Greeting Customs Around The World: Strong Cultures of Politeness

Reflected in The Way People Greets Each Other in Maori, Japan, and Java

Abstracts

Greeting is one of media that conveys the essence of Culture and heritage within. As people
of Maori, Japanese and Javanese is on the same contingent but separated isles country.
Moreover, the religion persecution among them is in a distinct level of believe that may affect
the development of cultures among them. The theory that will be used in this paper is the
theory of Alesandro Duranti. The theory of Universal Greetings will be employed to answer
the research question in this paper (Duranti 1977). The result shows that the strongest
cultures does not mean the deepest level of philosophy of its way of greeting. But, it is all
about the way how people of indigenous maintain the greetings.

Keywords: Maori, Japanese, Javanese, way of greetings, cultures.

INTRODUCTION

When people of certain tribe are being asked with a single critical question, what
makes you Javanese? Navajo? Or Celtics? The sensitivity part of their awareness are being
tested. Sometimes, several people may get temper with that question, some may hardly think
of the answers. When the question is raised, this is one of way to make people conscious of
their culture. The answer of the question are so variants and sometimes out of the question.
They may answer with nationality, ID card, Religion, etc. The Variants of the answer is the
result of an assumption that cultures do not have a clear cut.

Another interesting question to raise is that when a person 100% believe that he or she
is a Javanese, try to ask them about how people of Javanese greet each other?. Greeting is
part of cultural identity that reflects the strong culture of its people. In this globalisation era,
when a single place is filled with heterogenic people, the way how they greet each other will
be different and sometimes feel awkward among them. That is why, an acceptable universal
way of greeting is sometime an alternative way for them, a Handshake. Ironically, this
Universal greeting has replaced many other greeting and the culture within. People are losing
their identity by ignoring their traditional way of greeting and feel more comfortable with
their new global culture which is definitely do not convey any reflection of the identity of
their true culture.
 As stated in title, an unique way of people greet each other reflects the strong culture
that maintained in their society. How could be a maintained greeting reflects a strong culture?
Simply because in the way of greeting, people do not only meet, say hello, and leave. But,
they also convey the philosophy of greeting within. For example, an Arabic people believe
that when they are greetings, they are actually praying to the God, praying for the sake of
person that they greet. A strong culture believes that when they do greetings, it is a perfect
time to manage cultural practice in order to maintain their social life among them.

In this paper, three places are chosen as a source of data. Those are Maori (New
Zealand), Javanese (Indonesia), and Japanese. The places are chosen because geographically
they are far separated island but still on the same continent, Asia. Maori is a tribal group in
New Zealand which is located in southwest part of Asia. Next to it, Javanese is located in
central Position, in this case between Maori and Japanese. Javanese is indigenous people of
Java who settle the island centuries ago. Finally, Japanese Tribal group is on the northern part
of these all nations. The places that been chosen are unique and have the similar geographic
condition. They are isle nations. This condition will be flashbacked into the real and the first
settlers of the island that convey the first civilization on the land. At the end, the first settlers
will convey their cultures and way of greetings within.

From the Explanation above, it is considered that the research question would be in
three parts. First, how people of each tribes do the greetings? Second, what is the philosophy
of each greeting?

There are so many articles that had research on way of greeting and its philosophy.
From the previous study, it could be concluded that the research gap among them that there is
no any of them make a comparison between Maori, Japanese, and Javanese that an isle
country in the same contingent.

The methodology will be used in this paper is using documentation. The method is
chosen because of its proper and most efficient way to find the answer for all research
questions. The first and second question is the most suitable stuff for documentation method.
But, there is a possibility for third question to do an ethnology method. Unfortunately, the
location and economical condition are not supported to do such kind of method way. Beside,
some researcher would not do any unworthy research with an extreme way to be
accomplished.
 As the research problems above, the purpose of this study are:

1. To find how the people of each tribes do their greetings.

2. To reveal the philosophy behind each greetings.

The organization of this study will be in three main parts, each part will be in upper case
and bolded. The first part that we have discussed above is the introduction part. In the
introduction, the information concerning on general background of study, previous studies,
research gap, purpose of study, and the organization study. The second part is theoretical
framework, as it will be discussed below. In the second part, it will be served with several
theories from experts, journal, thesis, or handbooks. The next part is discussion. It will test
the theory to be deal with the data in order to answer the research questions above. Finally,
the last section is conclusion where you will find the result of the discussion.

Theoretical Framework

In this paper, the theory of the Universality of Greeting by Alesandro Duranti, a

linguistics Anthropologist, will be used to analyse the data. In his theory, it was stated that
cross culture among the universe is so complicated to be maintained and to be deal with. That
is why, he created an universal features of greeting in cross culture perspective. He said, The
Literature on greetings include several commonly made claims that require an agreed-upon
definition of what constitute a greeting exchange (Duranti, 1997). Thus, the whole way of
greetings in any other cultures must involve at least this one of features.

The criteria includes Near boundary occurrences, Establishment of A Shared

Perceptual Field, Adjacency Pair Format, Relative Predictability of Form and Content,
Implicit Establishment of Spatiotemporal Unit of Interaction, and Identification of
Interlocutors as a Distinct being Worth Recognizing. These criteria are listed in simplified
manner. Although, there will be verbal and non verbal explanation of the criteria of these six
features, all of it will be covered and take the cultural, social, and relationship ponts in order
to get the politeness strategies among Maori, Japanese, and Javanese way of greeting among
in the same contingent.
1. Near-Boundary Occurrence
In this first criterion, Duranti stated that greetings should be differentiated from any
other salutation, closing, or leave-taking. Although, greetings are expected to open a
conversation between community as social encounter, Greetings are more than that. It
has become an attention getting device among society. In strong culture of particular
society, greetings is not a say hello and there is nothing to be carry on that tradition.
It carries many social aspects and culture within. As Duranti added, and their ability
(Greetings) to establish a shared field of interaction (Duranti, 1997). This simply
means that greetings carry clture or shared field.
2. Establishment of A Shared Perceptual Field
A good greeting is always started with visual recognition and followed by verbal
recognition. This simply means that visual recognition is a common greetings like
handshake. Visual means that we can see the greetings visually. After that, it was
followed by verbal recognition which a person say something in order to open the
conversation. Verbal recognition is variants among different culture. But, it remains
the same goal to establish the perceptual field. This is called mutual recognition.
3. Adjacency Pair Format
Despite the greetings convey a culture sense within, it also convey a perceptual
between people who do greeting. If there are two people do traditional greetings, there
are connection between them that may shows the particular relationship between
them. If one of them could not perform it correctly, it shows that two of them have
never met before. Duranti gave a good example of this. he said, Adjacency pairs
structure makes sense if greetings are exchange in which test each others relationship
(e.g., Are we still on talking terms? Are we still friends? Do I still recognize your
authority? Do I still acknowledge my responsibility toward you? ) (Duranti, 1997).
Those questions shows that the relationship of interlocutors and its opponent can be
showed from their practice of greetings.
4. Relative Predictability of Form and Content.
Although greeting convey many aspects of cultures and social, it seems that a good
greeting has lost its exact goal in practice of social life. Simplifying, people may say
how are you today? to other people that they know and met on the day. But, it seems
that it is not the exact point of greeting to ask about condition. It has shifted into a
culture which would be an attention getting device among society. That is why it is
indexed as the content and form predictability.
5. Implicit Establishment of Spatiotemporal Unit of Interaction.
In this criterion, it stated that greeting is something which is beyond space and time.
Despite of greetings which need an exact time like good morning, the same person
 that have met before may do greetings again as they met again in the same space. That
is why spatiotemporal term means that greetings are not bended by space and time. It
is beyond. As Duranti stated. greetings clearly enter into the definition of larger units
of analysis such as day at work.... (Duranti, 1997). As language is always beyond
spatial terms, it might have a same assumption of the greetings itself.

6. Identification of Interlocutors as a Distinct being Worth Recognizing

The varities of greeting of a certain people may be as a tool for people to identify each
other. In English, there are so many variations of its language to perform greetings. It
simply shows the social status between them. For example, hello, hi, hey, how are you
doing?, whats up?, African-American English tend to use the last two kind of
greetings. That is why, despite from the behavioural essence of greeting, the verbal
recognition is also conveyed a certain tool of identification especially from Durantis
perspective which is from a linguistic anthropologist.

From those criteria, it could be conclude that the way of greetings would convey
several meaning on it. From the visual recognition level, we could see from the position,
gesture and body language that also convey a certain meaning. From the relationship
revealing between the greeters till the culture content of it. In the other hand, the level of
verbal recognition greeting will show you as the speech continue. The identity of a crtain
person will be easily revealed whe they pick a word to do a greeting. As in any other
language may overcome, in English, the variations of social class and social status of a
person could be easily revealed form the variations of his fluent English that people chosen to
do greeting.

Discussion

In this section, there will be three parts of discussions, as the section will try to answer
the three research questions stated on the introduction side. The first discussion will mainly to
show how the people of each Maori, Japanese and Javanese do greeting. The next discussion
will talk about the philosophy and meaning for each greetings. The last discussion will talk
about the politeness for each cultural adjustment among the cultures.

The form of greetings: Maori

Maori is a tribal ethnic of new Zealand, the first settlers of the isle. In the 14 th century,
The Great Fleat was occurred. It was the great migration where the Maori people are
migrated from Hawaiki isles to the New Zealand. As the tribe settles the isle, the culture of
Maori people start to spread along the isle. One of the great culture is the way of greetings of
Maori people, Hongi. That is how they call their greetings. The greeting is performed by
touching your nose together and after that your forehead. While touching the nose and
forehead, it is common for them to close their eyes while greetings.

Figure 1. the Elders of Maori do Hongi greeting

The women in picture above are called Kuia which means the women elders. The
form of the greetings may simple, but with the great believe of the photo that you can see. It
was taken at Maori Ceremonial Marae in 1963. Sometimes, this kind of greeting is only
performed in the situational ceremony. Many years ago, Hongi is only performed for Maori
people. But, nowadays, to interact tourist with the rich culture of Maori in New Zealand

About the form of greeting across gender, there is no such kind of specific differences
for different performance of Hongi for sexes. All people could do Hongi as long as they
convey the goal and aim of Hongi. Here are another examples of Hongi across gender:
 Figure 2. Hongi across gender and age

The picture shows that there is no such different in performing Hongi across gender and age.
The pictures contain two people with different age and gender. People of Maori do not judge
people by physically. They prefer to believe in the philosophy of the Hongi that convey later
on the next section.

Philosophy of Greetings: Maori

Hongi, Morphologically, has two roots that can be separated. There are Ho and Ngi.
According to an elder of Maori explaining Hongi in Youtube, he said, Ho which means the
exchanging the breath of life to the other when we touch our noose. The second is Ngi, that
Ngi means the acceptness of that gift that we give each other. Those roots are fused and
create a meaning of exchanging the breath of life. As there are two main points in Hongi,
the first Ho tells to the Maori People that they need to always exchange the breath of life to
be alive. People of Maori believe that everything has relation. Even with the breath and air
that they exhale in everyday life, they believe that it is a gift from the creators that need to be
shared to other human being or to other creation of this world (plants, animals, even rocks).

The gift of life, that is how Maori people believe that life starts from one creator.
This creator, he name it as Io which he states You may call him God, I dont know, Io much
simply means The Creator of this Universe (Anonymous, 2011), shares the breath of life to
one of his creation (in this case is humans). From one creation, the breath of life travels to
other creation in order to make them become alive. This shows the practice of Hongi
greetings is originally adapted from Maori God, Io, that give a gift of life through his breath
into another creation.

The media to transfer the gift of life is a noose. People of Maori belive that noose is
the essence of life. It is a worth telling that people of Maori had an assumption that noose is
not an organ of body which is used to smell. But, it is much for breath and accept the gift of
life from their creator, Io.

Figure 3. the Creator give the breath of life to one of his creation

Another philosophy of touching noose together is to respect the creators. Hongi shows
that people of Maori give a thanks to their creator. They thank for the gift of life that has been
a biggest gift in their life. Without life, what else can humans do? That it why, by re-acting
like when the first time Io give the gift of life to one of Human, Maorian imitate the gesture
and body language and performed it as a way of their Greeting, Hongi.

Now, let us go to the deeper level philosophy of Hongi. Here is the transcription of Dr.
Ringamarie Turuki Rose Peri, an elder Maori, explaining Hongi.

we believe in oneness of everything that exist. Uhhh there is no separataion for us. As far,
we can see you from the one source. And not only we are related as human beings but we also
 relate to.....earth mother. So that, we are related to the birth, the fish, the trees,.... so, when
you came this afternoon, we gave you a former welcome. We had a hongi. Which was
preseess nooses. My eyebrow reminds you of the wings of the birth. My eyebrow remind you
as the tail of the whale and you know, my noose is the body. And my forehead is the crown,
the crown of the great treesand my noose is the trunk. So when we TOUCHED. the singing
eye will be a healing eye, we linked in. And we remember that we are inter-related and that
we are the part of the ONENESS of everything that exist. We dont believe in separation,
NO(Peri, 2010).

The single reason why the transcription is not to be explained in paraphrase is, it will be
drying out the essence as the researcher is not the native people.

The deeper level of Hongi is impossible to be explained by non-native of Maori tribe.

The next level of Hongi, if I mas say, is about the oneness of this universe. We may have
different physics, different opinion, or different interpretation. But, for Maori people, when
they do greeting of Hongi, everything is just the same. We are all came from one source.
There is no something to be selfish off. Without breath of life, creation are nothing.

To be linked with the theory on Universal greeting by Duranti (Duranti, 1997), the
Hongi has succeed the strong cultre as it possess several criteria of the universal greetings.
From the Near-Boundary Occurrence perspective, it is clear that the ancient greeting of
Hongi is not simply a leave-taking greetings like many other common ones. It has already
explained above that Hongi is the exchanging breathe of life among creation, it is even
doubted as a greeting anymore among Maorian people. The strongest theory for Maori is
Adjacency pair Format. In this criterion, it is stated that greeting is to acknowledge your
interlocutor or to identify the relationship between them. In showing Hongi, it is not just your
friends, enemy, or stranger. Everybody can perform Hongi. As they are inter-related of each
other and there is no separation. So that everybody relates to another when Hongi-ing.

As the oneness to another, inter-related form is used in Hongi. There is no such

separation between one to another. This may deal with humans as social creatures that can not
live alone in this mother earth. All of the part of human is actull reflected the whole system of
universe that relate from one to another. As Mrs. Turuki stated that only for the eyebrow and
the nose, it was just give a broad inter-related of humans to another creation. How about
another part of the body? Should be a dozen link to the mother earth..

So that, the Maori People practice their Hongi in many different aspect of philosophy
in their life. From the level of their believe in creation, the media of transferring the breath of
life to another creations, and the philosophy of inter-related of all creation in this universe.
This may have a deeper explanation if only it is explained in Maori language. As the
language convey its culture and meaning, the name of Io for gods may not be propriate and
Hongi for the Breath of life. Seems like, Hongi is not simply a Breath.

The form of greetings: Japanese

The next culture is Bowing in Japan. Note that the greeting is called Bow, literally not
the Long Bow that English mastered. Sometimes, it is ambigous to search about Greeting in
Japan Bow. There are so many kinds of bowing in japan. For example, Bowing while
standing and bowing while sitting. In this case, we just discuss the Bowing in standing way.
Because it is the most common greeting that people know across the world.

Figure 4. Bowing while standing

Bowing while standing, people of Japan called it as a Saikeirei. The form of this
greeting is believed to be exist in Asuka and Nara Periods. In 538-749 AD, the Saikeirei was
introduced along with the revelation of Buddhism from Chinese. The Saikeirei is performed
by standing straight and lower your head along with your trunks till 45. There are three main
position that need to be remembered while bowing. The first one, the form while bowing
should be in position that your head must be a straight line with your back, rather than a
curve. Second, the position of the heap and the legs must be in the same position. This
position have a meaning to resist you to stick out your butt into aother people behind you.
The last, it is recommended to inhale while bowing, exhale while holding the bow, and inhale
as you straight up back your head up.

A simple tips to perform bow taken from internet is provided below.

Standing

1. Stand in seiritsu

2. Bend forward 15 at a natural pace

3. At the same time and at the same speed, lower your hands 3 to 4cm down the front of
your legs

4. Keep your gaze in line with the bend of your body and look at a spot about 180cm
(6ft) in front of you

5. Return to seiritsu at a natural pace.

Figure 5. straight vs curved Bow

The Philosophy of Greeting: Japanese

 As the kinds of bow is so variants. The message that bowing convey from Japanese
culture is not merely a leave-taking or say hello. Despite like Maori people do, Bowing, for
people of Japan, is a way to express any other expressive language in daily life. It could
represent an appreciation, an apology, or simply a respect. Different with any other culture
that has a limit variants in their greetings, Bowing has many variants on its performances.
The variants depends on the people who met each other to perform bow. As stated by Darren
Smith, The depth of the bow depends on the relationship between the two people meeting.
Bows can range from shallow nods to kneeling bows where one's head touches the floor.
That is why, Bowing in Japan has a strong relation with social class of its people. It assumes
that the higher social class of a person, the lower Bow that perform for him/her.

From the pictogram perspective, bowing is related to the kanji which represent its
word. Like many other philosophy of Japan, many of Japanese culture are adapted or showed
from the Kanji that relate to the cultre. In this case, Bowing is translated to Rei as in
standing Bow Saikeirei. The kanji of the word Bow has a similar shape of a person who
kneeing in an altar.

Figure 6. Rei in Kanji

Even though standing Bow was introduced when Buddhism enter from China to
Japan, it does not mean that the philosophy of Bowing has the essence of religion within. In
the other sources, it was stated that the bow is not solely a Japanese gesture used in a
religious context. This particular act of submission originated in Christianity. In fact, there is
still exists an ancient order that prostates the complete body on the floor facing the East.
Islam is well-known for its bowing. (Anonymous quoted in Darren Smith). It shows that the
philosophy from religion perception is on ambiguous way.
 The history of bowing starts from the first Shogunate of japan in12th century. The
Dojo is place of training for Samurai warrior at that time. In that place, Samurai performs a
bowing before they have a fight or training with their master. As the shogunate at that time
was Kamakura Shogunate. He was impressed with the way how the warrior served him in the
battlefield and the way they bow to his master. Finally, the emperor adopted the way of
bowing as their way to respect the higher class of its social status in Japan. The rue of
etiquette of the samurai was then builded the school of etiquette for duch and duchess of
Japanese Empire. Today, the school is still operating with the name of Ogasawara Ryu
(Smith, 2011).

In Dojo, having a bow before fighting is an important etiqute in entire Japan. While
performing Dojo, the Samurai remain silent. But, there are much assumption on his rival in
front of him. Bowing is Showing respect, even to your enemy (Smith, 2011). The longer
Samurai do Bowing for his Enemy, the closer relationship with his enemy. No matter what
relations that they maintained, Bowing is one of the way for Samurai to start the fight.

Figure 7. Bowing at Dojo

Fighting is not just all about physics. In Japanese traition, Bowing is the sign when
the warriors could start to fight. But while Bowing, they had already strat the fight even
before they move in a single step. They fight by their mind, they calculate, predict, assume
the movement of their enemy. While bowing, the samurai think about the best strategy to hunt
their prey down. As stated in smith, Many dangerous techniques are taught and practised but
with a predictable outcome. This predictability comes from proper etiquette. Proper etiquette
contributes to making the dojo a less perilous place for its practitioners.
Form of Greeting: Javanese

In Javanese, the most common way of greeting that become part of Indonesian
heritage is Sembah. The non-verbal recognition of this greeting has a form of tapping
together our forehand and make our arms twinkled like the the triangle shape. After that, put
the clapsed palm in front of our chest. As the palm is infornt of our chest, we move up the
plam into our chin and touching the tip of the noose. This non-verbal performance is not
followed by the verbal recognition. The form is basically contained of gestures and body
language.

Sembah is commonly performed in ceremonial context. This greeting is performed in

a certain dance for the Kraton (Kingdom). The performance of Sembah is commonly
occurred in Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese dance. Pendet dance from Bali is one of the
example that performs Sembah. Sembah is part of the dance itself. It does not mean that
Sembah is added independently from the dance. But it is a trunk of the dance itself.
Moreover, Serimpi Dancer is gradually perform Sembah in Keraton. It is a part of the dance
that shows respect to the Sultan.

Figure 8. Pendet and Serimpi Dancers performs Sembah.

Sembah was originally adapted from Hindu-Buddhist past heritage who introduce this
kind of performance to Indonesian people around 500BC. Sembah is basedly adopted from
India culture which bring the religion within. It was based on Indian Anjali Mudra. In India,
sembah was known as a Namaste. Basically it has the same basic of greetings. But, in
Indonesia it was preferred to be used in dance and in praying rather than greeting in everyday
life.
Philosophy of Greetings: Javanese

From semanticist point of view, Sembah, if it was try to be translated to English

means worship. But, the term worship failed to explore the term Sembah in specific. Sembah
means that you worship a God by lowering everything that you got as low as you can. The
term Sembah has a feature semantics of Lowering. That is why, worshipping is not enough
to represent the term Sembah.

The gesture of Sembah first occurred in 4000 years ago when Indonesian clays start to
Indus Civilization (Wikipedia). As the use of Sembah is very connected with the Religion of
Hindu-Buddhist, the Kingdom of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia ata that time adopt this
features into daily life.

In Hinduism, it is believed that people had already have a debt to his creators by the
time they were born to this world. The performance of Sembah means that people thank the
creators for giving them alive. This alive was named Tri Rna. Tri Rna is a debt of Human to
their creators. The clapsing all te fingers into ones means that you are a humble servant for
your creators. As people of Hindu believe that the critical part of the body which maks you
feel so well and safe is between your chin and chest. That is heart. That is why the location
where Sembah strats comes from the chest. After that the moving down your head and rising
the clapsed hand means to respect the creators or the Sultan.

Figure 9. the practice of Sembah in Wayang and Garuda Indonesia

 As Mr. Suharsono Talked much abut Priyai in Java. Priyai is the Public Figure as the
holy servant of the Keraton. Priyai gradually practice Sembah into the Noble family of
Keraton Java. But right now, the practice of Sembah is only performed in Central Java in
Keratonan Jawa Tengah. It is hard to find the practice of Sembah in Daily life. It is because
the public figure of Javanese people has shifted from Priyai into an artist which adopt western
cultures within.

One greatest practice of Sembah is one the Wayang or Puppet show of traditional
Java. It is the only play that play the practice of Sembah despite of Traditional dances of
Jawa, Bali, and Sunda, another practice of Sembah is maintained by Garuda Indonesia which
respectfully shows the strong culture of Javanese heritage which is way of Javanese greeting.

Conclusion

To sum up, the strong cultures always reflected by the way how people maintain their
way of greeting in daily live. While greeting, according to Duranti, it is not just an instrument
to start the conversation or to end a certainmeeting. But it is a device of attention taking for
having a social interaction. Moreover, the great greeting does not have an exact goal as the
word or gesture of the greeting shows. But, it is the way how people feel and sense the
greeting with a full of cultural essential way.

No matter how rich is the philosophy of a certain greeting, if the practitioner is a few.
It could be predicted that the cultures do not have a strong user sense of belonging. As the
Maori people always exercise their way of Hongi by the time they met each other. The
philosophy of its greeting goes on by the time the greeting is maintained. In Japan, the Bow is
used only in Dojo and have a social classes purposes on its aim. The philosophy of Bow
always relate with the social status that you do not have to do bow lower if you are a
shogunate of Japan. In Indonesia, the maintaining Sembah needs more improvement. As it is
only maintained by a certain dance, certain Wayang, and some commercial purposes, it will
need more improvement. Despite Maori and Japanese, Sembah has more purposes in
Religion way. As it is adopted to Sembahyang nowadays to present a Shalat or praying for
people of Moeslem in Java.
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