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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A Observation Manual

On

Survey Practical I

III SEMESTER

Regulation 2013 SYLLABUS

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI

PREPARED BY VERIIED BY
1
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:

1. Study of chains and its accessories


2. Aligning, Ranging and Chaining
3. Chain Traversing
4. Compass Traversing
5. Plane table surveying: Radiation
6. Plane table surveying: Intersection
7. Plane table surveying: Traversing
8. Plane table surveying: Resection Three point problem
9. Plane table surveying: Resection Two point problem
10. Study of levels and levelling staff
11. Fly levelling using Dumpy level
12. Fly levelling using tilting level
13. Check levelling
14. LS and CS
15. Contouring
16. Study of Theodolite

Total Hours: 60

2
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

All the students are instructed to wear protective uniform, shoes and cap before

entering into the laboratory.

Before starting the exercise, students should have a clear idea about the principles of

that exercise.

All the students are advised to come with completed record and corrected field book

of previous experiments, defaulters will not be allowed to do their experiment.

Dont operate any instrument without getting concerned staff members prior

permission.

All the instruments are costly. Hence handle them carefully, to avoid fine for any

breakage.

Utmost care must be taken to avert any possible injury while on laboratory work. In

case, anything occurs immediately report to the staff members.

One student from each batch should put his/her signature during receiving the

instrument in instrument issue register.

Dont adjust the permanent adjustment screws of levelling instrument and theodolite

and to avoid the collection of fine amount equivalent to the servicing charge of the

particular instrument.

3
CONTENTS
EX.NO. NAME OF THE EXERCISES PAGE NO.

CHAIN SURVEYING
01 Pacing 08
02 Ranging and chaining of a line 09
03 Determine area of the given boundary Using chain survey 10
04 Determine the area of the boundary using chain survey
12
(perpendicular offset
05 Running a closed traverse around An existing building 14

COMPASS SURVEYING
06 Study of bearings using prismatic and surveyors compass 18
07 Measuring the distance between two inaccessible points 19
08 Compass traverse 21

PLANE TABLE SURVEYING


09 Radiation method of plane table 26
10 Intersection method of plane table 27
11 Plane table traversing 29
12 Two point problem 30
13 Three point problem tracing paper method (mechanical
32
method)
14 Three point problem (trial and error method) 34
15 Three point problem perpendicular method 36
16 Three point problem (bessel's method) 37
LEVELLING
17 Simple levelling 44
18 Fly levelling 45
19 Check levelling 47
LONGITUDINAL & CROSS SECTIONING
20 Longitudinal sectioning 49
21 Cross sectioning 51

CONTOURING

22 Contouring 53
23 Study of Theodolite 54
4
CHAIN SURVEYING

5
CHAIN SURVEYING

DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS


A) Chain: -

1. The chains lengths of 20 meters / 30 meters.


2. The brass tallies are fixed at every 5m length.
3. Small brass rings are provided at every one meter length.
4. This is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire of 4mm in diameter
called links.
5. The ends of each links are bent into a loop and connected together by means of three
oval rings which gives flexibility to the chain.
6. The length of each links is 20cm (i,e) the distance between two consecutive middle rings.
7. The end of the chains are provided with brass handle for dragging the chain on the
ground.
8. The length of the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the other.
9. To hold the arrows in the position with the handle of the chain a groove is cut on the
outside surface of the handle.
B) Ranging rods: -

1. They are usually of 2m or 3m in length.


2. They are in circular cross section and having alternate block, white and red bands of 20
cm length each to make them visible at a distance.
3. They are used for ranging the lines and for marking the positions of points on the ground.
C) Arrows: -

1. They are made of a wire of 4mm diameter for 40 cm. Length.


2. They are pointed at one end for inserting into the ground and bent at the other end for
facility of carrying.
3. They are used to mark the end of each chain during chain age.

6
D) Offset rods: -

1. These are measuring for rough offsets.


2. They are round rods with pointed end on one side and provided with notch or a hook at
the other to facilitate pulling the pushing the chain through obstructions.
E) Cross staff: -

1. This consists of a wooden block with two fine sow cuts at right angels to each other on
the top
2. This is used to set a perpendicular at a given point on the chain line.
3. This head is fixed to a top an iron staff with pointed end to drive into the ground.
F) Optical square: -

1. This is also used to set a perpendicular with more accuracy.


2. This has two mirrors placed at an angle of 45 to each other.
3. By means of reflection we can see the ranging rods along the chain line and the offset
point at right angles to the chain line simultaneously.

7
EXERCISE NO .1

PACING
Aim: -
To determine the Pace Value & the distance between two given points

Instruments Required: -
Tape, ranging rods

Procedure:-
A) To find Pace Value: -
1) Fix two ranging rods at a known distance.
2) Walk over the line from one end (A) to other end (b) and count the number of steps (paces)
required.
3) Calculate the pace value using formula, pace value = known distance/No of steps.
B) To find the distance between two given points: -
1) Fix two ranging rods at two given points.
2) Walk over the line between the two ranging rods from one end to other end and count the
number of steps (paces) required.
3) Required distance = No of steps Your pace value.

Observation and calculations: -


1) No of steps required to walk over a known distance of =
2) Pace Value = known distance / No of steps your pace value =
3) No of steps required to walk over the two given points =
4) Required Distance = No. of steps Your pace value =
.

Result: -
1) Pace value =
2) Distance between the two given points =

8
EXERCISE NO .2

RANGING AND CHAINING OF A LINE


Aim: -
To find the distance between the given two points by ranging and chaining a line

Instruments Required: -
Chain (30m), Ranging rods& Arrows
Procedure:-
A) For ranging a line: -
1. Fix the ranging rods vertically at the ends of the given line.
2. To find the intermediate ranging rod, instruct the other to stand with a ranging rod at any
intermediate point desired.
3. Stand at about 2m behind the first ranging rod and instruct the other person to adjust the
ranging rod in such a way that the intermediate ranging rod comes in a line with the end
rods.
4. Erect the rod vertically at that point.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 5 to erect other intermediate ranging rods.

B) For chaining the line: -


1. Hold one handle of the chain at first ranging rod.
2. Instruct the other man to drag the chain along the given line.
3. Fix the arrows at the end of the chain length.
4. Do the same procedure for the full length of the end of the line.
5. Count any fractions of the chain length at the end of the last ranging rod by using tallies,
rings and links.
Observations: -
1) No of Chain A =
2) Fraction of chain length B =

Calculation
1) Length of the given line = AX 30 + B =

Results: -
Length of the given line =

9
EXERCISE NO .3
DETERMINE AREA OF THE GIVEN BOUNDARY

USING CHAIN SURVEY


Aim: -
To calculate the area of the given boundary line ABCD
Instruments Required: -
Chain (30m), Ranging rods, Arrows, Pegs
Formula
abc
Semi Perimeter of the triangle S Unit
2
Area of the triangle A S(S a )(S b)(S c) unit 2

Procedure: -
1. The survey stations are fixed.
2. To range a line AB, first ranging rods are fixed at the end of the line.
3. The surveyors stand just behind the ranging rod A. the assistant holds a ranging rod at point C,
approximately on the line AB.
4. Then surveyor directs the assistant to move the ranging rod left or right, till the three ranging
rods are exactly in a straight line.
5. Now, the leader stretches the chain by aligning it with the intermediate points established and
inserts the arrow into the ground at the end of the chain to indicate one chain length.
6. The leader again moves in the foreword direction with the chain.
7. The operation is repeated until the end station of the line is reached.
8. The end chain length may not be a full chain length. Hence the leader stretches the chain beyond
the end stations and the fractional chain length indicated by the chain with the end station.
9. Now, the follower counts the number of arrows that he has collected to get the number of full
chains.
10. The distance between two points is equal to number of chain plus the fractional chain length.
11. Checked the accuracy of the measurement, the line is measured in the reverse direction.
12. Other survey lines followed by above procedure.

Result: -
The area of the boundary ABCD=..m2

10
A,B,C,D are survey stations
AB, CD are Diagonal line or check line.

11
EXERCISE NO .4
DETERMINE THE AREA OF THE BOUNDARY USING CHAIN SURVEY
(PERPENDICULAR OFFSET)
Aim: -
To determine the area of the boundary by perpendicular offset method

Instruments Required: -
Chain (30m), Ranging rods, Arrows, Pegs, cross staff.

Formulae
Area of the triangle A = bh unit2
Area of the trapezoidal A = h (a+b) unit2

Procedure: -
1. The survey stations are fixed.
2. To range a line AB, first ranging rods are fixed at the end of the line.
3. The surveyors stand just behind the ranging rod A, the assistant holds a ranging rod at
point C, approximately on the line AB.
4. Locating the perpendicular offset by Using cross staff.
5. Move the cross staff towards left or right.
6. Now base line (AB) is visible to perpendicular line also visible.
7. Perpendicular line measurements are taken.
8. The operation is repeated until the end station of the line is reached.
9. Checked the accuracy of the measurement, the line is measured in the reverse direction.
10. Other survey lines followed by above procedure.
11. The split the area, the triangles and trapezoidal.
12. Area calculation followed by triangle and trapezoidal area formulae.

Result: -
The area of the Field = m2

12
13
EXERCISE NO .5
RUNNING A CLOSED TRAVERSE AROUND
AN EXISTING BUILDING
Aim: -
To plot a plan of an exiting building by running a closed traverse

Instruments Required: -
Chain (30m), Cross staff, Optical square, Ranging rods, Arrows

Procedure: -
1. Ranging and chain the lines around the building to form a rectangle in clockwise or
anticlockwise direction.
2. Measure all offset points (perpendicular / oblique) from the chain.
3. Plot the building in a drawing sheet with suitable scale.

Result: -
The building plan was plotted.

14
COMPASS SURVEYING

15
COMPASS SURVEYING

DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS

A. Prismatic Compass: -

1. The magnetic needle is attached to the circular ring made up of aluminum


2. The needle is on the pivot to orient N and S ends.
3. The line of sight is defined by object vane and eye slit both attached to the compass bar.
4. The Object consists of a vertical hair attached to a suitable frame while the eye slit consists of a
vertical slit above the prism unit.
5. When the object is sighted, the sight vanes will rotate with respect to the NS end of the ring
through an angle, which the line makes with the magnetic Meriden.
6. The reading increases in clockwise elevation from 0at south and to 90 at west end 180 at
north end and 270 at east end.
7. Break pin is placed at the base of the object vane to clamp the oscillations of the needle during
taking reading.
8. To sight the objects, which are too high or too low, a hinged mirror is placed.
9. Dark glasses are used to sight bright objects.

Adjustment of prismatic compass: -

A) Centering: -
a. Its the process of keeping the instruments exactly over the station.
b. It is done by dropping a pebble from the center of the bottom of the instrument.
B) Leveling: -
a. For which the tripod is provided with ball and socket arrangements
b. Adjust the box in such a way that the graduation disc is swinging freely and
appears to be level.
C) Focusing the prism: -
a. The prism attachment is sided up or down till the readings are seen to be sharp
and clear.

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Surveyors Compass: -
1. The object vane is similar to that of prismatic compass.
2. The eye vane consists of a simple metal vane with a fine slit without the prism.
3. Graduation ring is directly attached to the box and not with needle.
4. The object is to be sighted first with the object and eye vanes and reading is then taken against
the north end of the needle, by looking vertically through the top glass.
5. The card is graduated in quadrantal system having 0 at N and S ends & 90 at west and east
ends.

17
EXERCISE NO .6
STUDY OF BEARINGS USING PRISMATIC AND
SURVEYORS COMPASS
Aim: -
To find the bearing of different objects and to convert WCB to RB
Instruments Required: -
Prismatic Compass, Surveyors Compass with stand, Ranging Rods
Procedure: -
1. Setup the instrument at any convenient point and do the initial adjustments.
2. Turn the compass box until the ranging rod at the object vane is bisected by the hair when
looked through the slit above the prism.
3. Not down the reading at which the hairline produced appears to cut the image of the graduated
ring.

Observation:
Inst. At Sight to WCB Reduced Bearing
In Degree In Minutes In Degree In Minutes

Rule for the conversion of WCB to RB

Case W.C.B Between Rule for RB Quadrant


I 0 and 90 = W.C.B N.E
II 90 and 180 = 180 W.C.B S.E
III 180 and 270 = W.C.B 180 S.W
IV 270 and 360 = 360 W.C.B N.W

Results: -
1. Whole Circle Bearing =
2. Reduced Bearing =

18
Exercise No .7
MEASURING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN
TWO INACCESSIBLE POINTS
Aim: -
To determine the distance between the given two inaccessible points

Instruments Required: -
Prismatic Compass, Tape, Ranging rods

Procedure: -
1. Let PQ be the line jointing the given two points.
2. Select any two convenient points A and B such that AB is approximately parallel to PQ.
3. Center the compass over the station A and do initial adjustments.
4. Erect the ranging rod at B.
5. Turn the compass box until the ranging rods at the stations P, Q and B are bisected by the hair
when seeing through the slit above the prism.
6. Note the readings, which give the required bearings.
7. Now the instrument is shifted to B and ranging rod to A.
8. Again the readings are noted at B by bisecting A, P and Q.
9. The included angles can be determined from the bearings.
10. Using sine formula, and cosine formula the unknown distance PQ can be found out.

Observations

Int. At Sight to Bearing Included angle.


P
A Q
R
A
B P
Q

19
Calculation.
Using Sine Formula
a b c
= =
Sin A Sin B Sin C

Similarly, from these formula we can find AP and AQ.

Then using cosine formula


PQ 2 = AP 2 + AQ 2 - 2(AP)(AQ) COS PAQ

Result: -
The distance between the given two points =

20
EXERCISE NO .8

COMPASS TRAVERSE

Aim: -
To run a closed traverse along a given boundary, adjust the closing error by Bowditch rule and
calculate the local attraction.
Instruments Require: -
Prismatic compass, Chain, Arrows, Ranging rods
Procedure: -
1. Let A, B, C, D and E be the given points along the closed traverse.
2. Set up the instruments at each point and note down fore bearing and back bearing (i.e.) A to B
and B to A.
3. Measure the distances between the consecutive points.
Observation: -

Local
Line Distance in m F.B B.B F.B ~ B.B Attraction.
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

Calculation: -
Local Attraction = (F.B B.B) = 180
Bowditchs Correction: -
1. Let A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, represent a traverse as plotted by bearings and distance in which the
end point A does not coincide exactly with the starting point A.
2. Then the line AA1, represent the closing error of the traverse.
3. Draw a horizontal line AA1, equal to the length of the perimeter of the traverse and set off along
its distances AB1, B1C1, C1D1, D1E1 & E1A1 equal to the lengths of the slides to any convenient
scale to adjust the closing error.
4. Draw a line Aa, a at A parallel and equal to the closing error AA.

21
5. Join Aa and from B1, C1, D1 and E1. Draw lines B1b, C1c, D1d and E1e parallel to A1a
intersecting the line AA at b 1, c1, d1 and e representing.
6. The intercepts B1, b1, D1d and E1e, which represent the corrections both in magnitude the
stations B1, C1, D1 and E1 are to be shifted.
7. Draw short lines through each of the stations B1, C1, D1 and E1 parallel to the closing error AA1
and set off along them on the proper side, the distance B1B1, C1C1, D1D1 and E1E equal to B1b,
C1c, D1d and E1e respectively.
8. Now ABCDEA represents the adjusted traverse.

Result: -
The amount of closing error =.

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PLANE TABLE SURVEYING

23
PLANE TABLE SURVEYING
Description of the instruments
a) Drawing Board: -
1. It is made of soft wood with a size from 40 cm 30 cm to 75 cm 60 cm
2. It is mounted on a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled and revolved about a vertical axis
and clamped in any position.

b) Alidade: -
1. It consists of a metal rule with two vanes at the ends.
2. One of the vanes is provided with a narrow slit while the other is open and carries a hair or the
wire.
3. The alidade can be rotated about the points representing the instrument station on the sheet so
that the line of sight passes through the object to be sighted.
4. For accurate centering a telescopic alidade is used.

c) U Frame: -
1. The fork consists of a hairpin shaped frame in which a plumb bob is suspended form the end of
the lower arm.
2. This is used to transfer the ground point on to the sheet to make the two points in a vertical line.

d) Sprit level: -
1. The table is leveled by placing this level transversely and longitudinally on the board and
bringing the bubble at the center of the tube.

e) Trough compass: -
1. This is used for orienting the table to magnetic north.

ADJUSTMENTS OF THE INSTRUMENT


Leveling: -
1. The table is leveled by placing the sprit level on the board in two positions at right angles and
the bubble central in both directions.

24
Centering: -
1. This is done in such a way that the point plotted on the sheet should be exactly over the station
on the ground by adjusting the table with the help of U frame.

Orientation: -
1. It is the process of putting the plane table into same fixed direction so that the line representing a
certain direction on the sheet is parallel to that direction on the ground.
2. This is done when more than one instrument station is used.

METHOD OF ORIENTATION: -
By using trough compass: -
1. The compass is placed on the table with the needle floats centrally and a pencil line is ruled
against the long side of a bar.
2. When the table is to be oriented at any other station, the compass is placed against this line
and the table is rotated until the needle floats centrally, then clamp the table

By using back sighting: -


1. This is done by keeping the alidade in the reverse elevation (ba) an the previously drawn lines
ab when the table is at B.
2. Then turn the table about its vertical axis until the point A is bisected, and clamp it.

25
EXERCISE NO .9

RADIATION METHOD OF PLANE TABLE

Aim: -
To measure and plot the distances of various field objects by radial method
Instruments required: -
Plane table with stand, tape, trough compass, U-frame
General: -
This method is suitable for the survey of the small areas, which can be recommended from a
single station.

Procedure: -
1) Select a point P so that all points to be located are visible from it.
2) Set up the table at P and after leveling it using bubble tube, clamp the board.
3) Select a point p on the sheet so that it is exactly over the station P on the ground by the use
of U frame.
4) Centering the alidade on p sight the various points A, B, C, etc, and draw rays along the
finducial edge of the alidade.
5) Measure the distance PA, PB, PC etc, from P to the various points using chain or tape.
6) Plot these distances to a suitable scale along the corresponding rays on the paper.
7) Join the points a, b, c, etc to give the outline of the profile.
8) Mark the magnetic meridian at the right hand top corner of the paper using trough compass.
Caution: -Care must be taken to see that alidade is toughing the point P while the sights are being
taken.

Result: -
The outline of the profile is plotted as shown.
A = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)
a+b+c
s=
2

26
EXERCISE NO .10

INTERSECTION METHOD OF PLANE TABLE

Aim: -
To plot different field objects by using inter section method.

Instrument Required: -
Plane table with accessories, tape and ranging rods
General: -
This method is suitable when it is difficult or impossible to measure distance as in the case of
the survey of a mountainous country.

Procedure: -
1. Select two points P and Q such that form these two stations all the points to be plotted are
visible.
2. Set the table at P and transfer P to p on the paper using U frame.
3. Pivot the alidade at P and sight the station Q (at which a ranging rod have to be erected) and
other objects A, B, C, etc and draw rays along the fiducially edge of the alidade towards Q, A,
B, C, etc.
4. Measure the distance PQ using tape.
5. Unloaded the table at P and set it on Q such that the plotted q on the paper be directly placed
over Q then level the table.
6. Place the alidade along qp and after orienting the table by back sighting P clamp it.
7. Pivot the alidade at q and sight the same objects A, B, C etc and draw rays with the
corresponding rays drawn from p determine the positions of the objects A, B, C, etc, on the
sheet.
8. Mark the magnetic meridian at right hand to corner of the sheet.

Result: -
The outline of the profile is plotted.

27
28
EXERCISE NO .11

PLANE TABLE TRAVERSING

Aim: -
To run survey lines between various field objects by traversing.

Instruments Required: -
Plane table with accessories, tape and ranging rods

General: -
This method is similar to that of compass or transit traversing. It is suitable for the survey of
roads, rivers, etc.

Procedure: -
1. Select the traverse stations A, B, C, etc.
2. Set up the table at A. Select a point a Suitably on the sheet. Center and level the table. Mark
the magnetic meridian at right hand top corner.
3. Mark the direction of magnetic meridian.
4. Centering the alidade on A sight the ranging rod at B and draw a ray along the fiducially edge
of the alidade.
5. Measure the distance between the stations A and B using tape and fix a point b on the sheet by
choosing a suitable scale.
6. Shift the instrument and set it up at B. Orient the table by back sighting on A with the alidade
along ba, then clamp the board.
7. Pivot the alidade at b sight the station C and draw a ray along the fiducially edge of the
alidade.
8. Measure BC and plot it on the sheet to fix the position of C on the sheet as c.
9. Continue the process until all the remaining stations are plotted.
Note: -
If the traverse is a closed one, the closing error is adjusted graphically as in compass Traversing.
For the open traverse, any well-predefined objects are sighted at every station.

Result: -
The traverse is a closed one and is plotted.
29
EXERCISE NO .12

TWO POINT PROBLEM

Aim:-
To determine the instrument station by two point problem.

Instruments Required: -
Plane table with Accessories, Tape and Ranging Rods

General: -
The two-point consists in locating the position on the station occupied by the plane table by
means of observations to two well-defined points which are visible from the instrument station and
whose points have been already plotted on the plan. Let A & B be two well-known points with known
distance C be the station to be plotted.
Procedure: -
1. Draw ab to suitable scale corresponding to AB.
2. Choose an auxiliary station D.
3. Set up the table at D and level it. Orient the table by judging ab to be parallel to a b and climb it.
4. Mark the magnetic meridian at the right hand top corner.
5. Pivot the alidade on a and sight A and draw back ray.
6. Similarly, pivot the alidade on b and sights B and draw back ray.
7. Denote the back ray intersection point as d1.
8. Pivot the alidade on d1 and sight C and draw a ray, note it as c1 d1.
9. Remove the table from D and set it up at C and level it.
10. Orient the table by back sighting on D along c1d 1.
11. Pivot the alidade on a sight A and draw back ray, which bisects the ray c1d1 at c1.
12. Pivot the alidade on C1, sight B and draw a ray (if the table is correctly oriented then this ray
pass through b otherwise not).
13. If the ray doesnt pass through b, join d1b and extend it the joining of d1b line and the ray drawn
is denoted as b1.
14. Place the alidade along ab1 and fix a ranging rod P at a great distance from B.

Result: -
The instrument station C is plotted on the sheet of paper as c using two point problem.
30
Model Fig

Two Point Problem

31
EXERCISE NO .13
THREE POINT PROBLEM TRACING PAPER METHOD
(MECHANICAL METHOD)
Aim: -
To determine the instrument station by three point problem using Mechanical or Tracing paper
method.

Instruments Required: -
Plane Table With Accessories, Tape And Ranging Rods.

General: -
Finding the location of the station occupied by a plane table on the sheet by means of sighting to
three well defined points whose locations have previously been plotted on the sheet is known as three
point problem.

Procedure: -
1. Mark the points a, b, c on the sheet corresponding to the stations A, B, and C (Whose positions
are known).
2. Setup the table at P the instrument station and orient the table approximately and clamp it.
3. Stretch a tracing paper on the sheet and fastened.
4. Mark the p1 on the tracing sheet to locate the instrument station by judgment.
5. Pivot the alidade on p1 and sight the signal at A, B and C successively and draw rays along
each direction.
6. Unfasten the tracing sheet.
7. Move the tracing sheet over the drawing sheet in such a way that the rays drawn are passed
through a, b and c on the drawing sheet correspondingly.
8. Transfer the point p 1 on the tracing sheet to drawing sheet as p which is the required
instrument station.
9. Place the alidade along pa and orient the table by sighting A.

Check: -
1. The points B and C should be sighted with the alidade pivoted on b and c respectively
and the rays are drawn these rays should now pass through p if not a small triangle of error
will result and it may be eliminated by the trial and error method.
32
Result: -
The instrument station P is plotted on the sheet of paper as p using tracing paper
method.
33
EXERCISE NO .14
THREE POINT PROBLEM
(TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD)

Aim: -
To determine the instrument station by three point problem using trial and error method.

Instruments Required: -
Plane Table With Accessories, Tape And Ranging Rods.

General: -
The great triangle formed by joining the ground points A, B, C or their locations a, b, c on the
sheet.

Lehmans Rule: -
1. If the instrument position P lies inside (or outside) the great triangle ABC, the triangle of
error will also fall inside or outside the great triangle and the point p should always chosen
inside or outside the triangle of error.
2. The point p should be chosen such that its distances from rays Aa, Bb, and Cc are
proportional to the distances of P from A, B and C respectively.
3. In case the triangle of error falls outside the great triangle point p should be so chosen that
it is on the same side of ways Aa. Bb, Cc.
4. When the point p lies outside the great circle, the point p is chosen on the same side of
ray drawn to the most distant point as the intersection of the other two rays.
5. When the point P lies outside the great triangle ABC but inside the great circle (ie) within
one of the three segments of circle formed by the sides of the great triangle the ray drawn
towards the middle point lies between the point p and the intersection of the other two
ways.

Procedure: -
1. Mark the points a, b, c on the sheet corresponding to the stations A, B and C (Whose positions
are known)
2. Set up the table at P the instruments station and orient the table approximately such the lines
ab, bc becomes parallel to AB and BC respectively and clamped.

34
3. Pivot the alidade about a, b and c sight ground stations A, B and C sight ground stations A, B
and C and draw rays that will form a small triangle of error.
4. Fix the point p by using Lehmans rule.
5. Align the alidade along pa and rotates the table until A is sighted and clamp the table.
6. Pivot the alidade about a, b, c and draw rays Aa, Bb, Cc by using bisecting A, B and C.
7. Repeat the procedure until all the three rays intersect at a point and that point is the required
instrument station P.

Result: -
The instrument station P is plotted on the sheet as p using trail and error method.

Rule 1

Rule - 4

Rule - 5

35
EXERCISE NO .15

THREE POINT PROBLEM PERPENDICULAR METHOD

Aim: -
To determine the instrument station by three point problem using perpendicular method.

Instruments Required: -
Plane Table With Accessories, Tape And Ranging Rods.

Procedure: -
1. Mark the points a, b, c on the sheet corresponding to the stations A, B, C on the ground.
2. Draw a line ad perpendicular to ba at a.
3. Align the alidade along da and rotate the table till station A is sighted clamps the table.
4. Pivoting the alidade about b sight B and draw a ray through b to intersect ad at d.
5. Draw a line cm perpendicular to bc at c.
6. Pivoting the alidade aling the mc and rotate the table till the station C is sighted clamp the
table.
7. Join dm and drop a perpendicular bn from b on dm.
8. n is required location of the instrument station.
9. Align the alidade along the na and rotate table till A is sighted.
10. Draw rays from other stations B and C, which will pass through n if the orientation is
accurate.

Result: -
The instrument station N is plotted on the sheet as n using perpendicular method.

36
EXERCISE NO .16
THREE POINT PROBLEM
(BESSEL'S METHOD)
Aim: -
To determine the instrument station by three point problem using Bessel's method

Instruments Required: -
Plane table with accessories, tape and ranging rods

Procedure: -
1. Mark the points a, b, c on the sheet corresponding to the ground station A, B and C.
2. Set up the instrument on the station, P and "d" orient the table approximately and clamped.
3. Align the alidade along "ba" and rotate the table till station A is sighted, clamp the table.
4. Pivot the alidade at "b", sight the third station C and draw a ray.
5. Align the alidade along 'ab' and rotate the table till station B is sighted.
6. Pivot the alidade at 'a' sight the third station C and Draw a ray to intersect the previously drawn
ray at 'd'.
7. Join 'dc' keep the alidade along 'dc' rotate the table till station C is sighted. Clamp the table
which is now correctly oriented.
8. Pivot the alidade at 'a' and 'b' and draw rays 'Aa' and 'Bb' to intersect on the line 'dc' at 'p'.
9. The point 'p' is the instrument station.
Note: -
If the instrument station p lies on the circumference of the circle passing through A, B and C this
method is not suitable.

Result: -
The instrument station "P" is plotted on the sheet as "p" using Bessel's method.
37
LEVELLING

38
LEVELLING
DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENTS: -
a) The level: -
The instrument, which is used, for measuring related elevations is known as a level and consists of the
following parts
1. A telescope to provide a line of sight.
2. A level tube to make the line sight horizontal.
3. A leveling head to bring the bubble of the level tube at the center of its run.
4. A tripod head to support the above three parts of the level.

Types of level: -
The dumpy level: -
1. This consists of a telescope rigidly fixed to its support.
2. It can neither be rotated about it longitudinal axis nor it can be removed from its support.
The wye level: -
1. The telescope is supported in Y supports and is not rigidly fixed to the supports.
2. The telescope can be removed from the supports reversed end to end and can be revolved about
its longitudinal axis.
The reversible level: -
1. The telescope can be rotated about its longitudinal axis in the sockets and also can be withdrawn
from its sockets and replaced end for end.
The tilting level: -
1. The telescope can be tiled within few degree in vertical plane by a tilting screw.
2. This designed for precise work.
B) Telescope levelling staff: -
1. It consists of three pieces.
2. Top piece is 1.25 m long where as central 1.25 m and lower piece 1.5 m are hollow.
3. When fully extended total length of the staff.
4. Each fully extended total length of the staff is 4m being 5m.
5. Spaces indicating the decimeter readings are marked in red while all other spaces are marked in
black against a white background.
6. The decimeter markings are continuous throughout the staff.
7. The graduations are inverted so that through telescope they appear erect.

39
Temporary adjustments of the dumpy level: -
a) Setting up the level: -
1. This includes fixing the instrument on the tripod and levelling the instrument approximately by
leg adjustment.
2. To do this release the clamp hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on a tripod by
turning rounded the levelling head with left hand.
3. The tripod legs are adjusted so that the telescope is at a convenient height and is leveled
approximately.

b) Levelling up: -
1. This is done with the help of three-foot screws and by using plate levels.
2. The object of levelling is to make its vertical axis truly vertical.
3. First loosen the clamp screw and turn the instrument until the longitudinal axis of the bobble
tube is parallel to a joining any two levelling screws (say A and B).
4. Holding these two foot screws with the thumb and first finger of each hand turn them uniformly
so that the thumbs move either towards each other on away from each other until the bubble
comes to the center of the tube.
5. Rotate the upper plate through 90 until the axis of the plate level coincides a line joining the
third foot screw C and the mid point of the first two screws A and B.
6. Hold the third with the thumb and find finger of the right hand and turn it until the plate bubble
is central.
7. Rotate the upper plate through 90 to its original position and repeat step 4 till the bubble is
central.
8. Rotate again through 90 and repeat step 6.
9. Repeat steps 4 and 6 till bubble remains central in both the position.
10. Rotate the instrument through 180 and in this position the bubble should remain central if the
instrument is in adjustment.
Elimination of parallax: -
1. Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of the
cross hairs.
2. To get accurate sighting those should be eliminated and this is done.
3. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs and
4. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

40
Focusing the eyepiece: -
1. Direct the telescope either towards the sky or hold a sheet of white paper in front of the
objective.
2. Move the eyepiece in or out till the cross hairs appear distinct.
Focusing the objective: -
1. Direct the telescope towards the leveling staff.
2. Turn the focusing screw till the image appears clear and sharp.
3. The image formed must be in the plane of cross hairs.

41
DEFINATIONS
IMPORTANT TERMS: -
The following are the important terms used during levelling.

1. Level surface: -
A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth.
2. A level line: -
It is a line lying in a level surface and normal to the plumb line at all points.
3. A horizontal plane: -
A horizontal plane through a point is a plane tangential to the surface at that point.
4. A horizontal line: -
It is a line lying in the horizontal plane.
5. Vertical line: -
Vertical line any point is a line normal to the level surface through that point.
6. Vertical plane: -
A plane is a plane containing a vertical line.
7. Datum surface: -
It is any arbitrary assumed level surface form which vertical distances are measured.
8. Elevation: -
Elevation of a point is its vertical distance above or below the datum also known as reduced
level (R.L)
9. Bench mark: -
It's fixed reference point of known elevation.
10. Line of collimation: -
It is the line joining the intersection of the cross hairs to the optical center of the object glass and
its continuation also known as line of sight.
11. Axis of telescope: -
It is the line joining optical center of the object glass to the center of the eyepiece.
12. Vertical axis: -
It is the center line of the axis of rotation.
13. Back sight (B.S): -
It is a staff reading taken on a point of known elevation (i.e.) on Bench Mark or change point,
and is the first reading taken after the level is set up and leveled.

42
14. Fore sight (F.S): -
It is a last staff reading on a point whose elevation is to be determined as on a change point.
15. Intermediate sight: -
It is any other intermediate staff reading taken on a point of unknown elevation from the same
set of the level.
16. Change point: -
It is a point denoting the shifting of the instrument. It is a point on which the back and foresights
are taken.
17. Station: -
It is a point whose elevation is to be determined or a point which is to be established at a given
elevation.
18. Height of instrument: -
It is the elevation of the plane of collimation when the instrument is correctly levelled.

43
EXERCISE NO .17

SIMPLE LEVELLING

Aim: -
To determine the level difference between the given points
Instruments required: -
Level, Staff
Procedure: -
1. Set up the instrument at "P" to cover all the given points.
2. Do all the initial adjustments.
3. Direct the telescope towards each staff points and note down the readings at every time.
4. Check the center of the bubble whether it is at the center of the bubble tube to get the accurate
readings during each and every observation.
Observation: -
Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.
A
B
C
D
E
F

Calculation: -
1.Let staff reading at A = X
2.Staff reading at B = Y
3.Staff reading at C = Z
4.Staff treading at D = W
5.Level difference between A and B = X-Y
6.Level difference B&C = Y-Z
7.Level difference between C and D = Z-W

Result: -
Level difference between the consecutive points =
44
EXERCISE NO .18

FLY LEVELLING

Aim: -
To determine the R.L for the given points and to find the level difference between them

Instruments required: -
Level, Staff

Procedure: -
1. Set up the instrument at p to cover the maximum points.
2. Do all the initial adjustments.
3. Direct the telescope towards the first point and enter the reading as B.S.
4. Enter the reading of the last visible point from the instrument stations as F.S and of all other
points as I.S.
5. Shift the instrument to q, set up and level it correctly.
6. Don't change the position of the staff until the back staff reading is taken on the staff held at the
last required point.

Observation: -
Height of collimation method: -
Reduced Level of the first point = ...................

Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.

Calculation: -
R.L of B.M + B.S = H.I
H.I - F.S or I.S = R.L of that particular point.
45
Arithmetic check: -
B.S. - F.S. = Last RL - First RL

Rise and Fall method: -


Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.
A

Calculation: -
I. Find the level difference between the successive readings and enter this as Rise (+sign), Fall (-
sign)
II. Then find the R.L by adding the rise and subtracting the fall with the R.L of the previous point.
Arithmetic check: -
B.S. - F.S. = Rice -Fall = Last RL - First RL
Note:
I. If the given point is in higher level then the line of collimation, them that reading is called as
Inverted reading.
II. At that particular point hold the staff in inverted position and enter the reading with negative
sign.

Result: -
Level difference between the consecutive points =
RL for the given points =
46
EXERCISE NO .19

CHECK LEVELLING

Aim: -
To run the check level to find the difference of the given points an also to find the amount of
closing error

Instruments required: -
Level, Staff

Procedure: -
1. Setup the instrument at P to cover the maximum points.
2. Do all the initial adjustments.
3. Direct the telescope towards the first point and enter the reading as B.S.
4. Enter the reading of the last visible point from the instrument stations as F.S. and of all other
points as I.S.
5. Shift the instrument to Q, set up and level it correctly.
6. Don't change the position until the fore staff reading is taken on the staff held at the last required
point.
7. Do the same procedure in the reverse direction and close with the first point.

Observation: -
Reduced level of the first point = ............................
Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.

Result: -
Closing error =
R.L for the given points =
47
LONGITUDINAL & CROSS
SECTIONING

48
EXERCISE NO .20

LONGITUDINAL SECTIONING

Aim: -

To find the RL of the given Longitudinal-sectioning points and plotting the section
Instruments required: -
Dumpy Level, Tripod, Leveling Staff, Prismatic Compass, Chain or Tape, Ranging Rods,
Arrows, Pegs etc.,
Procedure: -
1. Establish Benchmark near the starting points.
2. Fix the profile line AB and BC on the ground by fixing ranging rods at A,B,C, etc..
3. Measure the magnetic bearings of h the lines AB and BC using a compass.
4. Align the line and mark number of points at equal intervals on the proposed intervals. (Points are
20m or 30m intervals).
5. Set up the leveling instrument on the side of the alignment on firm ground at some suitable place
P, so as to cover a large number of points in the lines.
6. Take back sight on benchmark, to determine the height of instrument.
7. Hold the leveling staff at successive station A, 1,2,3,4,etc..
8. Other procedure followed by differential leveling.
9. Finally close the work by taking a Fore sight on the Benchmark-2 from the last instrument setup.
10. Enter the staff readings in the field book, reduced the levels and check in each page as usual.
Levels Tabulations: -
Reduced level of the first point =.............................
Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.

Directions Tabulations: -
Int. At Sight to Bearing Remarks
A B
B C

49
Result: -
Plotted the Longitudinal Profile =

50
EXERCISE NO .21

CROSS SECTIONING

Aim: -
To find the RL of the given cross-sectioning points and plotting the section

Instruments required: -
Dumpy Level, Tripod, Leveling Staff, Prismatic Compass, Chain or Tape, Ranging Rods,
Arrows, Pegs etc.,

Procedure: -
1. Mark the cross section points on the proposed centerline alignment.
2. Set out perpendicular at three points on both sides on the center line using a chain or tape or
cross staff or optical square.
3. Mark the cross representative points along the erected perpendicular lines depending upon the
nature of the ground, fix the arrows on these points. (Usually at interval of 2m, 3m, or 5m).
4. Left side marking L1, L2, L3, etc.. To the right side markings R1, R2, R3 etc to the center line.
5. Take staff readings on each cross-section on marked points from the instrument station.
6. Enter the staff reading at records.
7. Write full description of each cross section regarding the chain ages, number of the cross
section, distance of points on the cross section from the center line.
8. Calculate the reduced levels and with usual check.

Tabulations: -

Reduced level of the first point = ..............................


Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.

Result: -
The cross section levels are calculated and plotted.
51
CONTOURING

52
EXERCISE NO .22

CONTOURING

Aim: -
To determine the RL of the given points and plotting contouring lines

Instruments required: -
Dumpy Level, Tripod, Leveling Staff, Plane table sets, Chain or Tape, Ranging Rods, Arrows,
Pegs etc.,
Procedure: -
I - Vertical Control: -
1. Shift the levels from permanent benchmark.
2. Establish a benchmark near the worksite.
3. Set up the leveling instrument at B1, to all temporary adjustments and by running fly leveling.
4. Enter the all staff readings and station points.
5. Calculate the reduced levels.
II - Horizontal Control: -
1. Set up the plane table in a position at levels the table.
2. Plot a station on the paper and then transfer it to the ground.
3. Providing the alidade against a sight the peg driven point and draw the rays.
4. Measure the distances of each point from A and plot their position on the respective rays.
5. Above procedure followed by all points.
6. Plot the position of all points.
7. Draw contours by running corresponding points as each contour by smooth curves.
Observations & Tabulations: -
Reduced level of the first point =...........................
Staff Station B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L Remarks.

Result: -
Plotted the contouring lines
53
EXERCISE NO .23
STUDY OF THEODOLITE

DESCRIPTION:
The theodolite is the precise instrument designed for the measurement of horizontal angle and
vertical angle and has a wide applicability in surveying such as laying of horizontal angle,
locating points on line, prolonging survey lines, establishing grades, determining difference in
elevation, setting out curves etc.

PARTS OF A TRANSIT THEODOLITE:


The telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical
plane.

A. Levelling head:
1. A Levelling head consists of two parallel triangular plates known as tribrach plates.
2. The upper tribrach has three arms each carrying a Levelling screw.
3. The main functions of the Levelling head is,
(a) To support the main part of the instruments.
(b) To attach the theodolite to the tripod.
(c) To provide a mean for leveling the theodolite.

B. Telescope:
1. It is mounted on a spindle known as horizontal axis or trunnion axis

C. Vertical circle:
1. It is a circular arc attached to the trunnion axis.
2. By means of vertical clamp screw and tangent screw the telescope can be accurately set at any
desired position in vertical plane.
3. The graduation in each quadrant is numbered from 0 to 90 in opposite directions.

D. Index Frame:
1. At the two extremities, two Vernier are fitted to read the vertical axis.
2. When the telescope is moved in a vertical plane, the Vertical circle moves relative to the Vernier
with the help of which reading can be taken.
3. A long sensitive bubble tube is placed on the top of the index frame.
E. Standards (or) A Frame:
1.This stands upon the Vernier plate to support the horizontal axis.
54
F. Two Spindles:
1. The two axes have a common axis, which forms the vertical axis of the instruments.

G. Lower plate:
1. It carries a horizontal circle graduated from 0 to 360 in a clockwise direction as silvered,
beveled edge.
2. By means of clamp screw and tangent screw this can be fixed at any desired position.

H. Upper plate:
1. It also carries clamp and tangent screw to accurately with the lower plate.
2. On clamping the upper clamp and unclamped lower clamp, the instrument can rotates on its
outer axis without any relative motion between the two plates.
3. If the lower clamp is clamped and upper clamp unclamped, the upper plate and the instrument
can rotate on the inner axis with a relative motion between the Vernier and the scale.
4. For using any tangent screw, its corresponding clamp screw, its corresponding clamp screw
must be tightened.
I. Level tubes:
1. This upper plate carries two level tubes placed at right angles to each other in which one is kept
parallel to the trunnion axis.
2. Theses can be centered with the help of foot screws.

J. Plumb Bob:
1. This is suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the inner axis to canter the instruments
exactly over the station mark.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS:

A. Setting over the station:


1. Centre the instruments over the station marked by a plumb bob.
2. Level approximately with the help of tripod leg.

B. Levelling Up:
1. Do these using three-foot screws similar to that of Levelling instrument.
C. Elimination of Parallax:
1. By focusing the eyepiece for distinct vision of the cross hairs.
2. By focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.

55
IMPORTANT TERMS:

1. Vertical Axis:- The axis about which the theodolite may be rotated in a horizontal plane.
2. Horizontal Axis:- The axis about which the telescope along with the vertical circle of a
theodolite may be rotated in a vertical plane.
3. Axis of telescope:- The axis about which the telescope may be rotated is called axis of
telescope.
4. Axis of the level tube:- The straight line that is tangential to longitudinal curve of the level at its
centre is called axis of the level tube.
5. Centering:- The process of setting up theodolite exactly over the groundwork station is called
known as centering.
6. Transiting:- The process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180 about its
horizontal axis is called transiting.
7. Swing:- A continuous motion of the telescope about the vertical axis in horizontal plane is
called swing the swing may be either in face left or right.
8. Face left observation:- The observation of angles when the vertical circle is on the left side of
scope.
9. Face right observation:- The observations of angles when the vertical circle is on the right of
the telescope.
10. Changing the face:- The operation of changing the face of telescope from right to left and vice-
versa.
11. A set:- A set of horizontal observations of any angle consists of two horizontal measures one on
the left face and other on the right face.
12. Telescope normal:- A telescope is said to be normal when its vertical circles is to its left and
bubble of the telescope is up.
13. Telescope inverted:- A telescope is said to be inverted or reversed when its vertical circle is to
its right and the bubble of the telescope is down

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