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CARBOHYDRATES

1. The statements in the table below refer to three polysaccharide molecules. If the statement is
correct, place a tick () in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross ( x)
in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t S ta rc h G ly c o g e n C e llu lo s e

P o ly m e r o f g lu c o s e

G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

U n b ra n c h e d c h a in s o n ly

E n e rg y s to re in a n im a l c e lls

(Total 4 marks)

2. The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box. If it is
incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t T rig ly c e rid e G ly c o g e n

C o n ta in s o n ly c a rb o n
h y dro g en an d o x y g en

G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

S o lu b le in w a te r

P ro v id e s s to ra g e o f e n e rg y

O c c u rs in flo w e rin g p la n ts
a n d a n im a ls

(Total 5 marks)

3. Give an account of the biological significance of polysaccharides.

(Total 10 marks)

4. Read through the following account of compounds used for energy storage in cells, then write
on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

Water is the universal .. in living organisms. Molecules


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which dissolve easily in water can produce osmotic effects. A high concentration of

small, soluble molecules within a cell can cause water to .........................

the cell. This effect is reduced if the molecules used for storage in a cell

are .. . Therefore energy storage compounds are usually

either polysaccharides or .. . Examples of storage

polysaccharides include starch and .. Starch is found

mainly in .. cells.

(Total 6 marks)

5. Write an essay on the following topic.

The roles of carbohydrates in living organisms (Bio)

(15 marks)

6. The diagram below shows a carbohydrate molecule formed from two glucose molecules.

C H 2O H C H 2O H
O O
H

O H
O

B ond X

(a) Name the molecule shown in the diagram.

(1)

(b) What type of carbohydrate is this?

(1)
(c) Name the type of bond labelled X on the diagram, that links the two glucose molecules.

(1)

(d) Many glucose molecules can be linked together to form cellulose.

(i) State one function of cellulose in living organisms.

...

...

(1)

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(ii) Explain how the structure of cellulose is related to its functions.

...

...

...

...

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

7. The table below refers to some disaccharides, their constituent monomers and their roles in
living organisms.

Complete the table by writing in the appropriate word or words in the empty boxes.

Disaccharide Constituent monomers One role in living


organisms

Carbohydrate source in
Lactose
mammalian milk

Glucose + glucose

Form in which sugars


are transported in plants

(Total 5 marks)

8. A solution thought to contain either a reducing sugar or a non-reducing sugar was tested with
Benedicts reagent.

(a) Describe how the presence of a reducing sugar is detected using Benedicts reagent.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) If the test was negative for reducing sugars, describe what steps you would need to carry
out before you could show that a non-reducing sugar was present.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

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.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)

(c) Describe how Benedicts reagent could be used to compare the concentrations of reducing
sugar present in two solutions.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

9. The statements in the table below refer to three polysaccharide molecules.

If the statement is correct place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect
place a cross ( X ) in the appropriate box.

Statement Starch Glycogen Cellulose

Polymer of glucose

Glycosidic bonds present

Unbranched chains only

Energy store in animal cells


(Total 4 marks)

10. The table below refers to two disaccharides, sucrose and maltose. If the statement is correct,
place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box and if the statement is incorrect, place a cross ( ) in the
appropriate box.

Statement Sucrose Maltose

Contains glucose

Is a reducing sugar

Contains glycosidic bonds

Is transported in the phloem of flowering


plants
(Total 4 marks)

11. The diagram below shows the structure of the cell surface membrane.
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C a rb o h y d ra te P r o te in s

G ly c o p ro te in

(a) The cell surface membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Explain why tile
phospholipids in the bilayer are arranged with the fatty acid tails pointing inwards and the
phosphate heads outwards.

(3)

(b) The diagram has been magnified three million (3 106) times. Calculate the width of
the cell surface membrane in tin (micrometres). Show your working.

Answer mm

(3)

(c) State one function of each of the following components of the cell surface membrane.

Carbohydrate ..

Protein

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

12. Give an account of the structure and function of the polysaccharides cellulose, starch
and glycogen.

(Allow three lined pages)

(Total 10 marks)

13. (a) State two structural differences between the molecules of the polysaccharides cellulose
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and glycogen.

Cellulose Glycogen

(2)

(b) State two structural differences between the molecules of the proteins collagen and
insulin.

Collagen Insulin

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

14. (a) A student was given two carbohydrate solutions, labelled A and B, and was told to
perform two tests on each solution.

Test 1: Add Benedicts solution and heat.

Test 2: Add hydrochloric acid and boil.


Neutralise with alkali.
Add Benedicts solution and heat.

The table below shows the colour of each solution after testing.

Solution Colour after Test 1 Colour after Test 2


A Red
B Blue Red

(i) Complete the table to show what colour solution A would be following Test 2.

(1)
(ii) Explain why these results indicate that solution B contained a non-reducing sugar.

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

(2)

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(b) Describe how you would use biuret reagent to compare the concentration of proteins in
two solutions.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

15. The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.

Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the molecule where
appropriate in the empty boxes.

Name Formula Structure

Water H2O

NH2RCHCOOH

H H H H H O
Fatty acid H C C C C C C
H H H H H O H

C H 2O H

C O
H H
H
C C
O H H
H O O H
C C
H O H
(Total 6 marks)

16. The information in the table below refers to some carbohydrates and their roles in living
organisms.
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Complete the table by writing the name of the carbohydrate, or one role, in each of the empty
boxes.

Carbohydrate One role in living organisms

Form in which carbohydrate is transported in mammals

Sucrose

Form in which carbohydrate is stored in mammals

Cellulose

(Total 4 marks)

17. (a) A student prepared solutions of glucose, maltose and sucrose of varying concentrations. A
sample of each one was heated with Benedict's reagent. The results are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

3
Concentration of solution/mol dm
Solution 0.0001 0.001 0.01
Glucose Blue solution Green precipitate Orange precipitate
Maltose Blue solution Green precipitate Orange precipitate
Sucrose Blue solution Blue solution Blue solution

A fresh sample of each solution was boiled with dilute acid, neutralised, then heated with
Benedict's reagent. The results are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

3
Concentration of solution /mol dm
Solution 0.0001 0.001 0.01
Glucose Blue solution Green precipitate Orange precipitate
Maltose Green precipitate Green precipitate Orange precipitate
Sucrose Green precipitate Green precipitate Orange precipitate
(i) Use the information in Table I and Table 2 to explain the results for sucrose.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
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(2)

(ii) Explain the difference shown in Table 2 between the results obtained for glucose
and those obtained for maltose.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Describe how you would test two solutions of the same protein to find out which contains
the higher concentration of the protein.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

18. (a) The table below describes three carbohydrates.

Complete the table by writing the name of each carbohydrate next to its description.

Description of carbohydrate Name of carbohydrate

A pentose found in transfer RNA

A disaccharide consisting of glucose


and galactose

The carbohydrate transported in the


phloem of plants
(3)

(b) Describe the structure of cellulose.


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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

19. Read through the following account of the digestion of starch, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

Food taken into the mouth cavity is ................................................ by the teeth and

mixed with saliva. Saliva contains ................................................ to lubricate the food

and the enzyme ................................................ to hydrolyse starch to

produce ................................................ .

The food is swallowed and any starch still undigested is hydrolysed in the duodenum by

an enzyme secreted by the ................................................ .

(Total 5 marks)

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20. (a) The table below refers to the composition of the disaccharides sucrose, maltose and
lactose. Place a tick ( ) in the appropriate box or boxes to indicate clearly the
monosaccharide or monosaccharides that make up each disaccharide.

Disaccharide Monosaccharides
Galactose Glucose Fructose

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose
(3)

(b) Name the bond that joins two monosaccharides in a disaccharide.

.......................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 4 marks)

LIPIDS

21. The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

H O

H C O C

H C O C
O
H C O C

H
A B

(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

A ............................................................................................................

B ............................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Name this type of lipid.

................................................................................................................

(1)

(iii) Name the chemical reaction used to form the bonds between A and B.

................................................................................................................
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(1)
(b) (i) State one function of this type of lipid in living organisms.

................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) State one feature of the molecules of this type of lipid which makes them suitable
for the function you have given.

................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

22. The table below refers to two organic molecules.

If the statement is correct for the molecule, place a tick () in the appropriate box. If it is
incorrect, place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.

S ta te m e n t T rig ly c e rid e G ly c o g e n

C o n ta in s o n ly c a rb o n
h y dro g en an d o x y g en

G ly c o s id ic b o n d s p re s e n t

S o lu b le in w a te r

P ro v id e s s to ra g e o f e n e rg y

O c c u rs in flo w e rin g p la n ts
a n d a n im a ls

(Total 5 marks)

23. Human Biology

Haemoglobin in mammals is made up of four polypeptide chains, two identical chains and two
identical b chains. The sequence of amino acids in these chains has been determined for a
number of different mammals.

Table 1 below shows a sequence of fifteen amino acids in an b chain from four different
primates: a chimpanzee, a human, a gorilla and an orang-utan.

Table 1

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Primate Amino acid sequence

Chimpanzee KAAWGKVGAHAGEYG

Gorilla KAAWGKVGAHAGDYG

Human KAAWGKVGAHAGEYG

Orang-utan KTAWGKVGAHAGDYG

Key: A = alanine D = asparagine E = glutamic acid G = glucine H = histidine


K = lysine T = threonine V = valine W = tryptophan Y = tryrosine

(a) (i) What differences are there between the amino acid sequence for the orang-utan and
the chimpanzee?

(1)

(ii) Name one other pair of primates in the table in which there is a difference in the
amino acid sequence.

(1)

(b) Comparisons of amino acid sequences have been used to determine evolutionary
(phylogenetic) relationship in the primates.

(i) Using evidence given in Table 1, complete the evolutionary tree diagram below to
show the possible evolutionary relationship between chimpanzees, gorillas, humans
and orang-utans.

C om m on
a n c e s to r C h im p a n z e e

(3)
(ii) Give two ways in which the data in Table 1 support your suggested evolutionary
relationship.

1 .

2 .
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.

(2)

(c) When human blood serum is injected into a rabbit, the rabbit produces antibodies against
human serum proteins. When blood serum from humans and other mammals is mixed
with rabbit serum containing these antibodies, precipitation occurs.

Table 2 below shows the percentage precipitation when this rabbit serum was mixed with
serum from a human, a gibbon, a spider monkey and a hedgehog.

Table 2

Mammal Percentage precipitation


Human 100
Gibbon 79
Spider monkey 58
Hedgehog 17

What do these data suggest about the phylogenetic relationship of the four mammals in
Table 2?

...

...

...

(2)

(d) (i) Describe how fossils can be used to provide evidence for human evolution.

(3)
(ii) Give one disadvantage of the use of fossils in providing evidence for
human evolution.

(1)
(Total 13 marks)

24. Write an essay on the following.

Lipids in living organisms


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(20)

25. Write an essay on the following.

Lipids in humans

(Total 20 marks)

26. The diagram below shows the general structure of a phospholipid.

O r g a n ic
grou p P C H 2
O
H C O C
O
H C O C
P = P h o s p h a te
g ro u p H
A B

(a) (i) Name the parts labelled A and B.

A ................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Name the type of reaction by which the bonds between parts A and B may
be broken.

...

(1)
(b) Phospholipids are major components of cell membranes. Explain how the properties of
phospholipids are important in membrane formation.

.......

.......

.......

.......

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

27. Read through the following account of the structure and roles of triglycerides, then write on the
dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account

Triglycerides are lipids whose molecules are composed of two types of sub-unit, fatty acids

and ............................................. held together by .............................................

bonds. These bonds are produced when the sub-units are linked together during

............................................. reactions. Triglycerides have a number of roles in living

organisms, for example ............................................. and ............................................. .


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(Total 5 marks)

28. The diagram below shows the structure of a lipid molecule.

H O
H C O C
O
H C O C
O
H C O C
H

A B

(a) Name the parts labelled A and B.

A ....

B .

(2)

(b) Name this type of lipid

...

(1)
(c) Name the chemical reaction used to form the bonds between A and B.

...

(1)

(d) State ONE function of this type of lipid in living organisms.

...

(1)

(e) State ONE feature of the molecules of this type of lipid that makes them suitable for the
function you have given.

...

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

29. Give an account of the structure and functions of lipids, including triglycerides and
phospholipids.

(Allow 3 lined pages)

(Total 10 marks)

30. The table below refers to the formula and structure of some biological molecules.

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Complete the table by writing in the name, the formula or the structure of the molecule where
appropriate in the empty boxes.

Name Formula Structure

Water H2O

NH2RCHCOOH

H H H H H O
Fatty acid H C C C C C C
H H H H H O H

C H 2O H

C O
H H
H
C C
O H H
H O O H
C C
H O H
(Total 6 marks)

31. The diagram below shows the structure of a triglyceride molecule.

H O

H C O C
O

H C O C
O

H C O C
H

(a) (i) Name the part of the molecule labelled A.

...............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Name the type of bond formed between part A and a fatty acid.
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...............................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) Stearic acid and oleic acid are both examples of fatty acids. Each has a hydrocarbon chain
containing 17 carbon atoms. Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid but oleic acid is an
unsaturated fatty acid.

Give two ways in which the structure of a stearic acid molecule differs from the structure
of an oleic acid molecule.

1 ............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(2)
(c) Describe two functions of lipids in animals.

1 ............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(4)
(Total 8 marks)

32. Polypeptides are synthesised from amino acids. The diagram below shows the molecular
structure of an amino acid.
H H O
N C C
H R O H

(a) (i) In the space below, draw a molecular diagram to show how this amino acid reacts
with another amino acid to produce a dipeptide.

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(3)

(ii) Name the type of reaction involved.

.................................................................................................................

(1)
(b) State two functions of the R groups in a polypeptide chain.

1 .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

2 .......................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

33. The diagram below outlines protein synthesis in a cell.

D N A

S ta g e 1

m RN A

S ta g e 2

P o ly p e p tid e

(a) Name stages 1 and 2.

Stage 1 ....

Stage 2 ....

(2)

(b) Where does stage 2 take place within a cell?

(1)
(c) Describe the role of tRNA in stage 2.

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.

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

34. Write an essay on the following:

The functions of proteins in living organisms (Bio, H. Bio)

(Total 15 marks)

35. (a) Explain what is meant by the primary structure of a protein molecule.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) Explain the role of hydrogen bonding in maintaining the structure of a globular protein
such as insulin.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(c) Describe how the structure of a fibrous protein, such as collagen, differs from the structure
of a globular protein.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

36. (a) In the space below, draw a diagram to show the molecular structure of an amino acid. Do
not label your diagram.

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(2)

(b) An experiment was carried out to determine what happens to amino acids after they are
absorbed by animal cells. The cells were incubated for 5 minutes in a medium containing
radioactively labelled amino acids. The radioactive amino acids were then washed off and
the cells were incubated in a medium containing only non-radioactive amino acids.
Samples of the cells were removed from the medium every five minutes for 40 minutes.
For each sample, the levels of radioactivity in three different organelles, A, B and C, were
determined.

The results of the experiment are shown in the graph below.

80

70

60
R a d io a c tiv ity / a rb itra r y u n its

50

40

30

20 C

10
B
A
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
T im e / m in u te s

(i) Identify the organelles A, B and C by choosing from the list below. Write answers
in the spaces provided in the table

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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Organelle A

Organelle B

Organelle C
(3)
(ii) Calculate the rate of increase in radioactivity in organelle C between 5 and 20
minutes. Show your working.

Answer...................................................

(3)

(c) Suggest what will happen to the radioactivity after 40 minutes, and explain your
suggestion.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

37. Give an account of the structures of the proteins insulin and collagen.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(Allow three lined pages)

(Total 10 marks)

38. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.
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Proteins are composed of long chains of monomers called ...............................................,

which are linked together by ........................................................ bonds. These bonds are

formed by ..................................................... reactions between adjacent monomers. The

primary structure of a protein is the specific sequence of monomers in a polypeptide

chain and determines the secondary and tertiary protein structure. The secondary

structure of a protein may be a coil, known as an ...............................................................

which is held in shape by ............................................................. bonds between different

monomers in the chain.

(Total 5 marks)

39. Explain what is meant by the following terms.

(a) Semi-conservative replication of DNA

..

..

..

..

..

..

(3)

(b) Tertiary structure of a protein

..

..

..

..

..

..

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

40. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.

The tertiary structure of a protein depends on its primary and secondary structure.

The primary structure is the .. of amino acids, which are

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joined together by .. bonds to form a chain. This type of

bond is formed when a .. reaction takes place between

two amino acids.

The chain of amino acids may be folded into an alpha helix, held in shape by

.. bonds.

A number of different types of bonds hold the tertiary and quaternary structure

in shape. For example, the two peptide chains in insulin are held together

by .. bonds which form between the

.. of certain amino acids.

(Total 6 marks)

41. The diagram below shows the structure of a human insulin molecule. Each circle
represents one amino acid.

S S
A c h a in
G ly Ile V a l G lu G lu C y s C y s T h r S e r Ile C y s S e r L e u T y r G lu L e u G lu A s n T y r C y s A s n
S S
S S
P h e V a l A s n G lu H is L e u C y s G ly S e r H is L e u V a l G lu A la L e u T y r L e u V a l C y s G ly G lu A rg G ly P h e P h e T y r T h r P ro L y s T h r

B c h a in

Insulin is a protein that has a tertiary structure and a quaternary structure.

(a) (i) Name two types of bond that help to maintain the tertiary structure.

1. ............................................................................................................................

2. ............................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) What evidence is there in the diagram that insulin has a quaternary structure?

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(1)
(b) (i) All human insulin molecules have the same primary structure. Explain what is
meant by primary structure.

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) When insulin molecules are formed they fold into a specific shape. Explain why all
human insulin molecules fold into the same shape.

...............................................................................................................................
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...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

42. Read through the following passage about protein structure, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the passage.

All amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and

................................................ The primary structure of a protein is formed when amino

acids are joined together by ............................................... bonds. Chains of amino acids

may then form a secondary structure such as a spiral shape called the

..............................................., which is maintained by ...............................................

bonding. The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained by bonding between the

............................................... of amino acids.

(Total 5 marks)

NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

43. The diagram below shows the process of DNA replication.

X { Y

(a) Name the parts labelled X and Y.

(2)

(b) Name one enzyme involved in DNA replication and state the type of reaction it catalyses.

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Enzyme .

Reaction

(2)

(c) Suggest why DNA replication is described as semi-conservative.

(1)

(d) Name the stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

44. Give an account of the structure and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

(Total 10 marks)

45. Read through the following account of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), then write
on the dotted lines the most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

DNA is a molecule consisting of a long chain of nucleotides, which are joined together

by................................... reactions. Each nucleotide in DNA consists of a

nitrogenous base, a phosphate group and ................................... .The

nitrogenous base may be adenine, guanine, cytosine or .................................... .

A molecule of DNA is made up of two polynucleotide chains coiled into a

................................... . The two chains are held together by

................................... bonds between the nitrogenous bases

(Total 5 marks)

46. The diagram below shows the structure of a nucleotide.

C
B

(a) Identify the parts labelled A, B and C in the diagram.

A ................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................

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C ................................................................................................................................

(3)

(b) The sequence of bases from part of a gene is shown below.

AGCCGTCCCGTC

Write out the sequence of bases on messenger RNA (mRNA) that would be coded for by
this part of the gene.

....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(c) Describe what is meant by the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(4)

(d) A quantity of DNA was labelled with radioactive nitrogen. It was then allowed to replicate
three times, using non-radioactive nucleotides to synthesise the new DNA strands. What
proportion of the final mass of DNA would you expect to be radioactive? Explain your
answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(e) In which stage of the cell cycle does replication of DNA take place?

...................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 12 marks)

47. The table below refers to the structure of different types of nucleic acids. If the feature is present,
place a ( ) in the appropriate box and if the feature is absent place a cross ( ) in the
appropriate box.

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Feature DNA mRNA

Cytosine present

Uracil present

Pentose sugar present

Is single stranded
(Total 4 marks)

48. The diagram below summarises the steps involved in the semi-conservative replication of DNA.

D o u b le stra n d o f D N A

S te p 1 E nzym e A

T w o stra n d s s e p a ra te d

S te p 2

C o m p le m e n ta ry n u c le o tid e s lin e u p a g a in s t e a c h s tra n d

S te p 3 E nzym e B

N u c le o tid e s jo in to f o rm tw o n e w p o ly n u c le o tid e c h a in s

S te p 4

T w o id e n tic a l D N A m o le c u le s fo r m e d

(a) Describe how Enzyme A separates the two DNA strands in Step 1.

(1)

(b) In Step 3 the individual nueleotides are joined up to form a polynucleotide chain by
Enzyme B.

Name the type of reaction that Enzyme B catalyses.

(1)
(c) Give the phase of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.

(1)

(d) Draw and label a diagram to show the appearance of a chromosome as it appears in
metaphase of mitosis.

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(3)
(Total 6 marks)

49. The diagram below shows the sequence of stages in the cell cycle.

P ro p h a se

In te rp h a s e M e ta p h a se

C y to k in e s is A naph ase

T e lo p h a s e

(a) During the cell cycle, the DNA content of the cell changes. Identify the stage when the
DNA content increases and the stage when the DNA content decreases. In each case give
an explanation for your answer.

DNA increases .......................................................................................................

Explanation ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................

DNA decreases ......................................................................................................

Explanation.............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

(4)

(b) Proteins are synthesised during interphase of the cell cycle. Protein synthesis involves
transcription and translation of the genetic code.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term transcription.


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......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) The letters below show the sequence of bases in part of a gene which codes for an
enzyme.

ATGGAAAAAAGC

Use the information in the table below to work out the sequence of amino acids
which is coded for by this part of the gene. The names of the amino acids are
shortened to their first three letters. You do not need to write down the full names of
the amino acids.

S eco n d b ase
A G T C
A A A A G A A TA A C A A
Phe Tyr Sys
A A G A G G A TG A C G G
A Ser
A A T A G T A TT A C T STO P T
L eu STO P T rp C
F ir s t A A C A G C A TC A C C T h ir d
b ase G A A G G A G T A G C A A b ase
H is
G A G G G G G T G G C G G
G L eu P ro A rg
G A T G G T G T T G C T T
G ln
G A C G G C G T C G C C C

Sequence of amino acids ...............................................................................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

50. The diagram below shows a stage in the process of translation during protein synthesis. This
process is occurring on a ribosome.

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A m in o a c id s
R ib o s o m e

4 A m in o a c id

1 tR N A m o le c u le

2 3
A n tic o d o n

G U A G G U A A A G C C A C G G G
U

P a rt o f a m e sse n g e r
R N A m o le c u le

(a) Describe the structure of a ribosome.

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) The table below shows the anticodons of some tRNA molecules and the specific amino
acids that each one carries.

tRNA anticodon Amino acid


GGU Proline
CCA Glycine
AAA Phenylalanine
CGA Alanine
ACC Tryptophan
UUU Lysine

Using the information in the table, identify amino acids 2 and 3 shown in the diagram on
the previous page.

Amino acid 2 .........................................................................................................................

Amino acid 3 .........................................................................................................................

(2)

(c) During translation, amino acids are linked by a peptide bond.

(i) Draw a diagram to show two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
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(3)
(ii) Name the type of reaction that occurs during the formation of a peptide bond.

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

51. Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation.

(a) (i) Where does transcription take place in a eukaryotic cell?

(1)

(ii) Name the type of chemical reaction that occurs when a strand of messenger RNA is
formed from individual nucleotides.

(1)

(b) The diagram below shows part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

C G A A C C G C C C G A A U C A C C

(i) What is the maximum number of amino acids coded for by this strand of mRNA?

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the sequence of bases on the strand of DNA
that coded for this mRNA.

(2)
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(c) A strand of mRNA was found to have 53 codons but the protein produced from it
contained only 51 amino acids. Suggest two reasons for this difference.

(2)
(d) Describe the process of translation.

(5)
(Total 12 marks)

52. (a) DNA is replicated by a process called semi-conservative replication. Explain what is
meant by the term semi-conservative replication.

(4)
(b) When bacteria grow and reproduce they need a nitrogen source. The nitrogen becomes
part of their DNA.

Bacteria were placed in a culture medium containing a heavy form of nitrogen. The
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bacteria were grown and allowed to reproduce for several generations until all the
nitrogen in their DNA was heavy nitrogen.

The bacteria were removed, washed thoroughly and then divided into five batches labelled
A, B, C, D and E. They were then placed in fresh culture medium and allowed to grow for
different periods of time.

Batch A was placed into fresh culture medium containing heavy nitrogen, and left for four
generations. The other four batches were placed into fresh culture medium containing
light nitrogen and left for different periods of time.

The treatments are shown in the table below.

Batch First treatment Second treatment


A All Grown in heavy nitrogen for four generations
B grown Grown in light nitrogen for one generation
C in Grown in light nitrogen for two generations
D heavy Grown in light nitrogen for three generations
E nitrogen Grown in light nitrogen for four generations

The DNA from the five batches of bacteria was then removed, placed on separating
solutions and centrifuged (spun). The mass of DNA added to each separating solution was
the same.

DNA containing different proportions of heavy and light nitrogen can be seen as separate
bands after centrifugation. The heavier molecules are lower down in the separating
solution than the lighter molecules. The wide bands contain more molecules than the
narrow bands.

Figure 1 shows an example of the results of centrifuging a mixture of heavy and light
DNA.

Figure 1

Figure 2 shows the results for the batches A, B, C and D.

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Figure 2

(i) Explain why the DNA from batch B is higher up in the separating solution than the
DNA from batch A.

(2)

(ii) Explain the results for batch C.

(3)

(iii) On Figure 2, draw in the bands you would expect to see for the DNA separated
from the bacteria grown in batch E.

(2)
(Total 11 marks)

53. The diagram below shows some of the stages in protein synthesis and secretion in a mammalian
cell.

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(a) (i) Name the processes taking place during stages A and B.

A .................................................................................................................

B .....................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Name the process by which protein is secreted in stage F.

(1)
(b) Describe the part played by transfer RNA in the formation of the polypeptide chain during
stage B.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

54. The diagram below shows part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.

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U A C C G A C C U U A A

(a) (i) How many codons are shown in this section of mRNA?

..........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) What is specified by a sequence of codons in an mRNA molecule?

..........................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) A tRNA molecule carries a complementary base sequence for a particular codon.

(i) Write the complementary sequence for the first codon in the mRNA sequence given
above.

..........................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) Describe the role of tRNA molecules in the process of protein synthesis.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

55. Write an essay on the following topic.

The roles of RNA in protein synthesis (Bio, Hbio)

(Total 15 marks)

56. An experiment was carried out to determine what happens to amino acids after they are absorbed
by animal cells. The cells were incubated for 5 minutes in a medium containing radioactively
labelled amino acids. The radioactive amino acids were then washed off and the cells were
incubated in a medium containing only nonradioactive amino acids.

Samples of the cells were taken at 5, 10 and 45 minutes after the start of the experiment and the
sites of radioactivity in the cells were determined.

The results are given in the table below. The figures show radioactivity in certain cell organelles
expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivity within the cells.

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P e rc e n ta g e o f to ta l ra d io a c tiv ity
O rg a n e lle
A t 5 m in u te s A t 1 0 m in u te s A t 1 5 m in u te s

R o u g h e n d o p la s m ic
re tic u lu m 80 10 5

G o lg i a p p a ra tu s 10 80 30

S e c re to ry v e s ic le s 0 5 60

(a) (i) Name one type of molecule synthesised from amino acids in cells.

...

(1)

(ii) Explain why the radioactivity is associated mainly with the rough endoplasmic
reticulum after the first 5 minutes of the experiment.

...

...

...

(2)
(iii) Explain the changes in the pattern of radioactivity in the cell during the remaining
40 minutes of the experiment.

...

...

...

...

(3)

(iv) Suggest why the totals in the tables are less than 100%.

...

...

...

(2)

(b) If the experiment is continued for a further period of time, most of the radioactivity will
be found outside the cell.

Name and describe the process which brings about this result.

.......

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.......

.......

.......

(3)
(Total 11 marks)

57. Give an account of protein synthesis, from the time that the mRNA leaves the nucleus.

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

(Total 10 marks)

58. The diagram below shows part of a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

C D

(a) Name A, B, C and D.

A ................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................

C ................................................................................................................................

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D ................................................................................................................................

(4)
(b) Analysis of a molecule of DNA showed that cytosine accounted for 42 per cent of the
content of the nitrogenous bases. Calculate the percentage of bases in the molecule which
would be thymine. Show your working.

Answer...............................................

(3)

(c) During the process of transcription, one of the DNA strands is used as a template for the
formation of a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA). The diagram below
shows the sequence of bases in part of a strand of DNA.

D N A G C G T C A T G C

m R N A

(i) Write the letters of the complementary bases in the boxes of the mRNA strand.

(2)

(ii) How many amino acids are coded for by this part of the strand of mRNA?

..........................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 10 marks)

59. Describe the role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the following processes.

(a) Transcription

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(b) Translation

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....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 6 marks)

60. The diagram below shows part of a molecule of messenger RNA.

G A U C G U G

(a) On the diagram, draw a ring around a mononucleotide and label it with the letter M.

(1)

(b) Messenger RNA is formed during protein synthesis by a process called transcription.
Describe the events which occur during transcription.

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

(5)
(c) During translation, transfer RNA molecules line up against the messenger RNA molecule.
The diagram below shows the structure of one transfer RNA molecule.

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A C
G

(i) State precisely where in the cell translation takes place.

...............................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) On the diagram of the messenger RNA molecule above, draw a ring around the
codon that this transfer RNA molecule would bind to. Label it with the letter C.

(1)
(Total 8 marks)

WATER

61. Read through the following account of the properties of water, then write on the dotted lines the
most appropriate word or words to complete the account.

Water has the chemical formula . Water molecules are

described as .. because they have a slight positive charge

at one end of the molecule and a slight negative charge at the other end. As a result,

individual molecules form .. bonds with each other.

Water is an important .. in living organisms because

most biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solution. Water also has a high

.., which means that its temperature remains relatively

stable despite large changes in the temperature of the surrounding environment.

(Total 5 marks)

62. The diagram below shows four molecules of water.

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H H
O
H
H O H
O H
H H
A
O

(a) Name the type of bond labelled A on the diagram.

(1)

(b) Explain why water molecules are described as dipolar.

(2)

(c) One of the properties of water is that it has a high specific heat capacity. Explain why this
property is important for organisms that live in water.

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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