SMART Mini-Idro

Software for the technical-economic feasibility analysis of small hydropower plants in fluent water courses

WORKING MODULES:

1.Discharge

2.Turbine

3.Energy

4.Costs

5.Financial Analysis

User Guide
 1. Discharge

1.1 Flow Duration Curve calculation

Flow Duration Curve input: Lombardia Regional curve
2Direct
(Italy)
input
1

duration (%) discharge (l/s)

discharge (l/s)
0% 4600.0
5% 3350.0
Flow Duration Curve
5000.0
10% 2750.0
15% 2400.0 4500.0
20% 2250.0
4000.0
25% 2125.0
30% 2000.0 3500.0
35% 1900.0
40% 1780.0 3000.0
45% 1680.0 2500.0
50% 1580.0
55% 1480.0 2000.0
60% 1370.0
1500.0
65% 1260.0
70% 1150.0 1000.0
75% 1030.0
80% 900.0 500.0
85% 720.0 0.0
90% 500.0 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
95% 400.0
duration
100% 150.0
Qmean (l/s) 1684.5

1.2 Minimum Environmental Flow calculation (MIF)

MIF input:
italian low n. 7/02Direct Input percentage of Qmean

Value [%] 10%

MIF [l/s] 168.5
 1.3 Net discharges calculation
duration(%) Qgross(l/s) MIF(l/s) Qnet(l/s)

discharge (l/s)
0% 4600.0 168.5 4431.5
5% 3350.0 168.5 3181.5
Flow Duration Curve
5000.0
10% 2750.0 168.5 2581.5
15% 2400.0 168.5 2231.5 4500.0 Qgross
20% 2250.0 168.5 2081.5
25% 2125.0 168.5 1956.5
4000.0 MIF
30% 2000.0 168.5 1831.5 3500.0 Qnet
35% 1900.0 168.5 1731.5
40% 1780.0 168.5 1611.5 3000.0
45% 1680.0 168.5 1511.5
2500.0
50% 1580.0 168.5 1411.5
55% 1480.0 168.5 1311.5 2000.0
60% 1370.0 168.5 1201.5
65% 1260.0 168.5 1091.5 1500.0
70% 1150.0 168.5 981.5 1000.0
75% 1030.0 168.5 861.5
80% 900.0 168.5 731.5 500.0
85% 720.0 168.5 551.5
90% 500.0 168.5 331.5 0.0
95% 400.0 168.5 231.5 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
duration
100% 150.0 150.0 0.0

1.4 Hydropower discharge

Design discharge
direct input from the FDC

Duration [%] 15%

Design discharge [l/s] 2,231.5

Volume that could be diverted [m3] 46,736,634

Diverted annual volume [m3] 42,952,314
Percent. Diverted volume [%] 91.90%
Diverted mean discharge [l/s] 1,362

net discharge diverted

duration(%)
discharge (l/s)

(l/s) disch. (l/s) Hydropower flow duration curve

0% 4431.5 2231.5 5000.0
5% 3181.5 2231.5
10% 2581.5 2231.5 4500.0
Qnet
15% 2231.5 2231.5 4000.0
20% 2081.5 2081.5 Qdiverted
25% 1956.5 1956.5 3500.0
30% 1831.5 1831.5
35% 1731.5 1731.5
3000.0
40% 1611.5 1611.5 2500.0
45% 1511.5 1511.5
50% 1411.5 1411.5 2000.0
55% 1311.5 1311.5
1500.0
60% 1201.5 1201.5
65% 1091.5 1091.5 1000.0
70% 981.5 981.5
75% 861.5 861.5 500.0
80% 731.5 731.5 0.0
85% 551.5 551.5
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
90% 331.5 331.5
95% 231.5 231.5 duration
100% 0.0 0.0

1.5 Utilization curves

Runoff coefficient of utilization 0.92
Plant coefficient of utilization 0.61
co e fficie n t o f u tiliz atio n

Utilization curves runoff plant Column AQ Column AQ

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 3500.0 4000.0 4500.0 5000.0
design discharge (l/s)
PREVIOUS MODULE: HOME: USER GUIDE: NEXT MODULE:

Home 2. Turbine
 2. Turbine

2.1 Net head calculation

Design discharge [l/s] 2231.5
Gross head [m] 100.00

Penstock features:
Penstock lenght [m] 150.00
Design speed in the penstock [m/s] 5.00
Strickler roughness [m1/3/s] 80
Penstock diameter [m]
[-]
0.754
0.026
DCOMM [m] 0.800
energy loss (adim)

maximum distributed loss [m] 3.95

maximum percentage loss [%] 3.95%

concentrated loss (= a * V2/2g) [m] 0.50 a = 0.5

net head with design discharge [m] 95.55

2.2 Turbine selection

Turbine type Pelton Turbine selection diagram

Curve correction [%] 0%

Maximum efficiency [-] 88%
Eff. alla Q di progetto [-] 86%

Turbine Minimum Discharge:

Q/Qp 40% QMIN [m3/s] 0.89

Q/Qp Q (m3/s) h
0% 0.00 0% Efficiency Curve
5% 0.11 16% 100%
10% 0.22 46%
90%
Efficiency

15% 0.33 64%

20% 0.45 76% 80%
25% 0.56 82%
30% 0.67 85% 70%
35% 0.78 87% 60%
40% 0.89 87%
45% 1.00 88% 50%
50% 1.12 88%
40%
55% 1.23 88%
60% 1.34 88% 30%
65% 1.45 88%
70% 1.56 88% 20%
75% 1.67 88% 10%
80% 1.79 88%
85% 1.90 88% 0%
90% 2.01 88% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
95% 2.12 87% % design discharge
100% 2.23 86%
 3. Energy

3.1 Characteristics of the plant

Plant name Progetto 1
Location Italia
River Fiume1

Design discharge [l/s] 2,231.5

Gross head [m] 100
Turbine type Pelton

3.2 Power
Turbine efficiency (Qdesign) [%] 86%
Local losses [m] 0.50
Maximum hydraulic loss [%] 3.95%
Generator efficiency [%] 97%
Transformer efficiency [%] 98%
Gearbox efficiency [%] 100%
Percentage of plant stop [%] 5%

Maximum power [kW] 1,803

Nominal power [kW] 1,622
Average power [kW] 1,148

3.3 Energy annual production

Energy annual production [MWh] 8,001
Operation theoretical duration [giorni] 274

Flow and power duration curves

Available discharge Hydropower discharge Actual Power
5000.0 2000.0
4500.0 1800.0
4000.0 1600.0
3500.0 1400.0
discharge (l/s)

3000.0 1200.0

power (kW)
2500.0 1000.0
2000.0 800.0
1500.0 600.0
1000.0 400.0
500.0 200.0
0.0 0.0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%duration
50% (% ) 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
 4. Costs

4.1 Investment estimate

Type of calculation:
Synthetic estimate
Formulas

intake costs (maximum discharge function)

a 0.000002
b 84238.00
CP() = a Q(m /s) + b Q(m /s) + c
3 2 3
c 81318.00
Q 2.23 [m3/s]
CP 269,299 []
Channel costs (maximum discharge and length function)
a -2.52
b 65.16
c 254.26
CCA(/m) = a Q(m3/s)2 + b Q(m3/s) + c
Q 2.23 [m3/s]
L 2000.00 [m]
CCA 774,204 []
Penstock costs (diameter and length function)
a 691.56
b 447.29
CCF(/m) = a D(m)2 + b D(m) + c c 55.39
D 0.80 [m]
L 150.00 [m]
CCF 128,373 []
Powerhouse costs (installed power function)
a 0.002400
b 782.52
CCE() = a P(kW)2 + b P(kW) + c c 261362.00
P 1622 [kW]
CCE 1,537,204 []
TOTAL COST () 2,709,080

Total Plant cost 2,709,080 []

National contribution 0% [%]

Capital Cost () 2,709,080

 5. Financial Analysis

5.1 Parameters
Financial parameters
discount rate 0.05
project life (years) 30

5.2 Annual costs

management & maintenance 3% [% of the investment cost]
manag. & maint. costs 81,272 [/year]
taxes & fees 12.57 [/kW/year]
taxes & fees costs 20,393 [/year]

Annual costs 101,665 [/year]

5.3 Annual benefit

Energy price 0.07 [/kWh]

Green certificates SI Green certificate price: 0.137 [/kWh] for the first 15 years

5.4 Financial analysis

Net present value (NPV) 15,715,638 []
Updated performance index 5.80 [-]
Equal benefit cost updated peri 1.87 [years]
Pay Back Period 2.69 [years]
An n u a l c o sts a n d b e n e fits (M )

Benefit - costs rate 4.68 [-]

benefit and cost breakdowns:

green certificates energy sales management % fees investment
2000000
1500000
1000000
500000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
-500000
-1000000
-1500000
-2000000
-2500000 years
c u m u la t iv e c a s h f lo w ( M )

-3000000

20000000
comulative cash flow

15000000

10000000

5000000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

-5000000
years
10000000

5000000

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

-5000000
years