Science Reviewer

Properties of Matter and Changes in Matter

Physical properties
-are characteristics that can be observed without changing the composition of a substance

Examples of physical properties

1. Boiling point 6. Hardness
2. Melting point 7. Electrical and thermal conductivities
3. Density 8. Tenacity
4. Color 9. Elasticity
5. Odor 10. Plasticity

Intensive properties
-can be used to identify substances

Extensive properties
-such as mass and volume, depend on the amount of the sample

Chemical properties
-are characteristics that a substance exhibits when it undergoes changes in composition

Physical changes
-Changes like these, which do not alter the composition of a substance

Words that indicate a physical change

1. Melt 5. Evaporate
2. Boil 6. Condense
3. Freeze 7. Sublime
4. Dissolve

Chemical changes
-involve changes in the composition of substances

Words that usually signify the occurrence of a chemical change

1. Cook 6. Decay
2. Bake 7. Grow
3. Decompose 8. Rust
4. Combine 9. Spoil
5. Corrode 10. Ferment
Phase Changes

Examples of physical processes

1. Melting 4. Evaporation 7. Deposition
2. Freezing 5. Condensation
3. Boiling 6. Sublimation

Melting
-occurs when a solid changes to a liquid

Melting point
-the temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid

Freezing
-occurs when a liquid changes to solid

Freezing point
-is the temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid

Boiling
-occurs when a liquid changes to gas at its boiling point

Boiling point
-the temperature at which a liquid boils to become a gas

Evaporation
-a substance changes from liquid to gas below its boiling point

Volatile liquids
-liquids that evaporate easily at room temperature

Condensation or liquefaction
-is a change from gas to liquid

Sublimation
-occurs when a solid changes directly to gas without going through the liquid state,

Deposition or desublimation
-occurs when particles of a gas condense directly into a solid without going through the liquid state

Elements and Compounds

Element
-is a substance that is made of only one kind of atom
-There are 118 known elements

Examples:
1. Cooking pots and pans are made of copper or aluminum
2. Bed frames are made of iron
3. Food and beverage containers are made of tin
Naming Elements

Scientists
-einsteinium from Einstein

Countries
-americium from America

States
-californium from California

Planets
-plutonium from planet Pluto

Greek words
-chlorine from chloros meaning greenish yellow

Latin words
-gold from aurum meaning shiny

Minerals
-magnesium from magnesia

Chemical symbols
-are composed of one or two letters where the first letter is always capitalized

Metals
-usually hard and solid

Nonmetals
-usually sof

Oxygen
-gas rise in respiration
-is consumed in combustion or burning
-is largely used in steel making

Sulfur
-occurs in nature as a yellow solid
-used in production of sulfuric acid

Examples
1. Lead storage batteries and in the manufacture of detergents
2. Lubricants
3. Paints
4. Plastics
5. Insecticides
6. Pharmaceuticals
7. Food additives
8. Explosives

Nitrogen
-used in the manufacture or fertilizers
-is also used in making detergents

Phosporus
-The bones in our bodies are made up of a calcium-phosphorous compound

Phosphoric acid
-is used to give various sof drinks their sour taste

Carbon
-is a major component of fossil fuels
-exists in diamond and graphite

Silicon
-is used in the manufacture of transistors and solar cells
-is a major component of glass

Atoms
-Elements are made up of tiny particles
-Can be seen using a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to get images of the atoms

Molecule
-is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically combined

Diatomic molecules
-molecules formed by two atoms

Triatomic molecules
-three atoms

Polyatomic molecules
-four or more atoms

Compound
-is formed when two or more elements combine chemically in a fixed ratio

Mixtures
-are combinations of two or more substances that can be separated by physical methods

Homogeneous mixture
-has uniform composition and properties as seen by unaided eyes

Heterogeneous mixture
-is not uniform in composition