HISTOLOGY

Midterms
st
1 Pracs
REST OF GI TRACT
AND
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A. IDENTIFY
B. PREDOMINANT CELL IN
THE EPITHELIUM OF
THIS SEGMENT
 A. LYMPOID NODULE
B. ABSORPTIVE CELLS
SPECIMEN: APPENDIX
Madaming lymphoid nodules
from lamina propria to
epithelium
Majority of cells absorptive
cells
Other cells:
Paneth cells
Goblet cells
M cells/Microfold cells
Part of MALT

CS: Acute Appendicitis

neutrophilic infiltrates from
mucosa to muscularis proper
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUTURE
B. THESE ARE ACCUMULATION OF
ADIPOSE CELLS BENEATH THE
MESOTHELIUM
 A. GOBLET CELL
B. APPENDICES EPIPLOICAE
SPECIMEN: LARGE INTESTINE
No intestinal villi
Epithelium: Simple Columnar
LP: solitary lymphoid nodules
Muscularis proper
Longitudinal fibers aggregate into 3
bands Taenia coli
Taenia coli- state of partial contraction
Haustra intervening portions of the
wall that bulge outward.
White to tan color
Beneath serosa
Appendices epiploicae- serosal
modifications
Pendulous protuberances of adipose
tissue

**EPIPLOICAE PO TALAGA, not

epiplocaej
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED CELL
B. WHAT LAYER IS THIS LOCATED?
 A. GANGLION CELL
B. MUSCULARIS PROPER /
MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

SPECIMEN: RECTUM but also present sa LI

Ganglion cells can be found in the
sunmucosa (Meissners Plexus) and the
muscularis proper (Myenteric plexus of
Auerbach)

The slide is specifically showing the

Auerbachs plexus because you can se
muscle fibers

CS: Hirschsprungs Disease absence of

ganglion cells
Congenital aganglionic megacolon
RECTUM:

NOTE THE LARGE VENOUS PLEXUSES!

THATS HOW YOU KNOW NA RECTUM YAN

SINCE HALOS PAREHO LANG SILA NG
EPITHELIUM NA LI. PAG MAY LARGE VENOUS
PLEXUSES, RECTUM YAN.
A. IDENTIFY THIS
STRUCTURE
B. EPITHELIUM
OF THE
PROXIMAL
PART
 A. RECTO-ANAL
JUNCTION
B. SIMPLE
COLUMNAR
(RECTAL PART)

Anus
Recto-Anal Jxn
Marked by the pectinate line
Rectal portion proximal (left) simple
columnar; with crypts and glands Lieberkuhn
Anal portion distal (right)- stratified
squamous; no glands
CS: common site for neoplastic change
Lamina propria: glands
Anal glands rectoanal jxn
Circumanal glands- anal canal itself
Submucosa: venous plexuses
Internal above pectinate line
External- below pectinate line
Muscularis proper:
IC: inernal anal sphincter
OL: surrounds sphincter
External anal sphincterLskeletal muscle; voluntary
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED
STRUCTURE
B. WHAT LAYER IS ABSENT IN THIS
SPECIMEN
 A. ROKITANSKY-ASCHOFF SINUS
B. SUBMUCOSA

SPECIMEN: GALLBLADDER
Epithelium: Simple columnar with microvilli
Subserosa: CT that completely surrounds
gallbladder
Serosa: does not completely surround GB
Area attached to liver: Adventitia
Luschka Ducts: abberant bile ducts; do not
drain in GB lumen
NECK OF GB
Rokitansky-Aschoff Sinuses: lined with
simple columnar cells; drain into GB
lumen
Simple Tubuloalveolar Glands: extend
from LP to muscle layer; produce mucus
Lined by simple cuboidal
epithelium; clear cytoplasm

**please read more on bile ducts kasi baka

side question sila ni Dra.
**wala kasing slide ng bile ducts besides sa
liver
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
B. PREDOMINANT CELL PRESENT A
A. ISLET OF LANGERHANS / PANCREATIC ISLET
B. BETA CELLS
SPECIMEN: PANCREAS (mukhang parotid gland)
Endocrine component: Pancreatic Islets
ISLET CELLS CAN REGENERATE
Cells:
Alpha cells: glucagon
Bright red granules on special stain
Developed ER
15-20%
Beta cells: insulin
Grayish-green / orange brown granules
Develoved Golgi and numerous
mitochondria
60-75%
Clear cells: waley
No granules and no secretions
<5%
Delta cells: somatostatin
Blue granules
5-10%
**Zenker-Formol Fixation, Malllory Azan Staining
**pag tinanong kung ano ang special stain, ang
sagot Mallory Azan Stain, kasi ung Zenker Formol,
fixation un, iba sa staining un. Pero if ang tanong
ung buong preparation, un ung complete na
Zenker-Formol Fixation at Mallory Azan Staining
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED CELL
B. WHAT DOES THE BASAL CYTOPLASM LOOK
LIKE ON SPECIAL STAIN?
 A. ACINAR CELL
B. DARK PURPLE GRANULES
SPECIMEN: PANCREAS (mukhang parotid)
Exocrine component: mainly influenced by
Pancreozymin and Secretin
Units of PANCREATIC ACINI
Cells:
Acinar Cells:
Apical cytoplasm: orange red
Basal cytoplasm: dark purple
Centroacinar cells:
Simple squamous epithelial cells
lining the CENTRAL DUCTULE
Lines the lumen of the acini at the
apical portion of acinar cells
Secretion: Sodium Bicarbonate
CAN REGENERATE
Secretory ducts:
Major: WIRSUNG
Minor: SANTORINI
NO STRIATED DUCTS IN PANCREAS
**wala akong pic ng centroacinar, basta pag
nakapoint eh mej flat cell the around
cuboidal cells(acinar), un na un.
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
B. LINING EPITHELIUM
 A. BILE DUCT
B. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
SPECIMEN: LIVER; shown is the PORTAL TRIAD
PORTAL TRIAD / PORTAL CANAL / PORTAL TRINITY /
ISLANDS OF GLISSON
Portal Vein angular lumen, thin vascular layers
Hepatic Artery- thick muscular layer
Bile duct: simple cuboidal epithelium
BILE DUCTS
Cystic Ducts
Bile Duct Spiral Valves of Heister prevent collapse
and distention of the cystic duct
Joins CHD to form CBD
Sphincter of Oddi
Encircles CBD and PD in the duodenal Wall
4 parts
Sphincter Choledochus stop bile flow
Portal Vein when contracted
Sphincter Pancreaticus aroun PD
Fasciculus Longitudinalis b/w PD and
CBD; shortens intramural part to facilitate
bile flow
Hepatic
Spinchter Ampullae around AoV; where
artery abn connections b/w CBD and PD are
found
Ampulla of Vater
Where CBD and PD unite
Open into a duodenal papilla at D2
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED
STRUCTURE
B. WHERE DOES THIS STRUCTURE
DRAIN TO?
 A. CENTRAL VEIN
B. HEPATIC VEIN
SPECIMEN: LIVER, shown in a Hepatic lobule
(basic fxnal unit)
Sinusoids Central Vein Hepatic Vein
IVC
Liver Organizations
Classic Hepatic Lobule
Endocrine fxn
Central
Vein Blood flows towards the
central vein(red)
centripetal
Portal
Portal Lobule
Triad Exocrine fxn
Flow of bile from the bile
canaliculi towards the bile
ducts in the triad(blue)
centrifugal
Portal/Liver Acinus
Oxygen and nutrient
distribution
Zone 1 periportal; high O2
and nutrients; oxidative
metabolism protein
synthesis
Mesothelial covering of the Liver: Zone 2 intermediate
GLISSONs CAPSULE metabolic fxn
Zone 3 pericentral; low 02
Zone 3: first to fatty accumulation and nutrients; glycolysis,
and ischemic necrosis lipid formation, drug
metabolism
A. IDENTIFY THE CELL
B. FUNCTION
 A. KUPFFER CELL
B. PHAGOCYTOSE RBCs, BACTERIA AND DEBRIS;
ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL
SPECIMEN: LIVER
Cells
Hepatocytes large, polyhedral; arranged radially
around a central vein; grouped in interconnected
plates
Spaces b/w plates LIVER SINUSOIDS / LIVER
SINUSOIDS OF LEWIS
Discontinuous layer of fenestrated
Bile
canaliculi endothelial cells
Endothelial cells lines sinusoids
Separated from the hepatocyte by the
PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE / SPACE OF DISSE
Where microvilli of hepatocytes project
into to allow exchange b/w plasma and
cell
Kupffer Cells / Stellate Macrophages / von Kupffer cells
Bound to the endothelial lumen / sinusoid
Found in the perisinusoidal space
Hepatocyte
Ito mej flat cells na nakikita lining the sinusoids
Useful din to differentiaite a sinusoid from a bile
Sinusoid
canaliculi; pag may flat cells lining the space,
sinusoid un; pagwala, space lang, canaliculi un.
Ito cells / Stellate Cells
Fxn: storage of vit. A in small lipid droplets
Resemble adipocytes
Canal of Hering
Interlobular bile duct where bile canaliculi drain into
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
B. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE (BE SPECIFIC)
 A. ZONA PELLUCIDA
B. MULTILAMINAR PRIMARY FOLLICLE
SPECIMEN: OVARY
Ovarian Follicles
Primordial follicle - predominant
Contains primary oocyte in the diplotene
Primordial
follicle stage of meiosis I prophase
Surrounded by simple squamous follicle
cells (shown in slide)
Eccentric nucleus; conspicuous nucleolus
Growing follicle
Primary follicle no antrum; zona
pellucida identified
Unilaminar single layer of
cuboidal follicle cells
Multilaminar- multiple layers of
cuboidal follicle cells; theca folliculi
forms
Secondary/ Antral/ Vesicular follicle- with
antrum with liquor folliculi
Theca folliculi
Theca externa vascular CT
Theca interna vascular with
steroid secreting cuboidal
cells; many SER
Mature / Graafian follicle- largest diameter
Antrum size increases
Corona radiata- surrounds oocyte
Cumulus oophorus pedestal of
granulosa cells
Atretic follicle
 Atretic
follicle

Atretic
follicle

Graafian
Tunica follicle
Albuginea

Primordial
follicles
Germinal
epithelium
 Theca
externa

Antrum with
Liquor Folliculi

Theca Cumulus
interna oophorus

Zona
pellucida Corona
radiata
A. SECRETION OF THE POINTED CELL
B. WHERE ARE THEY FOUND?
 A. TESTOSTERONE
B. HILUM OF THE OVARY

SPECIMEN: OVARY (HILUM)

SYMPATHICOTROPIC / BERGER CELLS
Epithelioid cells with clear cytoplasm
Seen as clusters
Location: Hilum of Ovary
Secretion: Testosterone
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED CELL
B. SECRETION
 A. GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS
B. PROGESTERONE
SPECIMEN: CORPUS LUTEUM
TYPES:
Corpus albicans
Dense CT; white scar tissue
Removed by macrophages
Corpus hemorrhagicum
After ovulation filled with blood
Corpus luteum of menstruation
No fertilization
Degenerates after 14 days
Corpus luteum of pregnancy
Secretes estrogen and progesterone
Secretes RELAXIN loosens
fibrocartilage attachment for pelvic
opening during parturition
CELLS
Granulosa Lutein Cells- large; pale-staining
Secrete progesterone
Derived from granulosa cells
Theca Lutein Cells- smaller; darker-staining
Secrete estrogen
Derived from theca interna
CORPUS ALBICANS CORPUS HEMORRHAGICUM
A. MUCUS-SECRETING CELLS OF THIS SPECIMEN
B. NARROWEST SEGMENT OF THIS SPECIMEN
 A. PEG CELLS
B. ISTHMUS
SPECIMEN: FALLOPIAN TUBE / UTERINE TUBE / OVIDUCT
Fxn: captures and transports ovum from the ovary to
uterus; provide suitable envt. for fertilization
Segments: InfAmpIsIn
Infundibulum - with fimbriae finger-like
extensions of mucosal folds
Ampulla widest; common site for fertilization
Isthmus- narrowest; common site for ectopic
pregnancy
Pars interstitialis / insterstitium / intramural
segment- most proximal
Mucosal folds- most numerous in Inf and Amp
Epithelium: simple columnar with 2 cell types
Ciliated columnar cells cilia; egg transport
Brush border
Peg cells mucus-secreting; hinder bacteria
NO SUBMUCOSA
Cyclic changes: mostly marked in fimbriae, Inf and upper
ampulla
Folliculuar phase: increase in cilia and activity of
peg cells
Luteal: decreased
CC: HYDROSALPINX no mucosal folds; serous /slightly
mucinous content; sequelae of salpingitis
Mucosal
folds Ciliated cells
(brush border)

Ciliated cells
(brush border)

Most likely Peg

cells kasi hindi
ciliated
A. WHAT PHASE OF THE MENTRUAL CYCLE IS
SHOWN?
B. HORMONE INVOLVED?
A. SECRETORY PHASE (SAW-TOOTH)
B. PROGESTERONE
SPECIMEN: UTERUS (SECRETORY PHASE)
SECRETORY PHASE (Ovary- Luteal)
Progesterone edema of LP and endometrial
thickening
Glands: highly coiled; saw-tooth appearance
Stroma: edematous
UTERUS:
Layers: NO SUBMUCOSA
Mucosa Endometrium
Muscularis Myometrium
Serosa/adventitia - Perimetrium
Endmetrium:
Simple columnar with simple tubular glands
Blood supply originates from ARCUATE ARTERIES
Lamina Propria: Embryonal CT
Layers:
S. functionale b.s. coiled arteries
Temporary; shed off
Responds to ovarian hormones
Zona compacta(luminal) and
spongiosa(deeper)
S. basale b.s. straight arteries
Permanent; not shed off
Myometrium: thickest layer
Contain arcuate arteries
4 layers
Oxytocin: contractions
Serosa fundus and most of the body
Adventitia the rest
PROLIFERATIVE PHASE: (Ovary Follicular)
Hormone: Estrogen
Glands: Straight and long
Stroma: dense; compact

MENSTRUAL PHASE:
Shedding of functionale
Menstrual fluid contains:
Remnants of s. functionale
Blood
Uterine fluid
A. IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE/AREA SHOWN
B. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 A. TRANSITIONAL / TRANSFORMATION ZONE
B. MOST COMMON SITE OF CERVICAL CANCER
SPECIMEN: CERVICO-VAGINAL JUNCTION
CERVIX: mainly dense CT
Endocervix: Simple Tall Columnar
Branched cervical glands - mucus
Ectocervix Strat. Squamous
ENDOCERVIX CC: Squamous Metaplasia due to chronic
irritation
Transitional Zone: between Endocervix and
Ectocervix; where Paps Smear is done
Secretion:
Ovulation: watery
Pregnancy: mucous
Parturition: collagenase causes cervical
ECTOCERVIX
dilatation
Arbor Vitae / Plica Palmitae mucosal ridges
or folds in the endocervix (internet)
CC: Nabothian cyst - mucus-filled cyst on the
surface of the cervix; caused when stratified
squamous epithelium of the ectocervix grows
over the simple columnar epithelium of the
endocervix.
A. EPITHELIUM
B. IN POSTPUBERTAL WOMEN, GONORRHEA USUALLY
PRESENTS AS___?
A. STATIFIED SQUAMOUS NON-KERATINIZED EPITHELIUM
B. CERVICITIS

SPECIMEN: VAGINA
Epithelium: Start. Squamous Non-Kera
NO SUBMUCOSA
NO GLANDS
Vaginal Lubrication:
Cervical glands
Bartholins Glands
Small vestibular glands
Glycogen accumulation = maturation/puberty

CC: Gonorrhea prefer columnar cells

Prepubertal vaginitis
Postpubertal cervicitis

DYSPAREUNIA painful intercourse

A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
B. ANALOGUE IN MALES
A. BARTHOLINS GLAND
B. COWPERS GLAND
SPECIMEN: BARTHOLINS GLANDS
EXTERNAL GENITALIA: Strat. Squamous
Vestibule:
Bartholins Gland (glandulae vestibulares
majores) Cowpers Glands
Vestibular Glands (glandulae vestibulares
minores) Glands of Littre
Clitoris: dorsal part of penis
Labia minora: corpus spongiosum
No hair; with sweat and sebaceous glands
Labia majora: scrotum
coarse hair; with sweat and sebaceous glands

CC: HIDRADENOMA PAPILLIFERUM

Benign tumor of the APOCRINE (SWEAT)
GLANDS
A. IDENTIFY THE POINTED STRUCTURE
B. WHAT DO YOU CALL THE
ENDOMETRIUM OF A PREGNANT
UTERUS?
 A. CHORIONIC VILLI
B. DECIDUA
SPECIMEN: PLACENTA
Trophoblast
MATERNAL
Cytotrophoblast (Langhans cell layer) inner;
SIDE mononucleated
Syncytiotrophoblast- outer; multinucleated
Decidua endometrium
D. basalis implantation site
D. capsularis- opposite basalis
D. parietalis- remainder
Chorion separates embryo from endometrium
C. frondosum adjacent to decidua basalis
C. leave adjacent to decidua capsularis
Fuses with decidua parietalis later on
PLACENTA = D. basalis + C. frondosum
Decidual rxn prevent invasion of troph beyong
endometrium; thickening odendometrium
Placental barrier
Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Extraembryonic mesenchyme
endothelium
FETAL SIDE
Placental hormones: produced by syncytiotroph and decidual
cells
Cytotrophoblast cells surrounding the chorionic villi
HOFBAUER CELLS resident macrophages
Mesenchymal
CT
 END
IF MAY NAPANSIN KAYO NA MALING INFO OR
MALING SPELLING, CONGRATS! IBIG SABIHIN NAG-
ARAL KAYO NG MABUTI.
PAKISABI NA LANG DIN PARA MAINFORM KAMI.
SALAMAT!
Notes form Trans, Manual, DiFiore, and Junquiera

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