Sista Werdyani

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 Larutan

Solut Solvent

Solution

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Concentration

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 mol/ L

%b/v; %b/b; %v/b; %v/v

Part per milllion (ppm); part
per billion (ppb)

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1 ppm 1 mg/L

1 ppb 1 ug/L

1 ppt 1 ng/L

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Mol zat terlarut sebelum pengenceran = mol zat terlarut setelah
pengenceran

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 How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.2 M
HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?

MiVi = MfVf
Mi = 4.00 Mf = 0.200 Vf = 0.06 L Vi = ? L

MfVf 0.200 x 0.06

Vi = = = 0.003 L = 3 mL
Mi 4.00

3 mL of acid + 57 mL of water = 60 mL of solution

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 Stoikiometri

What mass of KI is required to make 500. mL of

a 2.80 M KI solution?
M KI M KI
volume KI moles KI grams KI

1L 2.80 mol KI 166 g KI

500. mL x x x = 232 g KI
1000 mL 1 L soln 1 mol KI
4.5
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 Concentration Units

Molality (m)
moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)

Mole Fraction (X)

moles of A
XA =
sum of moles of all components

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Percent by Mass
mass of solute
% by mass = x 100%
mass of solute + mass of solvent
mass of solute
= x 100%

mass of solution

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 What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH)
solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
moles of solute moles of solute
m = M =
mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution

Assume 1 L of solution:
5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol (massa = mol x BM)
927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL) (massa larutan = 1 L x densitas)
mass of solvent = mass of solution mass of solute
= 927 g 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg
moles of solute 5.86 moles C2H5OH
m = = = 8.92 m
mass of solvent (kg) 0.657 kg solvent

12.3
 CONVERT % MASS TO MOLARITY
What is the Molarity of a 95% acetic acid
solution? (density = 1.049 g/mL)

If you assume 1 L, that amount of solution = 1049 g

95% of the solution is acetic acid
1049 g solution x 0.95 = 997 g solute
997 g x 1 mol/60.05 g = 16.6 mol solute
Since we assumed 1 L, thats 16.6 mol / 1 L or 16.6 M
Larutan

nonelectrolyte
weak electrolyte strong electrolyte

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 Larutan

Supersaturated
Saturated solution Unsaturated solution
solution

Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is added

to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

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Proses terbentuknya larutan

Kalor pelarutan Hlarutan

mengikuti rumus berikut:

DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3

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 Like dissolves like

Two substances with similar intermolecular

forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
CCl4 in C6H6
polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O
ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)

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 Gravimetric Analysis
1. Dissolve unknown substance in water
2. React unknown with known substance to form a
precipitate
3. Filter and dry precipitate
4. Weigh precipitate
5. Use chemical formula and mass of precipitate to
determine amount of unknown ion

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4.6
Titration

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 What volume of a 1.420 M NaOH solution is
Required to titrate 25.00 mL of a 4.50 M H2SO4
solution?

WRITE THE CHEMICAL EQUATION!

H2SO4 + 2NaOH 2H2O + Na2SO4

M rx M
volume acid moles acid moles base volume base
acid coef. base

4.50 mol H2SO4 2 mol NaOH 1000 ml soln

25.00 mL x x x = 158 mL
1000 mL soln 1 mol H2SO4 1.420 mol NaOH

4.7
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 Temperatur and Solubility

solubility decreases
with increasing
temperature

solubility increases
with increasing
temperature

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 Fractional crystallization

separation of a mixture of substances into

pure components on the basis of their
differing solubilities.

Suppose you have 90 g KNO3

contaminated with 10 g NaCl.

Fractional crystallization:
1. Dissolve sample in 100 mL of
water at 600C
2. Cool solution to 00C
3. All NaCl will stay in solution
(s = 34.2g/100g)
4. 78 g of PURE KNO3 will
precipitate (s = 12 g/100g).
90 g 12 g = 78 g
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