Electrode 1020
Weave side
to side, Electrode
second & 90
third
passes.
Joint
Groove Welds Direction of Travel
Side View (Work Angle) Front View (Drag Travel Angle)
A B
Fig. 14-26 Electrode position when welding a single
V-groove on an outside corner joint in the flat (1G) position.
If you do burn through the joint, move the electrode
in a whiplike motion to control the size of the weld pool
and the rate at which weld metal is added. If the pool
is too hot and burning through, whip ahead along one
of the plate edges about 12inch and whip back into the
pool to deposit more metal. Alternate this whiplike mo-
tion along opposite plate edges.
If the bottom edges of the groove do not seem to be
heating and melting enough and if you are having diffi-
culty maintaining the hole, keep the electrode directly in
the bottom of the V-groove, slow the forward movement,
and maintain a circular motion.
Second and Third Passes Current adjustment can be hot.
Electrode position should be approximately that shown in
Fig.14-26. The weave bead technique may be used. The
third pass requires a wider weave than the second. Do
not weave past the edges of the plate and hesitate at the
sides to eliminate burning away of the plate edges. Make
certain that you are securing good fusion with the preced-
ing passes and with both plate surfaces. Remove the slag
thoroughly between each pass. Practice starts and stops.
Travel in all directions.
Fig. 14-27 Penetration required through the back side of a corner joint. Note the penetration hole, keyhole, at the
leading edge of the weld bead.
402Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)
Operations
1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing, Fig.14-28, for
the correct quantity and size.
2. Obtain electrodes of each quantity, type, and size
Joint specified in the job drawing.
3. Set the power source for 75 to 125 amperes for the first
pass. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive.
4. Set up the plates and tack weld them as shown on
the job drawing and in Fig.14-29.
5. Place the joint in the flat position on the weld-
ing table. Make sure it is connected with the work
connection.
6. Make the first pass with a 18-inch electrode as
shown on the job drawing. Manipulate the electrode
as instructed in Fig.14-26.
7. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
8. Readjust the power source for 110 to 170 amperes.
9. Make the second and third passes with a 532inch
electrode as shown on the job drawing. Manipulate
the electrode as instructed in Fig.14-26.
10. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
11. Practice these welds until you can produce good
welds consistently with both types of electrodes.
Also practice with 532-inch diameter electrodes for
the first pass, and 316-inch diameter electrodes for
the other passes.
Inspection
Compare the back side of the first bead with Fig.1427
and all passes with Fig.14-29. Check them for the follow-
ing weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Smooth with close ripples; free of voids and
high spots. Restarts should be difficult to locate.
Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-28.
Face of welds: First two passes flat; last pass convex
 Fig. 14-28 Job drawing J32.

Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter

Slag formation: Full coverage, easily
removable

Fig. 14-29 Joint construction and typical appearance of a multipass single
V-groove weld in an outside corner joint welded in the flat (1G) position with
DCEP or a.c. shielded metal arc coated electrodes.
Disposal
Put completed joints in the scrap bin so that
they will be available for further use. Inside
corners can be used for practicing fillet welds,
and unwelded plate surfaces can be used for
beading.

Edges of welds: Good fusion, no overlap, no undercut; no Job 14-J33 Welding a Single-V
excess metal at edges of joint Butt Joint
Starts and stops: Free of depressions and high spots
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled Objective
Back side: Complete and uniform penetration (See To weld a single-V butt joint in the flat (1G) position by
Fig.14-27.) the means of multipass groove welds, weave bead tech-
Penetration and fusion: Through the back side, preced- nique, with DCEP and/or a.c. shielded metal arc elec-
ing passes, and plate surfaces trodes (AWS E6010E6011).

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14403
General Job Information
The single-V butt joint is used in pipe welding
and critical plate welding. The joint structure
and welding procedure are similar to those in
the ASME piping and plate tests. This is an open
root type procedure.

Welding Technique
First Pass Current adjustment must not be too
high. Hold the electrode at a 90 work angle to
the plates, Fig.14-30A, and tilt it 10 to 20 drag
travel angle, Fig.14-30B. Hesitate at the sides of the weld
to prevent undercut. Hold a close arc. Use a back-and-forth
motion and keep the electrode within the space provided
by the root gap. The arc must not be broken on the forward
motion. Do not let drops of metal be deposited ahead of
the weld because they may interfere with the progress of
the weld. You will recall the need to keep a small hole
at the leading edge of the weld pool. This technique is
referred to as keyhole welding. A small bead must be
formed on the reverse side of the groove, Fig.14-31. The
face of the weld must be kept as flat as possible.
Fig. 14-31 The back side (root) of a single V-groove butt joint showing
penetration and fusion. Note the penetration hole, keyhole, at the leading
edge of the weld.
Second Pass Use the weave bead technique. A uniform
weave and rate of travel is important to obtain a weld of
uniform quality and appearance. Avoid undercutting. Ob-
tain fusion with the underneath pass and the groove face
of the plate. The face of the weld must be flat. Remove the
slag thoroughly.
Third Pass Use the same type of weave as for the second
pass, but widen the path of the electrode. Use the edges of
the beveled plate as a guide for bead width. The finished
weld should be slightly convex. The proper V-groove weld
profile is shown in Fig.14-32.
Practice starts and stops on all passes. Travel in all
directions.

1020
Electrode
Weave side to side, Operations
second and third passes.
Electrode 1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing,
Groove
90
Do not hold too close arc. Fig.14-33, for quantity and size.
Welds
Back-and-forth motion,
Joint 2. Obtain electrodes of each quantity, type,
first pass. and size specified in the job drawing.
Joint
Direction of Travel
3. Set the power source at 75 to 125
Hesitate at sides to prevent undercut. amperes. Set a d.c. power source for
Side View (Work Angle) Front View (Travel Angle) electrode positive.
A B 4. Set up the plates and tack weld them as
shown on the job drawing and Fig.14-34.
Fig. 14-30 Electrode position when welding single V-groove butt joint in
the flat (1G) position.

Convexity or Face Reinforcement

Should Not Exceed 1/8 in.

Approx. 1/16 in. Only Slightly Wider than

Groove Opening

Convexity or Root Reinforcement Should

Not Be Excessive, Approx. 1/16 3/32 in.

Fig. 14-32 A proper V-groove weld profile. Do not overweld the joint. Just fill the groove as noted.

404Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)

 Fig. 14-33 Job drawing J33.

8. Increase the power supply setting to 110 to

170 amperes.
9. Make the second and third passes with a
5
32inch electrode as shown on the job
drawing.
10. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and
inspect. Refer to Inspection.
11. Practice these welds until you can produce
good welds consistently with both types of
Fig. 14-34 Joint construction and typical appearance of a multipass single
electrodes. You are also asked to practice
V-groove weld in a butt joint welded in the flat position with DCEP or a.c.
shielded metal arc electrodes. this job using 5 32inch diameter electrodes
for the first pass and 316inch diameter elec-
trodes for the second and third passes.

5. Place the joint in the flat position on the weld- Inspection

ing table. Make sure it is connected with the work
connection.
6. Make the first pass with 18-inch diameter electrodes
as shown on the job drawing. Manipulate the elec-
trode as shown in Fig.14-30.
7. Chip the slag from the weld, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
Compare the back side of the first bead with Fig. 14-31
and all passes with Fig.14-34. Check them for the follow-
ing weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Smooth with close ripples; free of voids and
high spots. Restarts should be difficult to locate.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14405
Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-33, page 405;
check with a butt weld gauge.
Face of welds: First two passes flat; last pass slightly
convex
Edges of welds: Good fusion, no overlap, no
undercut
Starts and stops: Free of depressions and high spots
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled
Penetration and fusion: Through the back side and all
plate surfaces, Fig.14-31, page 404
Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
Slag formation: Full coverage, easily removable
Disposal
Return completed joints to the scrap bin so that they will
be available for further use. The plate can be beveled be-
tween welds for further butt welding, and unwelded plate
surfaces can be used for beading.
Qualifying Test
At this point, you should be able to pass Test 2 in the flat
position. (See Chapter 15, p. 456.) This test is similar to
the ASME piping and plate tests.
Job 14-J34 Welding a T-Joint
Objective
To weld a T-joint in the horizontal (2F) position by means
of multipass fillet welds, stringer bead technique, with low
hydrogen, shielded metal arc electrodes (AWS E7016).
General Job Information
All low hydrogen electrodes produce deposits that are
practically free of hydrogen. This reduces underbead
and microcracking on low alloy steels and thick weld-
ments. Underbead cracks usually occur in base metal
just below the weld metal and are caused by hydrogen
absorption from the arc atmosphere. Low hydrogen elec-
trodes produce sound welds on troublesome steels such
as the high sulfur, high carbon, and low alloy grades.
They are recommended for welds that are to be porce-
lain enameled.
The E7016 electrode produces welds of highest qual-
ity and may be used for practically all code work. The
welds are high in tensile strength and ductility. Their
excellent physical qualities reduce the tendency for crack-
ing at the root of the weld, which is caused by shrinkage
stresses. This in turn reduces the need for preheat and
stress relief requirements so that the job is done quickly
and at lower cost.
406Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)
Welding Technique
Use alternating current or direct current, electrode posi-
tive. Some manufacturers recommend DCEP whenever
possible with electrodes having diameters of 532inch and
smaller and a.c. with larger sizes. Although the E7016
is an all-position electrode, sizes larger than 18 inch or
5
32 inch are difficult to use for vertical and overhead
welding.
The weld metal freezes rapidly even though the slag
stays relatively fluid. The arc is quiet with medium pen-
etration and little spatter. The slag is moderately heavy: it
produces good weld metal protection, excellent bead ap-
pearance, and easy cleaning. The beads are slightly con-
vex and have distinct ripples.
The currents used with these electrodes generally are
higher than those recommended for the cellulose electrodes
of the same diameter. As short an arc as possible should
be used in all positions for best results. Stringer beads or
small weave passes are preferred to wide weave passes. A
long arc and whipping will cause porosity and trapped slag.
Use lower currents with direct current than with alternating
current. Point the electrode directly into the joint and tip
the holder forward slightly in the direction of travel. See
Fig. 13-92, page 382. Govern travel speed by the desired
bead size.
Current adjustment should be somewhat higher for the
first pass than for the other stringer passes. The electrode
position will vary with the sequence of passes, Fig.13-85,
page 379. The beads should be so proportioned that the
size of the final welds is accurate. Recall the lacing tech-
nique, and refer to Job 13-J23, for details. Be sure to clean
all the passes thoroughly. Practice starts and stops. Travel
in all directions.
Operations
1. Obtain plates; check the job drawing, Fig.14-35, for
the correct quantity and size.
2. Obtain electrodes of each quantity, type, and size
specified in the job drawing.
3. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive at 140
to 200 amperes. If an a.c. power source is used, set
it somewhat higher than for d.c.
4. Set up the plates as shown on the job drawing and
tack weld them at each corner.
5. Place the joint in the horizontal position on the
welding table. Make sure that it is connected with
the work connection.
6. Make all welds (first to sixth pass inclusive) with
5
32inch electrodes as shown on the job draw-
ing. Manipulate the electrode as instructed in
Fig.14-36.
 Fig. 14-35 Job drawing J34.

Electrodes

50 30 50
40 40

Fillet Welds Fillet Welds Fillet Welds

Joint

Fig. 14-36 Electrode position when welding a T-joint with a multipass fillet weld using the
stringer bead technique.

7. Chip the slag from the weld, brush, and inspect
between each pass. Refer to Inspection.
8. Set a d.c. power source for electrode positive at 80
to 140 amperes. If an a.c. power source is used, set it
at a somewhat higher amperage.
9. Chip the slag from the welds, brush, and inspect.
Refer to Inspection.
10. Practice these welds until you can produce good
welds consistently.
Inspection
Compare each pass with Fig.14-37, page 408 and check
for the following weld characteristics:
Width and height: Uniform
Appearance: Very smooth with fine ripples; free of voids
and high spots. Restarts should be difficult to locate.
Size: Refer to the job drawing, Fig.14-35. Check with a
fillet weld gauge.

Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate) Chapter 14407
 is usually up, but welding down is sometimes allowed.
Whether single or multiple passes are specified de-
pends upon the use of the joint and the thickness of the
plate.

Fig. 14-37 Typical appearance of a multipass fillet weld in a
T-joint welded in the horizontal position with E7016 low hydrogen
electrodes for the stringer passes and DCEP or a.c. shielded metal
arc coated electrodes.
Face of weld: Flat to slightly convex
Edges of weld: Good fusion, no overlap, no undercut
Starts and stops: Free of depressions and high spots
Beginnings and endings: Full size, craters filled
Penetration and fusion: To the root of the weld and plate
surfaces
Surrounding plate surfaces: Free of spatter
Slag formation: Full coverage, easily removable
Disposal
Put completed joints in the scrap bin so that they will be
available for further use. Plate edges can be beveled for
beveled-butt welding, and unwelded plate surfaces can be
used for beading.
Welding Technique
Current adjustment should be high enough to ensure
good fusion and penetration to the root of the joint and
to the plate surfaces. Hold the electrode at a 45 work
angle to the plates, Fig.14-38A, and tilt it no more than
10 push travel angle, Fig.14-38B. Figure14-39 shows
the actual welding position. Use the familiar up-and-
down motion recommended for the vertical position.
It is necessary to leave the crater at short intervals to
prevent the metal from becoming overheated. Over-
heating makes it spill off and run down. Hold a close
arc gap when depositing metal. The arc gap can be
lengthened on the upward motion, but it must not be
broken. This long arc technique is referred to as whip-
ping the electrode. This technique is used to help con-
trol the deep penetration characteristics of the cellulose
E6010E6011 electrodes. With some of the newer power
sources with closed loop feedback to maintain output
amperage, this long arc technique does not decrease

Job 14-J35 Welding a T-Joint

Objective
To weld a T-joint in the vertical (3F) position by means of
a single-pass fillet weld, travel up, with DCEP and/or a.c.
shielded metal arc electrodes (AWS E6010E6011).

General Job Information

A T-joint in the vertical position is frequently used in
the fabricating and structural steel industries. Welding

Up-down or
Joint Fillet oscillating
Weld 010 motion.
Direction
of Travel Lengthen arc
Electrode on upward
motion.
45 Weld
Electrode
Top View (Work Angle) Side View (Push Travel Angle)
A B

Fig. 14-38 Electrode position when welding a single pass fillet weld in a Fig. 14-39 Electrode and electrode holder
T-joint in the vertical position with cellulose-type shielded metal arc coated positioned as instructed in Fig. 14-38.
electrodes, travel up. Prographics

408Chapter 14 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Practice: Jobs 14-J26J42 (Plate)