GSM Fundemental

GSM Principles
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum,
frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniques
Get the idea of EDGE
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page2
References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,
each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group of
radios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by each
group of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
GSM Development
1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect
1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)
1992 System was named as Global System for

Mobile Communication
1994 Provide services for the whole world
1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system
Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell
A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. The
BTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it
can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service area
with high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse
technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also
the whole capacity of the network.
Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers to
use the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.
GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA

together).
FDMA
FDMA uses different frequency
channels to accomplish
Frequency
communication.
The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and receiving)
every channel can support the
traffic for one subscriber or some Time
control information.
TDMA
TDMA accomplishes the
communication in different
timeslot. Frequency
A carrier is divided into

channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , many
signals are transmitted on the Time
same frequency in different
time.
CDMA
CDMA accomplishes the
communication in different code
sequences. Frequency
Special coding is adopted before

transmission, then different
information will lose nothing
after being mixed and
transmitted together on the
same frequency and at the same
time. Time
The Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900
Uplink Downlink
890 915 935 960MHz
Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
DCS 1800
Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Duplex Separation: 95MHz

Channel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Frequency
Frequency Range Downlink
Uplink Frequency Point
Spectrum (MHz) Frequency
Available
450.4~457.
6 Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n- Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1
GSM 450 259<=n<=293
460.4~467. 259) 0
6
478.8~486 Fd(n)=Fu(n)+1
GSM 480 Fu(n)=479+0.2(n-306) 306<=n<=340
488.8~496 0
824~849 Fu(n)=824.2+0.2(n- Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
GSM 850 128<=n<=251
869~894 128) 5
0<=n<=124
E-GSM 880~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
975<=n<=102
900 925~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 5
3
0<=n<=124
R-GSM 876~915 Fu(n)=890+0.2n Fd(n)=Fu(n)+4
955<=n<=102
900 921~960 Fu(n)=890+0.2(n-1024) 5
3
1850~1910 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n- Fd(n)=Fu(n)+8

PCS 1900
Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. 512<=n<=810
Page15
1930~1990 512) 0
Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2
7 23
6 4
Frequency Reuse
5 7
1 3
9 11
6 8
2 4
10 12
4 site X 3 cells reuse
Cell Types
Omni
Omni-directional Cell
1
1
120
120 Degree Cell degree 2
3
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM-GPRS Network Component
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS
PCU
SS7
BSC SMS system
MS
BTS
GPRS Backbone Internet,
SGSN Intranet
GGSN
OMC CG BG
Other PLMN
Interface Between Different Entities
PSTN
MSC/VLR GMSC ISDN
GSM /GPRS BSS
A
Abis BSC
MS HLR/AUC
BTS C/D/Gs
PCU
SS7
BSC Gb SMS system
MS Um Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
BTS
GPRS backbone Internet,
SGSN Gi Intranet
Ga GGSN
OMC CG BG
Gp Other PLMN
Mobile StationMS
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Equipment Identity

(IMEI)
Mobile Equipment
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Subscriber Identity Module
Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile Subscriber
Identity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber

SIM
Identity (TMSI)
Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
Base Station Subsystem BSS
The Base Station Controller
MSC
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station

BTS BSS
The Trans-coder TC and TC/SM
Sub multiplexer (SM)
BSC
BTS
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet data
MSC
switching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb BSS

interface TC/SM GPRS
Backbone
BSC PCU SGSN
BTS
The Network Switching System
NSS AUC
HLR
OMC EIR
EC PSTN
MSC/VLR
Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Home Location Register HLR
Visitor Location Register VLR
Equipment Identity Register EIR
Authentication Center AUC BSS
Echo Cancellor EC
Mobile-service Switching Center
MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List IMEI is Checked In White List
Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on the

IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
equipment , not the
subscriber!
OMC Functional Architecture
Event/Alarm Security
Management Management
MMI
OS DB
Fault Configuration
Management Management
Performance
Management
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Service Area
Service Area
PLMN
PLMN service
service area
area PLMN service area
MSC service area... MSC service area...
Location area... Location area...

......
cell cell
LAI
MCC MNC LAC
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"
LAC: Location Area CodeIt is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.
For example: 460-00-0011
CGI
CGI: Cell Global Identification
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

The format is LAI+CI
LAI: Location Area Identification
CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
BSIC
BSICBase Station Identification Color Code)
NCC BCC
BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

allows various neighboring PLMNs to be
distinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to
distinguish different cells assigned the same
frequency!
MSISDN
CC NDC SN
National (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD
Example: 86-139-0666-1234
IMSI
Not more than 15 digits
3 digits 2 digits
MCC MNC MSIN

NMSI
IMSI
MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .

For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network CodeIt consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEF
For example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber IdentificationMNC and MSIN
form it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers
and notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.
The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and
determined by the operator.
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval center
FAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.
SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.
Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The physical channel is the medium over which the

information is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
The logical channel consists of the information carried

over the physical channels
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3
Timeslot The information carried in one time
slot is called a burst
TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME
Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Transmits traffic information, include data
and speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :

Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds of
control information.
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH
Traffic Channels
Speech Data
TCH/FS TCH/HS
TCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH Traffic Channel
TCH/FS Full rate Speech Channel
TCH/HS Half rate Speech Channel
TCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/s
TCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/s TCH/4.8
TCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
Control Channel (CCH)
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH BCH
SDCCH ACCH
BCCH Synch. CH.
FACCH SACCH CCCH

SCH FCCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH CBCH

Common Control Channel CCCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
Associated Control Channel ACCH PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel
BCCH
CCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
BCH
periodically when it is in idle mode
BCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel Synch.

BCCH Channels
SCH: Synchronization Channel
SCH FCCH
Common Control Channel CCCH
The CCCH is responsible for CCH

transferring control information
between all mobiles and the
network.
CCCH
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel RACH CBCH
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel uplink downlink
PCH/AGCH
downlink
Dedicated Control Channel
DCCH
CCH
DCCH is assigned to a single
wireless connection for
measurement and handover
purpose. DCCH
SDCCH: Stand-alone Dedicated
Control Channel
ACCH: Associated Control Channel
SACCH: Slow Associated SDCCH ACCH
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated Control
Channel
FACCH SACCH
Uplink Logical channel
CCH
RACH CCCH
SDCCH
SACCH DCCH DCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H
Downlink Logical channel
FCCH
BCCH SCH
CCH BCCH
PCH
CCCH
AGCH
SDCCH
DCCH SACCH
DCH FACCH
TCH/F
TCH
TCH/H
How to use these channels?
Power-off
Search for frequency correction burst FCCH
Search for synchronous burst SCH
Extract system information
BCCH
Idle mode
Monitor paging message

PCH
Send access burst
RACH
Allocate signaling channel
AGCH
Dedicated mode
Set up the call SDCCH
Allocate voice channel SDCCH
Conversation TCH
Release the call FACCH
Idle mode
Packet logic channel
Packet data channel (PDCH)
TCH
Comprising packet service channel and packet control
channel
TCH
Packet service channel (PDTCH)
Combined into the single-directional service channel
BCCH
Packet control channel CCCH
SACCH
Broadcast control channel: PBCCH
Public control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
GSM Logical Channel Combination
Main BCCH combination FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH
SDCCH combination SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Combined BCCH BCCH + CCCH +SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
TCH/FR combination TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/F
TCH/HR combination TCH/H + FACCH/H + SACCH/H
Combination of packet logic
channel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via the
following three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH
In case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use the
same BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combination
mode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel should
be configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 and
mode 2 should be adopted
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 46 47 48 49 50
51 Frame Multi-frames
CONTROL
CHANNELS
GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 21 22 23 24 25
26 Frame Multi-frames
TRAFFIC
CHANNELS
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
Power Control
Both Uplink and Downlink
power settings can be
controlled independently and
5W
individually.
0.8W
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
BCCH -------
Does not attend Power
control
DTX and VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Battery Saving
Interference reduction
Timing Advance (TA)
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
TA
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
Multi-path Fading
Diversity
Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for both
overcoming the impact of fading across the radio channel
and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e.

low enough correlated) fading between antenna
branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the
same time.
Kinds of Diversity
Time diversity t
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
f
Space diversity
Multiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
Frequency Hopping
Frequency
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Frame
Time
Contents
5. Radio Techniques
GSM Development Evolution
3G
2 Mbps
2.5G IMT-2000
384 kbps
EDGE
115 kbps
2G
57.6 kbps GPRS
9.6 kbps HSCSD
GSM
Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
Kbps 59.2
60.0
54.4
50.0 GPRS 44.8

EGPRS
40.0
29.6
30.0
21.4 22.4
20.0 17.6
15.6 14.8
13.4
11.2
9.0 8.8
10.0
0.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
GMSK 8PSK
Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
Summary
The basic idea of GSM
The frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
Thank you
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GSM Principles

Copyright 2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS

Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea

Know some radio techniques

Get the idea of EDGE

BSS Signaling Analysis Manual

BSC Technical Manual

1989 Standard Protocol for GSM take effect

1991 GSM system began to provide service in Europe(2G)

1992 System was named as Global System for

1994 Provide services for the whole world

1996 Micro Cell Technique is used in GSM system

There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :

GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA

A carrier is divided into

Special coding is adopted before

890 915 935 960MHz

Duplex Separation: 45MHz

Base Station Receive Base Station Transmit

1710 1785 1805 1880MHz

Duplex Separation: 95MHz

1850~1910 Fu(n)=1850.2+0.2(n- Fd(n)=Fu(n)+8

The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in

The quality of communication must be ensured.

7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse 2

4 site X 3 cells reuse

International Mobile Equipment Identity

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber

Location Area Identity (LAI)

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)

The Base Transceiver Station

Provide Pb and Gb BSS

Mobile-service Switching Center MSC

Operations and Maintenance Support

Inter-network & Inter-working

Current subscriber VLR (current location)

Supplementary service information

Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)

Authentication key and AuC functionality

Location Area Identity(LAI)

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)

Allocating the Roaming Number

EIR focus on the

Location area... Location area...

Location Area Identification

The LAI is the international code for a location area.

MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .

The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell

NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It

CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".

MCC MNC MSIN

MCC: Mobile Country CodeIt consists of 3 digits .

TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)

The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber

TAC FAC SNR SP

The physical channel is the medium over which the

The logical channel consists of the information carried

TDMA FRAME TDMA FRAME

Traffic Channel (TCH) :

Control Channel (CCH) :

FACCH SACCH CCCH

Broadcast Control Channel BCCH RACH CBCH