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Year 8

PDHPE
Workbook

Name: Hamza Sohail Class: 8

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Out and about

Key words and terms
Assertive, Consequences, Risk, Negotiate, Conflict, Outcomes of risk behaviour, Mediate,
Protective behaviours, Alternative, Risk taking, Harm, Assertive responses, Conflict resolution

Risk A hazard or dangerous chance

Risk taking Doing some thing when the consequences of that action uncertain

Outcomes of risk behavior A negative consequence resulting from a particular behavior

The result of a behaviour involving chance

Consequence The effect or result from a particular behavior

Alternative The possible options available

Protective behaviours Actions that can keep one safe

Assertive Behaving in a manner that respects yourself and others

Mediate
A statement that is used to make a point in a manner that re- spects others and put across your own
point of view

Negotiate To resolve a difference between other people

Conflict resolution To bring about agreement between two or more people.

Conflict A disagreement or argument

Assertive responses A plan to end a disagreement or argument

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Family

Influe
nces
on our
behav
iour
and
decisi
on
makin
g.
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Activity: Now select one of the influences you came up with and explain how it
effects your behaviour and decision making.

family because they take care of you and influence you as they plan to, so they will
raise as a child/human being to what they desire or think. We are made up of our
families and how our parents live we react the same way.
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Important Decisions

Case Study

Beth is a year 8 student . She has been invited to a party by

the most popular kid in her year. Everyone she knows is going
but she is well aware that there may be people drinking alcohol
and smoking marijuana at the party. If her parents knew about
this they would not want her to go.

Activity:
Beth has some important decisions to make. Complete the following questions us-
ing the decision making steps outlined below.

1- Identify the Problems:

The problem is, Beth wants to go to the party but there are drinks over at the party.
i.e. alcohol, marijuana but if her parents found out she couldnt go to the party.

2 List Beths Alternatives:

She could tell her parents and go to the party, she would not be allowed to drink but
she could go and have fun. She can go and fake it by drinking ginger beer!

3 Consider the consequences of each alternative:

if she told her parents there would be no consequences, if she didnt and she drank
the alcohol maybe her friends might tell her parents and then Beth would be in big
trouble
If she drinks ginger beer the only consequence would be the taste of the drink.

4 Decide on Beths best course of action and explain your reasons behind it

I think Her best bet would be to tell her parents and go to the party knowing she is
not allowed to drink
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Activity 1Write your own definition of the following words:

a decision you make which may result in consequences

good and bad.

Harm is when you are physically and mentally hurt by any kind of
aggression or strike by another person.

Reasons Given by young people for risk taking

If you must do homework in class or should you take the consequence _

Its fun for risk taking _

By being forced by parents _

By peers my friends forcing _

Teachers might force us to take risks _

Brothers and sisters _

Friends might take risk _

We might be forced by people near us _

Family/friends, brothers and sister etc. _

At home, should you buy this specific item or not. _

It may be influenced by The internet etc. _

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A risk is sometimes also influenced by relatives and neighbors _

Your inner self could force you to take risks. _

Cultural or spiritual beliefs might influence risks.

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For each of the following situations

Identify the degree of risk by ranking it as low, medium or high risk
List the potential harms that could occur in each situation

Situation Ranking Possible Harms

Swimming at night in the High/medium Shark attack

surf Jellyfish
High tides

Riding your bike to a friends Medium/low Getting hit by a car
house Wearing no helmet and
fall over.

Spending the day at the Medium/low Getting sunburnt.

beach with your friends Having no sunscreen can
give you skin cancer.
Not knowing how to swim.

Going to a party on Satur- Medium/low depends Alcohol or weed or other

day night with your best
friend
Walking home with someone Highlmedium
you just met at a party
Getting a lift in an over-
crowded car
drugs.
Might get busted by the
police.
Might have too much
alcohol.
He/she might call her/his
friends and you might get
jumped (have your things
taken)
Might take you
somewhere you dont
know.
High/medium Police might be on patrol
and all of you could get
busted and fined etc.
You could get hurt if the
driver cant drive
properly.

Taking a short cut across a High Train might suddenly

railway line appear and smash into you
which will cause
immediate death.
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Riding your bike on a busy High Car might hit you on the
road without a helmet head.
You could fall over and
hurt yourself.
You can get fined if there
are police (for not
wearing a helmet).

Being at a dance for under High You are under 18 and it is

18 yr olds and accepting a illegal to do so.
Police might arrest you
drink from a stranger
for drinking alcohol.
Alcohol will affect you.

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Personal
Safety Plans

Always plan to keep yourself safe

Some keeping safe strategies

Add the following words to the spaces below.

who, know, address, unsafe, venue, someone, phone, tell
Discuss with your parents where you are going and give them an address or a
Contact phone number before you go out.

Organize to go out in pairs or a larger group of friends and let your parents know
Who will be going.

Organize how you will travel to and from your venue.

tell you parents what time you will be home and contact them if this changes.

Ensure that who you are with has a mobile phone and has it turned on.

When you are out and about and need to leave the group, always go in pairs or a
smaller group. And let the rest of the group know.

Have a backup plan ready if you recognize the situation is becoming unsafe

Can you add some more ideas?

Family and friends should know where you are going/

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Negoti
ation

Sometimes when you are out with friends you dont agree on what to do next. Some
courses of action involve higher degrees of risk than others. Being able to negotiate a
compromise with your friends can result in safer behaviours. When negotiating with
friends it is important to:

Listen to their point of view and needs

State your view without getting aggressive or upset
Be prepared to compromise without supporting risks taking

Look at the scenarios below and for each scenario:

identify the risks

identify strategies to reduce the risks

Scenario 1 Your friend wants to leave the party and walk home alone

He can walk home with you or a different friend. He can maybe get a ride back home in friends
car or stay and wait till someone offers him to take him back home.

Scenario 2 Your friend has had an argument at school and has decided to leave school early to go
to park
He can leave if he wants to but if he gets caught, then that would be a problem. He could wait till the end
of the day and not get in trouble. His friend could give him a ride to the park, after school and would not get
in trouble

Scenario 3 You are late home from the movies and a friend has suggested cutting across the rail-
way tracks as a short cut.
Your friend is right, there I probably no trains around the track and you can cross easily, but if there is no
exit on the other side your doomed. If there is a train coming, well bad luck for you!

Scenario 4 You and your friends are planning a trip into the city and some
friends are insisting on traveling home on the train late at night.

There is no problem on travelling on night in a train, but there would drug addicts in the train. You might
have to go with other friends unless youre not alone.
Scenario 5 On a picnic to the coast your friends have spotted a high cliff ideal for jumping into
the sea from.

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Yes, you must jump off from it or else your friends would think youre a coward/baby! You must first check
youre not jumping into rocks and underneath are no rocks.

Scenario 6 You are out with friends and you can see a younger child being picked on by some kids
your own age
Go and beat up the guy who is picking on the kid, if he is his brother than say sorry and run away because you have infiltrated their
family and they would think youre a bad guy.

Scenario 7 You are out a friend home and their parent who has been drink alcohol offers to drive you
home. Even though you are reluctant to accept your friend and their parent insist.
You can ask his other parent or insist on walking home alone because if you get caught in the car with him you
might be jailed or kept in prison for a long time.

Scenario 8 You notice your friend becoming aggressive with another pedestrian on the street.
Talk to him and ask him why he is being aggressive with the pedestrian, it might be a mistake or he might
have not being paying 100% attention to the road

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Resolving
conflict

When conflicts arise, then effective communication can help to find a solution. I statements
can be useful in both avoiding conflict and resolving conflict. Try to express how the circum-
stance or the other persons actions make you feel. This can be done by saying, I feel
when

Transform the following accusing statements into I statements.

You always call me names and make fun of me when I dont agree with your silly plan.
I always feel lonely when you make fun of me

You are the cause of us being late. It is because you are selfish and wont listen to me
when I remind you that it is time to catch the last train.
I always feel sad when you say to me that I am late at arriving to the train.

You are such a loser. You could have killed us both when you dragged me across the road
in front of that bus.
I am such a stupid guy I couldve killed us all dragging you in front of the bus.

You never consider me when it comes to choosing which movie to see.

I will never come to the movies with you.

2. Define the silent treatment. Evaluate how effective this strategy is when resolving
conflict.
You try to make your point certain and make
Them agree on your point by staring at them or
Scaring them, they will eventually agree with you
And move on

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ASSERTIVE RESPONSES
With a partner or in a small group, identify five potentially unsafe scenarios that
could occur in peer group situations. For each unsafe situation brainstorm a series
of refusal responses and assertive behavior you could use to keep yourself safe.

1. Situation:
Having a party at your house
Responses:
Random people arrive and they start to drink alcohol, your parents arrive home
early unexpectedly and you get in trouble.
- Situation:
You are running late and you must run across the railway track to get home early.

Responses:
- you might get run over by the train, sometimes trains dont make much sound.
- Police might arrest or pull you up if they are near.
- impatience or walking around for 2 minutes might cause you to die.
2. Situation:
Getting your ls and you want to rush them?

Responses:
- if you rush them you might have bad experience as drivers.
- you might not learn everything to be good at driving.
- You threaten others lives if you dont know how to drive.
3. Situation:
Being called names

Responses:
- Being bullied?
- Being threatened
- Not being called your name makes you feel bad.
4. Situation:
Hearing a loud sound maybe an attack.

Responses:
- run away
- try helping people
- Call police.
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CAUSE OF DEATH

Causes of death, 4-15 years old Causes of death, 15-19 years old
2012 -2013 2012 -2013

Road Traffic
Other
Crashes
29% Road Traffic
15%
Crashes
39%
Other Accidents
12%

Suicide Assualt
2% 3%
Assualt
1%
Other Suicide
Other Accidents
70% 17%
12%

Other refers to illness and disease

Road traffic crashes continue to be the leading cause of death for children 0-19
years - around one quarter of deaths of children aged 5-14 yrs involve accidents (blue
and red sectors %).
This increases to just over 39% for 15-19yr olds.

CAUSES OF ACCIDENTAL DEATHS

Cause of Accidental Deaths, Children Aged 15 to 19 Years,

NSW , 2001 and 2002
Suffocate/Choke Other
Falls 1%
4%
4%
Poisoning
5%
Drowning
7%
Road Traffic
Other Transport
Crashes
2%
77%

The majority of accidental deaths for children and young people are road traffic crashes
related.

drowning is the next largest category of accidental deaths for children.

By definition accidents can be pr e v en t a ble.

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Other transport refers to not on the road private property eg. Tr ai n, pl an e, bo at t

ROAD TRAFFIC RELATED CASUALTIES

Casualties, 10-14 Yrs, NSW ,

2006-2008 Three Year Average

Driver 1%
M/Cyclist 2%
Pedal Cyclist
17%

Pedestrian Passenge
23% r 54%

Casualties, 15-19 Yrs, NSW ,

2006-2008 Three Year Average

M/Cyclist 5%
Pedal Cyclist
4%
an
Pedestri
8%
e
Passeng r
Driver
29%
52%

- passenger and pedestrian continue to contribute the majority of

casualties (around 80%) amongst 10 to 14 year olds

-One in six casualties in this age group are p e d a l cy c l is ts

- Driver comprise the largest group of casualties in the 15 to 19 year age

group

- passenger the next largest group

-One in six casualties are vulnerable road users - pedestri ans,

moto rcyc lis ts and pedalcy clis ts
PEDAL CYCLISTS

Casualties, Pedal Cyclists,

2006-2008 Three Year Average

150
Male

100 Femal
e
50

0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19

Casualties, Pedal Cyclists, % Not W earing A Helmet,

2006-2008 Three Year Average
60%

40%

20%

0%
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20+yrs
Age Group

Pedal Cycle Casualties, NSW , 1989-2008,

% of Casualties Not W earing Helmet By Age
(W here Helmet Usage Known)
100%

0-17
80% Helmet
Non
%Not Wearing Helmet

Usage
60% %
4
18-29 5
Helmet 2
%
40% 2 Non 6
0
8 5 Usage 1
%
1
%% %
%
20% 30+
Helmet
Non
0% Usage
%
1989

Year
Key points to consider:

-Child aged pedal cyclist casualties tended to have higher/lower rates of helmet non us-
age, compared with adult aged pedal cyclist casualties.

- Males/Females significantly outnumber males/females for all age groups between 5

and 19 years

-In the early 1990s NSW experienced a dramatic increase/decrease in reported pedal
cycle casualties which was associated with the co uls ry helme t wearing leg-
islation.

-Since the mid 1990s the percentage of pedal cycle casualties not wearing a helmet has
been steadily decreasing/increasing particularly amongst children.

-In the last two years only one in two child aged pedal cyclists was wearing a helmet,
the lowest rates since the introduction of the helmet wearing legislation.

-Possible reasons why children are not wearing helmets include:

*there is an alarming number of children 0-4 years old not wearing helmets
*parents think that children riding in their yard without a helmet is acceptable
and that a helmet is only required when riding outside the house boundary
*children do not own a helmet or one that suitably fits their head size
*parents are not insisting upon children wearing helmets
*children cannot do up their own helmet
*children are riding unsupervised
*children and parents do not understand the significance of wearing a helmet as
a protective device
*parents dont realise a childs skull can be injured by a simple fall
*negative peer pressure and risk taking influences older children to not wear a
helmet

Young motorcyclists have a higher level of helmet non usage than adult motor-
cyclists note issue about unlicensed riding of unregistered trail bikes
RISK FACTORS FOR YOUNG DRIVERS

Casualties, Drivers Aged 15 to 19 Years, Factors

Involved, 2006-2008 Three Year Average
40%
15-19
30% 20+yrs

20%

10%

0%
Fatigue Non Use of
Illegal Alcohol Excessive
Available
Speed
Seat
Belt

Casualties, Drivers,
2006-2008 Three Year Average

1,000
Male
800
Female
600
400
200
0
0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19

-Young drivers tended to have a higher level of speed associated as a factor,

compared with adult aged drivers

-They also tended to have a slightly higher/lower level of driver fatigue

-The incidence of illegal drink driving levels amongst young driver casualties is
not significantly higher than adult drivers

-Male drivers outnumber female drivers in the 15 to 19 years age group

 Using the graphs on the previous pages, answer the following questions.

*Rank the causes of accidental deaths for children aged 15-19 years in order from
highest to lowest.

1. Road traffic crashes

2. drowning
3. poisoning
4. falls
5. other

*Why do you think the major causes of death for 15-19 years old is different from
the 4-15 years age group?
4-15 year olds have different minds and might be less knowing of the situation.

What is the % non usage of helmets for each of the following age groups?

-0-17 years:
years: 13
-30+ years: 30

*Why do you think the 0-17 years age group dont wear helmets as much as the 18-
29 years and 30+ age groups? Because some teenagers are ignorant and think that
theres no use to wearing a helmet.

*Rank the main risk factors for young drivers in order from lowest to highest.

5. Excessive speed 2,5,1,3

3. Fatigue
2. Illegal alcohol
1. Non-use of seat belt.

*Are the risk factors listed above preventable? How?

Yes they are preventable. People can watch their speed limit and listen to the
advertisements about speeding. Fatigue can be stopped. You need to rest and not
drive for too long. Drink driving while your drunk can be stopped, you shouldnt
drink alcohol and then drive. Wearing your seat belt should be a very easy thing to
do and everyone should do it. Casualties because of them shouldnt be happening.
 *Which gender is involved in more crashes? Why do you think this is the case?
Males are involved in more crashes. I think think this is the case because females are often more mature
than males.
 Road Statistics

Trauma
Injuries
Consecutive
Reduced

Doubled Thirteen

1908

Commendable

Loved
Billion

Objective

RTA

Fatalities
 CELEBRITY ROAD RULES

Instructions:
1. Identify the four main types of road users pedestrians, passen-
gers (car), passengers (bus), wheeled device (bicycles, scooters,
roller- blades, rollerskates)
2. Divide class into 8 groups. Allocate a road user to each group (2
groups with the same category). On a sheet of A3 paper, list the
key safety behaviours required by your allocated road user.
3. Combine groups with the same road user. Check each group list
and create a united list.
4. Bluetac united lists onto board at the front of the room.
5. Call for three volunteers. These volunteers sit in seats at the
front of the room with their backs to the lists on the board.
6. Choose one group to select a key behaviour from the lists and
write onto a card or on the board above each of the players heads.
7. Volunteers take turns in asking questions that can be answered only
yes or no in an attempt to work out their chosen safety behaviour.
If the answer to a question is yes, another question can be asked; if
the answer is no, the turn moves to the next player.
8. The winner is the player who can state their key safety behaviour
first. They can state their key safety behaviour at any time, but if
the answer is no then they forfeit their turn. Repeat as time allows.

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Extension Activity

They might fall Get someone to come with

you
Get eaten alive
Look at the track and where
Stranger danger youre going

Tyre crack/burst Look out for strangers

They might get lost Check your tires

aaccident might happen Try to get someone to go

with you
Stranger danger
Watch out for cars
Cars
Watch for traffic
Traffic
Lookout and meet only with
Run over well-known people

Try not to get run over!

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 The 4 imps is a list of words that begin with Imp that explore the attitudes and
behaviours that contribute to high risk behaviours.

impatient A lack of patience, being in a hurry, irritation with anything causing a delay

improvisation - Making do with what is available, doing something without planning

impulsiveness -
Acting without considering the consequences, doing
something without thinking

impunity - Holding the view that " it will never happen to me", freedom from penalty or harm

Discussion Questions:
1. Which of the 4 imps would lead you to taking greater risks? Why?

2. Which gender is more likely to have these characteristics? Why? _

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Watch the video clips from the DVD Road Risks Stage 4 on the 4 IMPS. Fill in the
following questions in the table

Clip Number Describe what What was or could Describe ways the
happened and be a consequence? situation could be
which IMPs were made safer
involved

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 Out n About Find-a-word
Design your own find-a-word using the words/terms from this unit. Make sure
you write the words you put in at the bottom.

WORDS: