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- soil erosion
-
Implication on groundwater storage
- soil is saturated
7. Define hydrogeology
- study of movement and distribution of groundwater in aquifer and aquifer characteristics.
8. Name three types of rocks and explain how they are formed
-igneous rocks
Formed through cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
-sedimentary rocks
Formed though deposition of materials (sediments) on Earths surface and within bodies
of water.
-metamorphic rocks
Arise from transformation of existing rock types through a processes called
metamorphism (subjected to high temperature and great pressure)
9. Name examples of the three types of rocks above suited to form good aquifer
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Best of Luck
JODM2014
Hydrological processes
1. Describe elements of hydrological cycle and explain how they can be quantified
- Evaporation (evaporation pan in mm/day)
- Transpiration
- Infiltration/deep percolation (infiltrometer in mm/hr or in/hr)
- precipitation (rain gauge in mm)
- runoff (rational method in mm)
2. What is the key driver of hydrological cycle
Solar Radiation
3. From the processes of hydrological cycle, why do you think ground water contributes
to higher percentage of fresh water sources on the earth?
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- water budget
-
7. Discuss factors affecting evapotranspiration
- solar radiation
- crop type
- vegetation cover
- Humidity
- Wind
- an accounting of the inflow to, outflow from, and storage in, a hydrologic unit, such as a drainage basin,
aquifer, soil zone, lake, reservoir, or irrigation project.
15. What will happen if potential evapotranspiration is greater than actual precipitation in
an area.
- drought
16. Use Horton's equation to estimate infiltration rate of the question below. Assume that
the time evolution of the infiltration capacity for a given soil is governed by Horton's
equation (Note that this equation assumes an infinite water supply at the surface, that is,
it assumes saturation conditions at the soil surface).
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For this soil, the asymptotic or final equilibrium infiltration capacity is fc = 1.25 cm/h;
and the initial infiltration capacity is fo = 8 cm/h. The rate of decay of infiltration capacity
parameter is k = 3 h-1. For the precipitation hyetograph tabulated below, carry out a
complete infiltration analysis, including evaluation of cumulative infiltration and rate of
production of precipitation excess, s + v.
0 - 10 1.5 40 - 50 4.0
10 - 20 3.0 50 - 60 3.0
20 - 30 8.0 60 - 70 0.8
30 - 40 5.0
ETc = (ETo)(Kc)
The ETo can be calculated from weather data collected from a well watered reference crop
surface.
-Mass Transfer
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Direct determination of ET can be accomplished for a specific field and crop by using eddy
diffusion equations and meteorological data measured on site.
18. Discuss the effects of surface runoff and how they can be minimized
Soil erosion - afforestation
- terracing cultivation
19. With an aid of diagrams discuss the difference between loosing stream and gaining
stream reach
- loosing stream
The hydraulic head of the stream is higher than heads in the contiguous ground-water
system.
- gaining stream
The hydraulic head of the stream is higher than heads in the contiguous ground-water
system.
20. What are the implications of loosing stream on river ecosystem for a catchment that
cannot sustain base flow during dry season?
-
21. What are the importance of water budget calculation in hydrology
Used to determine:
- river discharge
- base flow
- ground water
- variation of lake levels
- availability of water resources
- effect of climate change in water resources.
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- seepage analysis
22. Write an equation for water budget for a lake, wetland, river catchment, river reach and
an pumped aquifer.
P-R-E-T-G-=S
G- ground water (Net seepage)
23. Calculate the change in water storage {in (i) and (ii) below} in a river reach of 50 km
given the river discharge measurements at the upstream and downstream is 52 cumecs
and 62 cumecs respectively. The intermediate catchment area is 3000km2
i. During the dry month with ET=315mm
ii. During wet month with P=300m, ET 153 mm and net seepage rate of 23 mm.
24. A catchment having a catchment of area of 500,000 km2 has the following measured
annual rainfall amount of 800mm, evaporation estimate of 300 mm, transpiration
estimate of 400 mm, ground water seepage from the nearby catchments = 150 mm,
ground water seepage to the nearby catchments = 70 mm, Average daily runoff= 40
m3/s. Commutative water used for irrigation 2300 Mm3 and domestic water supply is
1200 Mm3.
a) Calculate the change in ground water storage under influence irrigation and
domestic demand.
b) If the data above represent long term average annual data say 100 years. What is
the optimum water withdrawal amount required in the catchment for irrigation if
domestic supply is not considered, if both are considered
25. A 100 km river reach has an intermediate catchment area of 900km2, annual rainfall of
800mm, evaporation estimate of 300 mm, transpiration estimate of 400 mm, ground
water seepage from the nearby catchments = 70 mm, ground water seepage to the
nearby catchments = 50 mm, upstream and downstream average daily runoff are 40
m3/s, 38 m3/s. Commutative water abstracted from the river is 5 m3/s daily. The river
bed loosing rate is 1mm/km/year
a) Calculate the change in ground water storage under influence of irrigation and
domestic demand.
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26. A 100 km river reach has an intermediate catchment area of 900km2, annual rainfall of
800mm, evaporation estimate of 300 mm, transpiration estimate of 400 mm, ground
water seepage from the nearby catchments = 70 mm, ground water seepage to the
nearby catchments = 50 mm, upstream and downstream average daily runoff are 54
m3/s, 60 m3/s. Commutative water abstracted from the river is 5 m3/s daily. The river
bed gaining rate is 1mm/km/year.
b) Calculate the change in ground water storage
Best of Luck
JODM2014
Groundwater
1. Describe briefly with an aid of diagram zone of aeration(vadose zone) and saturation
vadose (zone of aeration)
soil water - readily available for plants (0-10m)
Intermediate vadose water - not readily available for plant but those with long roots can use
Fringe water - occur as a result of capillary action
Saturation zone
Ground water (phreatic water) and internal water located in zone of rock flowage (not
within the zone of rock fracture)
2. Discuss briefly the five forms of water occurrences below the surface of ground.
3. Define soil water, intermediate vadose water, fringe water, phreatic water and internal
water.
4. Differentiate between phreatic water and internal water.
Phreatic water Internal water
Occurs in a zone of rock fracture Occurs in a zone of rock flowage
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5. Explain how water occurrence is held in Vadose zone and capillary zone.
Vadose zone - water occurrence is held by molecular attraction
Capillary one - water occurrence is held by capillary action
6. Explain the probable occurrence of groundwater table in clay compared to course grained
sandy soil.
7. Draw a graph of moisture content with depth fro ground surface to saturated zone
8. Draw a graph of pressure head with depth from ground surface to saturated zone
9. With an aid of diagram describe the following
a) Acquifer - stores and transmits ground water.
b) Aquiclude - stores water but can not transmit
enough to supplt wells/springs.
c)
d) Aquitard - comprise layers of clay or non-porous
rock with low hydraulic conductivity that restricts the flow of
ground water from one aquifer to another.
10. What is the difference between aquifuge and aquitard
11. Differentiate between confined, unconfined aquifer and perched aquifer
Confined Aquifer. the aquifer lying between two confining layer of either aquitard or
Aquiclude
12. Differentiate between porosity and effective porosity. Write the formulae used to
determine each of them with description of term used
13. Define permeability and hydraulic conductivity. Write the formulae used to determine
each of them with description of term used
14. Explain the physical meaning of permeability and hydraulic conductivity as used to
represent aquifers
15. What are the factors affecting permeability value of an aquifer
16. Define storativity, specific yield and specific retention. Give their units and explain the
physical meaning as used to describe aquifers.
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17. Write the formulae used to determine storativity and specific yield with description of
term used and units
18. Discuss with an aid of diagram the relationship between porosity, specific retention ,
specific yield and grain size for well sorted and average sorted material
19. State Darcy's law and derive its total discharge equation
20. Explain the relationship between intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity using
equations.
21. Darcy's law is a simple mathematical statement which neatly summarizes several familiar
properties that groundwater flowing in aquifers exhibits. Name four of them
22. A soil sample collected from a drilled bore hole was subjected to
23. With an aid of diagram and equations explain how hydraulic conductivity can be
measured in soil laboratory using both constant head and falling head permeameter tests
24. Explain geological stratification
25. Explain aquifer compressibility
26. Derive from first principle aquifer compressibility for a porous media
27. Explain the impact on excessive pumping from a well with respect to aquifer
compressibility
28. Discuss the importance aquifer water recharge
29. Name natural and engineering intervention that may promote groundwater storage
recharge.
30. Differentiate between homogenous and heterogeneous aquifer
31. Explain the meaning of isotrophic and anistrophic aquifers
32. Derive an equation of hydraulic conductivity in a four horizontal isotrophic aquifers in
both vertial and horizontal flow directions
USEFUL TABLES
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Temperature Dynamic Viscosity Kinematic Viscosity
-t- -- --
(oC) (Pa s, N s/m2) x 10-3 (m2/s) x 10-6
10 1.307 1.307
20 1.002 1.004
30 0.798 0.801
40 0.653 0.658
50 0.547 0.553
60 0.467 0.475
70 0.404 0.413
80 0.355 0.365
90 0.315 0.326
100 0.282 0.29
Best of Luck
JODM2014
11
WRE423: APPLIED HYDROGEOLOGY
1. Explain with aid of equations the term transmissivity and storativity of confined
aquifers and unconfined aquifers
2. Explain the difference between groundwater potential and hydraulic head.
3. What is the difference between a water table and a potentiometric surface?
4. Differentiate between big Q and small q as used in groundwater flow equations
5. Explain the occurrences of artesian wells and free flowing wells
6. What An undisturbed rock sample has an oven dry weight of 652.47 g. After saturation
with kerosine its weight is 731.51g. It is then immersed in kerosine and displaces
300.66g. what is the porosity of the sample.
7. At station A the water table elevation is 196m above sea level and at B the elevation is
192m. The stations are 335 m apart. The aquifer has a permeability of 12m3day-1 and
the porosity of 14%. What is the actual/effective velocity of flow in the aquefer.
8. Experimental set up of constant head permeameter test: The purpose of this test is to
determine the permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of a sandy soil by the constant head
test method. There are two general types of permeability test methods that are routinely
performed in the laboratory: (1) the constant head test method, and (2) the falling head
test method. The constant head test method is used for permeable soils (k>10-4cm/s)
and the falling head test is mainly used for less permeable soils (k<10-4cm/s).
Permeability (or hydraulic conductivity) refers to the ease with which water can flow
through a soil. This property is necessary for the calculationof seepage through earth
dams or under sheet pile walls; the calculation of the seepage rate in aquifers and waste
storage facilities (landfills, ponds, etc.); and the calculation of the rate of settlement of
clayey soil deposits.
The following data sheet was found in the soil material laboratory lab
Date tested : December 10,2014
Tested By: Ngowi
Project Name Kimbiji Borehole drilling
Sample number BH1, ST10,
Depth: 8-10 m
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Visual classification: Brown medium to fine sand, poorly graded, subrounded,
dry
If sieve analysis revealed that d10= 0.3 mm, d90=2.5 mm and d60=0.8 mm
Calculaate the following parameters
a) Bulk density
b) Dry density
c) Porosity
d) calculate voids ratio
e) Hydraulic conductivity
f) Hydraulic conductivity at 20oC
g) Compute hydraulic conductivity from the sieve analysis data using Hazen's
emprical equation. Use Hazen factor of 100.
h) instrisnic permeability
i) discharge flux
j) instrisnic permeability at 20oC
k) velocity of flow through permeameter
l) effective/actual/seepage velocity of flow through permeameter
9. A soil sample has a coefficient of permeability of 10m3day-1m-2. What would its
permeability be at 10oC. What is its instrict permeability?. What is its permeability in
m/day.
10. Using reasonable values for pressure and ground water velocity(look in ground water
text book), show why kinetic term of the Bernoullli equation may be neglected in
ground water systems.
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11. Three piezometers (A,B,and C) are arre located 1000 m apart(in aline) in an unconfined
aquifer. Fill in the blanks spaces in the table below. Calculate the pressure heads and
elevation heads at the base of the piezometers
Piezometer A B C
Ground surface (masl) (m) 450 435 430
Depth of piezometer (m) 70
Depth of water (m) 27 50
Pressure head(m) 53
Elevation head (m) 335
Total head (m) 400
Hydraulic gradient
12. Three wells was drilled in an area to determine ground water flow and aquifer
characteristics. It was obserbed that the aquifer is unconfined with an aquitard at the
basement (clayey). From the drilled weels it was observed that the phreatic water is 200m
deep in both wells.
Point Relative location GW Elevation Distance (km)
(masl)
A North of B 1120 3.2 km from B
B West of C 1452 4 km from C
C Southeast of A 1320 2.5 km from A
Use the three point problem above as applied to groundwater flow; Other soil parameters
you can use the results of Question 8(a-f)
a) to determine a water table gradient between the points?
b) Use the following data to identify GW flow direction and gradients between the
points.
c) Calculate the ground water flux, seepage velocity, Transmissivity, storativity
between the points
13. Consider Question 10 above to be horizontl stratified geological formation with a
confined aquifer having piezometers installed at pointA and B with the GWT as the
piezometric head and an aquifer thickness of 40m. Calculate the ground water flux,
seepage velocity, transmissivity, storativity of the aquifer.
14. Given the following observation of piezometric heads in three observation wells
Well A B C
x-cordinate(m) 0 300 0
y-cordinate(m) 0 0 200
Piezometric head (m) 10 11.5 8.4
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Assume the wells measure homogenous,isotrophic, confined aquifer with constant
thickness b=20m, effective porosity of n=0.2 and hydraulic conductivity K= 15m/day.
Approximate the piezometric surface between the wells as a plane.
a) Find the hydraulic gradient (magnitude and direction)
b) Find the total discharge in the aquifer per unit width
c) Assume the same aquifer is anisotrophic with conductivity values in the matrix
below. Determine the specific discharge, the angle between specific discharge and
hydraulic gradient; transmissivity and storativity
15. In the heterogeneous system shown to the right, l-D groundwater flow is perpendicular
to layers of varying hydraulic conductivity.
a) The flow across the system (q) is 1 m/day. Using Darcy's Law. Find the change in
head across each layer. What is the total change in head across the entire system?
K1. =20 m/day; K2= 5 m/day; K3= 10 m/day
b1= 10 m; b2 = 20 m; b3 = 30 m
b) Find the effective hydraulic conductivity (K) for an equivalent homogeneous
system, that is, a system with the same total gradient (from part a) and flow rate as
the heterogeneous system.
c) Following the same procedures you used in parts (a) and (b) write a general
expression for K. for heterogeneous system with i= 1,2, ... m layers of thickness bi
and with hydraulic conductivity Ki
16. In the heterogeneous system shown to the right, l-D groundwater flow is parallel to
layers of varying hydraulic conductivity. The specific discharge across the system (q) is
1 m/day
a) The flow across the system (q) is 1 m/day. Using Darcy's Law. Find the change in
head across each layer. Calculate the total flow per unit width for this system
system?
b) Using Darcy's law find the hydraulic gradient of this system
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c) Find the effective hydraulic conductivity (K) for an equivalent homogeneous
system, that is, a system with the same total gradient (from part a) and flow rate as
the heterogeneous system.
17. Flow in a valley takes place as shown in the figure below. The formation in the valley
has a hydraulic conductivity of 400 ft/day and a porosity of 0.25. The difference in
water levels in the two wells shown is 1 ft between the observation wells; the average
depth is 100 ft. (NB :You may change the units to SI units, ft to m and mile to km)
18. Two observation wells have been constructed in the confined aquifer shown below. If
the flow rate (Q) is 0.01 m3/hr/unit width, determine K2.
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USEFUL TABLES
Best of Luck
JODM2014
17
I. Porosity
II. Groundwater potential and hydraulic head
III. Darcys law and hydraulic conductivity
IV. Aquifers, aquitards, and aquicludes
V. Transmissivity and storativity of confined aquifers
VI. Release of water from confined aquifers
VII. Transmissivity and specific yield of unconfined aquifers
VIII. Equations of groundwater flow
IX. Analytical solutions of one-dimensional groundwater flow
X. Groundwater flow patterns
XI. Groundwater and geology
XII. Land subsidence
XIII. Groundwater and geotechnical engineering
XIV. Flood control
XV. Sea water intrusion
XVI. Steady-state flow to a well
XVII. Transient flow to a well
XVIII. Management of groundwater
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XIX. Unsaturated zone characteristics
XX. Aquifers and energy of a fluid
XXI. Equations of groundwater flow and flow nets
XXII. Regional groundwater flow
XXIII. Groundwater flow to wells
XXIV. Aquifer parameter estimates and inference from well data
XXV. Well interference and image wells
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