more,
read the feature article on page 4.
(Image courtesy of Pentek, Inc.)

2 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-764 Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A

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Intro Cov ToC + A

 Next Generation FPGAs for
Electronic Warfare Systems
D
esigners of virtually all elec-
tronic warfare system applica-
tions exploit CPUs and FPGAs,
each offering unique strengths
and advantages for handling a wide
range of tasks. This diversity arises from
fundamental differences in the devices.
FPGAs consist of hardware logic, regis-
ters, memories, adders, multipliers and
interfaces connected together by the
user to perform a specific function. CPUs
consist of ALUs, instruction execution
engines, cache memory, dedicated I/O
and memory ports all connected in a
fixed architecture, whose resources are
driven by program execution.
Electronic warfare systems impose
some of the toughest restrictions on la-
tency within the landscape of military
electronics. For example, systems to de-
feat RCIEDs (radio controlled impro-
vised explosive devices) must identify a
signal that could detonate the device,
and then immediately disable that com-
munication through countermeasures.
Essential tasks in the chain from receiv-
ing the signal, analyzing it, deciding
Figure 1. Typical electronic warfare system task allocation for CPUs and FPGAs.
4 www.aerodefensetech.com
Intro
which countermeasure to deploy, and
then transmitting the jamming signal at
the correct frequency and bandwidth,
all must conform to an extremely strict
time schedule. Thus, orchestrating the
necessary FPGA and CPU resources be-
comes a critical design effort.
High level decisions and complex data
analysis are usually easier to implement in
a CPU. If a complex signal processing task
can be handled by the CPU, it is usually
easier to develop a C program for it in-
stead of trying to develop IP for an FPGA.
An FPGA is typically much better at
handling compute intensive signal pro-
cessing or data crunching tasks because
of its DSP blocks. Tasks like FFTs, matrix
processing, and digital filtering can ex-
ploit the benefits of thousands of DSP
blocks operating in parallel. Further-
more, FPGA hardware surrounding
these blocks can be tailored for each ap-
plication. This includes local data
buffers, specialized FIFOs, and opti-
mized interfaces to and from external
sensors, storage devices, networks, and
system components.
Cov ToC + A
The choice of using an FPGA or a CPU
for a given task may be obvious because
of its nature, but other times it could go
either way. If so, the decision is often
made for the CPU because a C program
is easier to develop, maintain and up-
grade. And, from a human resource per-
spective, it is often easier to hire a C
programmer than an FPGA designer.
Next Generation SoC FPGAs
Over the years, CPUs and FPGAs have
proven their effectiveness as team play-
ers in electronic warfare systems. Be-
cause of this complementary relation-
ship, many FPGA vendors now offer
SoC (system-on-chip) devices combin-
ing CPU and FPGA resources within a
single monolithic silicon device. The in-
dustry leaders in this market are Xilinx
and Altera.
Xilinx offers its Zynq family of SoCs
that combine ARM processors with Xilinx
FPGA resources. Their most recent offer-
ing is the Zynq UltraScale+ series, whose
CPU resources include a Quad-Core ARM
Cortex-A53 application processor, a Dual-
Core ARM Cortex-R5 real-time processor
and a Mali GPU (graphical processing
unit). The FPGA section includes a differ-
ent mix of 16 nm resources in each of the
eleven members of the series to cover a
wide range of complexity. The largest
member offers significant computational
power with nearly a million logic cells and
over 3,500 DSP slices.
A competing family of SoCs devices
from Altera is the Stratix 10 series, also
using the Quad-Core ARM Cortex-A53
CPU. Based on advanced 14 nm FPGA
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-766

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Electronic Warfare
technology, the Stratix 10 offers ten
different resource-balanced versions,
with over 5 million logic cells and
5,760 DSP blocks in the largest device.
As a major benefit over Xilinxs SoCs,
the Stratix 10 offers DSP blocks that
can handle not only single- and dou-
ble-precision fixed point operations,
but also single-precision IEEE 754
floating point functions. Floating
point math saves the often tedious
task of scaling optimization to avoid
saturation and underflow conditions
which often plague fixed point hard-
ware. Thus, designers can more easily
boost dynamic range for sensitive sig-
nal processing applications.
FPGAs excel at processing and deliv-
ering high-rate continuous streaming
data because of parallel hardware struc-
tures connected through FIFO buffers to
sensors or dedicated links. CPUs are
much more effective when processing
blocks of data located in system mem-
ory. Because they must be intercon-
nected, this disparity in the way CPUs
and FPGAs prefer to accept and deliver
data poses a fundamental challenge
within SoCs.
Making the AMBA Connection
In order to mitigate this problem, the
Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architec-
ture (AMBA) was developed by ARM,
Ltd. nearly two decades ago. AMBA is
now widely adopted as an open source,
well documented, license free interface
protocol between CPUs and peripherals,
including FPGAs.
A popular derivative of AMBA is the
AXI4 (Advanced eXtensible Interface
Rev 4) specification. It defines a com-
prehensive standard for transferring
data between master and slave devices
for data widths from 32 to 1024 bits in
burst lengths of 1 to 16. A master and a
slave device, both having AXI4 compli-
ant interfaces can be connected to-
gether and communicate, regardless of
the nature or function of the devices.
Because simple devices may not need
the extra interface overhead required to
meet the full AXI4 specification, the
AXI4-Lite specification restricts data
widths to either 32 or 64 bits and limits
the burst length to single transfers. This
is ideal for reading and writing to mem-
6 www.aerodefensetech.com
Intro
Figure 2. Different types of possible AXI connections for a software radio transceiver.
ory mapped status and control registers,
often fully satisfying the needs of most
small peripheral devices. Still another
derivative is the AXI4-Stream specifica-
tion, which eliminates the addressing
overhead of AXI4 and AXI4-Lite. AXI4-
Stream supports only unidirectional
transfers from the master device to the
slave device.
Figure 2 shows how AXI4 connection
can be used to join functional blocks of
a typical software radio transceiver. Full
AXI4 links join the CPU to external
memory and complex FPGA resources,
while AXI4-Stream interfaces are more
appropriate for the data converters.
AXI4-Lite easily handles the simpler
transfers to and from the operator inter-
face.
SoC developers can take advantage
of AXI4 protocols to handle connec-
tions among a diverse range of compo-
nents using this common interface
standard to implement system topol-
ogy and reconcile data widths. AXI4
can also be extremely effective in re-
ducing power and boosting transfer
rates compared to competing strate-
gies. This is critical for high perform-
ance FPGAs in real-time military em-
bedded computing systems.
SoC Development Tools
A common methodology for SoC de-
sign is presented in Figure 3. To start,
tasks are defined to satisfy system re-
quirements, and then initially assigned
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Cov ToC + A
by judgment to either the CPU or the
FPGA. During system integration, mod-
eling and testing, it may become appar-
ent that a task should be reassigned to
the other resource. This is an iterative
process until all tasks are appropriately
allocated to the CPU or FPGA for opti-
mum system level performance. Tools
from Xilinx and Altera rely upon AXI4
interconnects to facilitate changes in
connections between the task modules
as they are reassigned.
The SDSoC Development Environ-
ment from Xilinx supports their Zynq
SoC devices. C/C++ design inputs to
Eclipse compiler tools help developers
determine which tasks dominate the
CPU workload, identifying possible can-
didates for offloading to the FPGA.
SDSoC coordinates execution of both
the CPU and FPGA tasks, showing the
effects of different partitioning and dif-
ferent implementations of tasks within
each partition.
FPGA tasks are handled by the Xilinx
Vivado Design Suite, which uses HLS
(high level synthesis) to create IP from
the C/C++ design input. Vivado also
accepts HDL using Verilog or VHDL
and System Generator output from
MATLAB block diagrams. In addition,
the Vivado IP Catalog offers an exten-
sive collection of plug-and-play IP
modules for signal processing, commu-
nication, imaging, matrix processing,
data manipulation, coding and format-
ting. The Vivado IP Packager creates
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-767

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Electronic Warfare
Figure 3. Development tool methodology for SoC Design.
compatible IP modules from third-
party IP and RTL design entries.
Since the existing IP Catalog mod-
ules and the newly-created IP modules
all use AXI4 compatible interfaces, the
Vivado IP Integrator can streamline the
installation of AXI4 interconnects as
required to ensure interoperability.
SDSoC links these AXI4 IP interfaces to
compatible AXI4 links on the ARM
CPU, for a fully synthesized modular
SoC design complete with memory
mapping, modeling, debugging tools,
test benches, and timing analysis.
Altera offers its SoC Embedded De-
sign Suite that includes the Altera edi-
tion of the ARM DS-5 Development
Studio to support the ARM CPU on
Arria and Stratix SoCs. Based on
Eclipse Tools, this open source extensi-
ble development environment in-
cludes compiler, debugger and execu-
tion tracer.
For FPGA development, Alteras QSYS
System Integration Tool allows design-
ers to graphically connect AXI4 IP mod-
ules from Altera and IP partners. QSYS
automatically configures the required
interconnects to implement the subsys-
tem by creating custom IP from
schematic or HDL design inputs.
Altera integrates the SoC Embedded
Design Suite with QSYS using Quartus II
System Level Software. It includes Al-
teras IP modules, and resources for
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-768 www.aerodefensetech.com
Intro Cov ToC + A
modeling, analyzing and debugging the
interaction between the ARM CPU and
FPGA resources. It optionally includes
DSP Builder and support for OpenCL.
The SoC Landscape
The latest generation of SoC FPGAs
represent major initiatives and invest-
ments from both Xilinx and Altera.
These companies compete directly for
the high-end SoCs designs required for
military applications by offering power-
ful ARM CPUs tightly coupled to power-
ful FPGAs. In addition to impres-
sive silicon, both companies offer com-
prehensive and ambitious design tool
suites. They realize that system integra-
tors may be influenced to choose their
SoC vendor based upon the effective-
ness of the tools, more so than on sili-
con features.
In spite of the many devices avail-
able today, we are still in the early days
of SoC offerings. Developers of elec-
tronic warfare systems can expect sig-
nificant advances in performance over
the next few years as vendors continue
to boost silicon resources and race to
provide tools to most easily take ad-
vantage of them.
This article was written by Rodger
Hosking, Vice President, Pentek, Inc.
(Upper Saddle River, NJ). For more infor-
mation, visit http://info.hotims.com/
61060-500.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
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Intro Cov ToC + A

 Managing the Impact of
Nanomaterials in Aerospace
Manufacturing
A
s the aerospace industry con-
tinues to make improvements
to safety, comfort and afford-
ability of aircraft, nanomateri-
als are making their way into more ele-
ments of aircraft structure, electronics,
glass, textiles and other components.
While these materials provide tangible
advantages in terms of weight, strength,
speed and comfort, their effect on the
humans that come into contact with
them is still being studied and debated.
With dimensions between approxi-
mately 1 and 100 nanometers about
the size of a virus nanomaterials have
unusual physical, chemical and biologi-
cal properties that can differ significantly
from the properties of bulk materials, in-
cluding single atoms or molecules.
These differences enable the aerospace
industry to do a number of things in-
cluding: engineer aircraft structures that
are flexible and adaptive; develop inno-
vative energy generation and storage sys-
tems for air travel; and manufacture sen-
sors that monitor virtually every element
of air travel. However, these differences
also create challenges for ensuring that
an aerospace manufacturing workforce
and those supporting its supply chain are
not inhaling unhealthy concentrations
of nanomaterials.
Published research studies, such as
those conducted by the National Insti-
tute for Occupational Safety and Health
10
Intro
(NIOSH), demonstrate that some nano-
materials have the potential to cause ad-
verse human health effects. Occupa-
tional health risks associated with
manufacturing and using nanomateri-
als have been under study for at least
two decades and the understanding of
their impact is still evolving. For exam-
ple, inhalation toxicology studies of
nanomaterial composites have shown a
real possibility for lung inflammation
and fibrosis.
Workers handling nanomaterials or
products containing them may be at
risk for inhaling fine dusts or aerosols,
either during the production of the
nanomaterial or during the manufac-
ture or use of products containing
nanomaterials. Published exposure as-
sessments, such as those conducted by
NIOSH, indicate the need for high-in-
tegrity process containment and con-
trols when handling nanoparticles.
However, the number of nanomateri-
als already in commerce far exceeds
NIOSHs ability to a) characterize the
potential hazards associated with
worker exposures and b) establish safe
exposure levels. Organizations develop-
ing and using innovative nano-enabled
products must develop internal
processes to manage the potential risks
to their enterprise. Such risks will not
only affect the health of their work-
force, but also delay or impede their
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
ability to commercialize nano-enabled
products and extend far beyond those
that are normally associated with chem-
ical exposures in the workplace.
Developing a Risk Management
Approach
An integrated, enterprise-wide risk
management approach is essential to
ensure that occupational risk is con-
trolled throughout the supply chain;
from those that supply the nanomateri-
als, to the technology manufacturers
using the materials, and on to those de-
veloping and using the innovative
products this technology supports.
The first step is to establish a clear risk
control policy. An executive positioning
statement addressing all activities, from
procurement of the nanomaterial or in-
termediate product, to production, and
including distribution and use, clearly
demonstrates managements commit-
ment to ensuring worker health
throughout the supply chain. Worker
health and safety exposure controls
may not be considered during product,
process, and facility design because reg-
ulations requiring the control of worker
exposures to nanomaterials do not yet
exist, and codes and standards to in-
clude appropriate engineering controls
into the design of facilities, processes,
and equipment have not been estab-
lished. However, a wealth of authorita-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-770

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Materials: Composites
tive guidance is available, such as Cur-
rent Strategies for Engineering Controls
in Nanomaterial Production and Down-
stream Handling Processes (NIOSH Pub.
2014-102), and General Safe Practices
for Working with Engineered Nanoma-
terials in Research Laboratories (NIOSH
Pub. 2012-147).
Next, allocate appropriately-skilled re-
sources, such as industrial hygienists, that
can identify and characterize the nano-
materials hazards. Nanomaterial hazard
characterization is one of the most chal-
lenging tasks due to the unusual physical,
chemical, and biological properties that
can affect the toxicity of the material if it
enters the body through the lungs, by in-
gestion, or through the skin.
Assessing exposure risks to nanoma-
terials begins with the collection of data
about the workplace, workforce, and
the nanomaterials and nano-enabled
substances. The workplace is character-
ized by understanding the process
equipment containment including: the
ventilation system exchange rates and
filtration; the air, materials and people
movement throughout the facility;
local exhaust ventilation and dust col-
lection systems; the room finishes
where nanomaterials will be handled;
and areas for workers to put on and re-
move personal protective equipment
and clothing. The workforce assessment
must also define the tasks performed by
each worker and how they might be
performed differently by various indi-
viduals, which will significantly impact
worker exposure risks.
The final contributor to the exposure
risk is the nanomaterial itself. Again,
identifying the presence of a nanomate-
rial or nano-enabled products may be
difficult since hazard communication
and labeling requirements are still in
development, and health effects data
on most nanomaterials are still lacking.
In the absence of nanomaterial-spe-
cific data, progress is being made on de-
veloping a process for grouping these
un-studied nanomaterials with other
materials. They are categorized as either
nanomaterials with adequate toxicity
information to develop occupational
exposure limits (OELs), or normal-size
materials with a similar mode of action,
toxicity, and physical-chemical proper-
12
Intro
Monitoring supply chain activities, dis-
Scanning electron microscopy image from a der-
mal sampling of skin showing a carbon nanotube.
(Bureau Veritas)
High resolution transmission electron microscopy
image of a carbon nanotube. (Bureau Veritas)
ties to establish acceptable ranges of oc-
cupational exposures, commonly re-
ferred to as occupational exposure
bands (OEBs). Combined with the
workplace and workforce characteriza-
tion, these nanomaterial OELs and
OEBs allow the industrial hygienist to
identify the job tasks for each job title
with potential exposure risks above the
OEL or OEB, or those that result in un-
certain assessment of risk.
It is also vital that the enterprise risk
management system include the orga-
nizations manufacturing and distribu-
tion supply chain. The unique hazards
and rapid development of new informa-
tion about the toxicity of nanomaterials
means the supply chain will look to the
manufacturers organization for infor-
mation on how to safely handle nano-
materials or nano-enabled products.
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
Protecting the health and safety of the
supply chain workers will also ensure
that preventable health and safety is-
sues wont disrupt the business flow.
seminating new information about
nanomaterial hazards and appropriate
risk-based controls, and measuring
health and safety performance globally,
will create business value and ensure
the health and safety of all the workers
potentially exposed to nanomaterials or
nano-enabled products.
Finally, the enterprise risk manage-
ment system must seek out opportuni-
ties for continual improvement, an im-
portant step due to the rapidly
expanding number of nanoparticles
and nano-enabled products, as well as
the publication of new toxicity data.
Third-Party Expertise
Manufacturers new to using nanoma-
terials in their construction process
should consider using experienced
third-party industrial hygiene experts
who can help design and implement a
holistic risk management approach for
the handling of nanomaterials and
nano-enabled products. These experts
pride themselves on providing certified
and qualified risk management support
and services including: material charac-
terization, exposure limit and analytical
method development, exposure assess-
ment, exposure control, waste mini-
mization and management, and supply
chain assessment. Leveraging a third-
party expert also gives manufacturers
added assurance that they will be able
to protect workers from nanomaterial
exposure to the very best of their ability.
Supporting the aerospace industrys
leadership in using advanced materials
and advanced manufacturing methods
to achieve our vision of commercial air
travel is both exciting and challenging.
It requires that risk be assessed and
managed throughout the enterprise,
keeping workers safe and healthy, and
supporting a companys ability to bring
new technology to market.
This article was written by Donna S.
Heidel, CIH, FAIHA and John Baker,
CIH, Bureau Veritas (New York, NY). For
more information, visit http://info.
hotims.com/61060-502.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-866

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Turbine Flow Meters
Technology-of-Choice for Measuring Critical Fluid Flow Applications
T
he aerospace industry has some
of the most difficult operating
conditions imaginable. Sensors
of all kinds used in this indus-
try must stand up to the environment
and be able to perform under harsh con-
ditions, fit in extremely tight spaces,
and have electronics that can compen-
sate for variable conditions in order to
provide precise, repeatable results.
In particular, flight instruments meas-
uring fluid flow in aircraft fuel and hy-
draulic systems are required to operate
over extreme temperature ranges, while
enduring heavy vibration and shock, and
withstand electromagnetic interference
and voltage transients. And, as aerospace
test environments become more severe
(higher temperature, greater vibration)
and test application requirements for
measurement devices grow more strin-
gent (smaller, lighter, more stable, higher
accuracy), obtaining meaningful data can
be challenging.
Figure 1. The turbine flow meter is a popular meas-
urement device among aerospace engineers.
14
Intro
Typical Flow Applications
From monitoring the fuel consump-
tion of rotary and fixed wing aircraft,
missiles and drones, to evaluating the
performance of hydraulic fluid and lu-
bricants, aerospace applications place
high demands on flow sensing technol-
ogy. Accurate and dependable flow me-
ters are required for numerous fluid
measurements on board aircraft and in
component test stands, such as:
Fuel Management: Aerospace compa-
nies rely on flow transducers to provide
accurate, instantaneous fuel flow rate and
total fuel consumption data. Paired with
cockpit displays, flow meters must offer
easy installation and high reliability.
Fuel Ballast: As fuel is consumed,
there is a ballast issue that can be re-
solved by fuel manipulation. This is
often accomplished by pumping the
fuel to different tanks, which requires
measurement of the fuel transferred to
balance the aircraft.
Hydraulic System Verification:
Measuring hydraulic fluid leakage or dis-
placement during a flight test requires a
flow meter that is highly repeatable, ca-
pable of differential flow, and extremely
compact and rugged. Instrumentation
suppliers are called upon to answer the
size, safety and durability requirements
of flight test engineers in a wide range of
hydraulic system applications.
Product R&D: By pairing a flow
meter with a flow computer or smart
transmitter, aerospace equipment man-
www.aerodefensetech.com
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ufacturers can perform precise metering
of fuel flow in engine test cells, fuel and
hydraulic fluid flow in component test
stands, and hydraulic fluid flow in hy-
draulic mules.
Qualification and Acceptance Test-
ing: During the development process
for new flight-qualified components or
systems, turbine meters can be used to
validate compliance with performance
requirements over a wide range of oper-
ating conditions. In the process of ac-
ceptance testing, the excellent accuracy
achieved by turbine meters prevents
manufacturers from narrowing the win-
dow of acceptance due to the uncer-
tainty of the flow measurement. For ex-
ample, a 100 pound per hour (PPH)
flow requirement can be narrowed to
90 PPH by a flow measurement with
10 PPH uncertainty, thereby increasing
the risk that a good part will be rejected.
Performance Evaluation: Unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones and mis-
siles are frequently called upon to stay in
flight for extended periods of time, or
even loiter over an area. Aerospace de-
signers developing these and other ad-
vanced platforms seek instantaneous fuel
flow rate data that can be used as feed-
back to control engine performance.
Maintenance, Repair, and Over-
haul (MRO): When flow specifications
are involved, turbine meters offer a
precise tool to verify that fuel and hy-
draulic components meet the original
manufacturers specifications follow-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Famous last words:
Any calibration will do.
With Keysight calibrations, you can count on the
accuracy of your electronic measurement equipment
guaranteed. We test the actual performance of every
warranted specification and every installed option every
time. And if an instrument is out of spec, we zero in on
the problem and make all necessary adjustments. How
can you be sure? Because we provide a complete data
report so you know exactly what is done and why.

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Aerospace Materials/Manufacturing
ing maintenance, repair, or overhaul.
As with qualification test procedure
(QTP) and acceptance test procedure
(ATP), the accuracy of these meters re-
duces the chance that a conforming
component will fall out of the accept-
ance window.
maxon product range
The solution is
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right combination.
If versatility and intelligent drive solutions
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provides the answer: A wide range of DC
brushed and brushless motors up to 500
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positioning controllers. A modular system
to meet your individual needs.
16 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-772
Intro
Why Turbine Meters?
One of the preferred types of flow me-
ters among aerospace engineers is the
turbine meter (Figure1). It is widely
used for obtaining precise flow meas-
urements in clean, known liquids with
relatively low viscosity. Available in
As the worlds leading supplier of high-
precision drives and systems, maxon
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maxon precision motors, inc.
Contact us at 508-677-0520
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Cov ToC + A
compact, lightweight packages with
rugged materials of construction, tur-
bine meters are used to measure diverse
fluids ranging from aircraft fuel to hy-
draulic fluid, lubricant, cryogenic fluid
and coolant. They also offer a versatile
metering solution that can be designed
and manufactured based on custom
specifications for packaging, end-fit-
tings, mounting, electronics, etc.
Turbine flow meters employ a
proven measurement technology,
which is digital in nature and provides
exceptionally reliable outputs. The
meter functions by sensing the linear
velocity of the fluid passing through
the known cross sectional area of its
housing to determine the volumetric
flow rate. The fluid, as it passes
through the meter, imparts an angular
velocity to the rotor, which is propor-
tional to the linear velocity of the
flowing fluid. Since the linear velocity
of the flowing fluid through a given
area is directly proportional to the vol-
umetric flow rate, it follows that the
speed of rotation of the rotor is directly
proportional to the volumetric rate.
The meters turbine rotation produces a
train of electrical pulses sensed by an ex-
ternal pickoff mounted in close proximity
to the rotor blades. The frequency of the
pulses can be converted to scaled pulse or
analog output, and displayed as gallons
per minute, pounds per hour, cubic feet
per minute, or in other engineering units.
Since the turbine flow meter is digital
in nature, the task of signal processing
is greatly simplified. The meter elec-
tronics are not subject to drift and elim-
inate the need for analog-to-digital con-
version. This is useful for monitoring
dynamic step-changes in flow for air-
Figure 2. The dual-rotor turbine design extends the
lower flow range far below what has been possible
before.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-806

Intro Cov ToC + A

Aerospace Materials/Manufacturing
craft hydraulic systems, flight measure-
ments for telemetering flow rates, or
fast delivery fuel dispensing systems. It
also allows linearizing and temperature
conditioning circuits to be adapted to
military levels of temperature and elec-
tromagnetic interference (EMI) noise
immunity, with all of the signal condi-
tioning electronics packaged in a com-
pact, rugged housing that is quiet to
EMI susceptibility and emissions.
In addition, turbine flow meters can
withstand the extreme G forces encoun-
tered during the flight of high-perfor-
mance or military aircraft. Their elec-
tronics can operate in temperatures
from -55C to 125C. The meters them-
selves (when used with remote electron-
ics) are used from cryogenic to 450F.
Safety and reliability considerations
dictate the use of turbine flow meters in
some aerospace applications. The
meters in-line rotor configuration en-
sures the presence of fluid flow (includ-
ing fuel, hydraulics and coolant) even if
its rotor is not rotating (locked). Other
flow sensing devices, such as positive
displacement meters, would not permit
the passage of fluid. The result would be
engine overheating or fuel blockage.
Latest Technology Innovations
Even though liquid turbine flow me-
ters have existed for decades, there have
been many design enhancements offer-
ing impressive flow performance. These
improvements enable turbine meters to
satisfy application requirements in ways
once considered infeasible.
Dual-Rotor Design: Turbine flow me-
ters have traditionally offered a repeat-
able flow range of approximately 100:1
and a maximum linear flow range of
30:1. This performance is adequate for
general-purpose applications, but may
not be suitable for aerospace users. The
dual-rotor turbine design extends the
lower flow range far below what has
been possible before. These meters have
a wider turndown than single-rotor
configurations, and offer a repeatable
flow range up to 500:1 and a universal
viscosity curve (UVC) turndown range
of 60:1 (Figure 2).
Hydraulically-Coupled Rotors: Al-
though several versions of dual-rotor
technology are patented, only a few
18
Intro
have been successfully marketed. One
version uses two rotors rotating in the
same direction. However, inlet swirl will
affect both rotors, reducing or increas-
ing the revolutions per minute (RPM)
depending on the direction of the swirl,
and shifting the accuracy of the meter
output similar to that of a single-rotor
device. An alternative approach uses
two closely coupled rotors, turning in
opposite directions. The flow exiting
from the first rotor greatly affects the
inlet incidence angle on the rear rotor.
The two rotors become hydraulically
coupled and their sum (or average) pro-
vides a cancelling effect on fluid swirl.
Therefore, flow straighteners are not re-
quired in most applications, making it
possible to install the flow meter in
tight spaces where an added length of
straight piping cannot be tolerated.
Another benefit of hydraulically-cou-
pled rotors is the RPM ratio can be mon-
itored to determine bearing integrity
due to wear or particulates. Bearing di-
agnostics have many practical applica-
tions in an aerospace environment (e.g.,
noting anomalies when securing test
data over long periods of time).
Helical Rotors: Additional turbine
meter advantages are found in the use
of helical rotors, which optimize energy
transfer over the entire surface of the
blade enhancing speed-of-response
to step changes in flow rate. Helical ro-
tors also produce less pressure drop
across the meter, as compared with the
traditional flat-bladed rotor design.
Advanced Electronics: Turbine flow
meters equipped with new, sophisti-
cated electronics provide total compen-
sation to enhance flow measurement
accuracy, while extending linearity over
their repeatable range. The electronics
receive a signal from the rotor, temper-
ature sensor and, occasionally, a pres-
sure sensor to correct for viscosity ef-
fects on the flow meter output.
Embedded Processors: Electronic
processors can be packaged with the
turbine meter for remote, direct, or em-
bedded mounting to meet any installa-
tion requirement. Modern meter de-
signs generally employ embedded
electronic processor boards. This ap-
proach allows for a small envelope,
eliminates the problems associated with
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Figure 3. Electronic processors can be packaged
with the turbine meter to meet any
installation requirement.
EMI/RFI and mismatching flow com-
puters to flow meters, and provides an
amplified signal for transmitting long
distances. It also allows for meter inter-
changeability without the need for
rescaling, and delivers multiple process
outputs for temperature, flow, and pres-
sure (Figure 3).
Ceramic Bearings: In recent years,
there have been major advancements
in turbine meter bearing technology.
Ceramic bearings have proven them-
selves to be superior in wear and less
susceptible to particulates than stain-
less steel bearings. Furthermore, ce-
ramic bearings can be used in water
applications providing a low-fric-
tion bearing system with longer serv-
ice life than traditional journal bear-
ings (Figure 4).
Secured Internals: The repeatability
of the turbine meter not only requires
high-quality bearing systems, but the
rotor and supports (referred to as the in-
ternals) need to be rigidly mounted into
the housing. In bi-directional applica-
tions, it is important the method of se-
curing the internals prevents any move-
ment changing the flow profile. This is
best done with a rod-through clamping
system that secures the internals on a
machined step in the housing. This type
of clamping system not only enhances
bi-directional flow, but also provides a
solution for high-shock applications.
Finding the Right Solution
Aerospace applications are among the
most rigorous for any type of measure-
ment instrument; strict industry regula-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

tions, extreme environments, and the
ability to customize devices are just a
few of the demands placed on sensors
in these applications.
Aerospace projects frequently call for
a flow meter supplier with the resources
to provide a custom solution based on
specific needs such as:
Ambient requirements
High/low temperature operation
Lightweight materials (aluminum,
titanium, etc.)
Bi-directional flow
High-pressure capability
Extreme shock loads
Custom physical dimensions
Special end connections
Material traceability
Specialized testing requirements
Experience has shown project man-
agement for development and testing is
essential to a successful outcome when
devising a specialized flow measure-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Intro
Aerospace Materials/Manufacturing
ment solution. The right approach es- New or existing technology
tablishes a joint venture between the Environmental conditions
flow meter supplier and customer, Performance criteria (e.g., accuracy,
which is based on clearly defined speci- pressure drop, flow range)
fications, expectations and costs. The Certification requirements
project should start by identifying the Standards compliance
following key parameters: Delivery schedule
Product cost
Long development cycles and high
qualification costs require aerospace
companies to identify stable, reliable,
cost-effective partners. Such firms value
speed in prototyping and development of
flow measurement devices in specialized
packages. The precision output of these
products helps reduce risk and cost in key
applications while also minimizing the
need for unscheduled maintenance.
This article was written by
Mike McCoy, Senior Applications Engi-
neer, Badger Meter (Milwaukee, WI). For
Figure 4. Ceramic bearings are superior to stain-
less steel bearings in wear and less susceptible to more information, visit http://info.
pitting due to particulates. hotims.com/61060-501.
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-773 19
Cov ToC + A
Designing a Power Generation
System for a More-Electric Aircraft
I
t is theorized that systems and equip-
ment for an All Electric Aircraft (AEA)
will be developed 20 years hence as a
More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) with no
bleed system, which is a concept typi-
fied by the Boeing 787, and electric pow-
ered propulsion (including electric dis-
tributed thrust or electric hybrids by gas
turbine power generation), which is ex-
pected to be realized after the 2040s. In
this trend, a More-Electric Engine (MEE)
plays the roles shown in Table 1.
A conventional engine has two re-
sponsibilities: propulsion as a primary
function, and a power plant for the sec-
ondary systems power source as a sub-
sidiary function. This article will focus
on the expectation that MEE will be pro-
vided as a future key technology for the
total energy management of MEA.
Specifically, the engine will be an impor-
tant factor not only for the conven-
tional role of high efficiency and low
emission, but also for optimization be-
Table 1. Roles of the MEE of electric aircraft
20
Intro
tween the propulsion system and elec-
tric power system because an MEA inte-
grates power management into the elec-
tric power generated by engines. In
addition, the MEE will also have to con-
sider the importance for optimization of
the aircraft in integrated management
by advancing management of fuel burns
and the thermal control system, opti-
mization of engine control and informa-
tion sharing with the entire aircraft, and
the integration of flight control.
Low-Pressure Spool Power Generation
The conventional fuel control system
wastes a lot of power because a fuel
pump driven by engine extraction power
through an accessory gear box delivers
excessive fuel flow compared to the nec-
essary fuel flow to acquire a specified
thrust, which circulates in the bypass cir-
cuit of fuel metering. An electric fuel sys-
tem that eliminates excess flow improves
the unnecessary rise of fuel temperature,
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and the fuel for a heat sink is expected to
be a solution for the exhaust heat prob-
lem of aircraft. Since the electric fuel sys-
tem affects the engine thrust as the dis-
charge changes, a fault tolerant design in
which the discharge does not change
during a fault is necessary.
A similar design concept must also
be considered for the power supply of
the electric system. Although a
starter/generator realized by the high
power of the aircraft's generator con-
tributes to the reduction of the con-
ventional air starter and plumbing, it is
considered a transfer mechanism that
may become larger due to increased ex-
traction of power by a power take-off
as the secondary power, which was
bled of air, replaced with electrical
power by an engine-driven generator,
disposal of the generated heat by the
enlarged starter/generator, and the lim-
itation of location and available space
around an engine.
Electric Power Demand and Engine
Control
No-bleed systems of the MEA gener-
ate more electric power because they
transfer the secondary power by com-
pressed air from the conventional
compressor to power generation by the
rotational energy of a high-pressure
spool shaft. The AEA, with a single
aisle and 150 seats, may need 1MW of
electric power, or for an eight-hour
flight, 7.8MWh. In order to realize
these electric power demands, the en-
gine system plays a role in power gen-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

eration in the total energy manage-
ment system that consists of power
generation, distribution, storage and
consumption.
The power generation system is nec-
essary for the engine system consider-
ing the improvement of generating ef-
ficiency for future increased power
demand, stability of engine control,
and limits of mounting structures of
an extraction mechanism and genera-
tors. General aero-engines have a low-
pressure (LP) spool and high-pressure
(HP) spool in the compressor and the
turbine, respectively, and fans that ac-
quire thrust are driven by a low-pres-
sure shaft and the generator and the
pumps are driven by the torque of a
high-pressure shaft. The generator
drive by the torque of a low-pressure
shaft should be examined in consider-
ation of weighing up the merits and
demerits of the high-/low-pressure
shafts shown in Table 2.
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Intro
Integrated Propulsion Control
The electric power management needs
to be linked with every status and situa-
tion of the aircraft and requires a stable
power supply and quick response in an
emergency. A conventional fuel pump
driven by mechanical power needs to be
mounted on the engine AGB, but for the
electric power system it needs to provide
flexibility upon being mounted on the
fuel pump, and fuel system integration
should be assumed from the point of a
holistic and optimized system.
Tightening the information and com-
munication between the control system
of MEE and the aircraft system may en-
able integrated control such as remov-
ing limiting conditions temporarily by
analysis of the information and the sta-
tus in coordination with engine control
and aircraft control in an emergency.
Coexistence of aircraft control, electric
power management and stability of en-
gine operation must function as total
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Cov ToC + A
Alternative Power Sources
energy management at normal times
and provide safety and stability in an
emergency (Table 3).
As described, the MEE shares a close
working relationship with the MEA and
the AEA in every aspect. While the MEE,
especially the electric fuel system, is
thought to play an important role in ther-
mal management and control of electric
aircraft in the future, it is also an essential
system as well as a flight control system
and requires high reliability and safety.
Sufficient Emergency Power
For the AEA, including an electric fuel
control system, the electric power sys-
tem is one of the crucial systems and re-
quires high stability and fault tolerance
that do not cause any power fluctua-
tions or disruptions by a system fault.
The authors propose electric bus designs
such as a power interchange through
the MEAAP (More- Electric Architecture
for Aircraft and Propulsion) research.
21
 Alternative Power Sources
Table 2. Merits and demerits of the extracting power shaft of the engine
However, our targeting emergency
power source capacity was merely as-
sumed as a substitute of the power
source at normal times and has not
mentioned the observation that the
AEA is feasible under circumstances
such as generator failure and a disabled
bus, or while the engine is off. There-
fore, a backup or emergency power
source should be large and complicated.
For example, the ram air turbine
(RAT) system has covered essential
power supply and the flight control
drive for conventional aircraft in an
emergency, but it may not be enough
for the AEA due to increased power de-
mand. The auxiliary power unit (APU)
is also not sufficient to back up the AEA
because it has a failure mode as com-
mon as the engines, such as a disabled
fuel system. Therefore, alternative en-
ergy sources such as batteries and fuel
cells (FC) will be required. In that case,
the problem is specific energy perform-
ance and it is difficult to mount those
batteries and fuel cells due to the
weight. Taking this into consideration,
weve focused on an LP power genera-
tion system as a high-performance
emergency source.
Definitions of Power System Operation
Electric Power Demand for Emergencies
There are two modes of power supply
system operation: ground operations
and in-flight operations.
For in-flight operation, generally, the
volume of an engine generator is consid-
ered to be set to satisfy the total electric
energy demand for the necessary equip-
ment. Therefore, the integration of the
total electric energy is calculated. As for
22
Intro
Table 3. Research targets of the integrated propulsion control
ground operations, basically, the engine
generator provides power while the en-
gine is turned over even if it is in a
ground idle condition. However, the sec-
ondary power supply (for air condition-
ing, starting avionics, galley, etc.) is nec-
essary for ground operation before the
engine starts and generally electric power
and compressed air are provided by the
GPU or the APU. When the engine starts,
the air starter requires compressed air or
the starter/ generator requires electric
power. A power supply source for them is
required and the APU dedicates starter
driving power to conventional aircraft.
This power supply and demand needs to
be met in order to consider the alterna-
tive function of the APU. Those would be
considered normal operations.
In terms of emergency and recovery
operations, first, it should be deter-
mined whether at least one or more
engines work correctly, or if both en-
Figure 1. Proposed power bus architecture for AEA
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
gines of a twin-engine aircraft are
down in an emergency situation. If
one or more engines work correctly,
the capacity of the engine generators
are thought to be designed to basi-
cally enable normal operation. In
these cases, the following need to be
satisfied from the requirements of
each certification.
The Control System can be Operated
and the Aircraft Can Fly and Land
Safely Even if Two Engines are Broken
Applicable requirement;
CFR(Code of Federal Regulation) Title
14, Part25,
Subpart D - Design and Construction,
CONTROL SYSTEMS,
25.671 General. (d)
In this condition, electric power must
be provided to the avionics, the flight
control, a high lift device so that com-
munication, position and attitude, atti-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 Alternative Power Sources

tude control and lighting is complete,
but not to the ECS, the galley, the fuel
pumps (the engines are already down),
on-board entertainment, anti-icing sys-
tems (it was impossible for conven-
tional aircraft to provide the electric
power while the engines were down be-
cause bleed air was used).
maximum electric power by the forego-
ing calculations. For the AEA, all actua-
tors for flight control are electric and
the electric power system is required to
provide peak current and absorb regen-
erated current repeating powering and
regeneration according to the control
surface operation. Especially, when the
peak current is provided from the
power supply, the capabilities of the
power system affect not only the gener-
ator capacity and size but also the wire
capacity and weight to prevent a volt-
age drop by line impedance.

The Engines Can Restart at a High

Altitude Even if the Normal Power
System Cannot be Used
Applicable requirement; CFR Title 14,
Part25,
Subpart D, ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS AND
EQUIPMENT,
25.1351 General. (d)
The starter/generator needs to be
used for engine restart, which consumes
a lot of electric power. Since the time to
restart the engines is short, electric
power is provided only to the commu-
nication system, the attitude indicator,
the attitude control and the fuel pumps
but not to all other nonessential
and non-urgent-use equipment. After
restarting the engines, all the systems
are restored immediately.

The ETOPS Should be Satisfied Even

if a Triple Fault in the Electric Power
Equipment Occurs
Applicable requirement;
CFR Title 14, Part25, Subpart I - Special
Federal Aviation Regulations, APPEN-
DIX K TO PART 25-EXTENDED OPERA-
TIONS (ETOPS),
K25.1 Design requirements.
K25.1.3 Airplane systems. (b)
K25.1.4 Propulsion systems. (a)
Electric power is supplied to the com-
munication system, the attitude indicator,
the attitude control system, the lighting,
the fuel pumps and anti-icing systems so
that normal operation is available with
one engine. Table 4 shows the calculated
result of the necessary electric power of a
single aisle aircraft with 180 seats based
on the above conditions. Power demand
for each electrical load was estimated as-
suming the 180-seater AEA system.

The Peak Cut Operation

It is necessary to reduce the electric-
ity in an emergency and the electric
power for the flight control is estimated
at approximately less than 30% of the

Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-775 23

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Alternative Power Sources
As clarified by the typical current wave-
form, there is a big difference between
the maximum current, which is con-
sumed during acceleration and at maxi-
mum speed, and the average current. It
means that the challenges regarding the
increased capacity of the generator and
line impedance are solved for the entire
power system by leveling the electric
power with an accumulator and control-
ling the maximum current. We have pro-
posed electric accumulation and electric
peak-cut control using a flywheel battery
(FWB) as a countermeasure against the
above. A capacitor, which is superior in
the following points to an electro-chemi-
cal battery, such as a lithium-ion battery,
is generally applied to the electric accu-
mulator because: (a) it has a long life
(semi-permanent repetition), (b) it can be
charged by a large current, (electricity can
also be discharged by a large cur-
rent), (c) it is an eco-friendly ma-
terial and (d) it is able to accu-
rately comprehend the residual
energy from terminal voltage.
A capacitor, which saves elec-
tric charge in the inductor, is
generally applied for the electric
accumulator; however, FWB,
which saves the power by ki-
netic energy, is superior for an
application requiring both high
power and energy. FWB is also
highly effective by being located
close to the load whenever possi-
ble and therefore, superior to the
capacitor, which is inferior in
low temperature characteristics,
considering its mounting on a
non-pressurized area. In addi-
tion, it is considered that both
the leveling and high reliability
of the electricity can be achieved
by making use of the feature
that FWB can transmit the elec-
tricity and energy insulating
electrically through kinetic en-
ergy and configuring to distrib-
ute the electricity to multiple
control surface actuators from
the multiplexed power system.
System Configuration
This system is comprised of
the combination of the con- Table 4. Considerations for the necessary electric power of a single aisle
ventional HP-SPOOL power aircraft with 180 seats.
24
Intro
generation and LP-SPOOL power gen-
eration. LP power generation is avail-
able to provide more electric power
than the HP power generation at the
time of the engine halting, which
means a windmill condition in flight.
It is expected that LP power genera-
tion can be used as an alternative
power generation system without
mounting the RAT by adding the same
function as RAT to it. The FC (Fuel
cell) is a part of the configuration as
an alternative system to the APU, but a
large weight disadvantage is caused
when the FC is requested to generate
the same volume of power as the APU.
Therefore, the important point of this
study is to discuss how much the out-
put of the FC can be reduced with the
combination of LP power generation
assuming the operational situation.
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Cov ToC + A
System Distribution
The system distribution of a single
aisle aircraft with 180 seats is described.
We assume 400kw electric power gener-
ation per engine through the combina-
tion of two HP-SPOOL power genera-
tions of 150kw 2 and one LP power
generation of 100kw, considering the
function redundancy of the starter for
the conventional HP-SPOOL power gen-
eration. Confirming the conformity by
each condition, given that a windmill
power generation of the LP generator is
1/2 the rated capacity (assumed value),
it is found that mounting an FC rated
about 80kw enables operation.
According to the current FC system for
aviation, the weight is about 200kg per
25kw. Therefore, approximately 600kg-
800kg composition is assumed. Given
that the RAT weighs 200kg including the
structure and the APU weighs
200kg (including fuel), the
weight is increased by about
200kg-400kg. Since, on the
ground, the engines need to be
started only with the power
from the FC, the FC must toler-
ate about twice the rating for
power supply for a short time for
engine starting, which should be
taken into consideration for the
thermal design of fuel cells.
There are several approaches
to developing this power
source. The existing high-power
ratio HEV lithium-ion battery
(LIB) is 25 kg at a 30 kW rate
(1.4Wh). If we assume a power
source capable of 150 kW, the
LIB system weight would be 125
kg. This LIB would also incorpo-
rate the engine starter current
design specifications. However,
this LIB system limits the time
to operate the engine starter.
The LIB system stores the
7.0Wh at 150kW output power
and approximately 170-second
run times.
Challenges of Generating
Power by a Low-Pressure
Shaft
The capacity of LP power
generation affects the feasibil-
ity of the FC.The challenges of
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

generating power with the low-pressure
shaft as opposed to the more common
high-pressure shaft, are:
1. Type of generator
2. Location of the generator
3. Proposal for a new aircraft electric
power system
The specific difference between a gen-
erator driven by a low-pressure spool
and that driven by a high-pressure spool
is rotation speed range. The rotation
speed of a high-pressure spool for gen-
Table 5. Electrical power system distribution
Table 6. The features and types of generators
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Intro
eral aero-engines changes within the
range of 60-100%, but that of a low-pres-
sure spool changes within the range of
20-100%. For the generator of the high-
pressure shaft, a field winding-type syn-
chronous type is broadly used, but it is
not suitable for power generation by a
wide rotation speed range because a
built-in permanent magnet generator is
used as a field power supply and output
voltage is in proportion to the rotation
speed cubed in principle.
The PM (Permanent Magnet motor)
type and the SR (Switched
Reluctance motor) type
are considered to be
prospects for the genera-
tor of the low-pressure
shaft. The features of
these types are shown in
Table 6. The PM type has
advantages in efficiency
and output density
(weight/ volume), but it
has a drawback relating to
fault tolerance in which it
cannot stop excitation
when it breaks down. The
SR type is comprehen-
sively potent in terms of
fault tolerance, although
it has drawbacks in
weight and constitution.
The current generator
of the high-pressure
spool is mounted on an
AGB (Accessory Gear
Box). The generator of
the low-pressure spool is
considered to be embed-
ded and directly linked
to the engine shaft in an
aft-sump space or a
front-sump space, in ad-
dition to mounting on
the AGB as well as that of
the high-pressure shaft,
and considering the re-
duced mounting space
around a fan due to a
high bypass ratio and
AGB-less for any future
plan. The aft-sump area
(tail cone) has a large
mounting space but has
a relatively high temper-
ature. On the other
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
Alternative Power Sources
hand, the front-sump area is limited in
mounting space. The method to
mount on the AGB is thought to be an
extension of the conventional tech-
nique and has fewer challenges, but
the increased weight by larger PTO
(Power Take-Off) and the influence on
engine performance by the decreased
area for air flow in the engine need to
be examined.
The maximum rotation speed of the
low-pressure spool is about 1/3 that of the
high-pressure spool. Since the constitu-
tion of generators become larger as rated
speed becomes lower if they have the
same output/method, the generator of
the low-pressure spool will become larger
than that of the high-pressure spool. Al-
though it can be smaller by adding a gear
and accelerating, the acceleration is lim-
ited by the magnetic saturation character-
istic of the magnetic body and mechani-
cal strength. In addition, since the
efficiency of the generator becomes lower,
the fluctuation range of the efficiency by
the rotation speed becomes large for the
generator of the low-pressure shaft that
has a wide range of rotation speeds. Since
the generator of the low-pressure spool is
inferior to that of the high-pressure spool
in performance and efficiency, it is practi-
cal to think this for the relatively low
power. For a test calculation, the volume
is set based on an assumption that a
100kw generator is realistic.
Future Challenges
Downsizing and lightening is the
most challenging matter and downsiz-
ing of power electronics using a fuel cell
and wide band gap elements is an essen-
tial technique. Downsizing and lighten-
ing of generators is also important. For
the future, since lightening is important
to realize LP power generation, research
is expected to move toward an electric
motor with high temperature tolerance
that can operate under temperatures of
more than 400C for LP power genera-
tion, aiming at a composition to mount
the LP power generator on an AFT-sump
that does not require a PTO shaft.
This article is based on SAE Technical
paper2015-01-2408 by Hitoshi Oyori, IHI
Aerospace Co. Ltd., and Noriko Morioka
and Tsuyoshi Fukuda, IHI Corporation,
doi:10.4271/2015-01-2408.
25
 XPONENTIAL
An AUVSI Experience
A
t AUVSIs Unmanned Sys-
tems 2015 in Atlanta Geor-
gia, it was announced that
the conference and trade
show was being officially rebranded in
2016 to XPONENTIAL An AUVSI Expe-
rience. The event, which runs from May
2 May 5 at the Ernest N. Morial Con-
vention Center in New Orleans, LA, will
feature more than 180 speakers, 335-
plus educational sessions, and over 600
exhibitors representing more than 20
industries in the commercial, defense
and civil arenas.
So, what can attendees expect
to find at XPONENTIAL 2016?
The event kicks off on Monday after-
noon, May 2, with educational program-
ming and workshops from 1:30 to 4:30
pm, followed by welcome receptions in
the early evening. These receptions are a
great venue for first-time attendees and
veterans alike to mingle and network in
an informal relaxed atmosphere.
Tuesday, May 3, kicks off with the
first of three General Sessions planned
for that week. According to AUVSI, the
General Sessions bring together a host
of industry leaders who are deter-
mined to reshape our world with the
spread and integration of unmanned
Attendees can evaluate the latest unmanned vehicle and robotics technology
up close in the exhibition hall. (Photo: AUVSI/Robb Cohen)
26
Intro
systems into countless aspects of our
lifestyles, economies and national secu-
rity paradigms. Listen to what they
have to say and stimulate your imagina-
tion before heading off each day to the
exhibit hall or to one of the many edu-
cational sessions being offered.
Exhibit Hall
Speaking of the exhibit hall, there is
certainly plenty to see and do. For
starters, over 600 exhibitors spread out
over 350,000 square feet of exhibit
space will be showcasing the latest tech-
nology and solutions in all aspects of
unmanned vehicle and robotics design,
manufacturing and use including air,
ground, surface, subsurface, space sys-
tems, weapons systems, security sys-
tems, engineering and R&D, propulsion
systems, sensors, electronics, fabrica-
tion, imaging and communications sys-
tems, and much, much more.
Centrally located in the exhibit hall is
the Innovation Hub, a unique area
where attendees can avail themselves of
a variety of resources such as panel dis-
cussions, workshops and special interest
sessions; technical poster presentations
where attendees can interact face-to-face
with people doing some of the latest cut-
AUVSIs educational sessions tend to attract standing-room only crowds. (Photo:
AUVSI/Robb Cohen)
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
By Bruce A. Bennett
ting-edge research in unmanned vehicles
and robotics; and something called Be-
yond the Booth Showcase, which is a
specially selected assortment of the best
products and partnership opportunities
this years crop of exhibitors has to offer.
New to the Innovation Hub this year
are Discussion Groups, specialized gather-
ings of individuals with similar interests
where you can share ideas, trade informa-
tion, brainstorm, solve problems, or net-
work. Each Discussion Group will be
moderated by an industry expert to keep
the dialogue focused and productive.
Another popular attraction located
on the show floor is Robots in Action, a
special area where exhibitors can show
off their small unmanned vehicle and
robotics technology by demonstrating
it live. Some of the companies who
demonstrated their expertise during last
years show were Aurora Flight Sciences.
Lockheed Martin, Detroit Aircraft LLC,
and Unmanned Cowboys LLC.
The exhibit hall will also play host to
a number of special interest and tech-
nology pavilions. For example, the Air
pavilion will highlight products and
services specifically targeted to the UAS
market such as engines, guidance sys-
tems, cameras, flight testing, and regu-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

latory information. A new pavilion this
year will be dedicated exclusively to the
Survey and Mapping industry. Accord-
ing to AUVSI, the FAA has issued over
2,000 Section 333 exemptions to date,
many affecting the aerial surveying in-
dustry, so there will be a lot of interest
surrounding the technology on display
in this pavilion. And for those who
want to learn more about whats going
on in the industry beyond Americas
borders, China, France and the UK will
have their own pavilions showcasing
what they have to offer.
For those interested as much in the fu-
ture of the industry as the present, there
is something called the Startup Show-
down and pavilion where attendees can
meet some of the newest entrepreneurs
on the scene and find out what theyre
working on. This is a must-see attraction
for prospective investors who might be
looking to back the next hot technology.
Basically, an AUVSI panel of judges eval-
uated proposals submitted by the
founders of early stage startups and
chose fifteen semi-finalists who were in-
vited to attend XPONENTIAL and meet
with a panel of venture capitalist judges.
From that group, three finalists will be
selected to compete in the Startup Show-
down on May 4 from 4:30 to 5:30 pm in
the General Session room. There theyll
get six minutes each to make their pitch,
and another six minutes to answer ques-
tions, in front of not only the judges but
anyone else who cares to attend. All fif-
teen semi-finalists will also have exhibit
space in the Startup Pavilion where they
can discuss their technology with inter-
ested attendees.
Conference
Those seeking additional enlighten-
ment can also attend a variety of tech-
nical sessions at XPONENTIAL 2016.
The technical sessions have been sepa-
rated into three tracks: Commercial,
Defense and Civil. Although the pro-
gram was still being finalized as we
went to press, here are some of the ed-
ucational programs being offered:
Commercial Track
Drones in the Enterprise: The Skys
the Limit
The Technology Progression to Fully
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Intro
Automated Commercial and Industrial
Vehicles
UAS Operations Management in the
Oil and Gas Industry
Commercial Autonomous Ground
Vehicles in Mining and Agriculture
Remote Sensors for Agriculture and
Data Analysis Techniques for
Improving Crop Health
Defense Track
Future Directions for Army UAS
General Officers Perspectives on
UAS Programs, Operations and
Requirements
Human Robotic & Autonomous
Systems Teaming (H-RAST) Beyond
2030
MCWL Robotic and Autonomy
Experimentation; Past, Present, and
Future
TerraMax UGV: The Next Generation
Convoy
Civil
Disaster Robotics: Land, Sea, and Air
Application of Unmanned Vehicle
Systems to Wildlife Research and
Management
Bureau of Land Management:
Unmanned Aircraft Systems for
Natural Resource Applications
Additional Program and Session Topics
According to AUVSI, in addition to
the above, other session topics being de-
veloped include:
Unmanned Systems and Robotics
Testing
Counter UAS Technology Develop-
ments
The Future of UAS Data Acquisition,
Storage and Dissemination
UAS Propulsion: New Developments,
Research and Pathways Toward
Improved Performance
Challenges of Integrating Large
Ground Systems in the Battlefield
After Hours
If youre not too tired after walking the
show floor for hours or participating in
the technical sessions, there is certainly
no lack of interesting things to see and
do in New Orleans. For starters, theres
the historic and colorful French Quarter,
the oldest part of the city and one of the
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
AUVSI Show Preview
Bourbon Street is a popular music and nightlife des-
tination in New Orleans. (Photo: Bruce A. Bennett)
Trumpeter Jamil Sharif performing at the Maison
Bourbon jazz club on Bourbon Street. (Photo:
Bruce A. Bennett)
few parts not ravaged by Hurricane Kat-
rina in 2005. The French Quarter is
where much of the citys nightlife occurs.
Great restaurants, old taverns and hot
music clubs abound on many of its
streets, the most famous being Bourbon
Street. Regardless of what type of music,
food or libations you like, theres proba-
bly an establishment in the French Quar-
ter that can cater to your tastes.
By day, try prowling the streets and
alleyways and check out some of the
buildings and architecture, much of
which dates back to the 18th and 19th
centuries, giving this part of the city
an old European atmosphere. Wander
up to peaceful Jackson Square and
marvel at the impressive equestrian
statue of Andrew Jackson and the clas-
sic beauty of St. Louis Cathedral. If the
French Quarter isnt your cup of tea
(theres a phrase not used much in
connection with New Orleans), you
can hop a streetcar to the Garden Dis-
trict, or maybe book one of the popu-
lar cemetery or voodoo history tours.
Or perhaps youd like to cruise the
mighty Mississippi aboard an old-fash-
ioned paddlewheeler?
Given all that XPONENTIAL 2016 and
its host city have to offer, youll experi-
ence a lot of things, but boredom wont
be one of them.
27
INTERNATIONAL
MICROWAVE
SYMPOSIUM PREVIEW
T
he 2016 International Mi-
crowave Symposium (IMS2016),
organized by the IEEE Mi-
crowave Theory and Technique
Society (MTT-S), is the annual interna-
tional meeting for technologists in-
volved in all aspects of microwave the-
ory and practice. Held in San Francisco
from May 22-27, IMS is part of Mi-
crowave Week, which incorporates
technical symposia and an exhibition
focused on RF, microwave, millimeter-
wave, and THz frequencies.
Heres a preview of some of the
keynotes, sessions, and other special
events taking place during Microwave
Week. To learn more and to register,
visit www.ims2016.org.
Keynote Speakers
The hand-
held cell-
phone was
introduced
42 years ago,
but the mod-
ern smart-
phone is less
than 10 years
old. Dr. Mar-
tin Cooper,
referred to as Dr. Martin Cooper
the founder of the cell phone, main-
28
Intro
tains that, al-
though the
phone con-
tains amazing
semiconduc-
tor and other
technologies,
the phone is
still in its in-
fancy. Per-
sonal wireless
Dr. James Truchard
connectivity
has the potential to revolutionize
healthcare and education; the health-
care revolution has already begun. But
the biggest contribution of wireless will
be in improving the very concept of col-
laboration.
In his keynote address, The Birth
and Death of the Cell Phone, Dr.
Cooper will point out the irony that the
ability to solve the problems associated
with these revolutions may well be en-
hanced by collaborative tools that use
wireless technology to improve itself.
Dr. Cooper conceived, and led the effort
to develop, a personal, portable cellular
radio handset. The result was the intro-
duction of the first truly mobile tele-
phone in 1973.
Dr. James Truchard, President, CEO,
and Co-Founder of National Instru-
ments, will discuss Softwares Role in versity of California Berkeleys keynote,
www.aerodefensetech.com
Cov ToC + A
Next-Generation 5G RF and Microwave
Systems. His keynote will explore the
vital role of a software-based approach
to enable the explosion of wireless com-
munications for high-data-rate voice,
data, and video applications, from early
prototyping and research, all the way to
fully deployed systems.
Some of most compelling applica-
tion domains of the Internet of Things
and Swarm concepts relate to how hu-
mans interact with the world around
them and the cyberworld beyond.
While the proliferation of communi-
cation and
data process-
ing devices
has pro-
foundly al-
tered our in-
teraction
patterns, lit-
tle has been
changed in
the way we
process in- Professor Jan M. Rabaey
puts (sen-
sory) and outputs (actuation). The
combination of IoT (Swarms) and
wearable devices offers the potential
for changing all of this.
Professor Jan M. Rabaey of the Uni-
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
 RF & Microwave Technology

"The Human Intranet Where Swarms
and Humans Meet," will discuss the
Human Intranet, an open, scalable plat-
form that seamlessly integrates an ever-
increasing number of sensor, actuation,
computation, storage, communication,
and energy nodes located on, in, or
around the human body acting in sym-
biosis with the functions provided by
the body itself.
Sessions and Workshops
Focus Sessions highlight emerging
new technical topics that are gaining
importance and may be of significant
interest to the microwave community.
The sessions encompass a wide range
of topics, and may involve a specific
emerging technology or cover several
technologies relevant to a common
application. Some of these areas in-
clude RF technologies for smart vehi-
cles and drones; personalized health-
care through wireless sensing and big
data; ultra-low-power CMOS, and en-
ergy-scavenging and energy-harvest-
ing designs; new materials, metamate-
rials, and 3D printing applications for
RF/microwave; low-cost, personal
satellites and technologies; and next-
generation 5G, 100+ GBPS wireless,
and Internet of Things (IoT).
Panel Sessions are an hour and 20
minutes long and focus on topics such
as software-defined radio, RF MEMS,
system-on-a-chip, microwave photon-
ics, and other subjects.
Workshops and short courses in-
clude emerging topics such as terahertz
technology, carbon-based electronics,
green microwave technologies, and
flexible/wearable electronics, as well as
5G wireless systems, technologies for
low-cost phased arrays, RF technolo-
gies and applications for autonomous
and distributed vehicles and drones,
and the latest developments in test and
measurement systems.
The Exhibition
The Exhibition consists of over 600
exhibiting companies who represent
the state-of-the-art when it comes to
materials, devices, components, and
subsystems, as well as design and simu-
lation software and test and measure-
ment equipment. The Exhibition also
includes Microwave Application Semi-
nars, or MicroApps 20-minute techni-
cal seminars presented by exhibitors ad-
dressing state-of-the-art products,
processes, and applications of interest
to the microwave community. Visit
www.ims2016.org/exhibition for a full
exhibitor list.

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Intro Cov ToC + A

 RF & Microwave Technology

Developing an Auto-Synchronized Multi-Avionics Protocol Data Bus

Acquisition System
A modern aircraft includes multiple
intelligent subsystems that aid in
communication, navigation, and sur-
veillance. These subsystems, called line
replaceable units (LRUs), are modular
and easy to replace in the field. Typi-
cally, independent teams design and de-
velop LRUs. It is important to test the
LRUs with a test rig on the ground be-
fore integrating them on the aircraft. A
ground-based LRU integration rig
(LRUIR) facility uses state-of-the-art
hardware and software in a distributed
architecture to help completely inte-
grate the process of verifying the func-
tionality of the avionics subsystems. An
LRUIR provides a platform to test the
LRUs in an integrated environment on
the ground.
Real-time data acquisition of the test
rig is important to ensure reliable test-
ing of the LRUs. The data acquired pro-
vides insight into the behavior of the
units and the communication among
them. A large number of LRUs connect
to the data bus acquisition system,
which features 730 I/O points from dif- System implementation schematic diagram.
ferent LRUs, user-configurable data for-
mats for acquisition, different proto- Next, the user could design each pa- network time protocol (NTP) was used
cols for different data formats, and rameter from low-level to high-level to synchronize other systems within
multiple chassis. configurations. Low-level configura- the network. Finally, precision time
This was a validation system, which tions included sampling rates for analog protocol (PTP) was used to synchronize
made efficiency and calibration the top or transistor-transistor logic, and open the three chassis. NI-Sync helped avoid
priorities. National Instruments Meas- source for digital, start bits, stop bits, traditional coding techniques for time
urement & Automation Explorer was RS-422 baud rates, MIL real-time ad- stamping each event, which would not
used to first test the individual cards, dresses and sub-addresses, or port num- have been as precise.
applying the concept of self-test to bers in case of Ethernet. High-level Inspired by NI Diadem data man-
make sure the system checked all the configurations included encoding tech- agement software, the new custom
cards as soon as the software ran. The niques such as non-return-to-zero, software was made user friendly so the
following cards were used in the system: biphase, or even protocols like high- user could view the acquired data as a
NI PXI-6225 M Series DAQ board for level data link control in which the user graph or table, or with special tem-
analog acquisition could configure for start of frame, end plates for MIL and ARINC data. A cus-
NI PXI-6511 module for digital of frame, controls bits, or FCS. tomized coding format was developed
acquisition The main challenge was to synchro- for synchronous RS-422 using the
NI-8431 device for asynchronous RS- nize up to a millisecond among differ- FlexRIO FPGA module. The FPGA
422 measurements ent cards using different protocols Module offered extra flexibility for
NI PXIe-7962R FlexRIO module for spread across three chassis. This was customizing the format per the
synchronous RS-422 measurements not a single-step process. Any event oc- clients requirements.
NI PXIe-8234 Gigabit Ethernet inter- curring during the acquisition process The application software was divided
face device had to be captured by all three PXI sys- into two modules the real-time
Avionics Interface Technologies (AIT) tems with the same timestamp so the module and the host user interface
MIL-STD-1553 for MIL acquisition event could be recognized during module. The real-time module was de-
AIT ARINC 429 module for ARINC analysis. First, the network was syn- ployed in the PXI controller, and the
acquisition chronized with the GPS time. Next, host user interface module ran on the

30 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A

RF & Microwave Technology
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The real-time system used:

NI VISA to acquire asynchronous RS-
422 data
NI LabVIEW FPGA module to acquire
synchronous RS-422 data
AIT drivers to help acquire ARINC
and MIL-1553 data
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) to Since 1973, MCE has built its reputation on the principles
acquire Ethernet data of uncompromising quality and precision. With a state of the
The post analysis of data was done art manufacturing facility which is certified to SAE AS9100
using NI Diadem data management
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Rev C and ISO 9001:2008, we produce quality magnets,
LabVIEW was chosen to program this magnetic assemblies and subassemblies with the shortest lead
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of Captronic Systems Pvt. Limited (Bangalore, mcesales@mceproducts.com
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visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-542.

Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-778 31

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Tech Briefs

Creating Simulated LIDAR Images of Human Poses in a

Virtual Laboratory
Automated human activity recognition can provide clues about a subjects intentions.
Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio

L IDAR is a partial 3D standoff sensing

method that illuminates a target
with rotatory or flash laser beams, ana-
lyzes the reflected lights, and provides
both the distance to the targets surface
and the targets surface shape. An array
of laser reflections can be used to map
the facing-side surface of a target object
as a partial point cloud. Unlike a 360
surface model generated by a traditional
full body scanner, the partial point
cloud from a LIDAR is a viewing angle
dependent 3D representation of the tar-
get shape. The resolution of these maps
depends on the density of the laser de-
tector array; a good image of a human
may require hundreds of detection pix-
els to capture enough detail to clearly
detect changes in limb positions.
A LIDAR sensor capturing a series of
human body poses over a period of time
can provide clues as to the observed
subjects intent based on his/her activi-
ties. Human observers can often easily
identify specific activities and some-
times make a reasonable guess regarding
the subjects intentions. However, com-
puters do not as quickly, nor as easily,
achieve the same results.
Automated human activity recogni-
tion typically requires development of
complex machine learning algorithms
whose performance depends on the size
and representativeness of available
training datasets. A large 3D shape
database of human pose images with
multiple human subjects and viewing
angles would help greatly in the devel-
opment of activity recognition software.
With the release of low-cost range cam-
eras, new datasets in the form of 3D
depth images were generated for the
purpose of human action analysis and
recognition.
Recording a large number of LIDAR
images of various human activities with
actual research subjects would be unnec-
essarily difficult and time-consuming.
While subjects could certainly be
recorded performing activities of interest
Simulated LIDAR Point Clouds
in a laboratory setting, the variety of an-
gles from which they would have to be
recorded would require a large amount
of time spent recreating and recapturing
said activities, unless one deploys a
LIDAR sensor at every viewing angle.
However, multiple LIDARs not only
are expensive to acquire but also can
cause interference among each other. In
addition to being time-consuming,
working with live subjects carries the
risk that subjects would not be able to
replicate their poses consistently over
numerous trials. Alternatively, if previ-
ously captured 3D body scan and mo-
tion capture data were available to
recreate a human subjects pose and ac-
tivity for evaluation within a virtual
LIDAR research environment, these lim-
itations associated with live subject
LIDAR research could be avoided, while
preserving the authenticity of the poses
and activities being studied.
A study completed in the AFRL 711
HPW/RHXBs 3D Human Signatures
Laboratory (3DHSL) facility recorded
the needed sets of scan and motion cap-
ture data. A virtual laboratory was cre-
ated wherein a 3D digital model of a
human subject, animated based on
his/her motion capture data, was intro-
duced for synthetic LIDAR image gener-
ation. Since the original human sub-
jects shape and motion were both
captured in the 3D digital model, the
virtual model can easily be rotated in in-
crements through 360 to capture the
simulated LIDAR images corresponding
to different viewing angles.
A software script called Shadows (ver-
sion 1.5.2) automates the process so
that after a brief setup, the computer
runs the image data collection largely
unattended. This is more efficient and
repeatable than using a live human sub-
ject throughout the data collection.
Moreover, if there are any errors in the
data collection, it can be regenerated
easily. The main mechanism of generat-
ing the simulated LIDAR image is based
on the orthographic ray tracing which
traces a ray along the path defined by a
mesh vertex normal and stores an array
comprised of the locations where (i.e.,
upon which polygon) the simulated ray
hits the human models outer surface
mesh. In this dataset, the resolution of
the simulated LIDAR images is roughly
100-by-100 pixels, which is in the range
of typical commercial flash LIDAR.

32 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A


This hybrid experimental/virtual ap-
proach enables us to generate partial
surface point clouds with a complete
spherical coverage of viewing angles
along different azimuths and eleva-
tions. We can also create the same point
clouds at different scales to simulated
LIDAR images of distant human targets.
Unlike many common avatar anima-
tions produced by artists, each of our
action simulations is individualized
with respect to one of the human test
subjects. The accompanying figure
shows two examples of such point
cloud patches.
Sixty-eight human subjects whose
data were used for SLI generation were
scanned and motions captured in the
AFRL 711th HPW/RHXB 3DHSL facility.
The raw data collection process consists
of two parts whole-body scans and op-
tical marker-based motion capture. A
whole body scanner photometric sys-
tem with nine camera pods was used to
capture the subjects shape in a standing
pose. Each pod wa comprised of two
black and white cameras, one color
camera, and one (or two) speckle pat-
tern projectors.
The data from each individual pod is
used to generate one continuous 3D
point cloud, which is then merged with
the data from the other camera pods to
create a textured high-resolution 3D
whole-body image. The subjects wear
tight-fitting, stretchy clothing for a true
body shape during scanning.
The three-dimensional mocap data
are gathered using a passive-optical mo-
Advanced Sensors for Traumatic Brain
Injury (TBI)
Implanted sensors could be used to measure intracranial pressure
in TBI patients.
Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Fort Detrick, Maryland
T he objective of this work was to
use miniaturized, state-of-the-art
pressure/temperature sensors engi-
neered at Lawrence Livermore Na-
tional Laboratory (LLNL) to measure
the immediate increases in intracra-
nial pressure (ICP) combined with
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
Intro
Tech Briefs
tion capture system, which tracks a set
of 68 retro-reflective markers affixed to
a tight-fitting garment worn by the vol-
unteer, based on a modified Helen
Hayes type marker set. Marker trajecto-
ries are captured during the subjects ac-
tivity trials using 18 cameras. The sub-
jects performed a variety of specified
actions within the capture volume in-
cluding digging, picking up and putting
down an object, throwing, limping with
a weighted ankle brace, and running.
The motion capture volume is approxi-
mately 20 feet long, 15 feet wide, and
eight feet high.
Using 3D scans of the human
shapes to create mesh models, fol-
lowed by animating the models with
motion capture data, could yield con-
sistent and repeatable digital human
avatars. Coupled with an automatic
orthogonal ray- tracing script, the vir-
tual laboratory allows simulating
Precision Metal Stamping
(High and Low Volume)
LIDAR point clouds of human actions
quickly and consistently for different Welded & Mechanical Assemblies
viewing angles and scales, as well as
Complex CNC Machining
for a large number of subjects. The
simulated data can then be used in re- Close Tolerance Grinding
search on human pose shape retrieval
Tooling, Fixtures and Gages
and action recognition from single-
view 3D point clouds. Laser Cutting and Welding
This work was done by Jeanne Smith and
Rapid Prototyping
Iaiah Davenport of Infoscitex Corp., and
Huaining Cheng of the Air Force Research Wire EDM
Laboratory for the Air Force Materiel Com-
mand. For more information, download
the Technical Support Package (free white
paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
under the Sensors category. AFRL-0241.
longer-term measurements of biologi-
cal ICP and intracranial temperature.
The experience gathered from this
work provided valuable data on sensor
placement, long-term brain tissue re-
sponses to implanted sensors, and sen-
sor capability of dual measurement of
www.aerodefensetech.com Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-779
Cov ToC + A
 Tech Briefs

Close-up of the sensor showing the diaphragm (A)
and four connector contact strips (B).
biologic ICP and impact pressure tran-
sients.
Test-ready sensors were produced
with a range of diaphragm diameters
(200 - 1000 m). Diaphragm diameter
should affect sensitivity of the sensors.
These wafer-scale, absolute pressure sen-
sors have an ultra-thin form factor
(thickness 90 m prior to packaging,
and 130 m after final packaging). The
new sensors were designed to measure
absolute pressure by modifying the
original contact stress sensor design to
create a reference cavity a trapped vol-
ume of gas that is hermetically sealed
within the device. The new sensors pre-
define the pressure sensors reference
cavity within the silicon-on-insulator
(SOI) wafer.
Five new sensors with diaphragm di-
ameters of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000
m (see figure) underwent testing and
calibration to determine the optimum
diaphragm diameter for subsequent in-
animal testing. The new sensors were
packaged with an encapsulating layer of
Kapton to protect the sensor diaphragm
and electrical connections from body
fluids.
The first closed-diaphragm wafer sen-
sors were received from LLNL and imme-
diately tested. Static calibration produced
a linear relationship between 5 and 25
PSI with an R2 = 0.986. The closed-di-
aphragm sensor is 90 microns thick, and
the final product with Kapton packaging
is 130 microns thick. Dynamic compari-
son of the new sensor with the existing
fluid percussion pressure transducer pro-
vided close tracking of pressure events.
Initial testing revealed the need for
shielding of cables and power supply for
subsequent applications.
This work was done by Bruce Lyeth,
Ph.D., of the Regents of the University of
California, Davis, for the Army Medical
Research and Materiel Command. For
more information, download the Tech-
nical Support Package (free white
paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
under the Sensors category. ARL-0190

Multifunctional Core-Shell and Nano-Channel Design for

Nano-Sized Thermosensor
Effective temperature sensing is important for many military-related activities, including environmen-
tal sensing in a highly explosive event.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia

T his work focused on developing

novel nano-sized thermal sensors
based on a multifunctional core/shell
the Au film upon thermal treatment
was characterized using AFM, SEM, and
x-ray diffraction (XRD), and their opti-
by UV-vis-IR photospectrometer and
Raman spectroscopy.
The effects of thickness on the tem-
and nano-channel design that can be cal responses (localized surface plasmon perature sensitivity were investigated,
used to measure temperature and re- absorption and surface enhanced which allows the design of various
taining thermal history of the biological Raman spectroscopy) were investigated nano-sized dynamic sensors for desired
agents experienced during the testing of
agent-defeat weapons.
Au-based nanostructure in thin film
geometry was explored as potential
nano-sized dynamic thermal sensors.
The Au ultrathin films with different
thicknesses varying from 1 to 5 nm
were prepared by thermal vaporation
on silica substrates, and the film mor-
phology was characterized by atomic
force microscopy (AFM) and scanning
electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal
shock of Au ultrathin films was per-
formed using a tube furnace within the
temperature range from 200 to 700 C,
and the duration varies from 3 to 180 A 3D thermal model of the core shell nanostructure as a thermal sensor. The duration is within 100 ms to 1 second,
seconds. The morphological change of and temperature ranges from 400 to 800 C.

34 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Tech Briefs

temperature regimes. Based on the systematic structural inves-

tigation and optical characterization, the correlation among
the absorption band, FWHM, and the morphological charac-
teristics such as particle size, shape, interparticle spacing, and
fraction of open dewetting area was established. A simplified
model was derived to correlate the change of the absorption
band with the temperature and duration, which enable pre-
diction of the thermal profile sensor materials experienced
during a thermal event. The thermal history model was also
experimentally validated.
Significant advancement was achieved in developing a
core/shell nanostructure as ultrafast dynamic nano-ther-
mometers with extreme sensitivity and fast response to rapid
temperature variation. Particularly, silica/Au core shell nanos-
tructures with well controlled surface morphologies were syn-
thesized, and the surface plasmon resonance properties upon
thermal shock were investigated in order to explore their po-
tential as ultrafast dynamic thermometers. The correlation be-
tween different synthesis conditions and the surface plasma
resonance (SPR) was identified, and reproducibility of materi-
als synthesis was evaluated.
Thermal shock experiments were performed within the time
of 100 ms up to 2 seconds using a pyroprobe, and the proper-
ties variation of the SiO2/Au core shell nanostructures were in-
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-780
vestigated as a function of temperature and duration. The ther-
mal history model was also developed based on the dynamics
of the morphology changes as controlled by the thermal-
dewetting, and the potential of using SPR variation upon ther-
mal shock as effective sensing mechanisms was evaluated. A
3D contour map was developed that enables establishment of
the connection among the SPR peak shift, temperature, and
duration of a thermal event. This systematic investigation
leads to the development of an ex-situ, ultrafast, dynamic
nano-thermometer based on silica/Au core shell nanostruc-
tures with extremely fast response below sub-second and even
100 ms, and sensitivity at a temperature of 300 C.
A key issue for the potential application of the silica/Au
core shell nanostructure for real detection is the reproducibil-
ity and sensitivity in a real environment. The scientific prin-
ciple for temperature sensing for the core shell structure is
based on the thermal dewetting-induced morphology and the
associated optical properties variation. The debris of the deto-
nation event may affect the sensitivity and applicability as
sensor elements based on optical properties vary. To test this,
systematic studies were conducted to investigate the interfer-
ence and impact of heterogeneous phase or impurity with the
sensor elements with the focus on the reproducibility of the
absorption spectra. These results indicated that the optical
properties wont be affected by the second phase or impurity
as it relates to the intrinsic electrical structure and electron
field/nanostructure interaction. Therefore, the core shell does
show potential when used as a sensor in a detonation event.
This work was done by Jie Lian of Rensselaer Polytechnic Insti-
tute and Qingkai Yu of Texas State University for the Defense
Threat Reduction Agency. For more information, download the
Technical Support Package (free white paper) at www.
aerodefensetech.com/tsp under the Sensors category. DTRA-0004

Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-781 35

Intro Cov ToC + A

 ITAR-Registered Tech Briefs
To Build Your
Machinery
Some Assemblies
Required.
Magnet Applications has been supplying industries like yours
with magnetics and magnetic sub-assemblies for over 50 years.
Molecularly Imprinted
Our expertise incorporates precision design, exceptional
engineering and supplying complete sub-assemblies from our
Polymer (MIP)-Coated
own facility - delivered in any quantity with a fast turnaround. Microbeam MEMS Sensor
for Chemical Detection
This sensor enables rapid detection and
identification of chemical warfare agents and
energetic materials.
MADE IN
Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland
Only North American Manufacturer

M
of Compression Bonded Magnets
onitoring trace gases is of great importance in a wide range
ITAR/DFAR & ISO 9001 Registered Engineering Design & Analysis Services of applications. Detecting a diverse range of chemical
Sensor Class Magnetics for Critical Applications Indexing Features for Alignment & Orientation
agents requires an adaptable sensor platform capable of identi-
fying threats before they cause harm. Research and develop-
ment in hazardous-materials detection technology focuses on
increasing speed, sensitivity, and selectivity while reducing size
and cost. Although the current state-of-the-art vapor detector
eMail: Sales@MagnetUS.com (Joint Chemical Agent Detector) is lightweight, handheld, and
(800) 437-8890 magnetapplications.com easily attaches to a belt, it still provides added bulk to a soldier
on foot. Recently, microcantilever-based technology has
emerged as a viable platform due to its many advantages such
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-782
as small size, high sensitivity, and low cost. However, microcan-
tilevers lack the inherent ability to selectively identify chemi-
cals of interest. The key to overcoming this challenge is to func-
tionalize the top surface of the microcantilever with a sorbent
layer (i.e., polymer) that allows for selective binding between
the microbeam and analyte(s) of interest.
Molecular imprinting involves arranging polymerizable func-
tional monomers around a template, followed by polymeriza-
tion and template removal (see figure). Arrangement is generally
achieved by noncovalent or reversible covalent interactions. In
both types of molecular imprinting, once the template is re-
moved, three-dimensional cavities are generated within the
final materials that are complementary to the template molecule
Rod Ends and Spherical
in size, shape, and functionality. Essentially, one creates a molec-
Bearings designed and ular memory within the imprinted polymer matrix. This al-
manufactured to Aurora's lows preparation of polymers that are selective for the adsorp-
exacting standards for quality tion of the target molecule of interest. Other advantages of this
and durability. technique include robustness and stability under a wide range of
Registered and Certified to chemical and physical conditions, and an ability to easily design
recognition sites for a plethora of target chemicals (e.g., pesti-
ISO-9001 and AS9100.
cides, energetic materials, pharmaceuticals, and proteins).
From economy commercial to The polymer materials of interest are sol-gel-derived xero-
aerospace approved, gels, which have been used as a platform for MIP-based sensor
we've got it all ! development. These materials are attractive because their
physicochemical properties can be adjusted by choice of pre-
cursor(s) and the processing protocol. Precursors were chosen
based on potential interactions with the explosive 2,4,6-trini-
Aurora Bearing Company trotoluene (TNT). These specific interactions allow for in-
901 Aucutt Road creased target recognition.
Montgomery IL. 60538 A MIP alone does not meet the requirements for a sensor
without some form of a transducer to convert the analyte in-
Complete library of CAD drawings and 3D models available at:
teraction into a measureable signal. There is evidence of a va-
w w w . a u r o r a b e a r i n g . c o m riety of gravimetrical detection techniques applied to convert

36 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-783 Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Tech Briefs

Template Polymer matrix

molecule
Removal of
Assembly Polymerization template molecule

Polymerizable Formation of Unoccupied

functional monomer imprinted sites template site

A simplified schematic of molecularly imprinted polymer fabrication.

a MIP into a sensor. Low-mass, high- tion of explosive compounds and warfare agents of interest to the Army. A
frequency, and low-cost micro/nano CWAs. To date, this is one of the only successful MIP-coated microbeam
sensors utilizing mass loading of micro- demonstrations of a MIP-coated mi- MEMS sensing format could reduce sen-
cantilevers have drawn increasing atten- crobeam MEMS sensing platform for sor cost and size, while maintaining the
tion in the area of gravimetric sensing, these targets. Although preliminary, the high sensitivity, selectivity, and porta-
and MIPs have become an attractive data suggests that this combination is bility needed for military applications.
thin film coating for many microelectro- an effective and robust chemical This work was done by Ellen L. Holthoff
mechanical systems (MEMS)-based sen- nanosensing scheme. Further investiga- of the Army Research Laboratory and Lily
sors. In this work, molecularly im- tions will focus on refinement of the Li, Tobias Hiller, and Kimberly L. Turner of
printed xerogel thin films have MIP (i.e., xerogel formulation) for im- the University of California Santa Barbara.
demonstrated selectivity and stability in proved selectivity. Finally, the MIP- For more information, download the
combination with a fixed-fixed beam coated microcantilever sensor platform Technical Support Package (free white
MEMS cantilever. evaluation should be expanded to in- paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp
The sensors are fixed-fixed beams of clude other explosives and chemical under the Sensors category. ARL-0191
varied lengths and widths. The beam
thickness was 2 m. The values were cho-
sen so that the natural frequencies of the
beams were less than half the natural fre-
quency of the shear piezo actuator (330
kHz) used to drive the device. The mi-
crobeams were fabricated using a standard
silicon on insulator (SOI) process. The SOI
wafer used was 2 m silicon (Si) device
layer with 1 m buried oxide and 520 m
Si handle. First, oxide was grown on both
sides of the wafer. Silicon nitride (Si3N4)
was deposited on the backside on top of
silicon oxide; together they serve as masks
to protect the backside for potassium hy-
droxide (KOH) etch in a later step. After
front side oxide removal, it was then spun
with photoresist and pattern was trans-
ferred. Then a deep reactive-ion etching
was used to define the device features.
Back side mask features were defined
using photolithography and inductively
coupled plasma. The front side was spun
with a ProTEK coating to protect features
during back side release etch. The back
side was opened by anisotropic KOH etch
and stopped at the buried oxide. The de-
vice was then finished with removal of
ProTEK and buried oxide layer.
The work reported here validates the CONTACT US:
MIP-coated microcantilever sensing
1.207.892.8899
concept and demonstrates the feasibil-
ity of this MEMS sensor for the detec- TUBEHOLLOWS.COM

Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-784 37

Intro Cov ToC + A


Design Software
Collier Research Corporation
Newport News, VA
757-825-0000
http://hypersizer.com
W hen announcing the completion of the Bell V-280 tiltro-
tor fuselage at a press conference, Bell Helicopter leader-
ship applauded the Bell Helicopter/Spirit AeroSystems team
for a job well done, ahead of schedule and within budget. This
event marked the culmination of a successful first-time collab-
oration between the two companies.
The sizing and analysis software Spirit used to prove out the
structural integrity of the V-280 was HyperSizer from Collier
Research, the first software package used by NASA to be made
available on the commercial market. Employed for both aircraft
and space-launch vehicles fabricated with composite or metal-
lic materials, the software automatically performs design, stress
analysis and sizing optimization, typically reducing the weight
of structures by 20-40%. On the V-280 fuselage prototype pro-
gram, Spirit AeroSystems employed HyperSizer for detailed siz-
ing of the fuselage. Important structural requirements include
strength, stability, stiffness and deflection/rotation limitations
for severe flight, landing and ground load cases.
The V-280 Valor is competing in the Department of De-
fenses Joint Multi-Role Technology Demonstrator (JMR TD)
program. This is a science and technology precursor to the De-
partment of Defenses Future Vertical Lift program, with the
goal to replace 2,000 to 4,000 medium-class utility and attack
helicopters. The V-280 Valor is Bell Helicopters offering for
Night Vision Displays
Daisy Data Displays
York Haven, PA
717-932-9999
www.makeitdaisy.com
U nited States Coast Guard officials required night-vision
goggle compatibility for the flat panel display systems
used in the Lockheed C-130 military aircrafts. To meet the re-
quirement, they recently purchased Fleetmate 7171CA Series
thin client flat panel displays with night-vision technology
manufactured by Daisy Data Displays.
Daisys monitors feature a unique, new-to-market night-vi-
sion imaging system (NVIS) technology that gives users full-
color readability in daylight and with night-vision goggles
without the need for add-on filters. The C-130Hs two-pilot
flight station is currently equipped with digital avionics, head-
up displays, and a state-of-the-art navigation system. This
fully-digital interface must be readable in all degrees of light.
The C-130H, in its role as the chief support aircraft for the
US Coast guard, serves in various applications that require dis-
plays to support day to night transitions. In operations, such as
long-range search and rescues, homeland security patrols, and
38 www.aerodefensetech.com
Intro Cov ToC
Application Briefs
the JMR-TD program. A next generation tiltrotor, the Bell V-
280 Valor advanced technology tiltrotor provides improved
speed, range and payload for expeditionary maneuvers.
The unit was designed and assembled in Spirits rapid pro-
totyping facility in Wichita, Kansas in just 22 months. The
composite fuselage was shipped to Bell Helicopters facility in
Amarillo, Texas for final assembly, and the build continues to-
wards a first flight in the second half of 2017.
To meet the aggressive V-280 schedule, HyperSizer was em-
ployed in a design-by-analysis approach that successfully
sized and analyzed the fuselage structure. HyperSizer also pro-
vided the engineers with automated stress-report generation
that enabled them to review and vet all relevant data in order
to prove-out the structural soundness of the fuselage.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-509
logistics, it is vital that
users are provided with a
normalized interface in
both daylight and with
night-vision goggles. That
made being able to transi-
tion from day to night vi-
sion without the need for
add-on filters a priority.
The Fleetmate 7171CA
features a 10.4" high res-
olution resistive touch
screen that is pressure sensitive and responsive to any input
device. Its one touch for night/day operating system provides
quick on the fly changeover and a built-in LCD heater en-
sures display operation across a broad temperature range. Up
to 500 NITs display with 100:1 brightness adjustment allows
precise brightness setting from bright to zero. The terminal
features a PXA25 32-bit XScale processor, 16 MB RAM (ex-
pandable up to 72 MB), 8 MB Flash ROM, Ethernet 10\100
Base-T, and VT200 terminal emulation. The enclosure is a
combination of aluminum 6061-T6 and cold rolled steel,
nickel plated.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-507
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
+ A
 Application Briefs
APPROVED for Critical
Bonding Applications by

Fuel Flow Meters EP30-2 EPOXY ADHESIVE

Hoffer Flow Controls
Elizabeth City, NC
252-331-1997
www.hofferflow.com

H offer Flow Controls, Inc. recently received a new contract

to supply 575 fuel flow meters as a part of the U.S. Navys
H-53 heavy lift helicopter fleet upgrade. The most powerful
helicopter in the U.S. Military, H-53 helicopters perform
many tasks within the U.S. Military including heavy lifting,
transport of supplies, combat search, rescue missions and
TESTED BY LIGO* FOR:
mine sweeping to clear vital shipping lanes. The current Low outgassing rates
H-53 helicopter fleet is slated to remain in service until Vacuum serviceability
mid-to-late 2020s. Advanced optical assemblies
Hoffer fuel measuring flow meters will be paired with How-
* The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory
ell Instruments fuel flow indicators to comprise an upgraded
fuel flow indicating system for the helicopters. Howell Instru-
ments developed a custom indicator that requires no rewiring
and provides a fit, form, and function replacement to monitor
the fuel flow.
Hoffers 1/2" 3/8" custom liquid flow meters with tempera-
Hackensack NJ 07601, USA +1.201.343.8983 main@masterbond.com
ture compensation have special magnetic pickup coils for pair- www.masterbond.com
ing with the Howell indicators. Made with custom designed
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-785
housings that will fit within the footprint of the existing space,
the female MS 3/4" end fittings mate with the existing aircraft
interface connectors and fuel lines. The Hoffer 316 stainless
steel flow meters provide a repeatability of +/-0.1% of reading
and temperature compensation. Installation of the fuel flow
measuring systems is expected to begin in February of 2016.
The Sikorsky H-53 has flown in a variety of configurations A Furukawa Company
throughout its 50 year history with the U.S. military. In heavy Your Optical Fiber Solutions Partner
lift configuration (CH-53K), the latest generation features
three T408-GE-400 engines, auxiliary power unit (APU) with
pneumatic start, and integrated Engine Air Particle Protection
System (EAPPS), a Rockwell Collins Avionics Management Optical Fibers, Cables and Modules
System with fly-by-wire flight controls, and Aircraft Surviv- for Challenging Applications
ability Equipment (ASE).
The Navys specialized mine-sweeping version (MH-53E)
comes equipped with enlarged fuel sponsons enabling it to pro- Rad Hard GyroSil PM for Gyroscope Coils
vide long-range fleet support and stay aloft for extended peri-
linx MICRO Cables for Unmanned Craft
ods, using mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic sweep gear and
mine-hunting sonar to clear vital shipping lanes. The MH-53E FlightLink and FlightGuide for Avionics Systems
also performs the U.S. Navys vertical onboard delivery (VOD)
Yb & Er/Yb Optical Fiber and Modules
mission, transporting heavy equipment to and from ships.
for LADAR & Directed Energy
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Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-786 39

Intro Cov ToC + A


Military Wide Band Amplifier
Lansdale Semiconductor, Inc.
(Phoenix, AZ) has announced
the continued availability of the
ML1590/BGA military wide-
band RF amplifier, National
Stock Number (NSN) 5962-01-
280-2203. The ML1590 is sup-
plied in (8) lead metal cans to Standard Microcircuit Drawing
(SMD) 5962-876570 integrated circuits (ICs), originally designed
and built by Motorola/Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.
Lansdale has single-source rights to both globally market
and continue to manufacture to the Department of Defense
Specification MIL-PRF-38535 Integrated Circuits Manufac-
turing, General Specification MIL-STD-883-test Method Stan-
dard Microcircuits, and MIL-STD-1835 Interface Standard
Electronic Component Case Outlines.
The ML1590 operates over the full Mil. Temp. range of -55
deg. C to +125 deg. C. Applications support mature circuit de-
signs in Military Systems as well as new designs for video am-
plifiers, mixers and staged IF amplifiers and can be used in
Navigation Test Instrumentation and Global Positioning Sys-
tems (GPS).
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-510
www.hunterproducts.com
MICRO-METALLIZER PLATING PENS MIL & QQ
Standards GOLD 14K, 18K, 24K, SILVER, RHODIUM,
PALLADIUM, NICKEL, COPPER, TIN, BLACK
NICKEL, AND CHROME COLOR PENS AVAILABLE.
Environmentally friendly, these low-cost disposable applicators
permit instantaneous selection from a variety of plating
possibilities without the preparation of solutions. Specially
formulated compounds and can be used for contact repair,
prototype development work, electronic instrument repair,
medical instrument repair etc.
Hunter Products Inc.
792 Partridge Drive, P.O. Box 6795
Bridgewater, NJ 08807-0795
s&AX
sales@hunterproducts.com
40 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-787
Intro Cov
New Products
50 GHz Handheld Combination Analyzer
Keysight Technologies, Inc. (Santa Rosa, CA) has added six
millimeter-wave models to its family of FieldFox handheld an-
alyzers. The flagship model is the industrys first handheld
combination analyzer to provide coverage to 50 GHz. Three
combination-analyzer models cover 32, 44 or 50 GHz and pro-
vide spectrum analysis, vector network analysis, and cable
and antenna testing in a rugged, portable unit. The three spec-
trum analyzer models cover the same frequency range.
The FieldFox family is optimized for field testing. The fully
sealed enclosure no fans or vents is compliant
with US MIL-PRF-28800F Class 2 standards
and is also type tested to meet MIL-STD-
810G requirements for operation in
explosive environments (Method
511.5, Procedure 1). FieldFox analyz-
ers are also type tested to meet
IEC/EN 60529 IP53 requirements for
protection from dust and water.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-511
Axial and Radial Seals
Morgan Advanced Materials
(Windsor, UK) Seals and Bear-
ings business offers quality axial
and radial seal components for
applications with severe service
conditions. Morgans compo-
nents are highly thermally conductive and resist corrosion due to
their rugged construction from carbon, graphite, and silicon car-
bon-based materials. They perform reliably under stress and can
be tailored to best fit individual applications.
The axial and radial seal components, like split seals for gas
seals, are suitable for use in the aerospace, chemical process-
ing, oil & gas, pharmaceutical industries, and more. They fea-
ture high mechanical strength, chemical inertness and dimen-
sional stability and are easy to install, leading to reliable
performance in nearly any application.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-513
3136 GHz Receiver
Richardson RFPD (Geneva, IL), Inc.
announced the availability and full
design support capabilities for a new
receiver from M/A-COM Technology
Solutions. The XR1020-QH is a 3136
GHz receiver with a noise figure of 3 dB
and 14 dB conversion gain. It integrates a
low noise amplifier, image reject mixer and LO
buffer amplifier within a fully-molded, lead-free,
4-millimeter, 24-lead PQFN package. The image reject mixer
eliminates the need for a bandpass filter after the LNA to re-
move thermal noise at the image frequency. I and Q mixer out-
puts are provided, and an external 90 hybrid is required to se-
lect the desired sideband. The XR1020-QH is suitable for
point-to-point radio, SATCOM and military applications.
For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/61060-530
Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016
ToC + A
New Products

720W AC-DC Switching Power

Supplies

Acopian (Easton, PA) announced that

the 1U Switching Regulated 720W AC-
DC Power Supply family is now RoHS
Compliant and certified to UL Safety
Standards UL 60950 (Information Tech-
nology Equipment), and UL 508 (Indus-
trial Control Equipment). The power
supplies feature single output voltages
from 1V-135V, wide-adjust output volt-
ages from 0V-5V to 0V-135V and current
capabilities up to 70A. They offer 720W
of output power and are available with an How will your business adapt and grow?
optional auxiliary output (to 180 watts).
The Acopian power supplies accommo- The aerospace, defense (including arms) and medical device
date the universal AC input voltage of 95 industries face similar challenges; stringent regulations, mission-
to 265 VAC, 49-420 Hz, single phase.
critical quality control and the need for cutting-edge technology.
They feature active power factor correc-
tion (PFC) of 0.99 typical at 115VAC, 60
The demand for advanced manufacturing technologies is outpacing
Hz and full load to ensure operation in the traditional R&D model.
challenging AC environments and com-
pliance with EN61000-3-2.
For Free Info Visit Mfg4 is the Answer!
http://info.hotims.com/61060-512
Attend to find creative solutions and game-changing ideas from
RF Amplifier System other industries that can be applied to your specific manufacturing
Empower RF
Systems (Ingle-
challenges
wood, CA) has
begun shipping
Exhibit to engage with high-level buyers from diverse industries
the Model 2180
and expand your customer base into new markets
RF amplifier sys-
tem covering 1 The most promising manufacturing ideas and opportunities may be
to 2.5 GHz and just outside your industry
delivering 2 kW CW of broadband output
power in a 8U, air-cooled chassis. Features
include: user selectable configuration and To register or exhibit visit mfg4event.com
operation in three different modes - AGC
(Automatic Gain Control), ALC (Automatic
Level Control) and MGC (Manual Gain
Control); modern and multi-faceted Moni-
toring and Control (M&C) user interfaces,
including a Web browser, TCP/IP Ethernet,
RS-485 interface and a front panel touch- ENDLESS OPPORTUNITIES ARE JUST OUTSIDE YOUR INDUSTRY
screen display (optional IEEE-488 GPIB in-
terface available); and enhanced rugged-
ness using the latest in high voltage RF May 3-5, 2016
transistors (GaN).
For Free Info Visit
Connecticut Convention Center | Hartford, CT
http://info.hotims.com/61060-519

Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-788 41

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Product Spotlight
COMSOL
MULTIPHYSICS FOR
SIMULATION APP
DESIGN
COMSOL Multiphysics delivers
tools for modeling, simulation,
and application design. With the
Application Builder, simulation specialists can build
and share simulation apps within organizations,
from design and development to production and
testing. See whats new in simulation technology at
comsol.com/release/5.2
COMSOL, Inc.
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-790
TE CONNECTIVITY
(TE) KILOVAC
KHR500 HIGH-
VOLTAGE 600 AMP
CONTACTORS
The KILOVAC KHR500 (Bubba II) high-voltage, high-
rupture, 600 AMP contactor is smaller, lighter, and
switches significantly higher power than its predeces-
sor, the EV500 (Bubba I). It is capable of handling
inrush currents as high as 4000 A. The new contactors
are hermetically sealed for use in harsh and explosive
environments. For more information, call 800-422-
3911 or visit www.connecticc.com. https://www.
connecticc.com/rpages/te-khr500-adt-april-2016
Interstate Connecting
Components
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-792
EPOXY
PASSES
HORIZONTAL
BURN TEST
Flame retardant Master
Bond EP90FR-HFL is
a toughened epoxy that passes FAR standard 14 CFR
25.853(a). It is suitable for use in many specialized
aviation applications including aircraft windows,
lighting assemblies and baggage equipment areas,
among others. Since it has some flexibility, it is par-
ticularly useful for bonding dissimilar substrates.
http://www.masterbond.com/tds/ep90fr-hfl
Master Bond
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-794
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
PLANNING
SOFTWARE
Wireless InSite is site-specif-
ic radio propagation soft-
ware for the analysis of
wireless communication sys-
tems, wireless networks, sensors, radars, and other
devices that transmit or receive radio waves. The
new version allows import of KMZ and COLLADA
geometry files, making it easy to add single struc-
tures, such as bridges, high resolution buildings, or
new construction, to a scene. Learn more at
www.remcom.com/wireless-insite.
Remcom
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-796
CUSTOM RUBBER
MOLDING TO EXACT
SPECIFICATIONS
You probably know us best as pro-
ducers of rubber molded parts.
However, you may not know that
weve produced many parts that
other companies considered nearly impossible to
make. Our specialty? Precision custom molded parts
at a competitive price with on time delivery.
Injection, transfer and compression molding of
Silicone, Viton, Neoprene, etc. Hawthorne Rubber
Manufacturing Corp., 35 Fourth Ave., Hawthorne,
NJ 07506; Tel: 973-427-3337, Fax: 800-643-2580,
www.HawthorneRubber.com
Hawthorne Rubber
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-791
SHX1 LONG-
RANGE MULTI-
CHANNEL
TRANSCEIVER
Lemos International offers
the SHX1 Long-Range Multi-Channel Transceiver
that provides:
Unlicensed operation on MURS band frequencies
(under FCC Part 95)
Data rates up to 5 kbps for standard module
High-performance double superhet PLL synthesizer
Usable range over 5km
Re-programmable via RS232 interface, fully
screened, low profile, small footprint.
www.lemosint.com
Lemos International
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-793
AVIONICS
PANEL METER
The Otek APM is a multi-
color LED indicator for
aircraft that accepts stan-
dard 5-32 VDC plus other
low voltage/current options. Powerless design per-
mits self-powering with only 5 VDC loop burden. Unit
can be custom scaled and fits a standard 1 hole.
Night-vision compliant and mil-spec approved. The
APM replaces NSN: 6620-00-083-8811 for Form & Fit.
Also RTCA-160F qualified. For more information:
http://otekcorp.com/sites/default/files/apm_1.pdf
Otek Corporation
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-795
A WORLD OF FIBER OPTIC
SOLUTIONS
T1/E1 & T3/E3 Modems, WAN
RS-232/422/485 Modems and Multiplexers
Profibus-DP, Modbus
Ethernet LANs
Video/Audio/Hubs/Repeaters
USB Modem and Hub
Highly shielded Ethernet, USB (Tempest Case)
ISO-9001
http://www.sitech-bitdriver.com
S.I. Tech
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-797
New Products
12A POL DC-DC Converters
TDK Corporation
(National City, CA)
has introduced the
12 Ampere TDK-
Lambda iCH
series of POL
(Point of Load)
non-isolated DC-
DC converters. Accept-
ing a wide range input of 4.5 to
14 VDC, the series can operate from either
a 5 VDC or 12 VDC bus. The iCH series can
provide output voltages from 0.7 to 8.5V,
with efficiencies of up to 97%. A low inter-
nal power loss allows the iCH to deliver
12A output current, without forced air
cooling, in ambient temperatures in excess
of 70 C.
The surface mount converters measure
0.48 0.48 0.335 inches (12.2mm
12.2mm 8.5mm) with a weight of just
2.5g. Product features include output
trim adjustment, power good, remote
sense and a choice of positive or negative
logic remote on/off.
For Free Info Visit
http://info.hotims.com/61060-520
AdvancedTCA Chassis
Pixus Technologies (Waterloo, Ontario,
Canada) now offers a 15U AdvancedTCA
(ATCA) chassis that exceeds 400W/slot
cooling capability
and meets strin-
gent NEBS re-
quirements. The
Pixus chassis lever-
ages the original
Kaparel design that
used patented Ri-
Cool II blowers for
275W/slot of cool-
ing. Todays 15U unit pro-
vides more air evacuation using the next
generation of reverse impellar hot-plug
cartridges. The new RiCool III blowers
feature 185 CFM of airflow per fan with
71mm H20 of static pressure.
Like the 13U ATCA chassis, the 15U
enclosure features specially designed
EMI filter trays above and below the
card cage that help collimate airflow in
the system. Both 40GbE and 10GbE
backplane options are available.
For Free Info Visit
http://info.hotims.com/61060-524

42 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

Intro Cov ToC + A

 Co-located with

May 24 - 26, 2016 | Pasadena, CA, USA

d

// 


exhibiting companies include

new Jet Propulsion Laboratory and:

for 2016
E>Pasadena world-class,


E

E&,

E

EK



who attends
Engineers Program Managers
R&D D
W Academia

REGISTER FOR A FREE EXPO PASS

WWW.AESEXPO.COM
Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/61060-789

Intro Cov ToC + A

Publisher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Joseph T. Pramberger
Ad Index
Editorial Director TBMG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Linda L. Bell For free product literature, enter advertisers reader service num-
Editorial Director SAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .William Visnic bers at www.techbriefs.com/rs, or visit the Web site beneath their
Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bruce A. Bennett ad in this issue.
Associate Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Billy Hurley
Managing Editor, Tech Briefs TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kendra Smith Reader Service
Associate Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ryan Gehm Company Number Page
Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Adam Santiago
Assistant Production Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kevin Coltrinari ACCES I/O Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 . . . . . . . . . . . .23
Creative Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lois Erlacher Aurora Bearing Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783 . . . . . . . . . . . .36
Senior Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ayinde Frederick
Global Field Sales Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marcie L. Hineman
C.R. Onsrud, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .770 . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
Marketing Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Debora Rothwell Coilcraft CPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .769 . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
Marketing Communications Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Monica Bond
COMSOL, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .790, 799 . . . .42, COV IV
Digital Marketing Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kaitlyn Sommer
Audience Development Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Marilyn Samuelsen CST of America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798 . . . . . . . .COV III
Audience Development Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stacey Nelson EMCOR Government Services . . . . . . . . .765 . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Subscription Changes/Cancellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .nasa@omeda.com
ESTECH 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806 . . . . . . . . . . . .17
TECH BRIEFS MEDIA GROUP, AN SAE INTERNATIONAL COMPANY Gage Bilt Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 . . . . . . . . . . . .35
261 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1901, New York, NY 10016
(212) 490-3999 FAX (646) 829-0800 Hawthorne Rubber Mfg. Corp. . . . . . . . . . .791 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Chief Executive Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Domenic A. Mucchetti
Hunter Products, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 . . . . . . . . . . .40
Executive Vice-President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Luke Schnirring
Technology Director . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Oliver Rockwell Imagineering, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .763 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Systems Administrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Vlad Gladoun Interstate Connecting Components . . . . .792 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Web Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Karina Carter
Digital Media Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peter Bonavita
John Evans' Sons, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764 . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
Digital Media Assistants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Keith McKellar, Peter Weiland, Anel Guerrero, Maria Sevilla Kaman Precision Products . . . . . . . . . . . .777 . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Digital Media Audience Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jamil Barrett Keysight Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .771 . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Credit/Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Felecia Lahey
Accounting/Human Resources Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sylvia Bonilla Lemos International Co., Inc. . . . . . . . . . .793 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Office Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alfredo Vasquez Lyons Tool & Die Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 . . . . . . . . . . . .33
Receptionist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Elizabeth Brache-Torres
Magnet Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782 . . . . . . . . . . . .36
ADVERTISING ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES Magnetic Component Engineering, Inc. . . . . .778 . . . . . . . . . . . .31
MA, NH, ME, VT, RI, Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ed Marecki Master Bond Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785, 794 . . . . . . . .39, 42
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tatiana Marshall
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(401) 351-0274
maxon precision motors, Inc. . . . . . . . . . .772 . . . . . . . . . . . .16
CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stan Greenfield Mfg4 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .788 . . . . . . . . . . . .41
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(203) 938-2418 Mini-Systems, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776 . . . . . . . . . . . .29
NJ, PA, DE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .John Murray
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4685 MPL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781 . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Southeast, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ray Tompkins New England Wire Technologies . . . . . . .774 . . . . . . . . . . . .21
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(281) 313-1004
OFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786 . . . . . . . . . . . .39
NY, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ryan Beckman
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(973) 409-4687 Otek Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .795 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
MI, IN, WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Kennedy PI (Physik Instrumente) LP . . . . . . . . . . . .768 . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 498-4520 ext. 3008
MN, ND, SD, IL, KY, MO, KS, IA, NE, Central Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bob Casey
Proto Labs, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766 . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 223-5225 Remcom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .796 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
Northwest, N. Calif., Western Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Craig Pitcher S.I. Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 . . . . . . . . . . . .42
(408) 778-0300
CO, UT, MT, WY, ID, NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tim Powers
Space Tech Expo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 . . . . . . . . . . . .43
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(973) 409-4762 Superior Tube Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762 . . . . . . . .COV II
S. Calif. , AZ, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tom Boris
TRENTON Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (949) 715-7779
Europe Central & Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sven Anacker Tube Hollows International . . . . . . . . . . . .784 . . . . . . . . . . . .37
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-202-27169-11 Ulbrich Stainless Steels &
Joseph Heeg Special Metals, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .773 . . . . . . . . . . . .19
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-621-841-5702
Europe Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Shaw
W.L. Gore & Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866 . . . . . . . . . . . .13
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-1270-522130
Integrated Media Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Patrick Harvey
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44 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, April 2016

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