Goals
To instill an understanding of the concepts of
hazards, multiple hazards and disaster
To develop the capability for hazard assessment Keywords/phrases
Hazard
Learning outcomes
natural
After completing this session, you will be able to man-made
perform a hazard identification and assessment for a technical
na-tech
selected community. human
intervention
Learning objectives magnitude
As you work through this session you will learn to frequency
intensity
9 Distinguish between the concepts of hazard, hazard rate of onset
event, secondary hazards, multiple hazards and
classification
disaster
9 Classify and describe types of hazards identification
assessment
9 Explain hazard characteristics such as magnitude, mapping
frequency, intensity and rate of onset and their
Multiple hazards
importance
9 Conduct hazard identification, hazard assessment
and hazard mapping and explain their functional
value
1. Definition of Hazard
This course material is being made available by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC),
Bangkok under Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA)
project, to the participating universities and institutions for educational purpose only. Reproduction of
materials for educational purpose is encouraged as long as ADPC is acknowledged.
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
2. Hazard Event
When more than one hazard event impacts the same area, there
arises a multiple hazard situation. These different hazard events
may occur at the same time or may be spaced out in time.
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
Such extreme events have very low frequencies but very high
magnitudes in terms of destructive capacity. This means that an
event considered being a hundred year flood would cause severe
damage compared to a five-year flood.
4. Classification of Hazards
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
1. Atmospheric Atmospheric
Single element Combined elements/events
Excess rainfall Hurricanes
Freezing rain (glaze) Glaze storms
Hail Thunderstorms
Heavy snowfalls Blizzards
High wind speeds Tornadoes
Extreme temperatures Heat/cold stress
2. Hydrologic 3. Geologic
Floods river and coastal Mass-movement
Wave action Landslides
Drought Mudslides
Rapid glacier advance Avalanches
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption
Rapid sediment movement
4. Biologic 5. Technologic
Epidemic in humans Transport accidents
Epidemic in plants Industrial explosions and fires
Epidemic in animals Accidental release of toxic
Locusts chemicals
Nuclear accidents
Collapse of public buildings
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
Building collapse
Dam failure
Fire
Hazardous material spill
Interruption of power/ water supply/
communication/ transportation/ waste disposal
Landslide
Soil liquefaction
Tsunami (tidal wave)
Water pollution
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
A group of hazards that do not stem from one event but arise from
continuous conditions (e.g., famine, resource degradation, pollution,
and large-scale toxic contamination), which accumulate over time.
5.6. Hazardscape
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
Keywords/phrases
6.1. Hazard Assessment is sometimes called Hazard Evaluation or Location
Hazard Analysis (UNDRO, 1991). There seems to be a lack of Probability
Severity
consistency in the use of this terminology. Manageability
Event parameter
Site parameter
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
Magnitude Intensity
Earthquake
Richter Scale Modified Mercalli Scale
Area flooded km2
Depth of flood water -
Flood Volume of water m3
meters
Speed
Volume of material
Ground displacement -
Landslide dislodged
meters
Area affected
Tsunami Height of wave crest Depth of flood water
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
After identifying the hazards that affect the planning area and
assessment of the impacts from those hazards, a probability
analysis is undertaken. It provides an estimate of the probability of
each hazard affecting an area or region.
7. The Outcome
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
the basis for estimating the effect natural hazards can have on these
systems. Change in the ecosystem may create, modify, accelerate,
and/or retard the occurrence of a natural event.
8. Hazard Mapping
Urban land use planners may need medium scale hazard maps
of 1: 10,000 to 1:25,000.
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
The base map upon which to place all the information is the first
consideration. It is usually selected during the preliminary mission. If
at all possible, it is best to use an existing map or controlled
photograph rather than go through the difficult and time-consuming
process of creating a base map from scratch.
Much hazard information will be in forms other than maps, and not
readily understandable by laymen. It must be "translated" for
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
can be very useful in this work. The method is cost effective and
the outcome reflects the local perception of hazard. The information
can overlay local contour maps.
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Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 2
Data over large areas for extensive time periods are collected.
These are multidisciplinary studies and each discipline would
provide tools and techniques, which become more sophisticated and
more accurate over time.
Computer modeling using such data has opened up new vistas for
hazard prediction. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modeling
is one outstanding example.
References
2. Burton, I., Kates, R.W., and White, G.F. (1978) The Environment
as Hazard New York: Oxford University Press.
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