ISSN 1995-4255, Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 2016, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 783789. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2016.

Original Russian Text M.Ts. Itigilova, N.A. Tashlykova, E.Yu. Afonina, 2016, published in Sibirskii Ekologicheskii Zhurnal, 2016, No. 6, pp. 935942.

Heavy Metals in Phyto- and Zooplankton

of Lake Kenon (Transbaikalia)
M. Ts. Itigilova*, N. A. Tashlykova, and E. Yu. Afonina
Institute of Natural Resources, Ecology, and Cryology, Siberian Branch, Chita, 672014 Russia
*e-mail: imts49@mail.ru
Received March 3, 2016; in final form, April 19, 2016

AbstractThe content and accumulation of particular heavy metals in phyto- and zooplankyon from the
technogenically transformed Lake Kenon (Chita, Transbaikalia) have been studied. Algae contains the high-
est concentrations of Zn and Sr. Zooplankton is characterized by concentrations of Ni, Cu, Cd, and Hg either
below or equivalent to those known for other water bodies. It has been shown that the distribution of heavy
metals in the studied water body is differentiated. Their greatest concentration has been registered in the
plankton of technogenically contaminated sitesCHPP and Oil Tank Farm.

Keywords: phytoplankton, zooplankton, heavy metals, accumulation coefficient, Lake Kenon, Transbaikalia
DOI: 10.1134/S1995425516060056

INTRODUCTION 2010). It is known that different groups and particular

Contamination of the aquatic environment, along
with the deficit of freshwater, is a global ecological
problem (Moiseenko, 2003; Aktualnye, 2004; Atli
and Canli, 2007). The content of anthropogenically
generated substances dissolved in water bodies that are
toxic for most aquatic organisms, even in low concen-
trations, has been increasing (Aktualnye.., 2004; Moi-
seenko, 2006).
Heavy metals are the most ecologically dangerous
substances (Nikanorov and Zhulidov, 1991). It has
been found that even essential metals such as copper,
nickel, zinc, and cobalt are a potential danger for living
systems (Mason and Jenkins, 1995; Dethloff et al.,
1999; Yang and Chen, 2003; Atli and Canli, 2010).
They can disturb the integrity of physiological and
biochemical processes and cause significant changes
in the metabolic reactions of hydrobionts (Hogstrand
et al., 1999; Basha and Rani, 2003; Atli and Canli,
Table 1. Hydrogeographical characteristics of Lake Kenon
(Itigilova et al., 1998)
Parameter, unit Value
Basin area, km2
Surface area, km2
Average depth, m
Maximum depth, m
Length, km
Width, km
species of hydrobionts are capable of condensing and
accumulating chemical elements that are present in
extremely low concentrations in their habitat environ-
ment (Vernadsky, 1978; Timifeeva-Resovskaya, 1963;
Polyakov et al., 2012). In the view of this problem, spe-
cial interest is paid to plankton (phyto- and zoo-) sen-
sitive to short-term contaminations of the aquatic
environment and, being characterized by a vast general
sorption surface, capable of rapid uptake, retention,
and assimilation of various technogenic contami-
nants, resulting in their involvement in the structure of
body organs and tissues. Furthermore, as a link in food
chains, plankton is a source of contamination for
organisms at higher trophic levels (Chebotina et al.,
2011; Polyakov et al., 2012).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Lake Kenon has been a cooling reservoir of the
Chita CHPP-1 (SDPP) since 1965. During these years,
the lake has turned into a technogenically transformed
water body (Itigilova et al., 1998) in the western and
northwestern parts of the city of Chita in the interfluve
area of the Ingoda River (Fig. 1). Lake Kenon is
included in the Chita-Ingoda steppe-kettle district of
227 the Ingoda-Onon kettle-middle mountain province of
16 the South Siberian mountain area (Itigilova et al.,
1998).
4.4
The main hydrographical characteristics of the lake
6.8
are given in Table 1.
5.7
To assess the ecological state of Lake Kenons eco-
2.8 system, planktonic organisms were used as biogeo-

783
784 ITIGILOVA et al.
1
2 Ke
ke
La
3
4
Kadala Stn.
Fig. 1. Schematic map of Lake Kenon. Sites where the material was sampled are shown with dots: (1) CHPP, (2) Center, (3) Oil
Tank Farm, (4) Kadalinka River Estuary, and (5) WCF.
chemical indicators. This method can be widely used
to assess the degree of contamination of ecosystems
with toxic metals as a result of the influence of indus-
trial productions on the environment (Ivashov, 1992;
Leonova, 2004; Vses. seminar..., 1988). Plankton is
responsive to short-term contaminations of the
aquatic environment, and it transforms the habitat
when performing its physiological function and con-
densing chemical elements in the body (Leonova,
2004, 2007; Leonova and Bychinskii, 1998). Theoret-
ical developments and fundamental ideas of this scien-
tific field were initiated by V.I. Vernadsky (1978) as
part of his study of the biosphere. One of the most
important biogeochemical concepts introduced by
V.I. Vernadsky in biogeochemistry is the idea of the
concentration function of living matter.
Plankton samples were taken at five stationary sites
(Fig. 1) chosen according to differences in the habitat
environment of hydrobionts: (1) CHPP (central heat-
ing and power plant (brown coal is the main fuel))
(3.54.0 m)discharge of thermally enriched waters;
(2) Center (4.55.0 m); (3) Oil Tank Farm (3.5
4.0 m)industrial area; (4) Kadalinka River estuary
(depths of 2.03.0 m)runoff from the catchment
area, abundant development of aquatic plants; and
(5) worsted cloth factory (WCF) (2.03.0 m)urban
infrastructure, recreation area.
The standard methods were used for sampling and
determining the qualitative and quantitative composi-
tion of phyto- and zooplankton (Kiselev, 1969; Sad-
chikov, 2003). Phyto- and zooplanktonic organisms
occur together in nature. For this reason, to divide
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY
Chita
Devichya
5
n on
Chita
them into groups, phytoplankton at the site was col-
lected by trawling a net with a mesh size of 87 m hav-
ing a sewed-in cone made of bolting cloth with mesh
size of 106 m for separating the large zooplankton
fraction. The samples were concentrated using a bolt-
ing cloth with a mesh size of 87 m, on which the
material was subsequently weighted and dried in an
ES-4620 drying cupboard to a stable weight. Zoo-
plankton was sampled at each site by filtering the water
with the help of a Juday net (inlet diameter 24 cm and
filtering cone made of a sieve with a mesh size of 60 m).
In order to separate zooplanktonic organisms into
large and small fractions, a sieve 112 m in size was
used. Dinophytes and diatoms, as well as nauplia of
cyclops, diaptomuses, and detritus, were included in
the small fraction. The samples were dried up to the
air-dry weight.
The total content of heavy metals in hydrobionts was
determined in the Analytic Certification Testing Center
of the Institute of Microelectronics Technology and
High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences,
using the method of ACRM no. 520-AES/MS Deter-
mining the Elemental Composition of Natural, Drink-
ing, Waste, and Sea Waters by the Methods of Atomic
Emission and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spec-
trometry. The reference samples were used to control
the quality of analyses: SRS 9055-2008 for hydrobionts.
The biological accumulation coefficient of plank-
ton was determined as a ratio between the concentra-
tion of the element in the wet weight of plankton and
in the water (Leonova et al., 2012).
Vol. 9 No. 6 2016
 HEAVY METALS IN PHYTO- AND ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE KENON
Mn
Fe
0 1000 2000 3000
Concentrations, g/g
As
Ni
Pb
Cr
0 5 10 15
Concentration, g/g
Fig. 2. Average content of some chemical elements (dry weight) in large (1) and small (2) zooplanktonic and phytoplanktonic (3)
organisms of Lake Kenon.
Since special attention was focused on the exces-
sive contents of class IIII heavy metals, the analysis
was based on 10 elements (Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sr,
Cd, Hg, and Pb) for phytoplankton and 11 elements
(Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb) for
zooplankton.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The sampled phytoplankton was represented by four
orders: Cyanoprokaryota, Chlorophyta, Dinophyta,
and Bacillariophyta. Green algae were most abundant
(7098%). Dinoflagellates were characterized by the
highest biomass (6095%). Among green algae, the fol-
lowing multicellular chlorococcales occurred most fre-
quently: Tetradron minimum (A.Br.) Hansgirg, Tetras-
trum komarekii Hindak, Scenedesmus quadricauda
(Turp.) Brebisson, etc. Among dinophytes, the macro-
cellular alga Ceratium hirundinella (O.F.M.) Bergh was
dominant. The quantitative parameters of algae
changed from 76 to 322 c/L with a biomass of 130
1070 mg/m3.
Zooplankton of Lake Kenon comprises crustaceans
and rotifers. The average total biomass of zooplankton
was about 1.1 g/m3. The zooplanktonic community
consisted mainly of filter feeders: Ceriodaphnia quad-
rangulata (Mller) (3655%), Neutrodiaptomus incon-
gruens (Poppe) (1330%), Daphnia galeata Sars, and
other cladocerans (719% of the biomass).
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY
785
Sr
3
Cu
2
1
Zn
4000 0 50 100 150 200
Concentration, g/g
Hg
Cd
Co
20 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Concentration, g/g
The problem of identifying the structure of main
trophic chains for plankton inhabiting different areas
of Lake Kenon is very difficult. This concerns, first
and foremost, the composition of the zooplankton
community. Assuming that zooplankton of the lake
consists mainly of filer feeders, predators constitute
only 616% of the total biomass and the feeding of fil-
ter feeders depends on the size selectivity of forage
organisms (Gutelmacher, 1986). We believe that filter
feeders are characterized by only size selectivity of
objects in their feeding, which is associated with the
morphology of the filtering apparatus and consume all
types of forage organisms proportionally to their
occurrence. Filter feeders account for 8494% of bio-
mass in the zooplankton community. Therefore, we
consider only two links in the trophic chains of the
water column: small-sized plankton (60 m; phyto
and bacterioplankton, detritus, and crustacean nau-
plia) and large-sized zooplankton (more than 112 m;
populations of C. quadrangulata, N. incongruens, and
other cladocerans).
Data obtained during the period of study on the con-
tent of heavy metals showed that the absolute concen-
trations of these elements in phytoplankton inhabiting
Lake Kenon varied within values of four orders of mag-
nitude. The highest concentration was registered for Fe
(104105 g/g of phytoplankton dry weight) (Fig. 2). As
the concentrations decrease, the following series of ele-
ments are observed: Cu, Zn, Sr (102103 g/g); Cr, Ni,
As, Pb (10102 g/g); Cd and Hg (110 g/g). The
Vol. 9 No. 6 2016
786 ITIGILOVA et al.

Table 2. Content of chemical elements (minmax) in planktonic organisms of Lake Kenon

Littoral zone
Pelagic zone
(WCF, Oil Tank Farm, Kadalinka
Elements (Center, CHPP)
River estuary)
(kg/g dry mass)
zooplankton forage plankton zooplankton forage plankton
(<112 m) (<60 m) (<112 m) (<60 m)
r 1.32.6 1.63.5 1.45.6 0.6612.4
Fe 5811479 8731645 6183339 3607044
Mn 122148 109556 231544 951242
Ni 2.03.6 2.12.8 1.63.4 2.16.5
o 1.11.2 0.800.87 0.511.5 0.423.1
Cu 8.926.7 24.933.1 21.431.2 12.224.9
Zn 154160 99187 139157 96147
As 10.413.3 6.47.1 5.46.5 3.114.9
Cd 0.20.45 0.260.27 0.120.38 0.120.27
Hg 0.080.1 0.110.21 0.130.24 0.040.33
Pb 10.326.7 10.326.7 3.96.4 3.26.9

content of heavy metals found in planktonic algae of
Lake Kenon is consistent with occasional data pro-
vided by other researchers (Trapeznikov et al., 2008;
Chebotina et al., 2011; Polyakov et al., 2012). The
exception was Zn and Sr, the concentration of which
in algae from Lake Kenon was one order of magnitude
higher than in phytoplankton from the Beloyarsk Res-
ervoir and Indian rivers (Polyakov et al., 2012; Kumar
et al., 2010).
The concentrations of heavy metals in zooplankton
also varied within four orders of magnitude: Fe (10 4
105 g/g of dry weight); Mn, Zn (102103 g/g); Cu,
As (10102 g/g); and Cr, Ni, Co, Cd, Hg, and Pb (1
10 g/g) (Fig. 2). It was noticed that the concentration
of elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, and As in
the small (forage) fraction of plankton is higher than in
large zooplanktonic organisms (see Fig. 2). A compar-
ison of data obtained on zooplankton from Lake
Kenon with those from other water bodies and courses
showed that the concentrations of elements such as
Ni, Cu, Cd, and Hg are similar to those revealed for
small lakes in Finland and some lakes of the United
States (Tulonen et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2000), and
are lower than those in water bodies of Siberia (Leo-
nova, 2007), Lake Balaton (Hungary) (Farkas et al.,
2003), Lake Egirdir (Turkey) (Atiai et al., 2008), urban
water bodies in the northeastern United States (Chen
et al., 2000), the Danube River delta (Burada et al.,
2014), and Beloyar Reservoir (Polyakov et al., 2012).
The spatial distribution of heavy metals in plankton
along the water area of the lake was heterogeneous.
The highest concentrations of Ni (24.4 g/g), Cu
(228 g/g), Zn (311 g/g), Cd (1.3 g/g), and Pb
(53 g/g) were found in planktonic algae collected at
the Oil Tank Farm. The lowest concentrations of these
elements in algae were found in the estuary of the
Kadalinka River: 6.6, 45.5, 98, 0.46, and 10.3 g/g,
respectively. The content of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb in
plamktonic algae increased in the series Kadalinka
River estuary WCF Center CHPP Oil
Tank Farm. In the case of cadmium, this series was as
follows: Center WCF Kadalinka River estuary
CHPP Oil Tank Farm.
The study of the spatial distribution of chemical
elements in zooplankton revealed that the high con-
centrations of Co, Cr, Ni, As, Fe, and Mn were char-
acteristic of such sites as the Oil Tank Farm, CHPP,
and Kadalinka River estuary (Table 2).
It was revealed that the content of d and Hg in
planktonic organisms from Lake Kenon significantly
exceeds the Clark values for living matter (according to
Vinogradov (1967) and Dobrovolskii (1983)) (Fig. 3).
The calculation of the coefficient of biological
accumulation for these elements (Table 3) allowed us
to find the features of their accumulation and build a
series of bioaccumulation that follow the pattern from
the minimum to maximum value in the following
series: for Zn, Center CHPP Oil Tank Farm
WCF Kadalinka River estuary; for Cu, Oil Tank
Farm Center CHPP WCF Kadalinka
River estuary; for Cd, CHPP Kadalinka River estu-
ary WCF Oil Tank Farm; for Mn, CHPP
Center Kadalinka River estuary Oil Tank Farm
ECF; for As, WCF Kadalinka River estuary
WCF Oil Tank Farm Center.
In the case of zooplankton, the highest coefficients
of biological accumulation (the relationship between
the concentration of an element in large filter-feeding
organisms and the concentration of small (forage)
organisms) were registered for Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Hg,

CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY Vol. 9 No. 6 2016

 HEAVY METALS IN PHYTO- AND ZOOPLANKTON OF LAKE KENON 787

60
(a)
50

40
C, g/g/Clark

30

20

10

0
Cr Ni Cu As Pb Fe Mn Zn Co Cd Hg
100

(b)
80
C, g/g/Clark

60

40

20

0
Cr Ni Cu As Pb Fe Mn Zn Co Cd Hg
Center WCF Oil Tank Farm CHPP-1 Kadalinka
Fig. 3. Ratio of the concentration (, g/g) to the Clark value for forage organisms (more than 60 m) (a) and zooplankton (more
than 112 m) (b) at the sites of Lake Kenon.

and Pb at the following stations: Kadalinka River estu- the absolute concentrations of elements in phyto- and
rary, WCF, and CHPP (Fig. 4). zooplankton during the period of study varied within
Therefore, the evaluation of the content of some four orders of magnitude (from 105 to 1 g/g of dry
heavy metals in plankton of Lake Kenon showed that weight). The comparison of the concentrations of

Table 3. Coefficient of biological accumulation of heavy metals (considering the wet weight) in planktonic algae of Lake
Kenon
Chemical element Center Oil Tank Farm WCF CHPP Kadalinka River estuary
Cr 1874
Ni
Cu 15689 25647.1 7359 14745 5058
As 48 54 100 75 90
Pb 18
Mn 3638 1891 1874 9048 3197
Zn 14612 5012 4934 9244 4259
Co
Cd 1102 1655 4826 3826
Hg 47

CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY Vol. 9 No. 6 2016

788
10
Accumulation coefficient
0.1 Cr Ni Cu As
Center WCF
Fig. 4. Coefficient of accumulation of chemical elements by large zooplankton from forage organisms at different sites of Lake
Kenon.
heavy elements in algal and invertebrate plankton is
consistent with data provided by other researchers.
The exception for algae was elements such as Zn and Sr,
the content of which is one order of magnitude higher
than in other water bodies and courses. For zooplank-
ton, the concentrations of elements such as Ni, Cu, Cd,
and Hg were below or equivalent to those obtained for
other water objects of Russia and abroad. The distribu-
tion of heavy metals in the studied water body is differ-
entiated. Their highest concentration was registered in
plankton of the industrial zone. The calculation of the
coefficient of biological accumulation of the studied
elements for phytoplankton allowed us to reveal the fea-
tures of their accumulation and create a series of bioac-
cumulation based on the following pattern from the
minimum to maximum value in the row Hg As
Cd Cr Cd Mn Zn Cu. The obtained val-
ues of the coefficient of accumulation of heavy metals in
zooplanktonic filter feeders indicate the high concen-
tration regarding Fe, Co, Mn, Cd, Hg, and Pb.
Phyto- and zooplanktonic organisms play a huge
role in the functioning of water bodies. It is known that
they are contamination indicators. We revealed the
role of plankton in the extraction of heavy metals from
the aquatic environment, features of bioaccumulation
of chemical elements in phyto- and zooplankton, and
contents of heavy metals in the bodies of planktonic
organisms from Lake Kenon.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This study was supported by the Russian Founda-
tion for Basic Research, project no. 14-05-98013
r_sibir_a, and as part of the FRS program of state
assignment, project no. 0386-2014-0002.
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS OF ECOLOGY
ITIGILOVA et al.
Pb Fe Mn Zn Co Cd Hg
Oil Tank Farm CHPP-1 Kadalinka
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Translated by A. Karmazina
No. 6 2016