Charles A. Domenicali
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1310 SAVITT, STRESAU, AND STARR
It is of considerable interest to observe (see Fig. 9) the end of the cylinder are absent but the curved crack
that the curved conical crack previously mentioned appears in the same position relative to the end of the
(see Fig. 2) can be produced alone without the straight explosive column. We conclude then that the curved
one. This was accomplished by loading the copper cracks are associated only with the end of the explosive
cylinders of Fig. 9 only as far as the position indicated. column while the straight cracks are the result of the
The straight cracks which we associate with the meeting interaction mechanism which depends upon the position
of the relaxation waves reflected from both the side and and geometry of the metal cylinder surfaces.
The thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes as developed by Onsager, de Groot, and Callen is
used to derive in a straightforward way the partial differential equation for the stationary temperature
distribution in an electrically heated, chemically inhomogeneous conductor. It is shown that the form of
this differential equation given in 1900 by Diesselhorst (for homogeneous media) in terms of the electrical
potential gradient V<I> is incorrect. Diesselhorst's equation reads V'KVT+O'rVT'V<I>+O'(V<I2=O, in
which K is the thermal conductivity (for zero electrical current), T the temperature, 0' the isothermal elec-
trical conductivity, and r the Thomson coefficient. The correct form of the equation, for the special case
of a chemically homogeneous conductor, is V 'KVT+ (1/O')]2-rJ VT=O, where J is the electrical current
density. The correct form can be obtained from Diesselhorst's equation by substitution of the "isothermal
Ohm's law" J = -O'V<I>, which, however, is not valid in a nonisothermal medium. The apparent difficulty
is resolved by the method of Onsager-de Groot-Callen, and it is shown that the correct differential equation
expressed in terms of electrical potential is much more complicated than the form given by Diesselhorst.
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STATIONARY TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION 1311
It has been shown,5,6 that in a non isothermal medium the simpler form
the usual form of Ohm's law, V</:>= - (l/u)J, must be
replaced by the "generalized Ohm's law" VKVT+(1/u)J2-rJVT=O. (6)
Vjl=Vf,J.-eV</:>= (e/u)J-S*VT, (3) If one substitutes J in terms of V</:> from Eq. (3) into
(6), one finds the complicated equation,
in which the electrochemical potential jl is separated
into a chemical part (the chemical potential f,J.) and an
electrical part (the electrical potential </: ; viz., jl= f,J.- e</:>.
If we then make use of Eq. (3) and the separation of
V S* into a spatial and a temperature part as described
in the previous paragraph, Eq. (2) becomes -~
U( T--2S*)
- VfJ.'VT--
e e
- T--;
s*U( S*) (VT)2
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