COATEX

RHEOLOGY HANDBOOK
FOR WATERBASED FORMULATIONS

COATEX INSIDE
A FEW DROPS THAT MAKE
ALL THE DIFFERENCE
Even though they account for just 0.4% to 3% by weight of final
formulations, rheology modifiers, thickeners and dispersants can
significantly improve their application properties. Their effectiveness
and the benefits they afford make them key components of your
aqueous paint and coating formulations.
Many of your formulations properties are in fact directly correlated
with rheology and the characteristics of rheology modifiers.
In-can appearance, sedimentation resistance, and optimum
sag-leveling balance are related to the behavior of the paint subjected
to low stress and therefore low shear rate. As stress increases,
we encounter conditions corresponding to applying paints and coatings
by brush, roller or spray gun on their support. This stress increase can
be measured by increasing the shear rate also known as increasing
the velocity gradient.
The purpose of this guide is to assist you in understanding the rheology
criteria that lead to the properties you are seeking for your paint,
and in choosing the right tools to help optimise your formulations.
Our aim is to help you choose thickeners or dispersants, and ensure
that your formulations fulfil your specification requirements as closely
as possible.
Coatex offers a comprehensive range of additives that stand out
by their excellent effectiveness, an extensive diversity in terms
of rheological behavior, as well as functionality that enhance the quality
of your formulations.
SUMMARY
FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY
Formulation properties
Homogeneous formulation = optimised dispersion .......................... 4
Paint stability = no sedimentation of particles .................................. 6
In-can appearance = consistency of the paint ................................. 6
No liquid phase floating = control of syneresis
= associative acrylic thickeners ........................................................... 7
Application properties
Good workability = low splatter
+ accurate and efficient loading of the tool ..................................... 8
Covering power = film build and brushability . . ................................ 9
Properties of the film
Even surface = no surface defects due to tools
= control of flow and leveling .. .......................................................... 10
Water resistance = weathering resistance,
wet scrub resistance ............................................................................. 11
FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT
Rheology principles
Dispersion ............................................................................................... 13
Thickening mechanisms ....................................................................... 13
Viscosity .................................................................................................. 16
Measures equivalence............................................................... 22
3
 FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY

A sudden increase in viscosity based on the solid content

FORMULATION of the dispersion is a symptom of the occurrence of flocculation.
PROPERTIES By using a suitable dispersing agent, CaCO3 slurry - SC = 75%
the dry content of the dispersion Underdosage Overdosage

can be increased while maintaining

Brookfield viscosity (100 rpm)

Homogeneous formulation = optimised dispersion sufficiently low viscosities adapted 600
Free dispersing
Your customers level of satisfaction can be Stirring to the subsequent use, for example 500
CaCO3
agent

measured as soon as he opens the can and forms as a slurry. 400

Optimum
dosage
an opinion on the appearance of your paint. 2. Dispersing A dispersant should be chosen that 300

agent 3. Fillers
The presence of a large, possibly solid, can produce the lowest viscosities 200

deposit at the bottom of the can caused during deflocculation of the 100

by re-agglomeration of particles indeed pigment or the filler at their lowest 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7

represents a negative criterion for the user. usage rate. % dispersing agent

Particles, pigments and fillers should all be

dispersed with a sufficiently powerful apparatus Optimise your dispersion with a COATEX dispersing agent
to ensure effective stirring in the presence 1. Water The right choice of dispersant will help:
of a suitable dispersing agent. Promote thickening.
The use of a suitable and effective dispersing agent at the start Maintain proper dispersion throughout storage.
of the formulation (thickening phase) promotes the deflocculation The following illustration shows the
and dispersion of the particles. The dispersants action continues long after significant improvement in stability during
the paints formulation by preventing re-agglomeration throughout storage. storage at high temperature that occurs when
The dispersant should be added at the start of the formulation process a polyphosphate type dispersant is replaced
before pigments and fillers. by an acrylic dispersant from the Coatex
range: no increase in viscosity is observed
The mechanisms governing dispersion are described p.13. when Ecodis P 90 is used for example.
With With
Polyphosphates Ecodis P 90
Case of dispersion of calcium carbonate ADVICE
Without dispersing TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE
agent high loading in fillers and pigments (CaC0 3, clay, TiO 2) P 90
500
majority of fillers & limited amount of pigments
Ecodis P 50
Viscosity of the slurry

high loading in fillers and pigments (CaC0 3, clay, TiO 2)

Ecodis
400
P 30
With dispersing balanced amount of fillers & pigments
300
agent BR 3
high loading in oxide pigments (TiO 2, Fe 2O 3, ZnO) Coadis BR 40
200

optimize TiO 2 Coadis BR 85

100

Solids content of the slurry high loading in mineral and/or organic pigment Coadis 123 K

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Dispersion of CaCO3 into water

5
FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY

Paint stability = no sedimentation of particles Some thickeners can prove more

effective than others in increasing these
After the mineral particles have been dispersed properly and prevented
viscosity values to 100 s -1. Rheology
from re-agglomerating, the consistency or the texture of the formulation
modifiers imparting this behavior
will need adjusting to prevent the appearance of sedimentation due
themselves feature a sufficiently high
to the action of gravity on dense mineral particles.
rheology profile at 100 s -1.
In-can paint viscosity is measured at low stress and therefore at low
velocity gradients too.
ADVICE
Some thickeners interact preferentially with the aqueous phase of
the formulation by generating high viscosities with low velocity gradient, TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE
and are used to maintain the dense mineral particles in suspension excellent appearence and creaminess, semi-gloss
by preventing them from sinking to the bottom of the container. or one coat matt paints
Rheotech 2800

Acrylic thickeners imparting a pseudoplastic type rheology are best improved appearence and creaminess, matt
or semi-matt paints
Rheotech 3800
suited to prevent sedimentation.
polyurethane thickener for outstanding color acceptance Coapur XS 71
ADVICE
TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE smooth and rich appearance, semi-gloss and gloss
paints
Coapur 975 W

stability of high PVC formulations, textured coatings Viscoatex 730

real thixotropic effect, spray application Thixol 53 L
remarkable properties for tinting systems Rheotech 4800
high pseudoplastic polyurethane thickener Coapur 6050
In-can appearance = consistency of the paint
A users first reflex on opening a can of paint is generally
to re-homogenise the paint to evaluate its consistency. In this regard,
a good formulation should ensure a positive impression of smoothness.
This impression may be correlated with a rheological measurement
conducted at a medium velocity gradient, i.e. approximately 100 s -1.
For each type of paint, there is a range of preferential values related
to this viscosity called Stormer viscosity or KU viscosity.
No liquid phase floating = control of syneresis =
associative acrylic thickeners
The occurrence of syneresis is the cause of blemish that can affect
the paints appearance during storage. This entails the formation of
a liquid phase with very low viscosity at the paints surface. Associative,
i.e. hydrophobically modified, acrylic thickeners are used to help
bind the aqueous phase more efficiently with the hydrophobic network
comprising particles of binder, the thickeners hydrophobic extremities,
and pigments featuring hydrophobic surface properties.
COATEX EXPERTS RECOMMEND THE FOLLOWING ADDITIVES:
TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE
low to medium PVC Rheotech 2000
use alone, all types in combination Rheotech 2800

Coapur XS technology helps prevent syneresis issues XS 22

vs standard polyurethane thickeners technology
Coapur XS 71

7
FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY

APPLICATION
PROPERTIES

During the application of the paint, a large number of factors will prove
decisive to evaluate its quality: its covering power, its body or film build,
its spatter resistance, its open time, and the ease with which it can be
handled and applied.
Most of these properties are related to the rheological performance
of the formulation subject to high velocity gradients, from 1,000 to 10,000 s-1
for coatings of small to medium thickness (50 to 500 m wet) for brush or roller
application, and 10,000 to 50,000 s-1 for spray (airmix or airless) application.
Good workability = low spatter + accurate
and efficient loading of the tool
A paint is deemed to be user-friendly when it is easy to load on the brush
or the roller, and then spread on the support, and its spatterability is low.
The quantity loaded on the tool depends on the viscosity of the product
at low and medium velocity gradient, and the spatterability of the viscosity
at medium and high gradient.
Covering power = film build and brushability
Covering power results from the combination of the coatings inherent
opacity depending mostly on fillers, pigments and pigment volume
concentration (PVC), and the thickness transferable onto the support.
Rheology should therefore help produce sufficient thickness deposited
at every application (the film build), while maintaining ease of application
(brushability). These properties can be quantified by measuring viscosity
at high velocity gradient.
In this area, polyurethane type Newtonian thickeners (HEUR) prove idealy
suitable.
The most newtonian acrylic thickeners (HASE) are also capable
of imparting excellent control of the film build effect, which helps mask
the supports blemishes more effectively whereas cellulose type thickeners
(HEC) often present major shortcomings.

With cellulosic With With conventional With

thickeners Rheotech 2800 thickeners Coapur 830 W

Optimising both these properties requires the use of thickeners With conventional With
with pseudoplastic to balanced profiles. cellulosic thickeners Coapur 3025

ADVICE ADVICE
TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE
excellent tool load with semi-gloss excellent film build effect, no syneresis
or one coat matt paints
Rheotech 2800 & improved pigment compatibility
Rheotech 2000

increase of high shear independently of low shear

excellent brush drag, film build and spatter resistance Coapur 830 W
viscosity, excellent film build and water resistance
Coapur 3025

excellent tool load, no sag, lacquers

and one coat hide for satin paint
Coapur 975 W

9
FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY

PROPERTIES Water resistance = weathering resistance,

wet scrub resistance
OF THE FILM
= thickeners with hydrophobic character

Although controlling paints rheology offers advantages
at the production and application stages, it also benefits the films
properties before and after drying.
Even surface = no surface defects due to tools
= control of flow and leveling
Paint has good leveling when the support, once covered, features an
even surface, with no application marks from the brush or the roller.
The qualities of the final films leveling are directly related to the paints
flow properties under very low stress. It is particularly important
to obtain good leveling when applying low PVC paints (lacquer
and varnish, gloss to satin) as their surface must be perfectly even.
The type of rheology profile needed to improve leveling is preferably
the Newtonian type.
The most suitable thickeners for precise adjustment of leveling without
affecting the film body are polyurethane thickeners.
Good water resistance means good resistance to water absorption
for exterior coatings and good wet scrub resistance for interior coatings.
Coatings with a high binder content, hence a low pigment volume
concentration (PVC), naturally feature good water resistance.
By contrast, matt paints and coatings with a lower binder content offer
a lower water resistance potential.
Polyurethane type thickeners can improve the water resistance of coatings
with medium and low PVC thanks to their highly hydrophobic nature, which
notably marks them out from cellulose thickeners for example.
Other solutions are available to improve water resistance:
Combination of acrylic thickeners of an associative nature at low dose
with polyurethane thickeners, for lower thickening cost, and with constant
binder content.
Increase in binder content and/or replacement of a traditional acrylic
thickener with an associative acrylic thickener.
These solutions help keep down the additional cost incurred in improving
the quality of the formulation.

Case of solvent-free matt paint with EVA type binder

Wet scrub resistance test (Iso 11998)

Solvent free matt paint based on EVA binder

with conventional
cellulosic thickener
0,55% Medium
with accurate control MW HEC
of the application viscosity
0,55% balanced
PU (CoapurTM 830 W)

ADVICE 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Average thickness (m)
TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE
Wet Scrub resistance
excellent worse
balanced profile for satin & premium matt paints Coapur 830 W
Resistance to water absorption of the paint film is improved by using
newtonian profile for gloss paints Coapur 2025 polyurethane thickeners as shown in the diagram comparing a paint
including a cellulose thickener with one including Coapur 830 W.

11
FROM PAINT TO RHEOLOGY FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT

RHEOLOGY
PRINCIPLES

ADVICE Dispersion
TO OBTAIN YOU CAN USE Particles generally have electron shortfalls at their surface that create
an overall positive charge and generate electrostatic repulsion
medium PVC, eggshell, satin paints Coapur 830 W forces between them. However, these are not sufficient: in fact, even
thoroughly dispersed, particles naturally tend to re-agglomerate in water
under the effect of Van der Waals attraction forces.
low PVC, semi gloss to gloss paints Coapur 3025
The dispersant can counteract this propensity by boosting the particles
repulsion potential (creation of double ionic layer and increase in zeta
= Dispersing agents of a hydrophobic nature potential). - - -
-
ELECTROSTATIC - +++
REPULSION - + --- +
In very high PVC systems, the quantity of available binder is not sufficient Stabilization - +-
-+ + +-
- - +
to ensure thorough coating of the mineral particles within the film. by adsorption - -- - +
A hydrophobic dispersant is therefore used to help partly offset this - + - + + + +

+ +
of a polyelectrolyte + + + - -
shortcoming. It delays the ingress of water and detergent during the wet dispersant + - -- -
+ - - +-
scrub test, and therefore increases the water resistance of such formulations. - -
-
+ --- - +
+ + + - -+
Wet scrub resistance of matt paint containing a hydrophobic dispersant - - -
+
-
The illustration below shows the performances of a hydrophobic dispersant + +
as opposed to a traditional acrylic dispersant in an early-rain-resistance
test. This formulation is used for waterproofing coatings (PVC = 40%). The chemical structure of acrylic dispersants comprises a large number
of carboxylic functions that are partly or fully neutralised by the addition
of a base. The resulting anionic functions then tend to attach themselves
2000 cycles 10000 cycles Polyacrylate Coadis 123K to the positively charged surface of the particles. This creates an
electron shortfall outside the particle + fixed polymer unit, and the
occurrence of an overall positive charge on the new ionic surface so
created, located further away from the centre of the particle.
The stability of the dispersion is then ensured both by the boosting of
the electrostatic repulsion potential resulting from a greater inter-particle
distance, and by a steric crowding effect.

Thickening mechanisms
Matt paint Early rain resistance test
PVC= 77% with Coadis 123K (deionised water sprayed on film
30 min after application)
ASE
ASE (Alkali Swellable Emulsion) acrylic thickeners are acrylic polymers
in a water emulsion. They feature acid groups that must be neutralised by
a base to be allowed to dissolve in water. The resulting anionic groups
immobilise the water molecules by hydrogen bond, generating a gel.

13
FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT

They are effective Self-association mechanism They can thicken at high velocity gradient through the associative
at low velocity gradient. of thixotropic ASEs mechanism or at low velocity gradient through the association
COOH micelle made of mechanism.
COOH hydrophobic groups
polymeric backbone spacer
COOH Unlike acrylic thickeners, the thickening effect can be obtained
whatever the pH of the formulation, even if the pH is below 5.
+ H 2O
+ NaOH COOH COOH
COOH
It is nevertheless advisable to adjust the pH accurately in order
Na+
to obtain a reproducible thickening effect, and preferably in the alkaline
H COOH
+O COOH
COO COO H COO
realm for maximum effect.
urethane link hydrophilic backbone spacer linear hydrophobic
urethane link hydrophilic backbone
(PEG) spacer linear hydrophobic
end group
COO COO COO (PEG) end group(PEG)
long short short (PEG)
long
HASE long short short long

HASE (Hydrophobically modified Alkali Swellable Emulsion) type hydrophilic backbone branched hydrophobic
acrylic thickeners differ from ASEs by the modification of their chemical urethane linkhydrophilic backbone
(PEG) branched
spacer hydrophobic
end group
(PEG) end group
structure through the grafting of hydrophobic monomers. urethane link spacer

In addition to the gelling effect generated by carboxylic groups, their

modified structure helps either boost their efficacy at low velocity Associative
gradient, or interact with the formulation binder to increase the viscosity
The associative mechanism helps increase viscosity at high velocity
at high velocity gradient.
gradient. The tails of the hydrophobic chains of the thickener (HASE
They can act on the viscosities corresponding to every velocity gradient. or HEUR) react with the binders particles. They interact either
by adsorption at their surface, or by ion-dipole interaction with
CO
O
their stabilising system. The bonds so created counteract the high shear
CO LATEX LATEX
stress and hence increase viscosity at high velocity gradient.
Association O
interaction
CO Association
O LATEX
Hydrophobic
Mechanism
The association mechanism helps
group C
OO increase the efficacy of a thickener
Association
at low velocity gradient. Specific
LATEX H H
LATEX mechanism
hydrophobic chains combine into
O
Water Gel
thickening
LATEX
latex a hydrophobic network that contributes
to the structuring of the aqueous
system, and so help boost viscosities
Thickener
HEUR at low velocity gradient.
Polyurethane or HEUR (Hydrophobic Ethoxylated URethane) thickeners The bonds that produce the formation of this network are liable to break
are polymers with a hydrophilic core grafted at its tails onto hydrophobic up temporarily under prolonged shear before re-forming later on,
groups of a suitable size by way of a urethane bond. which produces a thixotropic behavior.

15
FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT

Viscosity Rheology profiles:

Definition A rheology profile reflects the variation in viscosity based on the
velocity gradient.
The concept of viscosity of formulations is inseparable from the concept
of velocity gradient or strain velocity. Indeed, unlike pure bodies There are three types of profiles:
which exhibit a Newtonian rheological behavior, whereby viscosity is N
 ewtonian profile: viscosity is independent of velocity gradient.
independent of strain velocity, formulations, which are complex blends Typically pure bodies such as water exhibit a Newtonian behavior.
of liquids and solids, do not follow a straightforward rheology model. Varnishes, lacquers and gloss paints should ideally exhibit
Viscosity is the measurement of a fluids resistance to flow. a Newtonian-like rheology profile to enhance application properties
such as body, leveling, and quality of application.
V : Velocity
D ilatant or shear thickening profile: viscosity increases as the rate
[m.s-1] of shear (velocity gradient) increases.
F : Force
A : Area [m2] This behavior should normally be avoided as it can pose problems
either during the paints manufacture or during its use.
Liquid Layer d Liquid Layer d P seudoplastic or shear thinning profile: viscosity decreases as the rate
of shear (velocity gradient) increases.
Shear stress = F / A [N.m-2] Shear rate = V / d [s-1] Waterborne formulations naturally tend to exhibit a pseudoplastic type
rheology profile that should be corrected with the use of appropriate
dispersants and thickeners as and when required.

100 The three types of behavior are independent

of shear duration, while the viscosity value depends
Film 90
only on the shear rate (or velocity gradient).

Viscosity (u.a.) = arbitrary unit

Thickness 80
70 PSEUDOPLASTIC
60
Dynamic viscosity is calculated by dividing shear stress by the velocity 50 DILATANT
gradient (shear rate), and is expressed in Pa.s.
40
(F/A) 30
= shear stress / velocity gradient =
(V/d) 20

The measurement of viscosity for a given paint is therefore determined 10 NEWTONIAN

by setting either a shear stress value or a velocity gradient value. 0

The minimum stress needed to initiate flow is called yield point.

0,1 1 10 100 1000 10 000 100 000
Shear Rate (S-1)

17
 FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT

Thixotropic behavior: This additionally depends on shear duration, The dynamic properties of the paint during its application with a brush,
which induces a temporary decrease in viscosity. Viscosity reverts to its a roller or a spray gun -spreadability, film build, spatter resistance - can
initial value once shear has stopped after a period of time that depends be correlated with the viscosity measurements taken at high velocity
on the intensity and duration of shear. gradient.
100
The area between the two curves measures Measuring viscosity
90
the extent of the thixotropic character. The formulations viscosity is measured simply by means of a viscosimeter.
Viscosity (u.a.) = arbitrary unit

80
Measuring changes to the rheological properties of a material in relation
70
THIXOTROPIC to time, temperature or stress to which it is subjected requires a more
60
sophisticated apparatus, namely a rheometer.
50 she
are
40
Hy
ste
d Depending on the shear conditions, different types of viscosimeter and
ris
30
is a
rea
different methods will be chosen to measure and interpret the behavior
20
rec
ove of the system under consideration. The most widely used viscosimeters
ry
in the paint and coating industry are described below, as well as the
10
shear ranges to which they are best suited.
0
SHEAR
10 -2 10 -1 1 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4 RATE (S -1)
10 -2 10 -1 1 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
Shear Rate (S ) -1
Low Medium High
Shear rates and paint properties
VISCOSIMETER ICI / CONE
Many properties can be correlated with viscosity measurements at TYPE
BROOKFIELD STORMER
& PLATE
the various velocity gradients applicable to paint.
Production
Brookfield viscosimeter
Storage Transportation Application
This viscosimeter typically used in Quality Control is the most common
SHEAR
RATE (S -1) of all. In the formulation industries, it is used to evaluate rheology
10 -2
10 -1
1 10 -1
10 -2
10 -3
10 -4

at low velocity gradient.

Brush Marks Application viscosity Units:
COATING Tool In - Can The Brookfield viscosimeter is a
Sagging Film Build mPa.s
PROPERTIES load Appearance
Settling Anti- Spattering rotation viscosimeter. It measures 12000

the pair needed to rotate a rod 10 rpm

Good storage stability and good sagging resistance will be obtained immersed in a liquid at a given
in particular through sufficiently high viscosity at very low velocity and adjustable speed. The rod is
gradient. The degree of loading of the application tool being used - rotated by a motor on a shaft fitted
brush or spatula - can be controlled by considering the viscosity values with a calibrated spring. The shear
at low velocity gradient. strength will vary on the basis of
A measurement of viscosity at a medium shear rate will be representative the size of the mobile and/or the
of the perception of a user gently stirring the paint on opening the can. rotation speed.

19
FROM RHEOLOGY TO PAINT

Stormer or Krebs viscosimeter Cone and plate or ICI type viscosimeters use a cone with a 0.5
The Stormer or Krebs viscosimeter is a rotation viscosimeter widely used angle in direct contact with the lower plate. Measurement consists
in the paint industry. in evaluating the pair (and therefore the stress) needed to obtain the
anticipated rotation speed generating a velocity gradient of 10000 s -1.
The viscosity of the fluid is
determined by measuring the pair 105
105

needed to achieve a rotation speed Units:

of 200 rotations per minute. Todays Krebs CONCLUSION
equipment directly displays the (KU)
viscosity value expressed in Krebs 100
Unit (KU). 90

Viscosity (u.a.) = arbitrary unit

This measurement is used extensively 80
to evaluate paint applied with a Stormer
70
brush or a roller. viscosimeter PSEUDOPLASTIC
60
Cone & Plate or ICI viscosimeter 50 DILATANT
The easiest method to evaluate a paints propensity to film build and 40
to spatter resistance is by using a cone and plate or ICI viscosimeter 30
generating a velocity gradient of 10000 s -1. This apparatus covers
20
viscosities ranging from 0 to 0.5 Pa.s.
10 NEWTONIAN
High ICI viscosity values help:
0
Improve the film build of the formulation and the spatter resistance
SHEAR 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 -1 10 -2 10 -3 10 -4
and hinder:
RATE (S -1)
The ease of application
The surface covered between two loadings of the application tool Low Medium High

VISCOSIMETER ICI / CONE

BROOKFIELD STORMER
TYPE & PLATE
Cone
Production
and plate
Storage Transportation Application
COATING
PROPERTIES Brush Marks Tool In - Can Application viscosity
Sagging load Appearance Film Build
Settling Anti- Spattering
(u.a.) = arbitrary unit

21
MEASURES
EQUIVALENCE
Units
Viscosity
1 P = 1 gcm -1s -1
1 Pas = 1 kgm-1s-1 = 10 P
The relation to the SI unit is
1 P = 0.1 Pas
1 cP = 1 mPas = 0.001 Pas
Krebs Unit
Over the viscosity range
of 200 to 2100 mPas (cP)
ln(KU) = 1.1187 +
0.8542*ln(0.1938v + 36)
- 0.0443(ln(0.1938v +36))
Over the viscosity range
of 2100 to 5000 mPas (cP)
ln(KU) = 1.8118 +
0.596*ln(0.1938v + 36)
- 0.0206(ln(0.1938v +36))
Where KU is the viscosity
in Krebs Units at 25C
and v is the viscosity in mPas (cP)
at 25C
Typical values
Water at 20C: 1.002 10 Pa.s
Ethanol at 20C: 1.20 10 -3 Pa.s
Glycerin at 20C: 1.49 Pa.s
Honey at 20C: 10 Pa.s
Olive oil at 20C: 0.9 Pa.s
Oil at 20C: 0.65 10 -3 Pa.s
Temperature
Conversion from Celsius to
Fahrenheit: F = (9/5 x C) + 32
Conversion from Fahrenheit
to Celsius: C = 5/9 (F 32)
F 95 86 77 68 59 50 41 32
C 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Measurements
1 inch (in) = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m
1 foot (ft) = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m COATEX INSIDE
1 yard (yd) = 0.9144 m
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 nautical mile = 1.852 km
Weight
1 ounce (oz) = 28.349 g
1 pound (lb) = 0.453 kg
1 short ton (US ton) = 0.907 t
1 long ton (UK ton) = 1.016 t
Volume
1 US fluid ounce = 2.957 cl
1 US pint = 0.473 l
-3
1 US gallon = 3.785 l
1 oil barrel = 158.986 l The information contained in this technical documentation relates only to the specific material
designated herein and does not relate to use in combination with any other material or in any
process. The information provided herein is based on technical data that Coatex believes
to be reliable, provided that Coatex makes no representation or warranty as to the completeness
or accuracy thereof and Coatex assumes no liability resulting from its use for any claims, losses,
or damages of any third party. Recipients receiving this information must exercise their own judgement
as to the appropriateness of its use and it is the users responsibility to assess the materials suitability
(including safety) for a particular purpose prior to such use. Reference to trade names used by other
companies is neither a recommendation, nor does it imply that similar products could not be used.
22
DO NOT HESITATE
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TO OBTAIN A FORMULATION ADVICE

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