Departmant of civil

engineering

CE400

Submitted to: Dr. Gozen

Elrkin

Submitted by: Abdul Rehman

Student No:20103045

Date: 14/10/2009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1-INTRODUCTION
.1
2-COMPANY profile.
.. 2
3-EXCAVATION
.. 3-4
4-CONCRETE
... 5
5-REINFORCEMENT
..6-7
6-FORMWORK
.8-11
7-FOUNDATION
..12-14
8-COULUMNS
15-16
9-BEAMS
.17-18
10-STAIRS
.19
11-
SLABS ...................................................
.......20-21
12-CONCLUSION
22-23
 INTRODUCTION
Civil engineering department offer a unique opportunity
for its student to realize the importance of field work by
offering two important courses for undergraduate students
which are CE-300 and CE-400. These are the summer
trainings compromising of 1 month each. CE-300 is the
initial step or the first training.
It is important to perform this summer practice to be able
to understand the relation between the studies and the
field. This will help us a lot in better understanding of the
future subjects in our undergraduate studies.
During the summer practice students get an idea of the actual
constructions steps undertaken by the contractors. E.g.
excavation, foundations, columns, beams, slabs and walls etc.

I tried to explain all these steps one by one by using my

knowledge of civil engineering which I have learned during my
study here.

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 COMPANY INFORMATION

NAME OF COMPANY:
M/S MOON BUILDER

ADDRESS OF COMPANY:
11-NASHAMAN PARK HOUSING
COLONY SHEIKHUPURA

CONTACT INFORMATION:
TEL-0092336-7193608

ENGINEER:
ALI ZAIN

It is a private construction company. They have executed

several projects of constructing residential buildings in
city of PUNJAB.

EXCAVATION

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 To get optimum result from the excavation, cleaning &
marking of the construction site is an important step. After
these steps excavation is started either with the help of
machinery or with the help of labors (depending on the
size of the construction).
Each construction has a different quantity of
excavation, which is done to construct the structure
foundations.
In general there are two types of excavations:
- Trench excavation.
- Bulk-pit excavation.
Trench excavation is used for wall footing.
Bulk-pit excavation is used for the basement of the
buildings and also for raft foundations.

The methods of excavation depend on the nature and size

of the job and the soil conditions. The machine will
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perform some small quantities of excavation. Some
cohesive soils can be holding vertical during excavation
by themselves. While granular soils require timbering
and reinforcement.
Trench excavation is divided into three groups
-Large trench excavation is used for width of the floor,
which is equal to 1 m or more.
-Special excavation is used for tunnels, drift ...etc.

CONCRETE
Concrete is composed of sand and gravel held
together by a hardened paste of Portland, cement and
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water. The mixed ingredients when properly proportioned
make a plastic mass, which can be or molded into a
predetermined size and shape. Water is necessary for the
chemical reaction of cement and the extra water is
necessary for workability of the mixture.

REINFORCEMENT

Tools used for reinforcement

a) Workbench: The steel bars were straightened

shored and put a hook on it.
b)Shear: There are two types of shear. One of them
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 was used to cut the bars from 12 to 20. The other
one was used to cut the bars up to 20. The bars
more than 20 were shored by means of saw.
c) Bending tools: They were used to bend the
bars as indicated in the project.
d)Pincers: It was used in the connection of the
bars with wires, which may be cut by it, too.
e) Club Hammer: It was used to make the bars
straight. It was also used for breaking the hard
materials.
With aid of all these tools, the steel bars were straightened
and shortened to be hooked on the workbench for suiting
the required shape. Shaping is done after transporting to
the floor. Only stirrups are prepared on the workbench.

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 FORMWORK

Concrete structures require temporary supports and

casings of the shape into which the concrete is placed and
contained until it sets sufficiently and harden. For
relatively small units, such as pre-cast concrete lintels,
window pills, etc., the casings are called moulds. For
reinforced concrete columns, floors, roofs, etc they are
called form-works.. In general, water content of about

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20% is found satisfactory for timber to be used in
formwork

FORMWORK TYPE (BY SHAPE):

Considering shape, formwork type can be classified as:
-Column formwork
-Beam formwork
-slab formwork
-Wall formwork
And now we will explain each type by details and we will
make sure that is focused.

1. Column formwork:

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 Column formwork is made usually with either
timber or metal panels. The principle is to create an
enclosed box with forms at the exact size of the column
and fix it tightly. On the kicker left from base or at least
stage of column concreting. The box is held in position by
steel column clamps or bolted yokes and supported by
timber studs or props.

2. Beam formwork:
Beam formwork consists of an open through section
and because it is not closed at the top requires more
supported formwork to restrain the side. The supports
need to be maintained to the so fit and also provide lateral
supports to the side. In timber this is done by the use of a
head tree across the top of a vertical member.
metal banal are used with corner pieces and can be
supported by tabular steel to which panels are clipped, but
timber head trees are needed for vertical support.

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 3. Slab formwork:
Floor requires a large area of formwork to be
provided usually from beam to beam. Mostly beam are
cast at the same time as the floor.
Timber floor formwork consists of timber board or
plywood sheet supported on a frame-work and resting on
a series of timber joists. Again timber and metal props can
be used for vertical supported.
Metal panels can be used and bolted or clipped together
and held in place by a system of metal beams or a tabular
scaffold system. Again timbre adjustable props need for
levelling purposes.

4. Wall formwork:
Wall form is simpler than for to other concrete unit as
the actual forces against it less, most of the load being
carried vertically down words the panels at both sides is
held in position by ties.
The type of ties are coil ties or through bolt ties.
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 FOUNDATION

Type and function:

The substructure or foundation is the part of a

structure that is usually placed below the surface of the
ground and that transmits the load to the underlying soil
or rock. The two essential requirements in the design of
foundations are that the total settlement of a structure be
limited to a to alterably small amount and that differential
settlement of a various parts of the structure be eliminated

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as nearly as possible to limit settlement as indicate it is
necessary (1) to transmit the load of the structure to soil
stratum of sufficient large area of that stratum to minimize
banning pressure.

1. Spread footing:
Spread footing can be classified as wall and column
footing. A wall footing is simply a strip of reinforced
concrete, wider than the wall that distributes its pressure.
Single column footings are usually square, sometimes
rectangular, and represent the simplest and the most
economical type.

2. Wall footing:

The simple principles of beam action apply to wall

footing with minor modifications. Figure 1 shows the

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footing with the formwork on it. If the bending moments
were computed from the forces acting below the footing,
the maximum moment would be found to accrue at the
middle of the width. For footing supporting masonry
walls, the maximum moment is computed midway
between the middle and the face of the wall, because
masonry is generally less rigid than concrete.
3. Column footing:
In plane single column footing are usually square.
Rectangular footings are used if space restrictions dictate
this choice.
In the simplest form, they consist of a single slab as
shown; sometimes we make this foundation directly
inside the ground and other type in side formwork. The
weight of the footing dose not causes moments or shears.

4. Combined footings:
Spread footings that support more than one column or

13
wall are known as combined footings. They can be
divided into categories: those that support two columns
and those that support more than (generally large number
of) columns.

COLUMNS

They consist of longitudinal bars and stirrups.

Longitudinal bars are placed near the outside surface of
concrete columns to provide maximum resistance to
bending.
There must be at least 2.5 cm. between outside surface of
the concrete column and steel bars.
These distances provide a fire resistance for steel bars. It
also protects the steel bars from corrosion.
Under the load the longitudinal bars if used alone
would tend to kick out or buckle and spell off the

14
surrounding concrete.
To avoid this, circumferential or lateral reinforcements
called stirrups were used to form ties.
The distance between ties formed by stirrup can change
from 15 cm to 30 cm according to the project.

To connect the bars, first a bench was prepared. Two

stirrup benches were placed opposite to each other,
according to column length. Longitudinal bars were bin to
bench; other hooks were turned down. Stirrups were
passed through these bars. The other longitudinal bars
were passed under stirrups. A part of stirrups were not
more than 12 times of diameter of longitudinal bars. Place
of stirrups were marked by chalk, stirrup were placed
there and tied by wires. For this, pincers was used.
Stirrups were closed under the beams.

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 Stirrups can make the column more ductile. Column
gains additional energy absorption capacity, this may be
by means of stirrups. For this reason, stirrups play very
important role in concrete columns.
Length of the longitudinal bars exceeded the column
length about 80 cm to tie the upper floor column bars.

BEAMS
In beams, bent-up bars are used to provide resistance
to bending and shearing. They have much more important
voter in the changing place of compression and tension
region.
Concrete resists compression stresses and steel bars
resists tension ones. Of course, concrete has a tension
stresses and steel bar have compression strength but it is
to be saved side not to consider these strengths. Thats
why main steel bars are placed at the bottom of the
beams. Stirrups resist to shearing with bent- up bars in

16
beams. Above the column, beam structures continue. At
this part, there were no stirrups I columns. Number of
bent-up bars and their diameter are calculated according
to the reinforcement data.
Two stirrups bench were placed opposite to each other
according to the length of the beam. Tie bars were placed
on bench. Their books were turned down. Inside the
stirrups straight bars with up turned hooks were laid.
Bent-up bars were tied to stirrups.

According to calculations and as indicated in the

project additional bars can be placed for making beam
strength -end. There were place upper and lower corners
of the beam. Proposed reinforcements were placed inside
he forms. Column bars were tied to extension bars. While
the column forms were being done, gaps had been left to
tie the bars to extension bars. After, boards covered these
gaps.

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 STAIRS

A stair could be described as a series of steps or a

flight of steps connected by landings, which are used for
passing from one level to another.
The space that a stir occupies in a building is called the
stairwell or stairway. A staircase includes the entire group
of stairs from the bottom floor to top floor. Stair is shown.
REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRS:
Reinforced concrete stairs are used extensively in
buildings. They are usually placed after the structure
frame has been completed or during its completion.

Any type of stair (shape and plan) can easily be

18
constructed but the construction is affected by the right
choice of materials that plays a very important role,
because the shape and the structure of a stair must be
compatible with the materials and placing of the stair.

SLABS

Slabs are divided into two types. The case is one-way

slab and two-way slab. When the longer side of the slab is
at least twice than the other side of the slab, this type is
called one-way slab. Briefly, at shorter side bent up and
straight bars are placed, but in longer side only straight
bars are placed
When the longer side of the slab is less than twice of
the other side,
This type of slab is called two-way slab. Bent-up and
straight bars are used in both short and long direction.
At the bottom of the slab there is tension. But at the
top term there is compression. Since steel bars take
tension in reinforced concrete, straight bars are placed at
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the bottom with the bent-up bars.
One forms of the slab, place of bars was found and
marked. Hooked bars were loud these places. One bar was
straight the other one was bent-up bending points were
marked by chalk. They were bent at L/5 with 45 angles.
Bent-up bars were extended L/5 of the nearest slab. By
making this, shearing force resistance of the slab
increased. Bars were tied at touching point. If the space
between the bars is more than 30 cm, tie at each point. If
less than 30 cm, first one was tied, the other not, and so
on. Empty pipes were placed under the slab bars for
electrical installation.

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 CONCLUSION
Firstly I was thinking about the summer practice as a
secondary formality but when I performed it I realized its
importance. It also aided to understand the courses which
I have covered and also those which I have to take. In the
university the student generally takes a significant amount
of knowledge about the Civil Engineering, but progress is
not put into application until practical life takes place.
Thus summer practice is a good opportunity to be in
contact with the site works, theoretical-practical
differences and the workers-engineers relationship.
I have learned a lot of things like some technical details
in specialized construction works, relation with engineers,
directors and workers, administration and coordination of

21
a company and preliminary works which are done before
construction.

Eventually, the summer practice is prominent

opportunity for the formation of the good engineering
student, providing him a time to apply his information
that he gained in the university to the real life.

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