Algebra 2 Things to Remember!

Exponents: Complex Numbers: Logarithms Properties of Logs:

x0 = 1
x m x n = x m+ n
x m
= x mn
n
x y y
( xy ) n = x n y n
Factoring:
Look to see if there is a GCF (greatest
common factor) first. ab + ac = a (b + c)
x 2 a 2 = ( x a )( x + a)
( x + a) 2 = x 2 + 2ax + a 2
( x a) 2 = x 2 2ax + a 2
Factor by Grouping:
xm = m
1 1 = i a = i a ; a 0 y = log b x x = b y log b b = 1 log b 1 = 0
x i = 1
2
i = i 2 = 1 divide exponent
14
ln x = log e x natural log log b (min) = log b m + log b n
( x ) = x n m
n m
by 4, use remainder, solve. e = 2.71828
(a + bi ) conjugate (a bi ) m
x
n
x n log x = log10 x common log log b = log b m log b n
= n (a + bi )(a bi ) = a 2 + b 2 Change of base formula: n
log a log b (m r ) = r log b m
a + bi = a 2 + b 2 absolute value=magnitude log b a =
log b Domain: log b x is x > 0
Exponentials e x = exp( x) Quadratic Equations: ax 2 + bx + c = 0 (Set = 0.)
Solve by factoring, completing the square, quadratic formula.
b x = b y x = y (b > 0 and b 1)
b 2 4ac > 0 two real unequal roots
If the bases are the same, set the
b b 4ac
2
exponents equal and solve. x= b 2 4ac = 0 repeated real roots
2a
b 2 4ac < 0 two complex roots
Solving exponential equations:
1. Isolate exponential expression. Square root property: If x 2 = m, then x = m
2. Take log or ln of both sides. Completing the square: x 2 2 x 5 = 0
3. Solve for the variable. 1. If other than one, divide by coefficient of x2
2. Move constant term to other side x 2 2 x = 5
ln( x) and e x are inverse functions 3. Take half of coefficient of x, square it, add to both sides
x2 2x + 1 = 5 + 1
ln e x = x eln x = x
4. Factor perfect square on left side. ( x 1) 2 = 6
ln e = 1 eln 4 = 4
5. Use square root property to solve and get two answers. x = 1 6
e 2ln 3 = eln 3 = 9
2

b c
Variation: always involves the constant of Absolute Value: a > 0 Sum of roots: r1 + r2 = Product of roots: r1 ir2 =
proportionality, k. Find k, and then proceed. a a
Direct variation: y = kx a; a 0 Inequalities: x + x 12 0 Change to =, factor, locate
2
a =
k a; a < 0 critical points on number line, check each section.
Inverse variation: y = (x + 4)(x - 3) = 0
x m = b m = b or m = b
Varies jointly: y = kxj x = -4; x = 3
m < b b < m < b
Combo: Sales vary directly ka
with advertising and inversely y= m > b m > b or m < b
c
with candy cost. ANSWER: -4 < x < 3 or [-4, 3] (in interval notation)

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Radicals: Remember to use fractional exponents. Working with Rationals ( Fractions): Solving Rational Equations:

( x)
1 m
m Simplify: Get rid of the denominators by mult. all terms by
a
x=x a
x = n xm =
n n
remember to look for a factoring of -1: common denominator.
a na 3 x 1 1( 3 x + 1 ) 22

3
=
2
n
an = a n
ab = n a i n b = = = 1
n
b nb 1 3x 1 3x 2x 9x 5 2x +1 x 5
2

Simplify: look for perfect powers. Add: Get the common denominator. multiply all by 2 x 2 9 x 5 and get
x12 y17 = x12 y16 y = x 6 y 8 y
Factor first if possible: 22 3( x 5) = 2(2 x + 1)
Multiply and Divide: Factor First
22 3x + 15 = 4 x + 2
3
72 x 9 y 8 z 3 = 3 8i9 x8 xy 8 z 3 = 2 x 2 y 2 z 3 9 x Rational Inequalities 37 3x = 4 x + 2
Use conjugates to rationalize denominators: x 2 3x 15
0 The critical values 35 = 7 x
5 2 3 10 5 3 x2
i = = 10 5 3 5= x
2+ 3 2 3 42 3 +2 3 9 from factoring the numerator are -3, 5.
Great! But the only problem is that
Equations: isolate the radical; square both sides The denominator is zero at x = 2.
x = 5 does not CHECK!!!! There is no solution.
to eliminate radical; combine; solve. Place on number line, and test sections.
Extraneous root.
2 x 5 x 3 = 0 (2 x 3) 2 = (5 x ) 2 Motto: Always CHECK ANSWERS.
4 x 2 12 x + 9 = 25 x solve : x = 9; x = 1/ 4
Sequences Equations of Circles: x 2 + y 2 = r 2 center origin
CHECK ANSWERS. Answer only x = 9.
Arithmetic: an = a1 + (n 1)d ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2 center at (h,k)
Functions: A function is a set of ordered pairs in which n(a1 + an ) x 2 + y 2 + Cx + Dy + E = 0 standard form
Sn =
each x-element has only ONE y-element associated with it. 2
n 1
Complex Fractions:
Geometric: an = a1 ir Remember that the fraction bar means divide:
Vertical Line Test: is this graph a function?
Domain: x-values used; Range: y-values used a1 (1 r n ) Method 1: Get common denominator top and bottom
Sn = 2 4 2 4x
Onto: all elements in B used. 1 r 1
x2 x = x2 = 2 4 x 4x 2 = 2 4 x i x
2
1-to-1: no element in B used more than once. Recursive: Example: = 1
Composition: ( f g )( x) = f ( g ( x)) a1 = 4; an = 2an 1 4 2 4x 2 x2 x2 x2 4x 2
2
Inverse functions f & g: f ( g ( x)) = g ( f ( x)) = x x x x2
Horizontal line test: will inverse be a function? Method 2: Mult. all terms by common denominator for
all.
Transformations: Binomial Theorem: 2 4 2 4
x2 i 2 x2 i
f ( x) over x-axis; f ( x) over y-axis n
n x 2
x = x x = 2 4 x = 1
(a + b) n = a n k b k 4x 2
f ( x + a) horizontal shift; f ( x) + a vertical shift k =0 k
4 2
2
4
x2 i x2 i 2
2
f (ax) stretch horizontal; af ( x) stretch vertical x x x x

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Trigonometry Radians and Degrees Trig Functions
o a o
Things to Remember! Change to radians multiply by sin = ; cos = ; tan =
180 h h a
180 h h a
Change to degrees multiply by csc = ; sec = ; cot =
Arc Length of a Circle = r (in radians) o a o
Special Right Triangles Quadrantal angles 0, 90, 180, 270 Reciprocal Functions
1 1 1
sin = ; cos = ; tan =
30-60-90 triangle CoFunctions: examples csc sec cot
side opposite 30 = hypotenuse sin = cos(90 ) ; tan = cot(90 ) csc =
1
; sec =
1
; cot =
1
side opposite 60 = hypotenuse 3 sin cos tan
Inverse notation:
arcsin(x) = sin-1(x) sin cos
tan = cot =
arccos(x) = cos-1(x) cos sin
arctan(x) = tan-1(x)
45-45-90 triangle Trig Graphs
hypotenuse = leg 2 sin x cos x
leg = hypotenuse 2

Law of Sines: uses 2 sides and 2 angles

sin A sin B sin C
= = Has an ambiguous case.
a b c amplitude = | max min| (think height)

Law of Cosines: uses 3 sides and 1 angle period = horizontal length of 1 complete cycle
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 = 2ab cos C
frequency = number of cycles in 2
Area of triangle: A = ab sin C
Area of parallelogram: A = ab sin C sinusoidal curve = any curve expressed as
y = A sin(B(x C)) + D

Pythagorean Identities: phase shift = measure of horizontal shifting

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 tan 2 + 1 = sec2
1 + cot 2 = csc2

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Statistics and Probability Probability
Normal Distribution and Standard Deviation Permutation: without replacement
Things to Remember! and order matters
n!
n Pr =
Statistics: (n r )!
x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 n Combination: without replacement
mean = x = = xi and order does not matter
n n i =1
median = middle number in ordered data n n Pr n!
n Cr = = =
mode = value occurring most often r r ! r !(n r )!

range = difference between largest and smallest Empirical Probability

# of times event E occurs
mean absolute deviation (MAD): P( E ) =
total # of observed occurrences
1 n
population MAD = xi x Binomial Probability
n i =1 r nr Theoretical Probability
n Cr p q exactly r times
n( E ) # of outcomes in E
variance: n P( E ) = =
n
or p r (1 p ) n r n( S ) total # of outcomes in S
1 r
population variance = ( x) 2 = ( xi x )
2

n i =1 [TI Calculator: binompdf(n, p, r)] P(A and B) = P(A)P(B)

for independent events
standard deviation: When computing "at least" and "at most" P(A and B) = P(A)P(B| A)
population standard deviation = probabilities, it is necessary to consider, in for dependent events
addition to the given probability,
1 n
x= ( xi x )
2
all probabilities larger than the given P(A ) = 1 P(A)
n i =1
probability ("at least")
[TI Calculator: 1 binomcdf(n, p, r-1)] P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)
for not mutually exclusive
Sx = sample standard deviation all probabilities smaller than the given
probability ("at most")
x = population standard deviation [TI Calculator: binomcdf(n, p, r)]
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
for mutually exclusive

P( A and B)
P ( B | A) = (conditional)
P( A)

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