By

R.Jeyanthi
 Pushover is a static-nonlinear analysis method where a structure is
subjected to gravity loading and a monotonic displacement-
controlled lateral load pattern
Lateral load may represent the range of base shear induced by
earthquake loading
Output generates a static-pushover curve which plots a strength-
based parameter against deflection.
For example, performance may relate the strength level achieved in
certain members against displacement at the top of the structure
Results provide information about ductile capacity of the
structural system and indicate the mechanism, load level and
deflection at which failure occurs
 Purpose
How will a structure perform when subjected to given level
of earthquake
Types of performance check:
Linear static analysis
Linear dynamic analysis
Non Linear static analysis (Push over analysis)
Non Linear dynamic analysis
 The existing building can become seismically deficient since seismic design
code requirements are constantly upgraded and advancement in engineering
knowledge.

Further, Indian buildings built over past two decades are seismically deficient
because of lack of awareness regarding seismic behavior of structures.

The widespread damage especially to RC buildings during earthquakes

exposed the construction practices being adopted around the world and
generated a great demand for seismic evaluation and retrofitting of existing
building stocks.
 Better understand building behavior
- Identify weak elements
- Realistic prediction of element demands
Less conservative acceptance criteria can be used
Simple to perform
Goal is to predict peak response of building and
components for a given earthquake
 Construct Pushover curve
Select earthquake level(s) to check
Select performance level(s) to check
Select acceptance criteria for each performance level
Verify acceptance
Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40)
Displacement Coefficient Method (FEMA 273)
 Define Structural Model
Elements (components)
Strength - deformation properties
Define Loads
Gravity
Lateral load pattern
Select Control Displacements or Drifts
Perform Pushover Analysis
 Modeling the structure
Perform a series of linear analysis
Develop push over curve
Determine effective dynamic properties
Determine demand lateral displacement
Check adequacy of elements
 Understand the structure before attempting a non
linear analysis

Identify the following things,

Critical elements
Probable yield failure modes
Importance of torsional behavior and need for 3D
modeling
 For best estimates design or specified strengths
should be used in determining material capacities
use of artificially low nominal strengths will result
in under estimates of strength demands on some
elements
Expected Steel yield - 1.25Fy
Expected concrete compressive strength 1.33fc
 Select a loading pattern for the structure
Loading pattern should produce a deflected shape in the
structure similar to that it would undergo in earthquake
response
Loading Pattern Alternatives
Inverse triangular
Rectangular
First mode
Modal dynamic
Modal dynamic variant
Multi-mode
FEMA 356 requires use of at least:
Inverse triangular or first mode
Rectangular
FEMA 440 found that there is not substantial difference in the
accuracy produced by the various load patterns
 Develop Pushover Curve

Determine Effective Dynamic Properties

Initially, perform elastic modal analysis to determine
fundamental period of structure, T
Determine initial stiffness, ki from pushover curve as V1/1
Determine effective stiffness, ke at 60% of yield force from
pushover curve
 Determine Demand Lateral Displacement
Capacity Spectrum Method - detailed in ATC-40
Displacement Coefficient Method - detailed in FEMA-273

ATC 40 and FEMA 273 (FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY are

the documents containing
Modeling procedures
Acceptance criterias
Analysis procedure for pushover analysis
 Construct Capacity Spectrum Determine Demand Spectrum

Determine Performance Point Verify Acceptance

 Estimate Target Displacement
o Estimate effective elastic stiffness, Ke
o Estimate post yield stiffness, Ks
o Estimate effective fundamental period, Te
o Calculate target roof displacement as
C0 C1 C2 C3 S a Te2 /( 4 2 )
C0 Relates spectral to roof displacement
C1 Modifier for inelastic displacement
C2 Modifier for hysteresis loop shape
C3 Modifier for second order effects
 Magnitude of the structural loading is incrementally
increased, which leads to the identification of
weak links
Failure modes of the structure

ATC 40 and FEMA 273 are the documents containing

Modeling procedures
Acceptance criterias
Analysis procedure for pushover analysis
 These documents define force deformation criteria for hinges used in
pushover analysis.

Five points labeled A, B, C, D, and E are used to define the force

deflection behavior of the hinge
Three points labeled IO, LS and CP are used to define the acceptance
criteria for the hinge. (IO, LS and CP stand for Immediate Occupancy,
Life Safety and Collapse Prevention respectively.)
The values assigned to each of these points vary depending on the
type of member as well as many other parameters defined in the ATC-
40 and FEMA-273 documents.
 Create the basic computer model (without the pushover
data)
Define properties and acceptance criteria for the pushover
hinges
The program includes several built-in default hinge
properties that are based on average values from ATC-40
for concrete members and average values from FEMA-273
for steel members.
These built in properties can be useful for preliminary
analyses, but user-defined properties are recommended
for final analyses. This example uses default properties
 Locate the pushover hinges on the model by selecting one
or more frame members
Define the pushover load cases
o Gravity load case and lateral load case .
o Pushover load cases can be force controlled,
ie. pushed to a certain defined force level,
or they can be displacement controlled,
ie. pushed to a specified displacement.
Run the basic static analysis and, if desired, dynamic
analysis. Then run the static nonlinear pushover analysis
 Display the pushover curve, the number of hinges in each
state as defined in Figure 1 can be viewed
Display the capacity spectrum curve. The performance
point for a given set of values is defined by the intersection
of the capacity curve (green) and the single demand
spectrum curve (yellow).
Review the pushover displaced shape and sequence of
hinge formation on a step-by-step basis