Oxygen
- 21% of the air we breath
respiratory zone - site of gas exchange
alveolar + capillary membrane = respiratory
membrane where gas exchange between
alveolar and capillary side
pleura - lines the thorax and surface of
diaphragm
pleura fluid - prevents friction and keep layers
adherent through surface tension
1) Pulmo Ventilation
Inspiration - air flows into the lungs
Expiration - air moves out the lungs
Factors:
- clear airways
- intact CNS and respiratory center
- intact thoracic cavity capable of expanding and
contracting
- adequate pulmonary compliance and recoil
Intrapleural pressure
- pressure in the pleural cavity surrounding the
lungs
- < atmospheric pressure: essential to create the
suction the holds visceral and parietal pleura
together
- recoil maintain negative pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure
Carbon dioxide
- produced during cellular metabolism
- eliminated to maintain acid-base balance
Respiration
- process of gas exchange between individual
and environment
- components:
a) ventilation - movement of air in and out of
lungs
b) alveolar-capillary gas exchange - diffusion of
O2 and CO2 between alveoli and pulmo
capillaries
c) transport of O2 and CO2 between tissue
and lungs
d) movement of O2 and CO2 between
systemic capillaries and tissues
ANAPHY REVIEW
upper: mouth - larynx
lower: trachea - lungs
nose function is to warm, humidify, filter
filtering systems include nares, nasal turbinates
and septum
sneeze reflex: large volume of air rapidly exits
through the nose and mouth helping to clear
nasal passages when initiated by irritants
pharynx: food and air pathway covered with
lymphoid tissue that traps and destroy
pathogens
larynx/ Adam's apple: speech, maintain airway
patency
bronchial tree: main bronchi - terminal
bronchioles
trachea - bronchi with mucous blanket which
traps microscopic matter or pathogens
foreign particles swept upward by cilia or ejected
by cough reflex when it reach larynx, trachea,
and bronchi
 30% combines with hemoglobin as
carbhemoglobin
5% in the plasma as carbonic acid
RESPIRATORY REGULATION
- neural and chemical
- nervous system adjusts rate of alveolar
ventilations to meet the needs
- respiratory center: medulla oblongata and
pons
- chemosensitive center of MO: highly
responsive to in blood CO2 and H ions and
can activity of inspiratory center and the
rate & depth of respi
- special neural receptors in carotid & aortic
bodies senseO2 stimulate respi center
vent
- increased carbon dioxide concentration
normally stimulates respiration most strongly
- w/ chronic condition: oxygen conc. play the
major role as main stimuli = hypoxic drive
Factors affecting respiratory function:
1. Age
2. Environment
altitude, PO2, RR, HR
3. Lifestyle
- pressure within the lungs
- always equalizes with atmospheric pressure
- volume of lungs,intrapulmonary pressure
- during inspiration, air rushes into the lungs to
equalize this pressure with atm pressure
Lung compliance
- expansibility and stretchability of lung tissue for
ease of vent
- birth: fluid-filled lungs are stiff and resistant
expansion
- decreases with aging, increases risk of atelectasis
Lung recoil
- tendency of lungs to collapse away from the chest
wall
- greatest contributor: surface tension at fluid lining
the alveoli
- surfactant: lipoprotein acting like a detergent that
reduces surface tension (vital to expansion)
2) Alveolar Gas Exchange
3) Transport of O2 & CO2
Oxygen transport:
lungs - tissue
97% combines loosely with hemoglobin =
oxyhemoglobin
factors:
1. cardiac output
2. no. of erythrocytes and blood hematocrit
3. exercise
hematocrit - percentage of blood that is
erythrocytes
hematocrit, viscosity, CO, O2 transport
anemic conditions also reduce O2 transport
Carbon dioxide:
cells - lungs
65% carried in RBC as bicarbonate
 sedentary people lack alveolar
----------------------------------------------------------------- expansion and deep breathing
Kussmaul's - deep rapid breathing patterns of people with regular
Cheyne-Stokes - very deep to very shallow with activity and are less able to respond
tempo apnea effectively to resp stressors
Biot's - shallow with apnea 4. Health status
Stridor - harsh, high-pitched inspiration 5. Medications
benxodiazepine sedative-hypnotics,
antianxiety drugs, barbituates,
narcotics decrease rate and depth