ITWS-II

RAJA VARA PRASAD Y

IIIT Chittoor

April 3, 2017

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Course Contents

I Introduction to basic electronics, simulation and hardware implementation

I Basic Electronics - Transistors, Diodes, Power Electronics,
Comparators, ICs
I Soldering and PCB making skill
I Electronic projects simulation with Using Circuit simulators
I Compare simulations and hardware implementations
I : Microcontrollers, Sensors and Actuators, Real time Applications
I Basics of Microcontroller
I Importance of Sensing and Actuation, Real Time Applications
I Range of sensors and electronic components
I Building Sensing and Actuation Applications with
Microcontrollers, sensors and basic electronics

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Contents....

I Advances and Case studies

I Integrating developed project/application with scripting
languages like Python
I Introduction of IoT and significance of Module-I and Module-II
for IoT
I Case study on 2 real time IoT applications

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Preferred Textbooks and References

I Microelectronic Circuits by Sedra and Smith, Oxford University Press, Fifth

Edition, 2010.
I Linear integrated circuits, Roy choudary
I Integrated Electronics by Millman and Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill, 2009.
I Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components - Principles of Embedded Computer
System Design, Morgan Kaufmann Publisher, 2006.
I Mazidi Muhammad Ali and Naimi sarmad, The avr Micro controller and
embedded systems.
I http://www.toptechboy.com/using-python-with-arduino-lessons/

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Grading Policy

I Assignments: 15% (7.5% SW + 7.5% HW)

I Quiz: 10%(SW)
I Lab Exam: 10% (SW)
I Mini project: 5% (HW)
I Major project: 15% (HW)
I Mid-sem exam-1: 10% (SW)
I Mid-sem exam-2: 10% (5% SW + 5% HW)
I End-sem exam: 25% (7.5% SW + 17.5% HW)

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Timers

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Timers

(b) (c)

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Timers - Prescaler

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Timers - Postscaler

1 second from 4 MHZ clock and prescaler of 1:1 and postscaler of

1:16 for TMR1=0 and PR2=255
count ?

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253

I To interface Programmable timer where on-chip timer is not

available.
I Multiple Counters
I Can be controlled, set, read, and configured individually
I three separate counter units controlled by configuration
register
I Gate serves as an enable input

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8253 Operating Modes

I Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count

I Mode 1 Programmable one shot
I Mode 2 Rate Generator
I Mode 3 Square wave rate Generator
I Mode 4 Software triggered strobe
I Mode 5 Hardware triggered strobe

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode0
Mode 0 Interrupt on terminal count
I The output goes high after the terminal count is reached.
I The counter stops if the Gate is low..

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode1
Mode 1 Programmable one shot
I The output goes low with the Gate pulse for a predetermined
period depending on the counter.
I The counter is disabled if the GATE pulse goes momentarily
low.

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode2
Mode 2 Rate Generator
I The output goes high for a period that equals the time of count down
I output goes low exactly for one clock period before it is high again.
I Periodic operation.

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode3

Mode 3 Square wave rate Generator

I similar to Mode 2 but the output high and low period is
symmetrical.
I GATE has no role here

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode4
Mode 4 Software triggered strobe
I count is loaded by the processor the count down starts.
I The output goes low for one clock period after the count down is complete.
I The count down can be suspended by making the GATE low.
I This is also called a software triggered strobe as the count down is initiated by a
program.

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The Programmable Interval Timer 8253 - Mode5

Mode 5 Hardware triggered strobe

I The count is loaded by the processor but the count down is
initiated by the GATE pulse.
I The transition from low to high of the GATE pulse enables
count down.
I The output goes low for one clock period after the count
down is complete

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Watchdog Timer and Watchdog Circuit

circuit that automatically invokes a reset unless the system being

watched sends regular hold-off signals to the Watchdog
I To monitor the program execution
I program to reset a particular flip-flop periodically
I not reset for long time indicate that the program is not
executed properly
I counter starts at 00 and increments by 1 until it reaches FF.
When it goes from FF to 00
then the processor will be reset or an exception
I If the program gets stuck for some reason WDT will not be
set then the WDT will then reset or interrupt the processor.

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Serial Protocols

For moving data quickly one device to other

I2C
Serial Pheripharal Interface (SPI)
I Short Distances
I Less wires
I Lower foot print
I Low cost
I Low Complexity

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SPI

I Faster than I2C

I Full duplex
I EEPROM, ADC etc.

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SPI - Master to Slave and Slave to Master

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SPI with Arduino

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SPI
I SPI is used when Master and slave are not interchanged
I I2C is used when Multiple master ans slaves with intercheable
roles
I No Addressing scheme in SPI
I No ACK for SPI

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I2C - Inter-Integrated Circuit

I Communication between 2 ICs

I Control Interface for specific applications
I EEPROMS, Sensors, RTC
I RF tuners, Video decoders, Audio processors
Features:
I Data is bidirectional
I Half duplex - 1 clock and 1 data line
I Synchronous - Clock drives data
I Clock speed can vary even in synchronous
I Slow (100 KBPS), Fast (400 KBPS), High Speed (1.4 MBPS)

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I2C

I SDA - Serial Data and SCL - Serial Clock

I SCL high indicates valid data, Data Change during low clock
I Start - S and Stop - P, Data is between S and P

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I2C - Protocol

I 8 bits and 1 ACk bit

I Most Significant bit first
I Address of reciepent - is also data
I First byte is address - Master- Tx and slave address is sent
I 7 bit address and last bit decide weather read or write

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I2C - Protocol

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I2C - Protocol

I master and slave - interchangeable

I Master drives clock
I Slave pulls clock low - No Data transfer - wait state - speed
mismatch
I All slaves are controlled by master
I Arbitration is available with only 2 wires

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I2C - Protocol

I for occasionally used devices communication on board

I Easy to link multiple devices
I Cost and complexity do not scale up with devices

I COmplexity of supporting software can be higher

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Communicating with Embedded device

Multiple ways
I Network protocols
I Universal Serial Bus - USB
I USB - serial protocol
I Single pair of wires for data transfer in differential
I connection for power

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USB - Intro

I For USB PC is a host.

I Bit Serial Bus
I Speed: 480Mb/s, 12 Mb/s, 1.5 Mb/s
I signals: VBus,GND, D+, D-

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USB - Intro
I USB peripherals are slaves responding to commands
I Attached to N/W - identity and discovery device driver - Enumeration
I No multi-master
I standalone device - single function
I Compound device - Ex: both audio and video sharing a single USB
I USB Hubs - can be tree of HUB with multiple peripherals
I one upstream and multiple down stream connections

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USB

Polled Bus. all transfers are Initialted by Host

I Host sends token packet - indicating type of packet, direction,
I USB Device number
I End point number
I Data Transfer packet
I ACK packet

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USB - Endpoint

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Enumeration

I Device connected to a hub/bridge

I Descriptor of the device flows via port
I host locates address to device and identifies device drivers
required
I If removed host can identify weather it is removed

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USB hubs

I Bridges - increase fanout

I single upstream and multiple downstream
I Detect the topology changes
I Source of power
I Communication b/w host and end points
I Each peripheral is connected to end point and address is
allocated - Four bits
I Codes indicate transfer direction and transaction type

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Intelligent Systems

I Sense:
Different types of sensors
I Communicate:
Wired or Wireless Networks
I Automate to Optimize:
Controllers and Actuators
Sensors: a device that detects and responds to some type of input
from the physical environment
Communicate: Sensed/monitored data should be transported to
local/central gateway
Controllers and Actuators: Using Sensor data to arrive at control
strategies for better utlization of resources using Actuators.

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Sensors - Example - Temperature

Temperature Sensor - LM35: Increase in output voltage is

proportional to temperature

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Sensors - Example - Light Dependent Resistor

LDR : resistance is decreased when light falls on them. R increases

in the dark

graph.jpg

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Sensors - Measure or Monitor

() Pollution () Weather () Water

() Safety () Current and volt- () Presence

age

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Actuators

() valve actuator () Power Electronic

Actuators

() Robotics
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Communication Aspects - Short Range

() Bluetooth () Wi-Fi () ZigBee

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Communication Aspects - Wide Area

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Smart Cities

()

Figure: a) Smart Cities

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Wide Area Applications

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure: a) Smart grid b) Smart transportation c) Smart buildings d) Smart Agriculture

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Example - Transportation

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Personal Area Networks - Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee

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Wi-Fi - IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n

I Point-to-Multipoint (Access Point) - Infrastructure mode

I Point-to-Point (Ad hoc)
I Multipoint-to-Multipoint (Mesh Network)

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Bluetooth - IEEE 802.15.1
I Cable replacement
I Low cost
I Low power
I Small size
I For mobile devices

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ZigBee - IEEE 802.15.4
I Low power consumption
I Simple Design
I low costs

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Single stage and Multi-stage Networks -Wireless Sensor
Networks(WSN)
I MAC (Medium Access Control) layer provides communication for star, mesh,
and cluster tree-based topologies
I The transmission range of the nodes is assumed to be 10 to 100m with data
rates of 20 to 250 kbps

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ZigBee - IEEE 802.15.4

I Industrial and Commercial

Monitors, Movement Sensors, Automation
I Personal Healthcare
Patient monitors, Remote Diagnosis Data loggers
I Building Automation
Security, Lighting, Fire and Safety systems
I Automotive
Service controls, Inventory tracking

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Cellular

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Assignment 2

Propose a Hardware and software components/technologies

required for Remote health monitoring system targeting villages
considering the factors below.
I Any three vital parameters
I Emergency
I Less cost
I Data storage
I Applications
Explain with a Block Diagram, components etc. State any
assumptions made (2/3 pages)

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