IAETSD Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 1, Jan-June /2017

ISSN (Online): 2394-8442

Lung Cancer Detection Using Fuzzy Clustering Method & HKNN

Algorithm
AKILNATH B1 , DEEPAK R2
ECE Department, Anna University
Agni College Of Technolgy,
akilnath.bodipudi@gmail.com, dk43175@gmail.com

ABSTRACT.

Lung cancer is now the 2nd leading cancer cause of death in industrialized world. A dismally low cure rate largely reflects the
propensity of lung cancer to present as clinically advanced tumors, most lung cancers are discovered late during their clinical course, by which
time the options for effective therapeutic intervention are limited. The early detection of lung cancer is a challenging problem, due to the structure
of the cancer cells and deformation, where most of the cells are overlap ped with each other. In past lung cancer detection is one of the most
important problems in spatial image recognition due to 2D dimensional datasets. This paper presents two segmentation methods , HKNN and a
Fuzzy C-M ean (FCM ) clustering algorithm, for segmenting sputum color images to detect the lung cancer in its early stages. A cluster based LCD
algorithm is proposed to overcome training and learning models. In this paper we apply Iterative Local Gaussian Clustering (LGC) using K-
nearest neighbor (HKNN) density estimation and Kernel density estimation, to cluster the spatiotemporal data. In this approach, KNN contributes
in determining the cytoplasm and using kernel density estimation.

Keywords FCM, HKNN, KNN, LGC, LCD, MRI

I. INTRODUCTION

Lung cancer represents a major health problem. Worldwide, lung cancer is responsible for 1.3 million deaths annually, according to the WHO.1
Tomographic imaging modalities like multidetector X-ray computed tomography (CT) play an important role in diagnosis, treatment, and research of
lung cancer [1]. State-of-the-art CT imaging technology enables physicians to create high-resolution volumetric scans describing lung anatomy and
pathology. Higher resolution benefits diagnostic capabilities, but on the other hand, the increased amount of image data to be analysed represents a
burden for physicians. To address this problem, automated lung image analysis methods are required. M any approaches to automated quantification
of lung disease require the segmentation of lung parenchyma in an initial processing step [2]. In the case of normal lungs imaged with CT, a large
density difference between air-filled lung parenchyma and surrounding tissues can be observed. A number of algorithms can be found in the literature
that rely on this observation for the segmentation of lungs. We will denote such methods as conventional lung segmentation approaches.

II. PRES ENT WORK

At present, I am going to explain you briefly how efficiency can we find the cancer in lungs. Initially , we should take the M RI or CT scan images.
Then, filter out the debris in the image [3]. And then apply the algorithm to the image. I am going to apply Fuzzy clustering mean method ,the use of
this method is determine whether there is any presence of tumour cells in present in the lungs or not. If there is any presence and then we finally
apply the HKNN algorithm. It is also the higher version of the KNN. The main advantage of the HKNN is that K value considers the edges of the
cells, which increases the efficiency rate of the detection.

To Cite This Article: AKILNATH B and DEEPAK R,. Lung Cancer Detection Using Fuzzy Clustering Method & HKNN
Algorithm. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences; Pages: 4-6
5. AKILNATH B and DEEPAK R,. Lung Cancer Detection Using Fuzzy Clustering Method & HKNN
Algorithm. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences; Pages: 4-6

III. IMAGE PROCESSING

Image Acquisition

Image Preprocessing

Image Segmentation

Feature Extraction

Image Diagnosis Result

Fig. 3: Block diagram of Lung Cancer Nodule Segmentation and Feature Extraction System

A . Image Acquisition

The lung CT images having low noise when compared to X-ray scan image and M RI image. Thus the CT images are taken for detecting of the
lungs. The main advantages of computed tomography image have better clarity, low noise and distortion. Lung CT images are giv en as input.
Dimensions of images are 512x512 pixels in size [4]. The input CT image contains noises such as white noise, salt and pepper noises etc. So, image
pre-processing stage is needed to eliminate noises.

B. Image Pre-processing

Image pre-processing is one of the categories of image processing, attempt to make diagnostic more obvious. Image pre-processing is a way to
improve the quality of image, so that the consequential image is better than the original one. In this paper, mean filter and median filter are presented
for pre-processing of selecting the CT images.

C. Image S egmentation

First category is to partition an image based on abrupt changes in intensity, such as edges in an image. Second category is based on partitioning an
image into regions that are similar according to a set of predefined criteria.

D .Feature Extraction

After the segmentation is performed on lung region, the segmented nodules are used for feature extraction. Feature extraction is one of the most
important steps in this system. A feature is a significant piece of information extracted from an image which provides more detailed understanding of
the image [5]. A feature is defined as a function of one or more measurements, the values of some quantifiable property of an object, computed so
that it quantifies some significant characteristics of the object. The flowchart of feature extraction program.

E.Fuzzy C means:

Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters (also called buckets, bins, or classes), or homogeneous classes, such that
items in the same class or cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to different classes are as dissimilar as possible. Clusters are
identified via similarity measures. These similarity measures include distance, connectivity, and intensity. Different similarity measures may be
chosen based on the data or the application.
6. AKILNATH B and DEEPAK R,. Lung Cancer Detection Using Fuzzy Clustering Method & HKNN
Algorithm. Journal for Advanced Research in Applied Sciences; Pages: 4-6

F .K-Means Algorithm:

The K-means algorithm is an iterative technique that is used to partition an image into K clusters. The basic algorithm is:

1. Pick K cluster canters, either randomly or based on some heuristic

2. Assign each pixel in the image to the cluster that minimizes the variance between the pixel and the cluster canter
3. Re-compute the cluster centres by averaging all of the pixels in the cluster
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until convergence is attained (e.g. no pixels change clusters)

The other approach to partition an image into K clusters is the statistical hierarchical agglomerative cauterization technique for identification of
images regions by the color similarity. This method uses a binary mask and ranks the color components of the clusters central components. The
basic algorithm is: Each pixel is the separate cluster The clusters with the same masks joins into new clusters New clusters are set up by the cluster
integration with minimum distance. The stage may occur until the condition for clusters comparability is being obeyed. This is condition based on
the binary mask of correlation and ranks. To determine which the best suitable filter to be used, mean square error (M SE) and peak signal to noise
ratio (PSNR) are calculated for filters. M ean Square Error (M SE) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (P SNR) are the two error metrics used to compare
image quality.M SE and PSNR equations are shown in eq(17) and eq(18).The comparison of average filter and median filter are described in Table .1.
M N
1
MSE
MN
( x(i, j ) y(i, j ))
i 1 j 1
2

(2n 1) 2
PSNR 10 log10
MSE

where , x(i, j) = the original image

y(i, j)=the output filtered image
M xN= the number of rows and columns in the input images.

IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the classifiers SVM and HKNN were applied to the medical diagnosis of lung cancer and he result of feedback is compared. The
HKNN has high processing speed. The accuracy of proposed system using HKNN classifiers then the SVM classifiers. The reason of using HKNNs
comes from the fact that they have several advantageous properties ,such as higher generalization capability than SVM and the capability of known
from training data, even where the rules are not known a priori .Using HKNN ,the system accuracy reaches to 94% which is higher than the accuracy
is gained by SVM .

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To see the list of contributors,please refer to the above mentioned file lung cancer detection using artificial neural network and Fuzzy clustering
method and cancer detection using the computer aided diagnosis. IEEE Journals.

REFERENCES
[1]. World health organization,
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en.
[2]. American cancer society,
http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2014/
[3]. American lung association,
http://www.lung.org/lung-diseass/lung-cancer/resources/facts-figures/lung-cancer-fact-sheet.
[4]. American cancer society
http://www.cancer.org/cancer/lungcancer.
[5]. M ayo clinic, lung cancer
http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/lung-nodules/AN01082