Usefulness of DC Load Flows over AC Load

Flows
Krishna Sandeep Ayyagari
January 2017

1 Introduction
1.By the basic Load Flow Equations we have

Si = Pi + jQi (1)

S = V I (2)
N
X
I= Vk YiK
k=1

Substitute the above in Equation -2 and Equating with 1

N
X
Pi + jQi = Vi ( Vk YiK )
k=1
N
X
= Vi ( Vk Yik ej (i k ik )
k=1

Pi =Real Power Injected

Qi =Reactive Power Injected.

Vi = |Vi |6 i Voltage at sending end bus.

Vk = |Vk |6 k Voltage at receiving end bus.

Yik = |Yik |6 ik Line series admittance.

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 Substituting all the above in Equation -4 we get

Pi = |Vi | |Vk | |Yik |cos(i ik k )

(3)
Qi = |Vi | |Vk | |Yik |Sin(i ik k )

Representing the Above equation in Polar-Coordinates

Pi = |Vi | |Vk | ej ik (Gik J Bik ) = |Vi | |Vk |(cosik + jSinik )(Gik J Bik )
(4)
Equating Real and Imaginary parts we get
PN
Pi = |Vi | k=1 |Vk |((Gik cos((i) (k)) + Bik sin((i) (k))
PN
Qi = |Vi | k=1 |Vk |(Gik sin((i) (k)) Bik cos((i) (k))

From the above equations we can say that Power depends on the difference
of phases.

Yik = Gik + J Bik

Zik = Rik + jXik

1
Yik = (5)
Zik

Gik = Rik /Ri 2k + Xi 2k

Bik = Xik /Ri 2k + Xi 2k

1.1 Need for DC Power Flows

As From the above AC power flow equations it can be seen that they are Non-
Linear due to the presence of sin and cosine terms we need simplified linear
power flows for analyzing the huge system.

The Following Assumptions are made for making the above equations linear.

1.2 Assumptions
1.Voltage angle differences are small i.e Sinik = ik andCosik = 1
2.Flat Voltage Profile i.e all voltages are set to 1.0 Pu

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3.Line Resistance is negligible i.e RX lossless line.
4.Tap changing Transformers are ignored.
PN
Pi |Vi | Pk=1 |Vk | Bik (i k )
n
Qi |Vi | k=1 |Vk | (Bik )(6)

Pulling out K=i term from the above equation

N
X N
X
Pi = |Vi |2 (Bii (i i ))+ |Vi ||Vk |(Bik (i k ))Pi = |Vi ||Vk |(Bik (i k )
k=1k 6=i k=1k 6=i
(7)

We know that the susceptance from the YBus is given by

N
X
Bii = bi + bik (8)
k=1K6=i

Bik = bik (9)

The Reactive power flow equation can be written as by pulling out i=k term in
the above
N
X
Qi = |Vi | |Vk |(Bik ) (10)
k=1
N
X
Qi = |Vi |2 Bii |Vi | |Vk |(Bik ) (11)
k=1k 6=i

N
X N
X
Qi = |Vi |2 [bi + bik ] |Vi | |Vk |(bik ) (12)
k=1K6=i k=1k 6=i

N
X N
X
= |Vi |2 bi [ |Vi |2 bik |Vi | |Vk |(bik ) (13)
k=1k6=i k=1k 6=i

N
X
= |Vi |2 bi [ |Vi | bik (|Vi | |Vk |) (14)
k=1k6=i

In the above equation we can see two important terms The first being the
reactive power supplied(Capacitor) or consumed(Inductor) by shunt susptance
modelled at k

The second term corresponds to the reactive power flowing on the circuits
connected to bus k. Only these circuits will have nonzero bik .

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One sees, then, that each circuit will have per-unit reactive flow in proportion
to (a) the bus k voltage magnitude and (b) the difference in per-unit volt-
ages at the circuits terminating buses. The direction of flow will be from the
higher voltage bus to the lower voltage bus.
3.Considering the Voltage Magnitudes Vi = Vk 1
PN
Qi = bi [ k=1k6=i bik (|Vi | |Vk |)
PN
Pi = k=1k 6=i (bik (i k )(15)

Reactive power flow across circuits is determined by the difference in the voltage
phasor magnitudes between the terminating buses.

2.Real power flow across circuits is determined by the difference in voltage pha-
sor angles between the terminating buses. Real power flow across circuits tends
to be significantly larger than reactive power flow,i.e., usually, we will see that

Pi > Qi (16)

So V AR wont travel as per old saying

1.3 Why it is compared to DC Power Flow

1. Reactance Play the Role of Resistance in DC circuit
2.Voltage angle play the role of DC Voltage.
3.Power Play the Role of DC current.
i k Vi Vk
Pik = Iik =
xik Rik

2 Real vs Reactive Power Flow

Recall that our original intent was to represent the network in our optimization
problem because of our concern that network constraints may limit the ability
to most economically dispatch the generation. There are actually several dif-
ferent causes of network constraints, but here, we will limit our interest to the
type of constraint that is most common in most networks, and that is circuit
overload.
Circuit overload is caused by high current magnitude. When the current mag-
nitude exceeds a given threshold for a particular circuit (called the rating), we
say that overload has occurred.

Si = Pi + J Qi = Vi Ii Ii = (Pi + J Qi /Vi ) (17)

p
|Ii | = (Pi2 + Q2i )/|Vi |) (18)

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Neglecting Qi sincePi >>>> Qi andmakingVi = 1

|Ii | |Pi |

In optimization problems we look at the real power only.

P =B (19)

3 Monitoring and Optimization of Power Grids

3.1 Necessity of Optimization
1.Cateostrophic Cascade Failures
2.Environment Issues
3.Integration of renewable Energy
4.Physical and Cyber Attacks on Power Infrastructure.
SmartGrid is the answer for above all.

3.2 Smart Grid over Conventional Grid

1.PMU(Phasor Measurement Units)
2.Two Way Communication
3.Demand Response(End User Power Usage Vs Energy Pricing)
4.Bi-directional Power Flow

3.3 Signal processing in the Grid,Past,Present and Future

1.Manual Calculations
2.Infeasible Equations
Overcomes.
1.Signal Processing Techniques
2.Power Systems State Estimation.
3.Bad Data removal
4.Big Data

3.4 Model Preliminaries

V = V ej = Vr + j Vi (20)
X X X
Im =( ymn + j bcmn /2)Vm n 6= mVn ymn (21)
m6=n n6=m

Advantage of Ybus over Z bus is determined.