STEAM POWER PLANT

CLAVO MARTINEZ
 STEAM

The vapor into which water is converted

when heated, forming a white mist of minute
water droplets in the air.
 STEAM POWER PLANT

A plant
designed to
convert the
heat from the
combustion of a
fuel into
electrical
energy by means
of steam.
STEAM POWER PLANT
STEAM POWER PLANT LAYOUT
HOW A STEAM POWER PLANT WORKS
-The pulverised coal
is fed into the
boiler where the
pulverised coal is
burnt into the
furnace
-Due to heat from the
furnace, the water
present in the boiler
drum changes to the
high pressure steam
-From the boiler this
high pressure steam
is passed to the
super heater where it
is again heated up to
its dryness
HOW A STEAM POWER PLANT WORKS
-After that this super
heated steam strikes
the turbine blades
with a high speed and
the turbine blades
starts rotating to at
high speed. Here the
stored potential
energy of the steam is
gets converted into
mechanical energy
-A generator is
coupled with the
turbine rotor. As the
turbine rotates, the
generator also rotate
with same speed and
mechanical energy of
the turbine gets
converted into
electrical energy
HOW A STEAM POWER PLANT WORKS
-Steam after hitting
the turbines blades
lost its most of the
energy and leaves the
turbine with low
pressure steam.
-This low pressure
steam enters into the
condenser. Cold water
circulates in the
condenser from the
cooling tower. Here
the low pressure wet
steam is converted
into water.
HOW A STEAM POWER PLANT WORKS
-The burnt flue gases
from the furnace
passes through the
super heater,
economizer and air
pre-heater. This heat
of the flue gases is
used to heat the steam
in the super heater to
its dryness, to heat
feed water in the
economizer before
entering into the
boiler and to heat air
form the atmosphere in
the air pre-heater
before it enters into
the furnace.
-The ash from the
furnace is transported
to ash handling plant
and finally to the ash
storage
HOW A STEAM POWER PLANT WORKS
STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler
-Steam Turbine
-Condenser
-Generator
 STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler
-Steam Turbine It has the function to
-Condenser convert water into steam. The
process of change of water to
-Generator vapor done by heating the
water in pipes with heat from
burning fuel.
 STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler TYPES OF BOILERS

-Steam Turbine
-Condenser
-Generator
 STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler
-Steam Turbine
-Condenser Working to change the heat
-Generator energy contained in the steam
into rotary motion.
 STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler
-Steam Turbine
-Condenser
-Generator Devices to convert steam into
water.
 STEAM POWER PLANT COMPONENTS

-Boiler
-Steam Turbine
-Condenser Electrical energy is
-Generator generated from the generator
 STEAM CONDENSER

It is a device used to maintain vacuum

conditions on the exhaust of a steam prime
mover by transfer of heat to circulating
water or air at the lowest ambient
temperature.
 STEAM CONDENSER

IMPORTANCE
-Condenser gives the vacuum needed for steam to
exit spontaneously from the turbine. Without
vacuum, the steam will find it difficult to get
out of the turbine
-The condenser helps to recover the high quality
working fluid (pure water)
 STEAM CONDENSER

REASON FOR EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENT

-Condenser is a heat source as well. It can be used for
heating application. This would increase the overall
efficiency of the plant.
-If you could maintain low pressure at condenser, the
expansion of steam will be greater in turbine, thereby the
work done will be more.
-The exit temperature of condenser is considerably large
compared to the water temperature available in water sources.
Without condensor, we will be using the fresh charge of water
all the time and hence will be losing the sensible heat
saving. Thus, condenser improves thermal efficiency of the
plant
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM CONDENSERS

1. Surface Condenser
2. Contact Condenser
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM CONDENSERS

1. Surface Condenser
2. Contact Condenser
-Used to condense a steam
under vacuum, by absorbing
its latent heat in cooling
fluid, ordinarily water
CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM CONDENSERS

1. Surface Condenser
2. Contact Condenser

-Is a heat transfer device

in which the steam is
brought into direct
contact with a cooling
liquid such as water and
is condensed by giving up
its latent heat to the
liquid
 STEAM POWER PLANT ADVANTAGES

-Fuel cost of thermal power plant is relatively low

-We can produce thermal energy almost everywhere in the world
-Heat production System is simple compared to other system
-Overall system cost effective
-Easy mechanism
-Same heat could be reused
-Easier Maintenance of power station
-Use of water is prominent here, therefore, any places with ample
supply of water is a perfect location for installing a thermal power
station
-Thermal power plant requires comparatively small space to be
installed
 STEAM POWER PLANT DISADVANTAGES

-Huge production of Carbon-di-oxide (CO2) in the atmosphere

-Exhausted gases harms outside environment badly
-Low overall efficiency
-Thermal engines requires huge amount of lubricating oil that
is very expensive
-Nuclear thermal power plant demands excessive amount of
water for cooling purpose
-Coal type thermal power plant requires comparatively larger
duration before it supply generated power to the grid
-This type of power station ultimately responsible for raise
in sea water level
 SITE SELECTION

1. COST OF THE LAND

-the cost of the land which is selected for the
installation should be minimum or economical
2. POPULATION DENSITY OF THE LAND
-the distance of the steam power plant from the
public area should be appropriate distance, so
that in case of any failure or hazard happen in
the plant, the population of the area near to the
power plant should not be affected
 SITE SELECTION

3. AVAILABILITY OF WATER SOURCES

-there should be plenty of water sources in the
selected area, since the power plant requires a
large amount of water for the generation of steam
4. AVAILABILITY OF FUEL
-without the fuel, the plant will not work
5. TYPE OF LAND
-the land should be plain enough and it is
suitable for the various machinery of the plant
 SITE SELECTION

6. SCOPE FOR THE FUTURE DEMAND

-the size of the land should be such that is
capable for the handling of future power demand
7. AVAILABILITY OF ASH HANDLING FACILITY
-proper ash handling should be available near the
power plant to minimize the adverse effect of the
ash produced in the steam power plant
 SITE SELECTION

8. AVAILABILITY OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITY

-any material cannot be transported to the power
plant form to its required location in lack of
support, there should be easy availability of
power transportation facility at the selected
site
STEAM CYCLES
 RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT

Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle named

after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish
polymath. The cycle is the simplest cycle and is
the ideal steam power cycle.
Rankine cycle is basically operated by four major
components.
 RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT

Rankine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle named

after William John Macquorn Rankine, a Scottish
polymath. The cycle is the simplest cycle and is
the ideal steam power cycle.
Rankine cycle is basically operated by four major
components.

steam turbine, condenser, feedwater pump and

boiler
 RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT

ADVANTAGE
The pump requires a little amount of work to
deliver the condensate to the boiler.

DISADVANTAGE
During the expansion process in the turbine,
steam exits the turbine with moisture which
resulted to the formation of water droplets that
will damage turbine blades.
RANKINE CYCLE POWER PLANT
RANKINE CYCLE T-S DIAGRAM
 RANKINE CYCLE IDEAL PROCESSES

PROCESS 1-2: Isentropic

Expansion in a Turbine.
Superheated vapor or vapor
from the boiler expands
through the turbine thus
producing work and discharge
to a low-pressure condenser.
PROCESS 2-3: Constant Pressure
Heat Rejection in a Condenser.
The vapor condenses and heat
is transferred from the vapor
to the cooling water. The
temperature o the cooling
water increases.
 RANKINE CYCLE IDEAL PROCESSES

PROCESS 3-4: Isentropic

Compression in a Pump. Liquid
condensate from the condenser
is pumped to the high-
pressure boiler.
PROCESS 4-1: Constant-
Pressure Heat Addition In a
Boiler. The boiler feedwater
is heated and evaporated in
the high-pressure boiler as
it completes the cycle.
RANKINE CYCLE BASIC FORMULAS

TURBINE WORK

( ) = 1 2

( ) = 1 2

PUMP WORK

= 4 3

= 4 3
RANKINE CYCLE BASIC FORMULA

HEAT REJECTED IN CNDENSER

= 2 3

= 2 3

HEAT ADDED IN CONDENSER

= 1 4

= 1 4
 RANKINE CYCLE BASIC FORMULA

RANKINE CYCLE EFFICIENCY OR THERMAL CYCLE

EFFICIENCY
( ) (1 2 ) (4 3 )
= =
( ) 1 4
 CARNOT CYCLE

Carnot cycle is heat cycle that operates between

high and low-temperature reservoir and is the
most efficient thermodynamic cycle. The
efficiency of the Carnot cycle is the maximum
efficiency of any real cycle. The efficiency of a
real cycle is always lower than the efficiency of
a Carnot cycle.
CARNOT CYCLE T-S DIAGRAM
 CARNOT CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 1-2: Adiabatic

Reversible Expansion. The
piston and cylinder are
completely insulated so that
no heat is gained or lost
during the process. The
piston continues to expand
with increasing volume while
doing work on the
surrounding.
PROCESS 2-3: Isothermal
Compression. The piston
compresses the substance with
decreasing volume and heat is
transferred at constant
temperature reservoir.
 CARNOT CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 3-4: Adiabatic

Reversible Compression. The
piston and cylinder are
completely insulated in no
heat gained or lost during the
process. The piston compresses
the working substance and
causing the temperature to
rise.
PROCESS 4-1: Isothermal
Expansion. During the process,
the piston expands with
increasing volume and heat is
transferred reversibly at
constant temperature from the
high-temperature reservoir.
CARNOT CYCLE BASIC FORULAS

= 1 1 4
= 2 (2 3 )
= = 1 1 4 2 (2 3 )

CARNOT CYCLE EFFICIENCY

1 2
= = = =
1
: 1 = =
2 = =
 REHEAT CYCLE

In Reheat cycle, the steam passing through the

turbine is reheated at a certain intermediate
pressure. The steam is backed to the low-pressure
side of the turbine and this process reduces or
eliminates the moisture at the exit of the
turbine. The reheat cycle decreases thermal
efficiency but increases the turbine work.
REHEAT CYCLE
REHEAT CYCLE T-S DIAGRAM
 REHEAT CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 1-2: Isentropic

Expansion in the High-Pressure
Turbine.
PROCESS 2-3: Constant Pressure
Heat Addition (Reheating).
PROCESS 3-4: Isentropic
Expansion in the Low-Pressure
Turbine.
PROCESS 4-5: Constant Pressure
Heat Rejection in a Condenser.
PROCESS 5-6: Isentropic
Compression in a Pump.
PROCESS 6-1: Constant-Pressure
Heat Addition in a Boiler.
 REHEAT CYCLE BASIC FORMULAS

( ) = (1 2 ) + (3 4 )


( ) = (1 6 ) + (3 2 )


( ) = 4 6


( ) = 6 5

( ) = 6 5

= =

 REGENERATIVE CYCLE

This is a method of increasing the thermal

efficiency. Regeneration is a process where heat
is extracted between turbine stages and used to
heat water coming from the condenser thus
increasing the temperature of feedwater to the
boiler.
REGENERATIVE CYCLE
REGENERATIVE CYCLE T-S DIAGRAM
 REGENERATIVE CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 1-2: Partial Isentropic

Expansion in the Turbine.
PROCESS 2-3: Isentropic
Expansion in the Turbine.
PROCESS 3-4: Constant Pressure
Heat Rejection in a Condenser.
PROCESS 4-5: Isentropic
Compression in Pump 1.
PROCESS 5-6: Constant Pressure
Heat Addition in the Heater.
PROCESS 6-7: Isentropic
Compression in Pump 2.
 REGENERATIVE CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 7-1: Constant

Pressure Heat Addition in
a Boiler.
PROCESS 2-6: Constant
Pressure Heat Addition in
the Heater.
REGENERATIVE CYCLE BASIC FORMULAS

( ) = (1 2 ) + ( 1 )(2 3 )

( ) = (1 7 )
( ) = ( 1 )(3 4 )

( ) = 2 1


= =

 REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE

Combined Regenerative cycles are combined to

further improved overall thermal efficiency and
further reduced the moisture content of steam to
minimize corrosion.
REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE
REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE T-S DIAGRAM
 REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 1-2: Partial

Isentropic Expansion in
the Turbine.
PROCESS 2-3: Constant
Pressure Reheating.
PROCESS 3-4: Full
Isentropic Expansion in
the Turbine.
PROCESS 4-5: Constant
Pressure Heat Rejection in
a Condenser.
PROCESS 5-6: Isentropic
Compression in Pump 1.
 REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE PROCESSES

PROCESS 6-7: Constant

Pressure Addition in the
Heater.
PROCESS 7-8: Isentropic
Compression in Pump 2.
PROCESS 8-1: Constant
Pressure Heat Addition
in a Boiler.
PROCESS 2-7: Constant
Pressure Heat Addition
in the Heater.
REHEAT-REGENERATIVE CYCLE FORMULAS

( ) = (1 2 ) + ( 1 )(3 4 )

( ) = (1 8 )
= 1 )(4 5 )
( ) = 1 6 5 = 1 4 6 5

= =

SAMPLE PROBLEM
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the
turbine at 2.5 MPa and condenser of 50
MPa. What is the thermal efficiency?
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
GIVEN:
Pressure at 2.5 Mpa
Condenser at 50 kPa
REQUIRED:
Thermal efficiency ( )
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:
(From the Steam Tables, page 12)
Table 2. Saturation: Pressures

At 2.5 Mpa, = 2803. 1 /, = 6.2575 /-K

PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at
2.5 MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:
(From the Steam Tables, page 9)
Table 2. Saturation: Pressures

At 50 kPa, = 1.0910 /-K, = 6.5029 /-K,

= 340.49 /, = 2305.4 /
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:

= =

(1 2 )(4 3 )
=
1 4

: 1 = 2803. 1

3 = 340. 49 /
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:
Solving for 2 , 4 :
= +
6.2575 kJ/kg = 1. 0910 kJ/kg-K + x(6.5029 kJ/kg-K)
x = 0. 7945 kJ/kg

2 = +
kJ
2 = 340.49 + 0.7945 2305.4
kg
kJ
2 = 2172.13
kg
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:
4 = + (2 1 )

4 = 340.49 + 0.00103 [ 2500 + 50 kPa]

kJ
4 = 342.98
kg
Thus,

2803.12172.11 (342.98340.49)
= 100%
2803.1342.98

= 25.55%
PROBLEM:
In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 2.5
MPa and condenser of 50 MPa. What is the thermal
efficiency?
SOLUTION:
4 = + (2 1 )

4 = 340.49 + 0.00103 [ 2500 + 50 kPa]

kJ
4 = 342.98
kg
Thus,

2803.12172.11 (342.98340.49)
= 100%
2803.1342.98

= 25.55%
SEATWORK