Definition of “Transportation”

"Transportation" as a legal sentence refers to the practice by

the British government of transporting convicts to Australia and
present day Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) from
the late 1700s to the mid-1800s.

Many of the convicts sent "down under" were guilty of minor

offenses or were political rebels. A number of Irish who resisted
British rule were "sentenced to transportation" and would
never see Ireland again.

It has been estimated that more than 150,000 convicts were

transported from England, beginning in 1788.

A strong Anti-Transportation Movement began in Australia to

protest the practice in the 1850s, and transportation as a
punishment was finally ended in 1867.
MODES OF TRANSPORTATION
Road transportation Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical
constraints among transportation modes. However, physiographical constraints are significant in road
construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain.
Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are
rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the
vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight
in small batches are the norm. Yet, with containerization, road transportation has become a crucial link
in freight

Rail transportation Railways are composed of a traced path on which are bound vehicles. They have an
average level of physical constrains linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required,
particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although
containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime
modes. Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering the highest capacity with a 23,000 tons fully
loaded coal unit train being the heaviest load

Sea transportation Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction,
sea transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances.
Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. However, due to
the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime
space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. The construction of channels, locks and
dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity. Comprehensive inland
waterway systems include Western Europe, the Volga / Don system, St. Lawrence / Great Lakes system,
the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Amazon, the Panama / Paraguay and the interior of China.
Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most
expensive to build, maintain and improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime
transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such
as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites.

Air transportation Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic,
inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are
multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for
landing and take off), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and
quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people.
More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and
is playing a growing role in global logistics.
Air Transport

Sea Transport

Rail Transport

Road Transport
ELEMENTS OF A TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1. The Way
 Artificial
 Natural

2. The Terminal

3. The Carrying

4. The Motive Power

 Natural Power
 Steam Power
 Internal Combustion Engine
 Jet Propulsion
Definition of “Accommodation”

Initially proposed by Jean Piaget, the term accommodation

refers to part of the adaptation process. The process of
accommodation involves altering one’s existing schemas, or
ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New
schemas may also be developed during this process.

For example, a young child may have an existing schema for

dogs. Dogs have four legs, so the child may automatically
believe that all animals with four legs are dogs. When the child
learns that cats also have four legs, she will undergo a process of
accommodation in which her existing schema for dogs will
change and she will also develop a new schema for cats.
Types of Accommodation in Philippines
Philippines has different types of accommodations which are designed and reasonably priced
according to ones requirements. Listed below are the residential types of accommodation which
can be rented or purchased. Some of these properties can be owned by foreigners who are
allowed to acquire properties as stated in the Condominium Act or those who have Filipino
spouses.

Houses

The houses in the Philippines are based on the economic status and the demographical location
of the inhabitants. The house denotes financial stability, authority and prominence in the society.
In most cases, a well-constructed house indicates the owner’s financial status. On the other
hand, a wooden hut implies impoverish state and well-being of the owner. This significant
distinction is generally seen throughout the country where a gap between the rich and the poor is
rapidly widening

The houses in provincial and agricultural areas of the country vary from nipa hut or bahay kubo
to concrete-stone houses while, houses in urban areas are mostly well-constructed bungalows,
duplex and mansion houses.

The construction costs may vary on the location and materials. A nipa hut may cost 30,000
Pesos for a 4 x 4 area, excluding the cost of land. A 54 sq. m., concrete bungalow with or
without the cost of land, may cost 100,000 – 500,000 Pesos. A duplex house may cost 500,000
– 1,000,000 Pesos. And, a mansion may cost 5,000,000 or higher which may depend on the
location, the size and the materials used. But due to the abundance in residential areas, there
are real estate developers who sell houses from 100,000 Pesos to 28,000,000 who also provide
legal titles of ownership.

In addition, there are people specifically in urban areas who are living in card-made or wooden
shacks. This is the result of the fast growing population in the country and the increase in
employment demand which compels most Filipinos from rural areas to migrate to the cities.
However, these people may have intended to stay in these houses because of the following
reasons:
1. They cannot afford the cost of living in the city; living in squatter’s area is free – free water,
free electricity, free from tax and other government fees

2. They have nowhere to stay if they’ll return to their provinces.

3. There are no jobs for them in the province except farming or fishing, which some Filipinos
think is a degrading source of income.

4. There are middle-income earners who rent out their houses or properties in other areas while
living for “free” in squatter’s area. This method is more on generating income and minimizing the
expenses.

The houses in the squatter’s area may be humiliating and pitiful to look but there are reasons
why some people prefer to call them “homes”.

Townhouses

The townhouses in the Philippines are mostly built in the cities particularly in densely populated
areas like Manila, Cebu and Davao because of its slim, elongated, vertical design.  A townhouse
is a basically a house that is attached with other houses built in a single area in order to
minimize the space and cut the construction expenses. A townhouse may cost between
2,000,000 – 10, 000, 000 Pesos depending on the location and style.

Apartments

The apartments in the Philippines may be houses, townhouses and condominium units which
may be abandoned, old or spare properties that can generate monthly or yearly income. These
apartments are exclusively for rent in short or long term period wherein the rental cost can be
negotiated with the owner or a broker. The rental cost can be as low as 500 Pesos and as high
as 30,000 Pesos

Condominium

The condominiums in the Philippines are mostly situated in big cities particularly in Metro Manila
which are constructed into low, medium and high rise buildings. The prices may vary on the type
of unit, location and even the name of the property developer which may range from 770,000
Pesos to 28,000,000 Pesos.
Transportation
And
Accommodation
 Principle
of
Tourism

John Paul L. Pagtananan

BSHRM 101A
Ms. Cherry dela Peña