UNIT V

WELL PERFORMANCE:

Oil well performance: When considering the performance of oil wells, it is often
assumed that a wells performance can be estimated by the productivity index.
However, Evinger and Muskat[1] pointed out that, for multiphase flow, a curved
relationship existed between flow rate and pressure and that the straight-line
productivity index did not apply to multiphase flow. The constant productivity index
concept is only appropriate for oil wells producing under single-phase flow conditions,
pressures above the reservoir fluids bubblepoint pressure. For reservoir pressures less
than the bubblepoint pressure, the reservoir fluid exists as two phases, vapor and liquid,
and techniques other than the productivity index must be applied to predict oilwell
performance.

Gas well performance: Steady-state-, pseudosteady-state-, and transient-flow concepts

are developed, resulting in a variety of specific techniques and empirical relationships
for both testing wells and predicting their future performance under different operating
conditions.

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT:

Reservoir management has been defined by a number of other author. Basically ,

sound reservoir management practice relies on the utilization of available resource (
i.e., human, technological and financial ) to maximize profit/profitability index from a
reservoir by optimizing recovery while minimizing capital investment and operating
expenses. Reservoir management involves making certain choices. Either let it happen,
or make it happen. We can leave it to chance to generate some profit from a reservoir
operation without ongoing deliberate planning, or we can enhance recovery and
maximize profit from the same reservoir through sound management practice.

FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT:

Although the synergism provided by the interaction between geology and

reservoir engineering has been quite successful, reservoir management has generally
been successful in recognizing the value of other disciplines ( eg. Geophysics,
production operation, drilling, and different engineering function).

The prime objective of reservoir management is the economic optimization of oil

and gas recovery which can be obtained by the following steps:

1. Identify and define all individual reservoir in a particular field and their physical
properties.
2. Deduce past and predict future reservoir performance.
3. Define and modify( if necessary ) wellbore and surface system.
4. Initiate operating control at the proper time.
5. Consider all pertinent economic and legal factor.

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT:

DATA:

1. Geological
2. Geophysical
3. Engineering
4. Financial

TECHONOLOGY: TOOLS:

1. Seismic 1. Seismic interpretation

2. Geologic 2. Tomography
3. Geostatistics 3. Data acquisition
INTEGRATION
4. Engineering 4. Logging/ coring
5. Drilling and 5. Completion and
completions facilities
6. Enhanced oil recovery 6. Geologic modeling
7. Environmental 7. Pressure transient
8. Computer 8. Fracturing
9. Reservoir stimulator
PEOPLE: 10. Enhanced oil recovery
11. Computer software
1. Management and hardware.
2. Geoscientists
3. Engineers
4. Land/legal
5. Field
6. Financial
RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT PROCESS:

Reservoir management process

Setting stratergy

Developing plan

Implementation

Monitoring

Evaluating

Completing

CONCLUSION:

Reservoir management has been described as the judicious use of various

means available to maximize benefits from a reservoir.

There are numerous reasons why some reservoir management program fail.
Perhaps the most important reason why a reservoir management program is developed
and implemented poorly is un integrated group effort. A procedure to improve success
in implementing such a program has been employed.

DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS:

Reservoir management starting from developing a plan, implementing a plan,

monitoring and evaluating the performance of the reservoir requires a knowledge of the
reservoir that should be gained through an integrated data acquisition and analysis
program.

The keys steps are

i) Plan, justify, time and priorities

ii) Collect and analyze
iii) Validate / store (data base)

An enormous amount of data are collected and analyzed during the life of a
reservoir. An efficient data management program consisting of collecting, analyzing ,
storing and retrieving needed for sound reservoir management. It poses a great
challenge.

Plan , justify
time, prioritize

Before production During

production

Collect and
analyse

1. Seismic Validate/ store 1. Well test
2. Geologic database 2. Production
3. Logging 3. Injection
4. Coring 4. Special
5. Fluid
6. Well test

RESEVOIR SIMULATION:

Reservoir simulation is an area of reservoir engineering in which computer models are

used to predict the flow of fluids (typically, oil, water, and gas) through porous media.

RESERVOIR STIMULATIOM MODEL:

In the previous section, we introduced the idea of a simulation model applied

to the growth of a bacterial colony. Now let us consider what we want to model or
simulate when we come to developing petroleum reservoir. Clearly, petroleum
reservoir are much more complex than our simple example since they involve many
variable (eg. Pressure, oil saturation, flow, etc.,) that are distributed through space and
that vary with time.
A SIMPLE EXAMPLE OF A SIMULATION MODEL:

A simple model is one which shows the main features of a real system, or
resembles it in behavior, but is simple enough to make calculation on. These calculation
may be analytical or numerical. By analytical we mean that the equation that represent
the model can be solved using mathematical techniques such as those used to solved
algebraic or differential equation. An analytical solution would normally be written in
term of well know equation or function ( x2 , sin x, e ,etc.,).

FORMULATION OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION :

To run a reservoir simulation model , you must:

A) Gather and input the fluid and rock (reservoir description ) data as outlined
above;
B) Choose certain numerical features of the grid ( number of grid blocks, timestep,
sizes etc.,)
C) Set up the correct field well control ( injection rates, bottom hole pressure
constraints etc.,) it is these which drive the model.
D) Choose which output ( from a vast range of possibilities ) you would like to have
printed to file which you can then plot or in some case while the simulation is
still running.

The output can include the following (non-exhaustive) list of quantities:

1. The average field pressure as a function of time.

2. The total field cumulative oil, water and gas production profile with time.
3. The total field daily (weekly, monthly, annual ) production rates of each phase:
oil, water, gas.
4. The individual well pressure ( bottom hole or through lift curve, wellhead) over
time.
5. The individual well cumulative and daily flowrate of oil, water, and gas with time.
6. Either full field or individual well water rate, GOR, O/W ratio with time.
7. The spatial distribution of oil, water and gas saturation throughout the reservoir
as function of time i.e., So (x, y, z ; t) , Sw (x, y, z; t) , Sg (x, y, z; t)

TYPES OF RESERVOIR SIMULATION:

There are many more complex reservoir recovery process which can also be
carried out. Dry gas (methane, CH4) injection, for example would generally result in the
flow of three phases ( gas, oil, and water) in the reservoir which is more complicated
than two phase flow. Another process is where we alternately this is water- alternating
gas or WAG flooding. More exotic improved oil recovery (IOR) processes can be
carried out where we inject chemical ( polymer, surfactants, alkali or foams) into the
reservoir to recover oil that is lost behind by primary and secondary oil recovery
processes.

1. The black oil model.

2. The chemical flood model.
a. Polymer flooding.
b. Polymer surfactants flooding.
c. Low tension polymer flooding.
 d. Alkali flooding.
e. Foam flooding.
3. Thermal model.
a. Steam soaks.
b. Steam drive.
c. Insitu combustion.

THE BLACK OIL MODEL:

Different types of simulator are available to model these different types of

reservoir recovery process. Throughout the chapter of this course we will focus on the
simplest of these (which is quite complex enough) known as the black oil model.
However for completeness, we will also list the other and present a table comparing
experience of these various models allowed to dissolve in the oil and water. This gas
solubility factors (or solution gas oil ratio). Rso and Rsw respectively; typical field units
of Rso and Rsw are SCF/STB.

The mathematical expression for the mass of the various phases are important
when we come to driving the flow equation reservoir processes that can be modeled
using the black oil model include.

1. Recovery by fluid expansion-solution gas drives (primary depletion).

2. Water flooding including viscous, capillary and gravity forces (secondary
recovery).
3. Immiscible gas injection.
4. Some three phase recovery processes such as immiscible water alternating gas
(WAG).
5. Capillary imbibition processes

THE CHEMICAL FLOOD MODEL:

This model has been developed primarily to model polymer and surfactant (or
combined) displacement processes. Polymer flooding can be considered mainly as
extended water flooding with same additional effect in the aqueous phase which must
be modeling eg. Polymer component transport, the viscosification of the aqueous phase,
polymer adsorption, permeability reduction etc., surfactant, flooding however, involves
strong phase behaviour effect where fluid phase may appear which contain
oil/water/surfactant emulsion.

1. Polymer flooding which can be thought of as an enhanced waterflood to

improve the mobility ratio and hence improve the microscopic sweep efficiency and
also to reduce the streaking in highly heterogeneous layered system.

2. Polymer/surfactant flooding where the main purpose of the surfactant is to

lower interfacial tension (IFT) between the oil & gas phase & hence to release or
mobilize trapped residual oil; the polymer is for mobility control behind the surfactant
slug.

3. Low -tension polymer flooding (LTPF) where a more viscous polymer containing
injected solution also contains some surfactant to reduce IFT; the combined effect of the
lower IFT and viscous drive fluid improves the sweep and also helps to mobilize some
of the residual oil.
 4. Alkali flooding where a solutiom of sodium hydroxide is injected into the formation.
The sodium hydroxide may react with certain component in the oil to produce natural
soaks which lower IFT and which may help to mobilize some of the residual oil.

5. Foam flooding where a surfactant is added during gas injection to form a foam
which has a high effective viscosity (lower mobility) in the formation than the gas alone
which may then displace oil more effectively.

THERMAL FLOODING:

In all thermal model heat is added to the reservoir either by injecting steam or by
actually combusting the oil (eg :by air injection). The purpose of this is generally to
reduce the viscosity of a heavy oil which may have o of 100s or 1000s of CP.

1. Steam soaks where steam in injection into the formation, the well is shut in for
a time to allow heat dissipation into the oil and then the well is back produced to
obtain the mobilized oil because of lower viscosity. This is known as a HUFF N
PUFF process.
2. Steam drive where the steam is injected continuously into the formation from
an injection to the producer. Again , the objective is to lower oil viscosity by the
penetration of the heat front deep into the reservoir.
3. Insitu combustion where as noted above an actual combustion process is
initiated in the reservoir by injecting oxygen or air. Part of the oil is burned
(oxidized) to produce heat and combustion gases that help to drive the
(unburned) oil from system. This is not a common improved oil recovery method
but a number of field cases showing at least technical success have been reported
in the SPE literature.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR RADIAL FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM:

PRESSURE DRAW DOWN ANALYSIS:

The analysis of pressure-transient behavior observed while the well is flowing. Results
are generally much less accurate than those from pressure buildup tests because the
bottomhole pressure fluctuates rapidly with even slight changes in the surface flow rate.
Therefore, pressure buildup tests are much preferred, and analysis of drawdown test
data is usually relegated to backup status unless the buildup data are flawed.

PRESSURE BUILD UP ANALYSIS:

An analysis of data obtained from measurements of the bottomhole pressure in a well

that is shut-in after a flow period. The profile created on a plot of pressure against time
is used with mathematical reservoir models to assess the extent and characteristics of
the reservoir and the near-wellbore area.